STREET LIFE
RESEARCH QUESTION How can commercial buildings engage people to stay on the street and then contributing to create street life?
The Ordinary Nature of
ABSTRACT ‘Street life is an important part of urban life.’ Jacobs has already stated this point in his work in 1993, and most of the current cities use business as their service. In order to make the city more conducive to people’s life experience, this paper focuses on the relationship between street life and commercial buildings. The study starts from Greater Melbourne and takes Swanston street and Sydney Road as examples to map to the street life of the world. development changes. The article starts with the influence of commercial buildings on street vitality, finds the relationship between the two, and tries to summarize a basic matrix principle to enhance the vitality of the street. KEYWORDS Commercial buildings, Street life, Pedestrian, Vitality
STREET LIFE
STR E ETby LIF E Z ixu an X i ao
Seminar: The Ordinary Nature of Aircraft Lecturer: Yazid Ninsalam Student: Zixuan Xiao s3679599
DETAILS OF THE ILLUSTRATIONS
FRONTISPIECE TO PICTURES OF THE EPIC OF THE STREET LIFE
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1. Lineage map of street life. 2. Claiming ground of this research. 3. Yuhu Road (by Zixuan Xiao), Most of the users on Yuhu Road are old people, who spend most of the day here, playing cards, playing chess, drinking tea, etc. are their main entertainment activities. 4. The distribution of cafes in the city of Melbourne, based on 2017 statistics. 5. Pathway in city of Melbourne. 6. Distribution of retail stores in the city of melbourne in 2017. 7. Distribution of retail stores in the city of melbourne in 2002. 8. Development of distribution of retail stores in the city of melbourne from 2002 to 2017. 9. The average number of people passing through different major roads per minute per day. 10. Car parking distribution in city of Melbourne. 11. Hight analysis of Swanstone Street. 12. Swanston Street (by Zixuan Xiao). 13. Public transportation map diverging from the Melbourne CBD. 14. Sydney Road (by Xuan Xiao). 15. Hight analysis of Sydney Road. 16. Several transportation on Sydney Road. 17. Managing Assets. 18. Conceptual short term and long term ambitions.
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CAR STREET
CAR STREET
PDESTRIAN STREET
PDESTRIAN STREET
PDESTRIAN STREET
PEOPLE’S CITY
‘Gruen Effect’ ‘Melbourne is a dead city’
‘Street life is an important part of urban life’
THEORY
‘Swanston Street should finally be a pedestrian street’ ‘downtown serves the consumer culture’ ‘consumption is the prime principle of urban planning’
PEOPLE’S CITY
‘now most cities in the world rely on commercial centres to establish the main public spaces of cities’ ‘keeps people-centred development at the heart of city planning’
‘shoppers can appear and leave at the same time, and away from the constraints of daily life’
‘getting more from less’
‘shoppers can appear and leave at the same time, and away from the constraints of daily life’
POLICY
Centre Melbourne (Metropolitan Strategy Implementation (1981)) Postcode 3000 Planning Policy
Places for People 2015
Postcode 3000 Planning Policy
Support the growth and development of Melbourne’s cultural precincts and creative industries
City of Melbourne Strategy Plan (1985)
Moreland Art Collection
Sustainable City
KEY THINKERS
Jane Jacobs
FIGURE 1 Jan Gehl
Rob Adams
Anette Baldauf
This photo clearly shows the five stages of Melbourne’s street development and the important changes in street life at all stages.
