The Ordinary Nature of Tourism by Xuanjing Dong by yazid

The Ordinary Nature of

TOURISTSâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; JOURNEY

ABSTRACT This paper analyzes the increase in the number of Melbourne tourists and their economic benefits. Discussing the impact of rising tourist numbers on local public transport in the context of increasing local populations, especially in the morning and evening peaks, and then analyzing the accommodations, travel modes, routes, and destinations of tourists, hoping to reduce touristsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; current The pressure of transportation. Finally, strategy and long-term, short-term goals are proposed. I hope to encourage tourists to walk or ride in the city to reach the sights. By improving the land-

The Ordinary Nature of

scape on the walking track, the long-term goal is to form a new green corridor to connect from the Southern Cross Station to Queen Victoria Market. District, Flinders Station, and proposed ideas, such as creating new greenways on the viaduct, thus creating a more sustainable tourist city.

TOURISTSâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; JOURNEY 2

TOURISTSâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; JOURNEY by Xu anjing D ong

DETAILS OF THE ILLUSTRATIONS

FRONTISPIECE TO PICTURES OF THE EPIC OF THE AIR

1. A panorama of the State Library of Victoria’s La Trobe Reading Room as viewed from the 5th floor. 2. The map of Greater Melbourne which highlights city of Melbourne and CBD. 3. Yanyu Building of Chengde Summer Palace, the largest royal garden in China. 4. Transportation modes in Chengde 5. Annotated map 6. Yarra River view in Melbourne. 7. Southern Cross Station conditions at the morning peak 8. Annotated map of Southern Cross Station

9. How many tourists visit Australia in a year 10. International arrivals by month 11. International arrivals by Country 12. Population between two big events in Melbourne 13. Gross population density (p/ha). 14. Melbourne population from 1883 to 2015 and the projected growth range. 15. Melbourne’s population growth from 2011 to 2018 16. The develpment of Melbourne’s residents density in the next 30 years. 17. The railway routes in Melbourne 18. The trams and stations in Melbourne 19. The bus stops in the city of Melbourne 20. The two skybus route from the different airport to the Southern Cross Station 21. The free shuttle from the airport to the city’s hotels. 22. Change in method of travle to work 23. Method of travle to work 24. Office density in the city. 25. Hotels and Airbnb location in the city 26. The route from the Southern Cross Station to attractions in the city 27. The travle route from the Southern Cross Station to attractions in the outter city 28. The travle route from the Southern Cross Station to attractions in the further outter city 29. the footpath and share bike docks in the city. 30. Lineage map 31. Claiming Ground 6

DETAILS OF THE ILLUSTRATIONS

FIGURE 1 This photo was taken in the State Libary, which

is one of the the most famous heritages and attrations in the city. By Diliff Smith 2015

1 INTRODUCTION Tourism is rapidly developing worldwide and has become a ‘New economic growth point’ for some regions and cities (Cao, 2011). As the capital of Australia’s Victorian state, Melbourne has consistently ranked first in the world’s livable cities for seven years. It attracts a large number of overseas and domestic tourists every year, and even on the list of the world’s best tourist cities, defeating Sydney with a good third place and became Australia’s first (Summary of Melbourne 2017). Tourism has brought huge economic benefits to Melbourne and is an important part of Melbourne’s economy. But the growing number of tourists each year has had a certain impact on Melbourne’s local public transport. According to the research report of the International Public Transport Association (UITP), the main factors leading to a large increase in urban transportation demand in the future are: The population has increased sharply, the majority of the population lives in large cities and small cities, the development of social economy has led to an increase in the number of citizens travelling, including the commuting needs of residents and the transportation needs of tourists. Therefore, a well-structured and well-functioning urban tourism transportation system is a prerequisite for tourists to complete tourism activities (Cao, 2011). The rapid growth of the number of tourists has made the road traffic problem of tourist cities increasingly prominent. Especially when some tourist cities are carrying the daily life of the city, they also undertake a large amount of tourism traffic. As one of the tourism product elements, the tourist road traffic Whether it can be sustainable and become a new challenge for tourism cities (Cao, 2011). Based on the above, the paper will study and analyze the impact of the increase in the number of tourists on Melbourne’s traffic.

FIGURE 2 This picture show the Greater Melbourne’s map, and the city of Melbourne’s boundary, as well as CBD.

2 METHODS The method to analyze the City of Melbourne data for potential areas and transportation types for the Increasing number of tourists. In order to reduce the pressure on traffic from tourists, especially at the morning and evening peak. The research will be three parts, first conceptual interrogation proposed the research question, and the second interrogation used technology to analyze data from the City of Melbourne, such as GIS, Point Cloud Data Compare. The third interrogation will conclude the discussion and make strategies for the future scenarios of transportation system for the tourists in Melbourne CBD.

