MIGRATION BIRDS
BY LUO SIYU 1
ABSTRACT More than half the world’s population now lives in urban areas, and increasingly in highly populated cities. In general, Megacities are usually located in areas where native species are abundant and local species are likely to be influenced by human factors, such as habitat fragmentation, social activities, and species introductions. In the essay, birds are selected as indicators of the environment. Because birds can respond to environmental cues and changes across a range of spatial and temporal scales, and undergo dramatic migrations linking distant regions of the globe. (Aronson et al. 2014) The propose of the essay is to explore how do cities affect migratory behavior for birds. The essay will mainly focus on shorebirds flyways, and discuss the mega-cities’ influence on migration birds. The article will use techniques such as the Geographic Information System and point-cloud software to investigate the impacts of anthropogenic factors in selected cities on migratory bird map.
KEY WORDS Mega-city, urbanization, migration birds, flyways, anthropogenic factors
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The Ordinary Nature of
MIGRATION BIRDS 3
MIGR ATION BIRDS by LUO SIYU
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The effects of anthropogenic drivers on migration birds
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INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND In the era of rapid urbanization, the urban fringes of mega-cities around all over the world are jam-packed with various species, because there are biodiversity hotspots. According to the survey, “growth in human population density in large urban centers comes at a cost to biodiversity, regardless of how it is achieved.� Urban habitats always change by many environmental factors, such as chemical factors, noise and light pollution levels, planting changes, or disturbances caused by population growth, as compared to natural areas. Birds can serve as indicator species to support habitats of other species, thus helping to understand the influence of urbanization on bio-diversity (Gil & Brumm, 2014; Lepczyk et al., 2017).
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INTRODUCTION
COMPARE MIGRATION BIRDS HABITAT IN CHINA & MELBOURNE It is located in Bailuwan Wetland, Jinjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China. The site is located beside the city center area. The traffic conditions around the station are very complicated, which close to the expressway, surrounded by many factories. Factory pollution will have an impact on the species’ habitat. Above the site, there are a few residential areas, and the wetland will not be affected by excessive human activities at night (Figure 1). The primary land-use type is industry around the site, which means this area mainly affected by industry pollution instead of human activities.
FIGURE 1 This analysis of the landuse 8
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Location:
10 St, North Melbourne VIC 3051 293 Arden
From: Siyu Luo
FIGURE 2
INTRODUCTION
This analysis of the land-use. Moonee Ponds Creek, Melbourne. COMPARE MIGRATION BIRDS HABITAT IN CHINA & MELBOURNE It is located in Moonee Ponds Creek, Melbourne, Australia. The site is located in North Melbourne. Melbourne is so lucky with the wealth of habitats along the Moonee Ponds Creek from open woodlands, to grasslands, wetlands and suburban gardens right down to the Yarra and the Bay, which can become a world-class wildlife corridor. However, the habitat conditions are not as good as people imagine. Once described by “time” as “arguably the most ill-treated tributary of the Yarra River, the true lower part of Melbourne,” the removal of toxic industries, sewage treatment and drainage works in the 1970s.
The picture is from WIKI media.
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FIGURE 4 This population density in Chengdu, Sichuan province, China. (2015)
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COMPARE MIGRATION BIRDS HABITAT IN CHINA & MELBOURNE Here’s a chart showing Chengdu’s populated weighted density. Chengdu is a sub-provincial city which serves as the capital of Sichuan province, China. As of 2014, the administrative area housed 14,427,500 inhabitants, with an urban population of 10,152,632. As the picture shows, The population density of the city is exceptionally high than any other suburb.