Victor Gruen Jan Gehl
David Yencken
Rob Adams
Rob Adams
Victor Gruen
INSTITUTION
Vintage Books Victor Gruen Associates Melbourne City Council
L'architecture d'aujourd'hui
Melbourne City Council
Gehl
Victoria State Government
Melbourne City Council
Architectural Review Österreichs Glaserzeitung
Ministry for Planning and Environment
Melbourne City Council
Melbourne’s city agencies
Moreland Council & Creative Victoria
Glas
PROJECT
Shopping towns Löwenfeld Ladies' Fashion
The death and life of great American cities
Guerlain Perfumery Deutsch Men's Fashion Victoria’s 150th birthday celebrations
Bristol Perfumery
TIME
Textiles Singer
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Revitalization of City Laneways
1970’S
Swanston Street
the Melbourne Miracle
Public Space/Public Life
Creative design district
2010’S
Active Greater Melbourne
2050’S
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Sydney Rd
Melbourne CBD
Swanstone St
FIGURE 2 This image shows the three sites that this essay focuses on. 10
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1 INTRODUCTION In modern society, more than a half population in the world are living in urban areas, or cities. Street, space where plays a huge role in urban life (Jacobs, 1993). In most cities, more than one-third of the land, sometimes even a half land, is used to build streets system, where it provides a space for various social activities (Mehta, 2013). When people spend the most time in the streets to enjoy their leisure time, instead of staying indoor to waste their free hours, the vitality of a city is presented as an obvious way, so streets are generally used to measure the vitality of a city (Jacobs, 1993). There are many things, or
However, as Gehl stated (cited in Pepper, 2017), many cities in the world have experienced or are experiencing the stage of human giving way to vehicles. Streets are entirely serving for vehicles, and people’s needs are less important. Such problems have been noticed in some cities and have begun to try to do something to make it different. While in other cities, widening roads and narrowing sidewalks are still regarded as the right direction of urban development (The Human Scale, 2012). For those cities, that are in the changing process, the energy of the street is closely related to the function of the surrounding buildings. For example, there are more than 500 cafés on the streets of Melbourne’s city centre currently (Figure 4), that can engage people to stay here, while there are only two in the 1980s (Oberklaid, 2015). Interestingly, in the mid-1970s, Gehl visited Melbourne and felt it is a dead city; the whole place is boring (Pepper, 2017). However, now, Melbourne is the most liveable city in the world (City of Melbourne, 2018).
FIGURE 3 This picture shows the daily life of the old people on the Yuhu Road.
human activities can happen in the streets of a dynamic city every moment of every day. These various human activities all are contributed to building street life. For instance, Xiangtan is a small city in China with only 2.76 million people. The seniors always spend a whole day in Yuhu Road (Figure 3) to drink tea, chart and play chess with others. This street is very closed to a primary school, and an agricultural market, which can explain why many old people are usually gathered here. In Chinese families, grandparents are the chief members who take care of the children. It is foreseeable that the grandparents send children to the school in the morning and come here to stay. At noon, grandparents always go to the agricultural market to buy the ingredients that can be used for lunch and then go to school to pick up their children. Such things will happen again in the afternoon. When the elderly stayed on the Yuhu road, they created the street life of Yuhu road. Image © 2019 DigitalGlobe Image © 2019 CNES / Airbus Image © 2019 DigitalGlobe Image © 2019 CNES / Airbus
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FIGURE 4
Thanks to a series of Melbourne CBD urban planning change projects led by Rob, such as postcode 3000. In the past few decades in Melbourne, the city's vitality has proliferated, with hundreds of small bar and small restaurants hidden in interlaced alleys, which like a maze. This kind of structure of alleys and bars can add to the sense of surprise for pedestrians on the streets. The positive impacts of such changes on Melbourne CBD are apparent, the streets become more exciting and attractive, and more people are encouraged to move on and stay in the streets. Adams claimed (cited in Oberklaid, 2015) that, a charming city usually come from pleasant streets because human beings are social animals (Mehta, 2013). Although the city of Melbourne was noticed as the most liveable city around the world, urban sprawl is still an issue of the city. As the government published (cited in Masanauskas, 2016), the population of Melbourne will be doubled in 2050. It is necessary to consider developing some other suburbs of Melbourne as the next Melbourne CBD, making the suburbs no longer exist as residential areas where residents are divided into different residential blocks, with weak public activities in the street. Apart from easing the population pressure in Melbourne city centre, it is also vital for the development of the suburbs themselves. This essay discusses how commercial buildings and street life affect each other and tries to summarise a system about it that can be applied to other places.