FIGURE 3 Yanyu Building of Chengde Summer Palace, the largest royal garden in China. The Summer Palace attracts 70 million people per year. By Qiang Li, 2014 12

3 OBSERVATION: CONCEPTUAL INTERROGATION Through observation, conceptual interrogation, the way tourists’ travel in different cities depends on local public transport and convenience. The discussion of this issue in this paper begins with a photograph of the main public transportation in the author’s hometown. Besides, the annotated map shows the environment around where the photo was taken as well as the road. Thirdly, the photo displays the morning and evening peaks of Southern Cross Station, which is Melbourne’s major transportation station, follows an annotated map of the environment around Southern Cross Station.

FIGURE 5 The ambition of figure 5 is to add annotation of the aerial satellite image from Gogle map including location and view of figure 4.

FIGURE 4 The ambition of figure 4 is to observe the transportation modes near Summer Palace in Chengde, China

By Chen Zhang, 03/2013

FIGURE 7 The ambition of figure 7 is to observe the transportation modes at Southern Cross Station in Melbourne and the Morning peak crowding. By Simon Black, 10/2018

FIGURE 6 This picture shows the Yarra River view and the Flinders Station. 16

4 RESEARCH QUESTION As a tourism city with a population of 3.49 million people, there are only two types of public transportation in Chengde, buses and shared bicycles. But it receives more than 70 million people every year. Because public transportation is inconvenient, most people choose to travel by car, which leads to traffic congestion, especially in commuting time. It is estimated that the population will reach 5.5 million in 2050. Melbourne, as a megacity, received 12 million visitors in 2018. However, there are many types of public transportation, and it is expected that the population will reach 10 million by 2050. How do the existing types of public transportation meet the growing population of both permanent and tourist population now and in the future by 2050? How to reduce the pressure of increasing number of tourists to the public transportation ? FIGURE 8 This picture enables us to appreciate the extent of an almost miraculous emancipation. Likewise in our own undertakings of today we can set ourselves high aims and attain them by dint of intelligence and the freedom produced by technical knowledge, character, and will-power.

FIGURE 9. How many tourists visit Australia in a year

DISCUSSION MELBOURNE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT AND STATUS

5.1 Australia’s annual visitor growth and benefits Tourism is Australia’s largest service export industry (Tourism Research Australia, 2018). Because of closing to Asia, Australia has natural assets and high standards of living, making it an ideal holiday destination for overseas visitors. International tourism is on the rise, and transportation is getting faster and more comfortable (Tourism Australia, 2018).

FIGURE.10 International arrivals by month

From 2007 to 2009, the number of international visitors to Australia fell slightly. Since 2009, the number of foreign visitors to Australia has grown steadily and has grown substantially every year since 2012 (Tourism Australia, 2018). This growth is expected to continue and it is expected that by 20262027, the number of international arrivals will increase to 15 million (Tourism Action Plan, 2016) Tourism Australia estimates that between 2026 and 2027, Australian tourism spending will increase by 50% to approximately $151.4 billion, outbound tourism for 15 million international visitors and 14.8 million Australian residents. By 2020, Tourism Australia is expected to spend more than $115 billion overnight. China’s tourism industry is expected to occupy a 25.7% market share, while tourism in New Zealand, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Singapore will be below average (Tourism Australia, 2018). In 2017, 8.8 million international visitors arrived in Australia, an increase of 6.6% over 2016. China, New Zealand, the United States, the United Kingdom, Japan and Singapore dominated, with China having the highest growth rate, up 12% from 2016. And the total international tourist spending is 41.3 billion US dollars, with an average of 1004 people arriving in Australia every hour (Summary of Melbourne 2017).

FIGURE 11. International arrivals by Country

According to 2017 data, the summer months of December, January and February attracted the most visitors, with a total of 2,511,300 international visitors. Warm weather and popular seasonal sports events are the main factors in the number of international tourists in the summer. According to the survey, 50% of Chinese tourists, 27% of New Zealand tourists, 32% of American tourists, 32% of British tourists, 50% of Japanese tourists, and 35% of Singaporean tourists will choose to come to Melbourne. Not only because of Melbourne’s multiculturalism and its prestigious attractions, 20