FIGURE 5 This population density in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. (2015)
COMPARE MIGRATION BIRDS HABITAT IN CHINA & MELBOURNE Here’s a chart showing Chengdu’s populated weighted density. Chengdu is a sub-provincial city which serves as the capital of Sichuan province, China. As of 2014, the administrative area housed 14,427,500 inhabitants, with an urban population of 10,152,632. As the picture shows, The population density of the city is exceptionally high than any other suburb. Bailuwan in China and 293 Arden street in Australia, two of the selected sites, are located near the plant and are affected by factory pollution. Also, both of the areas in Chengdu and Melbourne are a wetland, which attracts a lot of migration birds. The significant difference between the two sites is that there are few residential areas near the wetland in Chengdu. Even if tourists visit during the day, human activities have little influence on the wetland at night. Therefore, the question of the essay is: How do human activities affect migratory behaviour for birds? 13
1 MAIN FLYWAYS ALL OVER THE WORLD
Compared to bird reproduction in the northern hemisphere, In the southern hemisphere, very few birds migrate between continents. Because most encounter, and are filtered out by, suitable habitats en route (Dingle, 2008). As figure 6 shown, migratory shorebirds undertake the longest known migration of any species, flying the length of the East Asian Australasian Flyway from Australian shores to the Arctic Circle to breed each year. Almost 10% of Australian bird species are shorebirds. There are migratory ones (like Ruddy) that breed overseas and residents that produce in Australia. According to the survey, migratory shorebirds have experienced population declines of up to 80% over the last 30 years( Birdlife, 2019), Although the BirdLife Australia’s Migratory Shorebirds Program holds a range of projects (including the National Shorebird Monitoring) that tried to improve the situation of migratory shorebirds.
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In June they sit on top of the world in Siberia or Alaska where they raise their chicks. They go there because the Arctic summers are short but the days are long. For the six weeks of summer, the sun hardly ever sets so the birds can feed 24 hours a day. Once the chicks are grown up, everybody leaves because snow and ice will soon return to the Arctic. On their way to Australia, shorebirds first hop, skip and jump along the coast of China or Japan. They may drop by Thailand and an Indonesian island or two before landing in Australia. The route they travel is called the East Asian- Australasian Flyway - a highway for birds. One round trip on the flyway is about 20 000km, and migratory shorebirds do it every year.
EAST ATLANTIC
EAST ASIAN / AUSTRALASIAN
BLACK SEA / MEDITERRANEAN ATLANTIC AMERICAS
CENTRAL ASIAN MISSISSIPPI AMERICAS
WEST PACIFIC
WEST ASIAN / EAST AFRICAN PACIFIC AMERICAS
FIGURE 6 The mapping shows the main flyways of the migration birds all over the world
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As the figure 7 shows, Most of the birds on this route pass through cities and forage nearby. In one of China’s most densely populated areas, birds don’t avoid the area. So it is speculated that the decline in bird Numbers may be affected by some factors in big cities. In the following articles, this hypothesis needs to be proved.
FIGURE 7 The EAA flyway and the main mega city
ALASKA
RUSSIA
DALIAN BEIJING BUSAN TIANJIN
JAPAN
CHINA QINGDAO
NAGOYA OSAKA
GUANGZHOU
INDIA
TOKYO
SHENZHEN HONGKONG MADURAI
BANGKOK
PHILIPPINES
SINGAPORE INDONESIA
PAPUA NEW GUINEA
AUSTRALIA EAST ASIAN- AUSTRALASIAN FLYWAY EAST ASIAN- AUSTRALASIAN FLYWAY
SYDNEY MELBOURNE
NEW ZEALAND 1500KM
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IMPORTANT AREAS FOR MIGRATION BIRDS ON THE FLY
MOROSHECHNAYA RIVER, RUSSIA Large numbers of passage waders, such as Bar-tailed Godwit, Red Kont, Great Knot
YALU JIANG ESTUARY, CHINA Large numbers of water birds occur on migration, there are more than 70,000 can be counted in one day. CHIKU,TAIWAN A globally important wintering site for the Black faced Spoonbill with over 500 recorded
INNER DEEP BAY & SHENZHEN RIVER CATCHMENT AREA, HONGKONG
GULF PLAINS, AUSTRALIA An extensive wetland with up to 72,333 Great Knot, 27,256 Black-tailed Godwit & 25,042 Little Curlew in the non-breeding season.
FOCAL MIGRATORY BIRDS INITIATIVE AREAS
EIGHTY MILE BEACH, AUSTRALIA A globally important wintering Large numbers of wader with maximum counts of 2,880,000 Oriental Pratincole, 167,353 Great Knot & 93,818 Bar-tailed Godwit.
PROTECTED ( FULLY OR PARTIALLY ) NON-PROTECTED & UNKNOWN 1500 KM
FIGURE 8 The mapping of shorebirds in the EAA flyways about currently conditions
EAST ASIAN- AUTRALIASIAN FLYWAY
Shorebird population estimates on the EAA route have been calculated before(Wat- kins 1993, Rose and Scott 1997, Delany and Scott 2002), making it possible to examine trends in estimates. As figure 8 shows, Many birds are not protected on this route, and most are found in Asia, along the coast, and in lakeside areas, which means that the area beside water required to protect to reduce the decline of the number of the shorebirds. The annual cycle for shorebirds in the Flyway has four periods broadly defined as follows: • Breeding (B) - May to August; • Southward migration (SM) - August to November; • Non-breeding (NB) - December to February; • Northward migration (NM) - March to May.