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This picture illustrates the current distribution of Melbourne cafe, and now people can easily reach the store on the go. But compared to the surrounding area, most cafe are still in CBD.the closer to the edge of Melbourne, the more dispersed the distribution of cafe.
Legend
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CAFE and restua cafe PATHWAY footpaths
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FIGURE 5
DISCUSSION OF METHODS
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This picture illustrates the path of the city of Melbourne, a dense and intricate walking network, allowing people to experience the city during the walk.
The city develops around business Commercial buildings enhance the vibrancy of the street Interaction between commercial buildings and streets The fun of street life is to provide users with a sense of freshness A vibrant street network forms a vibrant city.
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3 Commercial buildings and Streets 3.1 Melbourne CBD
FIGURE 6
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According to 2017 statistics, this image shows the distribution of retail outlets in the city of Melbourne. comparing Figure 5, it can be found that the alleys are proportional to the density of retail stores.
LEGEND
Legend +
LegendDENSITY OF RETAIL -
2 Miles
RETAILS 2002 IN 2017 2017 PATHWAY footpath 2002
From 1994 to 2004, The activity of streets in Melbourne has increased by nearly 90%; most of them are lanes (Oberklaid, 2015). Obviously these redeveloped lanes contribute to increasing street vitality in Melbourne, and another essential part is the spaces between streets and stores, commonly are known as sidewalks. Figure 4 shows the map of footpaths in Melbourne; these footpaths run through the Melbourne CBD, where people can experience the outdoor public spaces of Melbourne. Street life has become more exciting and abundant because of the use of these footpaths and the activities and movement what was happened when people use them.
2017
Light Gray Canv footpath
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Light Gray Canv
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As Figure 6 shows, there are a lot of retail stores along the footpaths. When people walk on the streets, they are very likely to be attracted by the exhibitions in these shop windows. Moreover, then, involuntarily, they might be invited to stay and even walk into these stores to visit and consume. This pattern of behaviour, called as ‘Gruen Effect' (Trufelman, 2012), is an important part of using commercial buildings to engage pedestrians to stay on the streets, which can help create street life. Since 1936, commercial buildings have been defined as a different way from previous ‘sales machine', due to the transformation of some retail stores by Gruen. Commercial buildings have been given the mission of creating urban vitality, and they exist as public areas along the streets. Also, transform the city centre into a space for serving consumer culture (Baldauf, nd).
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FIGURE 7 Based on 2002 statistics, this chart shows the distribution of retail stores in Melbourne. Similar to the 2017 case shown in Figure 6, the alley is directly proportional to the density of the retail store.
However, unlike Gruen's viewpoints (cited in Trufelman, 2012), ‘…the appearance is not the focus…', ‘…closed integrated plaza…', Melbourne's commercial buildings usually have a beautiful appearance and are associated with outdoor spaces through transparent windows and lanes. By 2017, retail stores along streets have grown more than in 2002 (Figure 8), not to mention the retail industry that was on the verge of death in 1994. During these fifteen years, the revitalisation of the alleys gradually merged with the sideways in front of commercial buildings to form a new footpaths system (Oberklaid, 2015). Interconnected commercial building spaces and outdoor spaces once again enhance the pedestrian experience of using streets spaces. Until 2013, the number of people walking on the streets during the day has increased by 40%, and at night it even has doubled (Jan Gehl Team, 2004).
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FIGURE 8 This image shows a comparison of the distribution of retail stores in 2002 and 2017. In 2017, there was a certain increase in retail stores compared to 2002, especially in non-CBD regions.
LEGEND + OF RETAIL LegendDENSITY 2002 RETAILS IN 2017 2017
2 Miles
RETAILS IN 2002 2002 PATHWAY footpath
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AVERAGE NUMBER OF PEDESTRIANS PER MINUTE
FIGURE 9 It can be determined that Swanston street is one of the streets with the largest number of pedestrians per day.