5.2 Melbourne’s annual visitor growth and benefits Deloitte’s 2014 report‘Positioning for prosperity: Catching the next wave? ‘identi ed tourism as one of the ‘Fantastic Five’ sectors with the “greatest potential to lift Australia’s, and Victoria’s, growth trajectory over the next 20 years (Deloitte, p.13). Deloitte forecasts that the number of tourists will increase to double in the next 20 years, and Asians will account for a large proportion of new tourists. Deloitte (p.33) indicates that Australia’s rich tourism resources and its location make it possible to cater to the growing international travel needs of the Asian, middle class. Tourism is an important industry for the Melbourne tourism region. Melbourne received approximately 29.5 million domestic (overnight and day trips) and international overnight visitors combined, who spent an estimated $16.8 billion in the year ending December 2017(Summary of Melbourne 2017). In 2015-16, tourism was estimated to be worth $15.3 billion to Melbourne’s economy (in direct and indirect Gross Regional Product), representing 5.4 percent of Melbourne’s economy. Tourism generated employment of approximately 126,800 people or 6.0 per cent of total employment (direct and indirect jobs). A city that tourism income exceeds 7% of total revenue is called a professional tourist city (Zhu & Wang, 2017). Melbourne is expected to reach a professional tourism city standard by 2030 (Tourism Australia, 2018).

2.3 The number of visitors attracted by Melbourne events An essential factor in Melbourne’s attraction is also because of its annual significant sports events, represented by the Australian Open and the Formula 1® Rolex Australian Grand Prix, which attracts a large number of visitors to watch the event. The 2019 Australian Open ended on January 27th, and the number of visitors has once again set a new record. In the two-week competition, more than 780,000 fans attended the event, breaking the record of 743,667 last year (Zheng, 2019). The four-day Formula 1 in the Albert Park Grand Prix Circuit had a total of 324,100 fans, breaking the 14-year record (‘Sensational’ Melbourne Crowds Hailed as Ausgp Attendances Smash Records 19 March 2019). A 32,4100 floating population growth has occurred. Such large-scale sports events will bring a large number of tourists to Melbourne in a short period, and public transportation will also be affected.

FIGURE 12 This graph shows the population between two big events in Melbourne

By December 2017, Melbourne’s domestic overnight spending was estimated at $7.7 billion (up 9.3% year-on-year), with visitors spending an average of $304 per night and $835 per visitor. In the year to December 2017, Daytrip visitors estimated to spend $2 billion, an increase of 7.6% compared to last year (Tourism Australia, 2018). As of December 2017, Melbourne’s international overnight spending was estimated at $7.1 billion, a year-on-year increase of 10.7% (Tourism Australia, 2018). 22

5.3 Melbourne’s current population and growth trends

FIGURE 13.

Gross population density (p/ha). 100km

With a population density of 453 people per square kilometer, Melbourne is Australia’s most populous state capital(Summary of Melbourne, 2017).

FIGURE 14. The chart shows the Melbourne population from 1883 to 2015 and the projected

Most of Melbourne’s metropolitan area live in the suburbs with a density of fewer than 40 people per hectare. This is a density at which frequent public transport is a costly service. A small number of pockets of 80 hectares per hectare are scarce, concentrated in the vast areas of the downtown urban growth zone with a density of fewer than five people per hectare (Davey & Woodcock, 2014).

growth range.

FIGURE 15. The figure shows the specific statistics for Melbourneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s population growth from 2011 to 2018, from 3.85 million to 5 million, and is expected to reach 8 million in 2050. Melbourne will become a mega-city such as New York and London.

H L

FIGURE 16. The figure shows the develpment of Melbourneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s residents density in the next 30 years.

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MELBOURNE PUBLIC TRANSPORT DEVELOPMENT

Urban population growth affects people’s travel needs and the development of public transportation space and also affects transportation policies (Gao, 2018). This is particularly evident in Melbourne’s political, economic, and culturally dense urban areas.

FIGURE 17. The figure shows the railway routes in Melbourne

6.2 Tram network Melbourne’s first tram line opened between Box Hill and Doncaster on October 14, 1889. However, it began to operate in 7 years, with a total length of 3.6 kilometers. In the beginning, when miners found that carts mounted on rails were less labor-intensive, trams began to be used as heavy-duty transport tools in the industry. When the world’s first cable-bus system was operated in San Francisco in 1873, it attracted the attention of Melbourne’s Francis Boardman Clapp, and then established the Melbourne Complex to develop an organized street public transport for Melbourne.

