The Ordinary Nature of Melbourne Future Open Spaces
AIRCRAFTS 1
The Ordinary Nature of Melbourne Future Open Spaces
ABSTRACT This visual paper explores the development of Melbourne's future open space as the population grows. In response to this challenge, the City of Melbourne continues to increase and continue to build super high-rise residential apartments, which will increase the population density in Melbourne's city center and the per capita green space will continue to decline. How to meet the outdoor activities of residents? From downtown Melbourne to the south, there is a series of parkland and open spaces that share the surrounding residents. However, it is difficult for the vast residents of Melbourne's city center to have enough open space. The article proposes a strategy for high-rise residential terrace parks, which will transform from a single highrise apartment open space to a terrace garden with several high-rise apartments combined in the next 70 years. This will expand the area of the apartment's terrace garden, optimize functionality, and create more activity space.
Edit by Shiyue Chang
2
AIRCRAFTS 3
FIGURE 1
1
This photo shows a general city performance of Taiyuan city. The dense residential quarters are arranged in the middle of the city, lacking open space around.
BACKGROUND This chapter compares Taiyuan and Melbourne of the relationship between residential apartments and public spaces, which reflect the different policies responding to the population growth. TAIYUAN Taiyuan City has 4.27 million population, with the natural growth rate of about 8%. In response to the growing community, the city has expanded in size. From CBD to the edge of the town, high-rise residential apartments are continually being built. These apartment buildings are single in shape and densely arranged. There are no supporting urban parks and green space systems in residential areas. In some regions of Taiyuan, the function of the city provides shelter for more people, ignoring the pursuit of a better environment. A city is a machine for living.
4
FIGURE 2 This is a map of residential apartment in Taiyuan.
5
MELBOURNE ‘Melbourne is the capital of Victoria and the second most populous city in Australia and Oceania’(Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2017-18), ‘includinga metropolitan area with 31 municipalities’ (Government of Victoria, 2009). Melbourne City has 15 precincts, including Melbourne CBD, Carlton, Docklands, south wharf, Southbank, East Melbourne, Port Melbourne, South Yarra, West Melbourne, North Melbourne, Kensington, Parkville, Carlton North, Flemington and Ascot Vale. Melbourne has a temperate oceanic climate with warm to hot summers and mild winters. Like many urban areas, Melbourne faces environmental issues, many related to the city’s large urban footprint and urban sprawl and the demand for infrastructure and services. One such issue is the impact of drought on water supply.
FIGURE 3 This photo shows Meblbourne CBD, photographed in a apartment, level 43.
QUESTION The way the Chinese government to deal with the population expansion is to build the residential apartments from CBD to urban edges, aiming to develop a high-density city. In Melbourne, the high-rise apartments are only approved to construct in Melbourne CBD, responding to the increasing residents. But the open space is limited. How the current public green spaces adapt to the increasing residents in Melbourne CBD ?
FIGURE 4 This is a map of Melbourne CBD. The marked area are parks.
6
7
2
FINDINGS Like other modern cities, Melbourne is also facing urban problems caused by population growth. For example, housing increases, infrastructure loads increase, and per capita green space is insufficient. In Melbourne, not only the population of residents has grown year after year, but also tourists from all over the world have continued to increase the city's carrying capacity for the community. The public open space of the urban is limited, and it is challenging to meet the growing population's demand for outdoor space.
FIGURE 5 This photo shows trees in City of Melboure.
Melbourne's urban development places great emphasis on green space, the balance between urban space and population growth. In the metropolitan area of Melbourne, several large parks and green spaces span several districts and are connected. These green spaces share the needs of residents in the urban and surrounding areas of Melbourne and provide a playground for their lives. From north to south, they are Melbourne Zoological Gardens in Parkville, Flagstaff 8
9
Gardens in Docklands, Yarra Park in East Melbourne and Royal Botanic Gardens in Melbourne 3004. The population density of the CBD area is enormous, the population growth rate is fast, and the per capita green space is insufficient. In 2016, the number of local households was 22,435, the total population reached 148,039, the people of CBD accounted for 20% of the total population of Melbourne, and the per capita green rate was only 0.15 m2/p, which was much lower than the 0.4 m2/p in Melbourne. By 2041, the population of the CBD area will reach 386,029, three times that of 2016. However, the corresponding green space and open space did not increase. The CBD's green space is only a street green space and a river bank green area in the southeast. Federation Square is the only public square, which makes it even more challenging to meet the needs of CBD residents for open green space. The City of Melbourne is still planning to build more super-tall residential buildings, with up to 19 high-rise and high-rise residential buildings in the north and west to meet the growing CBD population. The open space is organically reduced. Even the RMIT basketball court at A Beckett St was applied for future high-rise buildings. Melbourne CBD is moving towards high-density cities. As can be seen from the cloud point map, most of the buildings are more than 60 meters, more than 1/3 of the residential buildings are more than 100 meters, and more than one-fifth of the residential buildings are more than 150 meters high. Homes above 150 meters are still growing and will gradually replace the original low-rise homes.