SENSOR STATION
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FIGURE 10
3.2 Swanston Street According to Figure 9, the junction of Bourke Street and Swanston Street is one of the most crowded areas of Melbourne CBD; it is easy to think that there are many commercial buildings here, and it is true. Melbourne Centre, QV, Bourke Street Mall, Target, Emporium, and so forth. All are critical commercial centres that can attract pedestrians to increase the vibrancy of streets and cities. Although in modern society, Baldauf claimed that, cities are considered to serve commercial culture, and now most cities in the world rely on commercial centres to establish the main public spaces of cities, sometimes cities even spread out from the commercial centre, the revival of urban streets is not entirely dependent on commercial buildings. It should be said that the effect between business and the vitality of the city is not a single line; it is interactive. Not only commercial buildings can make pedestrians more willing to stay on the streets, but the streets also offer the possibility of attracting the flow of people for commercial buildings.
This image shows the distribution of the parking lot and buffering the parking lot around Swanston street, the nearest parking lot at a suitable walking distance.
Legend
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CAR carPARKING park
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PATHWAY footpaths
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Firstly, Swanston Street is a walking street, and the only public transportation method is tram. The car parks show distance from this street (Figure 10), which means that people have more possibilities for the ‘walking’ action. When people leave their comfortable, confined spaces, people have to do things in the most primitive way. In this case, people's concerns have more possibilities to return to street space itself, paying attention to the furnishings of the shop window, and exploring the lanes connected with commercial buildings, and then might going inside the commercial buildings.
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It is also worth that commercial buildings on Swanston Street are not solely for commercial use. Generally, the lower floors of these buildings may be cafes, small restaurants, bars or other retail stores, while the upper floors of the buildings are residential apartments (Figure 11). This vertical structure facilitates the full utilisation of the building and the activation of the street (Oberklaid, 2015). When people, who are living high-rises level of these commercial buildings, leave home and go out, they may have unplanned activities because of the temptation in windows of the downstairs stores. These unplanned activities can increase the richness of street life. Melbourne Centre is more special than others, which also has the function of one of the primary transport nodes in Melbourne CBD.
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FIGURE 11 The upper floors of commercial buildings are used more for residential use, which means that once the residents of high-rise residential buildings go downstairs, they can be integrated into the commercial block.
residential value
commercial value
SWANSTON ST.
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FIGURE 12 This photo was taken on Swanstone Street, where street performers are performing in front of the tram stop, and pedestrians crossing the road are attracted and stopped. 28
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FIGURE 13
In addition to the reasons mentioned earlier, vibrant street performances in this area is another factor that can attract people to stay on the streets to enjoy their street lives (Figure 12). These street performances sometimes can increase the possibility of that people use commercial buildings. For example, a street performer gives excellent performance on the street in front of a restaurant. The scent that is emitted from the restaurant during the performance perhaps make the audiences who did not plan to consume to change their option and eating inside.
This map clearly shows public transports within 4 km from Melbourne CBD. The Sydney Road in Brunswick has both accessibiliBRUNSWICK ties for both train and tram traffic, from the Melbourne CBD.
Legend LEGEND
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TRAM stop STOP tram
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TRAIN STATION train station TRAIN TRACK train track TRAM toute ROUTE tram
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It can be found that the shopping centres has not been stripped out of the city of Melbourne, existing as an independent individual. Jacobs (1993) pointed out that when the shopping centre and cultural centre are monopolised and stripped from the city, the leisure life of the city will be divided into different parts instead of being a whole. This divided urban life locks different activities in different neighbourhoods, and the parts that are used to connect them will be blank, without movement, activities, even pedestrians. Vehicles, such as cars, will occupy most of the streets. From this respect, the composite nature of Melbourne CBD commercial buildings and connectivity to the outside world are meaningful. However, the problem is that the development of the Melbourne CBD seems to have nothing to do with the outer suburbs, they have broken down, which is unhealthy for the development of the whole city (Jacob, 1993). Take Brunswick as an example. It is known because of its wide variety of delicious brunch. Well-developed retail industries and convenient transportation routes both contribute to the active region (Figure 13). Although this area is active as the Melbourne CBD, it is separate from the Melbourne CBD. If there is a lack of understanding of Greater Melbourne, it is difficult for pedestrians to realise that there are another area’s streets that can be reached in twenty minutes is worth to explore.