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FIGURE 18. The figure shows the tram track and stations in Melbourne Esri, HERE, Garmin, © OpenStreetMap contributors, and the GIS user community

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City Circle Tram Stops Tram Tracks Light Gray Canvas Base

FIGURE 19. The figure shows the bus stops in the city of Melbourne

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In 1994, free city circle tram route 35 began operations, the line is around the Melbourne city, passing through many attractions in Melbourne City, mainly 28

6.1 Train network On September 12, 1854, the steam railway between Melbourne’s Flinders Street Station and the Port of Melbourne was opened, and it was also Australia’s first railway, then known as Sandridge. Since then, the railway systems of various colonies have developed rapidly. It now includes 16 lines with 220 stations and an annual passenger volume of 249 million. The suburban rail network is primarily commuter service, which is designed to transport passengers to CBD and related stations. The central transportation hub is the historic Flinders Station and the Tourist Cross Station.

Public transport in Melbourne is an essential part of the transport system, consisting of the largest tram network, trains, and buses, and other includes walking, cycling and taxiing (Tourism & Transport Forum (TTF) 2016). Nearly 300 bus lines and 16 rail lines serve the Greater Melbourne area. According to the 2016 Australian census, Melbourne ranks second in Australia in terms of public transport usage, second only to Sydney’s 27%. And in 2017-2018, Melbourne’s urban public transport network has 565 million passengers. Passenger forecast for Southern Cross is expected to increase from 47.7 million in 2014 to 78.4 million in 2021 (Tourism & Transport Forum (TTF) 2016).

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Esri, HERE, Garmin, © OpenStreetMap contr community

6.3 BUS NETWORK The Melbourne public transport network has 346 lines. Although the city mainly relies on the tram and train network, the suburbs mostly use buses and provide connection services for train and tram networks. There are also some tour bus services for CBD and surrounding tourist attractions, which provide convenience for tourists. There are also many bus stops in the city to complement the areas covered by tram and train networks.

6.4 Airport Line Located on the northwestern outskirts of Tullamarine, Melbourne Airport is Australiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s second busiest airport. It serves more than 30 airlines and 22 million international and domestic passengers each year. Melbourneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s second major passenger airport, Avalon Airport (Avalon, Melbourne), is located in the southwestern part of the city and northeast of Geelong. Skybus is responsible for providing transportation to both airports and is equipped with different routes to the city or other major attractions such as St Kilda, Docklands and more. It is very convenient for tourists. FIGURE 21 The free shuttle from the airport to the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s hotels.

FIGURE 20 This picture about the two skybus route from the different airport to the Southern Cross Station

LOCAL COMMUTING PUBLIC TRANSPORT CONDITIONS

Method of travel to work, 2016 Total employed persons

The commuter statistics for Greater Melbourne reveal the main modes of transportation for residents to work. There are many reasons why people use different modes of transport to work, including affordable public transport options, the number of motor vehicles available in the home, and the distance to work.

Greater Melbourne

Australia

Train Bus Tram or Ferry Taxi Car - as driver Car - as passenger Truck Motorbike Bicycle

Method used

In 2016, compared with 2006, the way people choose to work had changed a lot. It can be seen that the maximum number of passengers added trains, which is 3%, and the number of people who drive is also reduced by 0.8%. The utilization rate of public transportation has risen overall.

Walked only Other Worked at home Did not go to work Not stated 0

% of employed persons aged 15+ Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Census of Population and Housing, 2016 (Usual residence data). Compiled and presented in profile.id by .id, the population experts.

FIGURE 23 It showed from the table, most people choose car travel, but for public transportation, the train is the most commuting mode, and the utilization rate of Melbourne train is higher than the Australian average. And caused the overcrowding of the early peaks. The morning peak is 8-9am, and the late peak is 7-9pm. NEWS said that half of the morning peak trains almost doubled the passengers. The actual train capacity was 800, but the maximum number of passengers was 1,262. Traffic congestion is also a significant reason why some people choose to walk or go to work by bicycle. There are 92,864 people who want to ride bikes or walk to work in 2016, accounting for 4.4% of all working people.

Change in method of travel to work, 2011 to 2016 Greater Melbourne - Total employed persons

Train Bus Tram or Ferry Taxi Car - as driver Car - as passenger Truck Motorbike

Method used

Bicycle Walked only Other Worked at home Did not go to work Not stated -20,000

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

Change in number of employed people Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Census of Population and Housing, 2011 and 2016 (Usual residence data). Compiled and presented in profile.id by .id, the population experts.

FIGURE 22

Twenty percent of them work in the CBD, they travel to the city, or transfer, causing Flinders Station and the surgeon cross station to become the busiest station in the morning peak. And the office density around the Sours cross station is the highest, so the surrounding staff will choose to get off at the Southern Cross station, resulting in a busier line.