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URBANIZATION
ARTIFICIAL LIGHT
FOOD
ENVIRONMENTAL DIURNAL STABILITY
EXTINCTION OF MIGRANT BIRDS
NIGHT FEEDING ACTIVITIES
HUMAN ACTIVITIES DISTURBANCE
URBAN HEAT ISLAND
HABITAT FRAGMENTATION
ENVIRONMENTAL SEASONAL STABILITY
ENVIRONMENTAL INTERANNUAL STABILITY
RESIDENT BIRDS POPULATION INCREASE
EXTINCTION OF DISTURBANCE-ADAPTED BIRDS
SEASONAL HOMOGENIZATION
INTERANNUAL HOMOGENIZATION
TEMPORAL HOMOGENIZATION OF BIRD COMPOSITION
FIGURE 9 Factors analysis diagram
For migratory birds, urbanization affects several environmental features, such as food, temperature, habitat structure, and urban light. Among them, human disturbance: Animals fed by people, and the passage of cars may aggravate the heat island effect. A stable environment (purple), on the other hand, promotes community homogeneity
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2 MAIN FACTORS EFFECT MIGRATION BIRDS IN URBAN AREA
2,1 The bright lights traps Many eco-system around the world are responding to bright nighttime lights, such as street lights, building lights, and other sources, and it has been shown that creatures of all kinds can respond to this artificial stress. The bright lights in the urban can be particularly disorienting to some migrant birds, which is flying at night to looking for food. Then these birds tend to suffer from fatal collisions with high buildings and signal towers. Therefore, the nocturnal activities of birds are related to alteration produced by artificial light in the city environments( Rejt, 2004; La, 2012)
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In urban areas, artificial lighting has increased with increasing levels of urbanization (Kyba et al., 2012; Haier et al., 2013; Katz & Lai, 2016), which is more commercial competitive (LIM et al., 2018; Ma, 2018). According to the survey, the number of the migration birds saw a significant decrease. Which means urbanization may has negative influence on some of migration birds. For example, In Berlin residential areas. most zenith-guided light comes from the streets, including direct or scatter lights from lights, car headlights, advertising lights in the street area, and even light from the exterior walls of tall buildings to some extent (Kuechly et al. 2012).
FIGURE 10 Urban light changes in Chengdu From 1992 to 2013.
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Through further comparative investigations, it was found that Chengdu’s main roads, commercial and public areas are bright, while residential, industrial and agricultural areas are dark at night. In contrast, Melbourne’s residential, commercial and public areas are relatively bright. Because Chengdu has a larger urban population, more dense urban and suburban areas, and a greener rate than Melbourne, Melbourne is found to have more suitable habitats for birds. Of course, this does not rule out the error caused by more and more comprehensive databases in Melbourne.
Although some of the urban light data have been identified, the datasets are prone to biases and limitations which will influence results.
FIGURE 11 Urban light changes in Melbourne From 1992 to 2013.
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2 MAIN FACTORS EFFECT MIGRATION BIRDS IN URBAN AREA
2,2 Abiotic factors The abiotic factors that change urbanization are mainly temperature and wind. Urbanization means high level of building density area which are likely lead to urban heat island. Temperatures may directly affect migration birds through the urban heat island phenomenon (Rizwan, Dennis and Chunho, 2008), and the temperature rises in winter, which is conducive to the presence of birds. Urban heat islands may have an indirect effect on the seasonal stability of resources used by birds by facilitating the extension of the vegetation growing season (Lucas M. 2018)
Other factors such as day length and cloud cover may affect bird activity at night (Russ, Rüger & Klenke, 2015).
2,3 Selected species test Australia is part of the East AsianAustralasian Flyway (EAAF) for migratory shorebirds. The east Asia-Australasia flight route includes many islands and sea crossing points across many countries and contains nearly half of the world’s population. The Flyway region has experienced massive, rapid economic growth, so many waterbird populations on the Flyway are threatened or declining. Therefore, a endangered species-Fork-tailed swift ( Apus pacificus)is selected to test that if the migration birds are effected by anthropogenic factors. he Pacific swift is a bird which breeds in eastern Asia. This swift is strongly migratory, spending the northern hemisphere’s winter in Southeast Asia and Australia.