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SYDNEY ROAD
BRUNSWICK
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FIGURE 14 This photo was taken on Sydney Road during commute time of a weekday, and a large number of vehicles returned from the city to Brunswick via Sydney Road. 32
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3.3 Sydney Road Brunswick is located in the suburb, Moreland, of northern Melbourne. Thirty-five thousand four hundred daily passengers, most of them are students and shoppers, take the tram Route 19 passing Sydney Road (Figure 14) to and from Brunswick and the Melbourne CBD (Craig, 2011). The art, bar and restaurant culture in Brunswick are very developed. Along the Sydney Road, a range of retail stores builds one of the longest shopping streets in the Southern Hemisphere (Sydney Road, 2019). At night, bars that open late at night invite people to continue exploring Sydney Road and creating street life at night (Sydney Road, 2019). It must be admitted that Sydney Road is a vibrant street, a large number of pedestrians, convenient transportation, charming shops, and a close-up shopping mall (Barkley Square). However, another fact is that the connection between Sydney Road and residents is weak.
Unlike commercial buildings on Swanston Street that contain residential values, the commercial buildings on Sydney Road are low, and the shops on the street only show the value of their business role (Figure 15). The main residential areas are located on both sides of Sydney Road. Once turning left or right at any intersection on Sydney Road, the lively street life will be abandoned immediately. In other words, Brunswick's street life is not interspersed throughout the whole area, and it is locked in Sydney Road. Using Swanston Street as a reference, Sydney Road can become more dynamic by strengthening the links between commercial buildings and other parts. In addition to retail outlets that can be reached directly from the street, Barkley Square, the only sizeable commercial centre nearby, should also be open to pedestrians in a more intimate way, rather than being hidden behind a store on the Sydney roadside. Moreland City Council has started trying to do this. The region is encouraged to become a community of art and creativity, attracting and leaving more creative businesses through policies. This new park will include existing active areas, such as Sydney Road (Heagney, 2018). It is foreseeable that Brunswick's future art and creative shops will play the same role as the small bars, cafes and small restaurants in Melbourne CBD. They grow along the sidewalks of the entire area, interspersed throughout Brunswick, and increasing the fun of street life.
FIGURE 15 This image shows the buildings on the west side of Sydney Road. Most of them are only one floor and are usually only used as retail stores.
BRUNSWICK LIBRARY
SECOND FLOOR FIRST FLOOR GROUND FLOOR
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TRANSPORTATION
FIGURE 16 This image analyzes transportation on Sydney Road. People can easily reach or leave here because of convenient transportation. The outdoor seating on the sidewalk is also an important part of attracting people to stay.
Comparing with Swanston Street, the most significant difference in Sydney Road is the mixed mode of transportation (Figure 16). This is precisely one reason why
TRAIN
Sydney Road can gather people. On this, not spacious Sydney Road, trams, cars and bicycles are trying to make their way as smooth as possible. During the rush hours, the slow movement of vehicles on the road is in stark contrast to the lively outdoor restaurant seats on the sidewalk. The people in the cars are pure watchers on this
TRAM
road. For the vitality of the street, the observer is as critical as the user, because people's sights often can attract more people (Jacobs, 1993). CAR
It can be found that not blindly restricting the use of vehicles on the road can help the improvement of the street and even urban vitality. As mentioned in 3.2, commercial buildings can help increase the liveability of the streets, but they are not a one-way WALKING
relationship, they can interact with each other. A virtuous circle can be like that, an impressive structure of the street, including the relationship between commercial buildings and other parts, attract more pedestrians to stay on the street. After getting a good experience on the street, these people are willing to come again through proper transportation and to use the streets, which enable them to discover new and exciting parts. Simply, the streets need to be always fresh for users. This is why small bars and cafes are hidden in small alleys can finally address the achievements of the 'Melbourne Miracle' (Oberklaid, 2015).