FIGURE 25 The images indicates the hotels and Airbnb location in the city

FIGURE 24 The images indicates the office density in the city.

MELBOURNE ATTRACTIONS AND TOURIST TRAVEL METHOD Most Individual visitors choose to live in the city, because the city has free trams, and the transportation and facilities are more convenient, and the city has some attractions that can be reached by walk. As a result, Airbnb is basically in the city, and in the free zone, you can see that the density near the southern cross station is the biggest, because there are Skybus, convenient for tourists to arrive, these Airbnbs have certain geographical advantages. Tourist groups generally live in hotels in the suburbs, because they have their own bus transfers, so there is no inconvenience in transportation, and the price in the suburbs will be much lower. Therefore, the hotel distribution is relatively scattered. In addition, Skybusâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; free city hotel shuttle will also attract some tourists to the designated hotel.

Office Building Density H

L 35

FIGURE 27 The images shows the travle route from the Southern Cross Station to attractions in the outter city Because the southern cross station is the most utilized station for tourists, and Airbnb and hotels are mostly distributed around it, it is selected as the research location. Cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s popular attractions include State Library Victoria, Royal Exhibition Building, Queen Victoria Market, Flagstaff Garden, SEA LIFE Melbourne Aquarium, Docklands, Federation Square and other city attractions. Here, for free travelers, it assumed they are from Southern cross station as the starting point. Visitors can walk to Flagstaff garden, Queen Victoria market, Docklands, Sea Life Melbourne Aquarium, and Polly Woodside, as well as transport. Attractions within a 20-minute walk are also routed by tram or train according to the route provided by Google Maps and are marked with different colors in the free tram zone. Since tourists are not familiar with Melbourne, most people will follow the route FIGURE 26 provided by Google Maps or other maps, but the map does not show The images shows the route from the Southern whether it is in the free tram zone, causing passengers to spend more Cross Station to attrac- traffic or forget to swipe. tions in the city

The Great Ocean Road, Phillip Island, Ballarat, Dandenong, Geelong, and Mornington in Outer Melbourne are also famous attractions. The Great Ocean Road attracted 2.6 million visitors in 2018, the largest of all attractions, up 1% from 2017 and 9% of total visitors. It consists of 1.6 million domestic visitors and 1 million international visitors. Among them, domestic tourists have decreased by 1% compared with the previous year, while foreign tourists have increased by 5%. There is no public transportation in Melbourne; it is relatively far from Melbourne city. It takes 2.5 hours to drive, and 82% of tourists will choose to stay here. The survey shows that 64% of them have an

For some attractions far from CBD, such as St Kilda beach, you can take the tram to the vicinity at the southern cross station, walk a short distance, the Melbourne zoo can be reached by train, and the

earlier departure time and may hit early. Peak.

Flemington Racecourse of the Melbourne Cup is held every November. When you are active, you will attract a large number of tourists. Visitors will need to take the train first, then walk to the tram stop to change to the tram, and finally walk a few minutes.

FIGURE 28 The images shows the travle route from the Southern Cross Station to attractions in the further outter city

Mornington attracted 2 million visitors in 2018, accounting for 7% of the total visitors, up 8% from 2017, with Domestic overnight visitors being 1.8 million, up 9% from 2017, while the total number of overseas visitors was 233300, increased 5% from 2017. If you take public transportation, it takes 1 hour and 40 minutes to get to Mornington, and 48% of tourists choose to travel by car. Ballarat attracted 5% of visitors, the number is 1.4 million, and in 2018, it was 1% less than in 2017. The number of domestic tourists is 1.3 million, and the number of international tourists is 172,700, which is also 1% lower than the previous year. It takes only one and a half hours by train, 67% of visitors spend the night here, and 43% choose to leave before 9:00. Phillip Island ranks fourth in terms of visitors, 1.3 million, up 2% from 2017. However, domestic tourists fell by 1% to 788,500, while international tourists increased by 7% to 525,200. There is no public transportation to the island, and visitors can travel by car or follow the tour. Since the little penguins are watching at night, 95% of self-driving tourists spend the night here, but tourists who choose to follow the tour group will rush back overnight. Will not affect the morning and evening peaks.

Dandenong’s number of visitors in 2018 was 633,500, accounting for 2%, a significant increase of 16% over 2017, while domestic tourists increased by 22% and international visitors by 10%. It is close to the stone area, and it is very convenient to travel by public transportation. In short, most of the attractions need to be reached by public transport, but tourists usually do not have much time. To visit multiple attractions in one day, 69% of the tourists choose to go out before 9:00 in the morning, but they just hit the Melbourne morning rush hour. It has caused some pressure on public transportation and has increased congestion.