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FORK-TAILED SWIFT FLYWAYS
PAST YEAR LIVE MAP DATA
VICTORIA AREA DENSITY
KEY BIODIVERSITY AREA SURVEYED: 194/ 315 SHARED SITE SURVEYED: 3300 THREATENED SPECIES RECORDED: 59/ 77 ACTIVE OBSERVERS: 2344
POPULATION DENSITY
FIGURE 12 Fork-tailed swift analysis
1739 3479 5219 6956 8699
LIVE MAP TIMELINE
2010 unknow 2000 1990 1980 1970 1960 1950 1940 1930 1910 1890 1900 1920 1880 1830 1850 1860
The image shows the distribution of Fork-tailedswift at different scales in Australia, Victoria and Melbourne. As the picture shown, the species is found throughout Australia，especially beside the water. Most are found in urban areas. However, when I zoomed in on the map, I found that in the main urban areas of Melbourne and areas with higher building height, the reporting rate of this bird was quite low. Compared with Chengdu and Melbourne, Chengdu’s Bailuwan wetland birds found higher density and better-living conditions. However, the green area is much more than Chengdu, and the population density is less than Chengdu’s Melbourne . Fork-tailed swift’s environment is even worse. Related to the previous analysis of land types, do Melbourne’s excessive residential areas affect the survival of migratory birds to some extent?
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FIGURE 13 Arden street analysis
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FIGURE 14 Arden street analysis
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3 METHODS AND STRATEGY 3,1 Different collection methods
Most of the biodiversity &urbanization studies focus on the patterns of individual cities. The overall impact of the urbanization on maps of species diversity is based on primary research in select cities. Although urbanization has changed the local population, there is a lack of comprehensive analysis to determine how urbanization changes biological habits globally ( Aronson et al. 2014) This article selects literature by using SCOPUS and Google Scholars to search for published articles and book chapters. An article was comparing the changes in immigrant birds under the urbanization level of different cities at different times. Data also from Bird data website. Predictably, the survey location tends to be close to population centers. As a result, southwestern Western Australia and the eastern half of Australia are most densely covered. Northern and inland parts of the continent are surveyed more frequently during the colder, drier months of the year than during the wetter summer months. Investigations carried out in these remote areas by courageous observers during the rainy season have therefore become particularly valuable(Clarke et al, 2019). Several species were selected and they differed in terms of species habits. Species within the flock of birds react to different urban environments, especially night lights and building heights. Lists of urban birds and plants from databases, literature, and expert surveys. The average abundance of species selected by region in summer and winter. This is the number of birds observed every 20 minutes per hectare (x 1,000). More statistical analyses are being carried out based on habitats and biota. Because the proportion of new birds is very low for most cities, migration birds always are not considered separately in existing research. Some migration birds are listed as endangered if they are classified as critically endangered (CR), endangered (EN) or vulnerable (VU) in the IUCN Red List. Bird Life International’s classification checklist standardized bird classifications are used and plant classification is performed using the classification name resolution service. ( Aronson et al. 2014).