~ 2 minutes
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FROM CITY
TO CITY
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4 FIGURE 17 This diagram describes the basics of the research, and the advantages that are from an active street ultimately make the city where people live more livable.
3.4 New challenges
CONCLUSION
It should be noted that with the development of society, some of the original methods
In the process of human social development, the development of urban planning
of creating surprises for pedestrians may no longer be applicable. For example, the
went astray. Clear, organised, defined functional urban streets have verified proven to
rise of online shopping can lead to a decline in the attractiveness of shop windows.
be unpopular and inactive; in this situation, cities seem like have died (Jacobs, 1993).
How to maintain the attractiveness of commercial buildings to pedestrians is a new
A pleasant street should have a part that attracts pedestrians, which is called 'temp-
topic. When people no longer use commercial buildings as their destination, the
tation', and there is another part that can attract people who have stayed to explore,
effect of commercial buildings on the improvement of street vitality is limited. The
which is called 'surprise'. These two parts constitute the basic matrix that can enhance
freshness of the street needs to be maintained by other means, not just transparent
the vitality of street life. Street life is sufficient only when people are continually doing
windows and dazzling goods.
Different sports on the street, which means that these actions are not set or expected.
This can be traced back again to the previously mentioned ‘interaction between com-
With the development of the society or the situation of cities, the 'temptation' and
mercial buildings and street activity’. The main principle of maintaining street vitality
'surprise' of the streets are not static, and they will become different as the specific
is to treat everything on the street as an integrated system. Regardless of the impact
situation changes. These specific conditions include location, shopping style, travel
of social development on street vitality and urban vitality, the entire system should be
style, etc. It is undeniable that commercial buildings have played an Indispensable
adjusted in time.
role in the history of creating urban vitality, but there are also reasons to believe that commercial buildings have a limited effect on the vitality of a city, other parts of the
NEW SHOPPING METHODS
streets are also important. A successful street life system considers all parts of the street, and the focus and dependence of a single element are not advisable.
MAINTAINING ATTRACTIVENESS
Also, how to link scattered active neighbourhoods is also a challenge for today’s Mel-
APPROACH
CHALLENGES
bourne. The interoperability of these areas can better interact with each other's activi-
Strengthen street life
BENEFITS
ties. This is similar to that, all the things on the street are part of the street life system, the variation in the different parts of the street needs to be reduced (Prelovskaya &
BASIC MATRIX
Levashev, 2017). The links between different active neighbourhoods also need to be strengthened.
TEMPTATION EXPECTATIONS ACTIVE STREETS SUPRISE
IMPROVE THE PEDESTRIAN EXPERIENCE
One way to solve the above problem is to connect different streets to a network while putting the vitality matrix into the street. As shown in Figure 18, the network can be further buffered, and as the buffer zone of the dispersed activity center increases, an
CREATE NEW ACTIVE CENTRES BUFFER EXISTING ACTIVE CENTRES
active metropolis will eventually emerge. SHORT TERM IMPROVE STREET VITALITY
CONNECTE ACTIVE CENTRES
LIVABLE CITY
LONG TERM
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ACTIVE METROPOLIS
IMPROVE CITY VITALITY
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FIGURE 18
REFERENCES
This picture depicts the dynamic expectations of the Greater Melbourne area in the future. In the short term, the active Melbourne CBD can buffer to surrounding suburbs and also can be connected to the existing more active suburbs: the southeastern district and the northern district. The longer-term goal is to build an active Greater Melbourne by creating more active suburbs that interact with each other.