VISITORS’ URBAN PUBLIC TRANSPORT EXPERIENCE IN MELBOURNE Public transport is essential for tourist cities (Becker et al. 2011). Because successful public transport systems can attract more tourists, they are more advantageous and bring more tourism benefits (Jepson et al. 1999, Lee et Al. 2008, Becker et al. 2011, Aguilo et al. 2012) Travel behavior studies show that travelers prefer to choose the transportation mode they are familiar with (Aquino 2008), and studies have shown that people who travel by car prefer to travel on public transport (Bohler et al. 2006). As a result, when there is a fit When it comes to public transportation, it is easier to encourage people to take the bus (Dziekan 2008). The different cultural backgrounds of tourists will influence their choice of different means of transportation (Masiero et al. 2013). A questionnaire survey by Yang et al. (2016) was conducted to explore the tourists’experience with public transport in Melbourne. Four hundred forty-three questionnaires were completed. Almost 40% said they would choose to take public transportation, 24% prefer to drive, 18% walk, and 12% want the bus. Public transport is a crucial way to connect the Melbourne tourism market. The results show that tram is very popular, 68% said they had taken trams, they think it is convenient and fun, but the results show that free city circle is not particularly attractive. The surveyed visitors indicated that the price of public transportation is acceptable, but it is very crowded during peak hours, and the experience of avoiding peak hours is perfect. But the information on the car is minimal, and tourists often miss getting off. Although Melbourne has a myki pass and travel package designed for tourists, visitors don’t know that only 12% have used it.

10 CONCLUSION

Secondly, the car broadcasts and signs on the scenic spots can not meet the needs of tourists. For overseas tourists, other language broadcasts and signs of the interior environment can be added to remind tourists to get off. It can also be distinguished at the broadcast card to increase passenger attention. It can also enhance the promotion of the free city circle tram, with emphasis on free, and can also increase the number of trips during the peak season. Thirdly, if the free tram zone can cover all city of Melbourne, it will be more convience for both tourists and dwellings. For tourists, some attractions such as the National Gallery can not be included in the free tram zone, and they should pay for the transportation fee if they want to visit it. But if the free tram zone can cover all the attractions in the city, the Committee for Melbourne projected to increase 75,000 visitors per year which will bring a lot of benefits to the city. In the hope that visitors will have a better travel experience and Melbourneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s public transport space will be more developed.

The healthy development of urban tourism is inseparable from the support of the transportation system, and a good transportation system can promote the development of the city, which is a virtuous circle that complements each other (Cao, 2011). Although Melbourne has a complex public transportation system, it needs to be more perfect for the rising population and diversified tourism needs to avoid the adverse effects of the number of tourists on local commuter traffic. For tourist transportation, in order to reduce the pressure on tourists to travel to the morning and evening peaks, visitors can be encouraged to walk or ride bicycles to the attractions in the city. Take the southern cross station as an example to encourage visitors to reduce the utilization rate of vehicles within a 20-minute walk or a 15minutes cycling. They can walk to Queen Victoria Market, Docklands to avoid the morning peak commuting crowded, and ride a bicycle to the Flinders Station and Federation Square, the State Library. Guide signs can be placed near the station to guide visitors walk to those attractions. Besides, the sidewalk space can be improved to attract more tourists and dwellings walk by planting trees and arrange some landscapes on the road, such as more furniture or some green landscapes to guide people to walk to their destination. The sidewalk can be wider and provide more space for increasing number of pedestrians, including tourists and citizens. If the space on the ground does not support the widening of the sidewalk, another proposal is to make a viaduct, like the high line, which can provide more space for pedestrians and cyclists to effectively divert traffic. More people will be encouraged to walk or ride a bicycle. Especially for tourists. There should be a shared bicycle rental point near the station to provide visitors with a more convenient way to travel. In addition, the stations for various scenic spots are not distinguished from ordinary stations. Some attractions and cultural posters can be added to attract tourists, so that when they arrive nearby, they will know the feeling of coming to the destination and create a tourist atmosphere. 42

Footpath Share Bike Docks Attraction Connection Southern Cross Station

Southern Cross Station

FIGURE 29 The images shows the footpath and share bike docks in the city. 43

1600's

1835 The first British settlement in Victoria. Melbourne was

'Providing paid lodging on a short-term basis'

founded.

1850 'Australia's second, and Melbourne's first, international airport '

1854 'A commuter rail system designed to transport passengers from Melbourne's suburbs into the Central Business District (CBD)'

1885

1912 'Providing a more convience public transportation'

1970

1971

2000

1994

'To handle the increase in passengers. ' Running a shuttle service between Melbourne Airport and the Melbourne city centre's hotels for tourists.