FIGURE 6 Trees in Melbourne CBD.
FIGURE 7 Population in Melbourne CBD
FIGURE 8 Melbourne Activity Model 10
11
FIGURE 9 Cloud Point demnonstrate A beckett St and Flagstuff Park. Height of the Melbourne Buildings.
12
13
OPEN SPACES
Basketball ground
Rest area
Square
Street park
River park
Plaza
3
RELATED CONCEPT What is Open Space? Open space is the publicly owned land that is set aside primarily for recreation, nature conservation, passive outdoor enjoyment, and public gatherings, which includes public parks, gardens, reserves, waterways, publicly owned forecourts and squares. Public open space also includes publicly owned significant sporting venues and gardens that are managed by or on behalf of the State of Victoria including the Melbourne Cricket Ground, Melbourne Park, Zoological Gardens and the Royal Botanic Gardens. Other public lands including schools, universities, and streets complement the open space network and are guided by other strategies and plans. Throughout this strategy, public open space is referred to as 'open space'. Melbourne's diversity and quality of open space creates a range of
14
FIGURE 10 Different Type of Open spaces
15
different experiences and opportunities across the city Why is open space valuable? Melbourne is identified as one of the most liveable cities in the world, and one of the major contributory elements to this liveability is the quality and amount of open space. In a recent household survey undertaken during the research phase of this strategy, many people indicated they live in the municipality because of the open space. Open space is also extensively used by the local community and visitors from across Australia and overseas. Open space is essential for numerous reasons, some of which are described here. Melbourne's existing open spaces The City of Melbourne is located on the traditional land of the Kulin Nation. For the Wurundjeri, Boonerwrung, Taungurong, Djajawurrung, and the Wauthaurong groups who form the Kulin Nation, Melbourne has always been an important meeting place for events of social, educational, sporting and cultural significance. The major open spaces in Melbourne were set aside at the time of European settlement from 1842 onwards on the outskirts of the central city (Hoddle Grid) as part of Governor La Trobe's vision of a green belt of parks encircling Melbourne. They include Royal Park, Princes Park, Flagstaff Gardens, Royal Botanic Gardens, Fitzroy Gardens, Treasury Gardens, Domain Parklands, Fawkner Park and Carlton Gardens. These larger original reserves are synonymous with the character of Melbourne, as are some of the more contemporary open spaces including Federation Square, Southbank Promenade and Birrarung Marr. Major festivals and events are held in Melbourne's open space including Moomba and New Years Eve along the Yarra River, the Australian Open at Melbourne Park, cricket and AFL at the MCG and numerous other major sporting events, which form part of Melbourne's image and identity and contribute to the City of Melbourne's reputation as one of the world's most liveable cities.