SHORT TERM
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LONG TERM
1. Baldauf, A nd, ‘SHOPPING TOWN USA’, The Gruen Effect, blog post, viewed 25 April 2019, <http://www.dergrueneffekt.at/english/essay> 2. City of Melbourne 2018, ‘Melbourne improves liveability ranking’, City of Melbourne, 14 August, viewed 27 May 2019, <https://www.melbourne.vic. gov.au/news-and-media/Pages/melbourne-improves-liveability-ranking-. aspx> 3. Craig, N 2011, ‘Learning our lines’, The Age, 19 June, viewed 4 May 2019, <https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/learning-our-lines-201106181g94d.html> 4. Heagney, M 2018, ‘Brunswick to become designated creative design district’, Domain, 22 October, viewed 27 April 2019, <https://www.domain.com.au/ news/brunswick-the-suburb-thats-now-becoming-a-creative-design-district-776269/> 5. Jacobs, J. 1993, The death and life of great American cities, Vintage Books, New York. 6. Jan Gehl Team 2004, THE MELBOURNE MIRACLE, company report, Gehl, viewed 28 April 2019, <https://gehlpeople.com/cases/melbourne-australia/> 7. Masanauskas. J 2016, ‘How we’re preparing for Melbourne’s population to top 8 million’, Herald Sun, 13 November, viewed 25 April 2019, <https://www. heraldsun.com.au/news/victoria/future-melbourne/how-were-preparing-formelbournes-population-to-top-8-million/news-story/b66db8e05d1deedbb7c1cf2733ffcdff> 8. Mehta, V., & Earthscan from Routledge 2013, The street: A quintessential social public pace. Routledge, viewed 29 April 2019, <https://ebookcentral. proquest.com/lib/rmit/reader.action?docID=1143836 > 9. Oberklaid, S 2015, ‘Melbourne: A Case Study in the Revitalization of City Laneways, Part 1’, The Urbanist, 16 September, viewed 25 April 2019, <https:// www.theurbanist.org/2015/09/16/melbourne-a-case-study-in-the-revitalization-of-city-laneways-part-1/> 10. Oberklaid, S 2015, ‘Melbourne: A Case Study in the Revitalization of City Laneways, Part 2’, The Urbanist, 17 September, viewed 25 April 2019, <https:// www.theurbanist.org/2015/09/17/melbourne-a-case-study-in-the-revitalization-of-city-laneways-part-2/> 11. Pepper, F 2017, ‘Jan Gehl: The architect responsible for making Melbourne liveable’, ABC Radio Melbourne, 14 February, viewed 25 April 2019, <https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-02-14/jan-gehl-architect-making-melbourne-liveable/8268060> 41
REFERENCES
12. Prelovskaya, E & Levashev, A 2017, ‘Modern Approach of Street Space Design’, Transportation Research Procedia, Vol.20, pp.523-528, viewed 3 Maarticles/rob-adams-city-design/> 13. Salt, L 2018, ‘Rob Adams: A lesson in city design’, Landscape Architecture Australia, 3 April, viewed 14 May 2019, <https://landscapeaustralia.com/articles/ rob-adams-city-design/> 14. Sydney Road 2019, ‘A NIGHT TO REMEMBER’, blog, 26 January, viewed 4 May 2019, <https://sydneyroad.com.au/night/> 15. Sydney Road 2019, ‘SHOPPING IN SYDNEY ROAD BRUNSWICK’, blog, 3 March, viewed 4 May 2019, <https://sydneyroad.com.au/shopping-brunswick/> 16. The Human Scale 2012, DVD, Madman Entertainment, directed by Andreas M. Dalsgaard. 17. Trufelman, A, The Gruen Effect 2012, streaming video, 99% Invisible, viewed 2 May 2019, <https://99percentinvisible.org/episode/the-gruen-effect/ >
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The Ordinary Nature of Street life Zixuan Xiao s3679599