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This image shows the data of the selected species, the Australian white ibis, in Australia, which is an example shown the decline of the shore birds in wetland. The birds have discovered a new niche that removes municipal waste and has a reputation as pests. They have long legs, white feathers, black bald heads, and long curved beaks. At the base of the adult, the neck is a chic feathery collar. From the picture, we can see that most of the birds are distributed in the city. Research has shown that white ibis regularly appears in rubbish bins, city parks, rubbish dumps, and lagoons. Although the number of ibises found in our parks and gardens is increasing, the number of ibis in their natural habitats (grasslands, wetlands, lagoons) is decreasing. 29
METHODS AND STRATEGY 3,2 POLICY & OWNERSHIP
Victoria’s metropolitan municipalities cover 562,740 Ha, of which only 16% is public open space (VEAC 2011).local council owned public open space makes up only 2.8% of the entire metropolitan area.As a result, reliance on council-controlled open space as the primary mechanism to address UHI would not produce optimal outcomes. Global and national protection of migratory shorebirds Australia has agreed to protect and conserve migratory shorebirds under several international conservation agreements; the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (Bonn Convention), Japan-Australia Migratory Bird Agreement (JAMBA), China-Australia Migratory Bird Agreement (CAMBA) and Republic of Korea-Australia Migratory Bird Agreement (ROKAMBA). These agreements recognise the need to protect shorebirds by cooperating across jurisdictions. Australia has obligations to protect migratory shorebird habitat and maintain sustainable populations when birds are in Australia (Department of the Environment Water Heritage and the Arts 2009). As a consequence of being a signatory to these conventions, migratory shorebirds are classified as Matters of National Environmental Significance and are protected under the highest level of national conservation legislation, the Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Table 1). The EPBC Act “provides a legal framework to protect and manage nationally and internationally important flora, fauna, ecological communities and heritage places” (Department of the Environment 2013). The EPBC Act is the key mechanism for meeting Australia’s responsibilities under these agreements. In addition to the EPBC Act, all states and territories have legislation that protects biodiversity and native species (Department of the Environment Water Heritage and the Arts 2009). Planning for development in Darwin Harbour should be consistent with international agreements and commonwealth legislation. Department of the Environment (2013) Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act. (Ed. Department of the Environment). Commonwealth of Australia: Canberra Department of the Environment Water Heritage and the Arts (2009) Significant impact guidelines for 36 migratory shorebird species. Background paper to EPBC Act policy statement 3.21 (Ed. Department of the Environment Water Heritage and the Arts). Australian Government
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THEORY/ POLICY
CODE
SPATIAL ANALYSIS
ANIMATED GRAPHICS OF SEASONAL MOVEMENTS
PARAMETRICISM
PERFORMANCE
Reporting Rates & A Species’ Regional Abundance.
Active Methods: High Efficient
Anthropogenic Features
INSTITUTIONS
KEY THINKERS
Homogenization Of Its Biota
Dr Stephen Ambrose
Myla F. J. Aronson
Birds Australia & Affiliated Ornithological Organisations
RAOU’s Research Committee
Australian Bird Count Australian Nature Conservation Agency (now Environment Australia)
ABC surveyors
TECHNOLOGY
PROJECTS
Gather Bird Count Data Migratory Birds Maps Field Project
Large Data Sets Field Testing
Data set Literature, Databases & Expert Surveys
Active timing area-search
Mid-1980s
1989
1999
2014
This figure shows previous studies on migratory birds, and the data statistics of this paper are also based on previous studies to make some inferences about the factors that can affect the activities of birds
The Commonwealth Government’s Wildlife Conservation Plan for Migratory Shorebirds states that “Disturbance which renders an area unusable is equivalent to habitat loss and can exacerbate population declines. Disturbance is greatest where increasing human populations and development pressures may have an impact on important habitats” (Commonwealth of Australia 2015b).
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5 CONCLUSION At different time scales, the effects of stabilizing biological and abiotic factors seem to be changed. On a daily scale, the stability of light and other abiotic conditions seem to be most relevant to the nocturnal activities of birds. On the other hand, artificial light could increase the food supply for nocturnal birds, especially insectivorous animals. Moreover, without artificial light, day and night species have a hard time finding food( Lucas M,2018). On the seasonal and interannual scales, the stability of biological factors seems to be the main factor determining the balance of bird composition. However, the security of these biological factors is usually determined by the influence of non-biological factors such as water in winter or urban heat island phenomena. Similarly, human habitation and activities are also important factors that affect the residence of migratory birds in cities. Through this article, I hope to draw people’s attention to the living environment of migratory birds.
For each threatened migratory shorebird species
Was the species observed?
no
- Do we have enough survey ? - What is the possibility of presence?
yes
Where was it observed? How many of it ?
- Then what are the areas of suitable habitat (map) - What is the value of the site on a local, regional and population wide scale
Provide a timeline about when species might present
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RECOMMONDATION Education Information signs would enhance the visitor experience through education about the natural environment, historical and cultural values, and would also help to protect biodiversity. Educational signs about shorebirds and the need to minimise disturbance are an effective management tool, and has been shown to decrease disturbance rates to shorebirds (Burger 2004). The City of Toronto has been for years promoting their own campaign to protect migratory birds called “Lights Out Toronto!� Here’s an example of one of their informational posters:
Monitoring program A well-designed community awareness program needs to be combined with regular monitoring The shorebird population and disturbance rate were determined to determine the effectiveness of the scheme. A monitor A program should be developed to detect any significant changes in shaxi shorebird usage. it Is it recommended that the program detect significant changes in population Development rather than external or regional factors.
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REFERENCES
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