Running a shuttle service between Melbourne Airport and the Melbourne city centre.

'Operating a Melbourne tram system'

'Aimed mainly at tourists'

'bring train commuters directly into the northern and eastern sections of the CBD'

City of Melbourne

1978

ACCOMADATION

Francis Boardman Clapp

Simon Cowen

INSTITUTIONS

Melbourne tramway network

The Melbourne Motor Omnibus Co Ltd British colonizer

Essendon Airport Pty.Ltd

Australia Pacific Airports Corporation Limited Skybus

The Railway Department Skybus

Melbourne Tramway & Omnibus Company Essendon Airport

Victorian Railways Bus

Railway System

Yarra Tram

Tullamarine Airport City Circle Tram

Modern Hotel

Cable Tram

City Loop

Skybus (Shuttle Bus)

Free Shuttle between hotels and Airport

Melbourne, Australia

PLAN

PROJECTS

PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION FOR TURISTS

INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT

Zavanti Holdings Pty.

KEY THINKERS

THEORY

TIME

MELBOURNE FOUNDED

MELBOURNE POPULATION GROWTH

COUNTRY

Melbourne, Australia

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0.5

(million)

2.5 0.12 1835

1850

0.25 1854

1885

3.2

3.4

1994

2000

0.6 1912

1970

en ne

TOURISM PALN 2007 - 2012 2007

ACCOMADATION 2008

INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT 2010

Offering shor t-term living quar ters, breakfast, and a unique business networking opportunity for those who were unable to book a hotel in the saturated market.

Creating one Melbourne Increasing Melbourne’s profile

2. Position Melbourne municipality as a smart, intriguing, green and clean city 3. Ensure the municipality has a strong digital presence.

'To gets more people onto public transport'

Melbourne tramway network

Brian Chesky & Joe Gebbia

1. Strengthen Melbourne municipality's recognition and appeal in key markets

'International visitors increasingly expect Wi-Fi to be free and widely available in public areas as well as in hotels, cafés and other places typically frequented by visitors.'

'To reduce congestion in the CBD'

Becoming the gateway to southern Australia Advancing sustainable tourism

2016 - 2019

2015 'To prospective tourists as a feature'

A public bicycle hire scheme designed for short trips across the city.

Building industry capacity

TOURISM PALN 2016 - 2019

4. Encourage intending visitors to plan an extended stay in Melbourne.

The project will allow for the operational separation of various existing lines and increase the capacity of the rail network to metro-style frequencies.

5. Assist city businesses to build tourism products available in-market.

The Victorian Government

Improving research and planning

6. Position Melbourne for continued tourism success

The State Government

Boosting collaboration and partnerships

City of Melbourne The City of Melbourne will take an active role in building collaboration and clarifying roles and responsibilities across the industry in destination management, tourism development and services for Melbourne

Tourism Victoria

8D Technologies

Yarra Tram

Melbourne Metro Rail Authority

City of Melbourne

AirBed & Breakfast

Contribute to industry policy development and regulatory reform that encourages responsible, sustainable growth of tourism to Melbourne

Ensure tourism 'product' - e.g. walking tours - that features city businesses is readily available at the stage when people are considering booking travel to Melbourne.

The City of Melbourne will work with government and industry to develop sustainable practices in tourism and travel, influence tourist behaviour and act as a model for the wider travel industry. The City of Melbourne will develop products and self guided travel packages promoting the city as a premier destination in its own right, and as a first stop for exploring coastal roads, historic towns, wilderness areas and wineries.

een

Airbnb

Melbourne Bike Share

Free Tram Zone

Metro Tunnel

Long Range Wide Area Network

The City of Melbourne will take a lead on developing product, building industry capacity and contributing to high service standards across the city. The City of Melbourne will research the information and decisionmaking ‘journey’ of visitors, explore new channels for reaching emerging markets, and assist tourists to make the most of their time during their stay.

Tourism Action Plan 2016 2019

The City of Melbourne will champion the idea of ‘one city, one destination’ where all levels of government and industry work together on tourism planning and development, infrastructure, signage, information and visitor services.

Melbourne, Australia Melbourne, Australia

Tourism Action Plan 2007 2012

Free Public WIFI

Melbourne, Australia

Secure international business events that align with Melbourne’s growing knowledge economy and encourage delegates to plan an extended visit. Promote Council’s visitor information services online and through social media. Promote Melbourne's international awards and special initiatives to priority markets and segments. Work with government and industry to target specific markets and segments that best align with the municipality's strengths.