16
FIGURE 11 Melbourne existing open space (2012) 17
(July 2010) is to ensure there is a vibrant, mixed-use municipal core surrounded by more stable neighbourhoods and heritage precincts. There will be a substantial increase in both residents and employment along with the renewal of some areas. In addition to the draft Municipal Strategic Statement, other major policies that underpin the principles and directions in this strategy include:
4
POLICIES DEVELOPMENT In 2012 Meblbourne government make a Open Space strategy. The Open Space Strategy will provide the overarching framework and strategicdirection for open space planning in the City of Melbourne for the next 15 years.The strategy includes consideration of the forecast population change based on. the exhibited Draft Municipal Strategic Statement (July 2010) and provides the 。strategic basis for an open space contributions framework. The City of Melbourne has undertaken an extensive planning exercise to revision the future of the municipality. The results of this are shown in the Draft Municipal Strategic Statement (July 2010) and will transform the central city and the adjoining suburbs to the north and north west of the centre. This direction is consistent with the Victorian Government’s forward transport planning including the new metro rail tunnel link that will provide new Metro Stations in the municipality. The long-term aim of the Draft Municipal Strategic Statement
18
• The Victorian Government is in the process of preparing a new Metropolitan Planning Strategy. In the interim, Melbourne 2030, and Melbourne @ 5 Million: a planning update to Melbourne 2030 provide guidance at the state level. • The City of Melbourne Council Plan incorporating the Municipal Public Health and Wellbeing Plan. • Structure plans for the urban renewal areas. • The City of Melbourne Climate Change Adaptation Strategy (2009), which provides overall direction and support to climate change adaptation measures included in the Open Space Strategy. • The Total Watermark: City as a catchment (City of Melbourne, 2009) which supports many of the principles regarding sustainable water use currently being implemented in the parks and gardens, and supported to be continued in this strategy. • The Draft Urban Forest Strategy (City of Melbourne, 2011) which provides the framework and direction for the ongoing management of trees in the public realm, including open space. • The Active Melbourne Strategy - A plan for physical activity (2007) which provides overall direction and support for recreation use of open space. • The City of Melbourne Transport Strategy (2012), which includes direction for managing the road transport network including promoting cycle and pedestrian use of roads. • The Towards a better 'Public Melbourne' Draft Urban Design Strategy (2006) which guides the direction for all public realm in the municipality. • A range of current master plans for existing major open spaces in the municipality.
19
FIGURE 12
Policy
Linage Map of Policies
Key Thinkers
Melbourne 2030
Towards a better 'Public Melbourne' Draft Urban Design Strategy
John Duncan Anderson
Active Melbourne Strategy - A plan for physical activity
John So
City of Melbourne Council Plan
City of Melbourne Transport Strategy
City of Melbourne Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
Draft Urban Forest Strateg
Total Watermark: City as a catchment
Open space strategy Ian Shears
Institution
John So
Ministry of Infrustractor
2002
City of Melbourne 2006
Future Mebourne Committee
City of Melbourne 2009
2011
2012
2000
2010
City Council 2017
2011
2009
2007
Robert Doyle AC
City of Melbourne
Department of Climate Change
City of Melbourne
20
Robert Doyle AC
Park and garden advisory committee
2020
21
5
STRATEGY An area north of the Melbourne CBD serves as a test area. There are eight highrise residential buildings with more than 40 floors, and there will be five more than 40-story residential buildings in the next few years. Less is more. In this limited space, the way to increase open space is to increase the potential available space, such as the roof garden and the living terrace garden. Excavate the possibility of sharing space in high-rise residential buildings, providing shared open space for residents of high-rise apartments. This approach can be used as a complement to Melbourne's open space.
FIGURE 13 Focus Area, 450 Elisabeth St - 400 Elisabeth St.
In the next 30 years, more high-rise apartment designs will be combined with urban planning. Incorporate the terrace garden into the design standards of highrise apartments to ensure that each apartment building has a separate terrace garden. 22
23
In the next 70 years, the development of high-rise apartments will no longer be independently contracted and designed by individual builders but will be created as a high-rise community. Three or 4 high-rise apartments are based on one flat, where is a open space for residents.
FIGURE 14 Current situation and Future situation
24
25
26
Short term
Long term
In 30 Years Independent trace garden
In 50 Years Trace garden community.
27
Precedent
28
29
REFERENCE Andreas M, 2015, The Human Scale, Kanopy (Firm), Viewed by 23, March Chrisman N, 1991, Charting the Unknown: How computer mapping at Harvard became GIS, Unknown Corbusier L, 1988, Aircraft, New vision, (New York, N.Y); Kurgan L, 2013, Close up at a distance: mapping, technology, and politics, Zone Books, 1st hardcover ed., Brooklyn, NY Morshed A, 2002, The Cultureal Politics of Aerial Vision: Le Corbusier, Journal of Architectural Education. Unknown, 2012, Open Space Strategy, Melbourne Government
30
31
32