Tourism Action Plan 2016 2019

Melbourne, Australia

San Francisco, America Melbourne, Australia

Melbourne, Australia

3.8

3.9

2007

2010

4.5

4.9

2015

2019

2050 47

CLAIMING GROUND

FIGURE 31 Claiming part of William St, La Trobe St, Spencer St, to Flinders St From the Queen Victoria Market, passing by the Southern Cross Station to the Federation Square,

The pedestrian are managed by VicRoads in Victoria an Councils.

MANAGING ASSETS Spencer St are occupied by cars and trams. The strategy aims to encourage more tourists to walk to the attractions at morning peak, in order to reduce traffic pressure. Now, 20% tourists choose to walk to the 20 min’s walk attractions in the city. By provide more signs and guide on the street and creat a new green coriidor for tourists with more space for resting, to encourage more tourists walk, which will reduce the traffic pressure. Benefits: Less emissions; Less traffic problems; Less travling fees; Better health

FIGURE 32

SHORT - TERM GOAL By creating a new green corridor and provide more resonable sevice to the tourists to attract more tourist in the next 20 years. Achieving 50% tourists walk to city’s attraction by 2050.

LONG - TERM GOAL

By creating a new green corridor and provide more resonable sevice to the tourists to attract more tourist in the next 40 years. Achieving 80% tourists walk to city’s attraction by 2070. To build a sustainable tourism city.

FIGURE 33

REFERENCES

PRECEDENTS

A NEW GREEN CORRIDOR FOR THE CBD – THE MELBOURNE HIGHLINE Proposed by Sally Capp It aims to provide a new tract of public space, taking up more than four times the area of the Melbourne Cricket Ground, would run from Birrurung Marr to Southern Cross Station. To provide people more green space, and more space for bicycling, which will encourage more people to ride bicycles to work, and reduce the traffic problems in some degree.

FIGURE 34 Melbourne Highline corridor Proposal 52

1. Anna, P 2018, ‘Lord mayoral candidate Sally Capp proposes High Line park in Melbourne’, viewed 25 May 2019, <https://www.theage.com.au/ melbourne-news/lord-mayoral-candidate-sally-capp-proposes-high-linepark-in-melbourne-20180426-p4zbq5.html> 2. Australian Bureau of Statistics , Census of Population and Housing: Working Population Profile, 2016, cat. no. 1370.0.55.001, ABS, Canberra, viewed 23 May, 2019, <https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/ mf/2006.0>. 3. Australia, T. R. (2018). International visitor survey, year ending june 2018. Australia, Tourism Research Australia. 4. Australian Trade Commission (2017). Strong inbound tourist arrivals signal rising investment opportunities in australia. Australia, Australian Trade Commission. 5. Cao, H 2011,‘Urban Tourism Transportation Planning based on Low-carbon Model: Taking Penglai as an Example’, Urban Planning & Garden Landscape, pp.95-97, viewed 4 April 2019, Baidu Database 6. City of Melbourne, Tourism Action Plan 2016 – 2019, City of Melbourne, Melbourne 7. City of Melbourne, Tourism Action Plan 2007 – 2012, City of Melbourne, Melbourne 8. Deloitte. Building the Lucky CountryTM (2014): Business imperatives for a prosperous Australia # 3, Positioning for prosperity? Catching the next wave 9. Tourism Research Australia (2016). International visitors in australia: December 2015 quarterly results of the international visitor survey. Australia, Tourism Research Australia. 10. Tourism Victoria (2016). International market profile: China, year ending december 2015. Australia, Tourism Victoria. 11. Tourism & Transport Forum (TTF) (2016). Accessing major events, Tourism & Transport Forum (TTF). 12. Victoria State Government, Greater Melbourne’s Destination Management Visitor Plan, City of Melbourne, Melbourne 13. Victoria State Government, Victoria’s Tourism and Events Industry Strategy 2020, City of Melbourne, Melbourne 14. Yan, Y, Currie, G, Delbosc, A & Peel, V 2016, ‘ The Urban public transport experience of Chinese tourists in Melbourne ‘, Australasian Transport Research Forum 2016 Proceedings 53

15. Zheng, X 2019,â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;The number of Australian Open players was record in 2019â&#x20AC;&#x2122; Epoch Times, viewed 5 May 2019, <http://www.epochtimes.com/ gb/19/1/30/n11011507.htm>

55 pages, 32 illustrations Published in Melbourne, Australia Master of Landscape Architecture School of Architecture and Urban Design Royal Melbourne Institue of Technology