The Research of Spatial Layout and Location of Parks in Docklands (Melbourne) Based on GIS
YANG JIN (S3577292) Master of Landscape Architecture School of Architecture Urban Design RMIT University
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ABSTRACT The green space and park in the city is play an important role in the urban land use, a subsystem of urban ecosystem, and a material and environmental space necessary for human survival in urban areas. It is of great significance to improve the urban ecological environment, improve the quality of life of residents and shape the image of the city. With the continuous development of the city, the contradiction between the growing public green parks demand of city dwellers and the shortage supply of the city government’s public green parks is becoming more and more outstanding. At the same time, big changes in people’s lifestyle, daily behavior and activities will bring new changes to city public parks facility demand. As an important part to ensure the city’s normal operation, the rationality and validity of the public parks facility’s spatial layout are more and more inadaptable to people’s actual demand. Therefore, in line with city development, it’s very important to analyses the current status quo of public parks facility and to find suitable mode for the city’s public parks facility spatial layout in order stay level with demand of city dwellers’ public parks, to improve the city standard of service, to satisfy the city welfare maximization and to establish the harmonious society.
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As a “natural service system�, urban park green space is convenient for residents to enjoy this kind of natural service. It is an important indicator to measure the level of modernization and harmonious relationship between the city and the people. The so-called resource enjoyment fairness and social equality. It is also the only way and important principle for urban development. The park green space service radius is the best embodiment of the fairness and equality of such resources. This paper chooses Docklands, Melbourne as the research area, take the layout and location of public parks as the research object. During the study, the paper has analyzed the location factor that influences the public parks space layout utilizes diagrams to show and analysis the spatial layout so that the results are more intuitive to understand. Finally, the new model has been adopted by the public parks of Docklands to optimize the spatial layout program, gives the comment and the suggestion to the present. The research conclusions of this article can in accordance with the other cities in Australia for researching the overall arrangement and location selection of the public services facility. At the same time combines with GIS technology and special layout model plays a significant role in spatial layout and location, and already has great potential.
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（Source: Langfang Daily）
Figure 1&2: Langfang People’s Park and people’s main activities
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In my hometown of Langfang, the park is usually in the middle of the residential area, in order to facilitate people’s fitness activities. The most attractive place for urban parks is that they borrowed plants to create a small environment that is natural in the city. Therefore, the construction of plant landscapes is the focus of urban park construction. The lawn is more important as the foundation for the greening of urban parks. The lawn can not only be an ornamental or recreational landscape, but also a beautiful landscape with other herbs or woody plants; it can not only be used as an ornamental landscape, but also has some recreation functions. The type of lawn can also provide the public with an activity venue that is more comfortable than the collection square, enriching the public’s activities. In this study, we found that Langfang Park has the following problems: 1) The urban park green space type is uncoordinated, the proportion of large parks is too large, and the proportion of small, medium and small parks is small; 2) The layout of urban park green spaces is not reasonable, and the city centre lacks “green hearts”, and the locals are too scattered. 3) Urban park green space diversity is not high, landscape fragmentation is large, especially small plaques, and human influence is serious.
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Figure 3: Langfang People’s Park Location
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Langfang People’s Park is located in the downtown area, on the west side of the bridge. The total area is 34.6 hectares and the entire park is dominated by modern gardens. The whole park consists of eight functional areas, including the entrance plaza, the central cultural square, the water park, the plant science park, the elderly activity area, the children’s amusement park, the nature reserve, and the river recreation area. A total of more than 100 kinds of trees and flowers, more than 7,200 trees, 2008 million bushes, 22 flowers, 10,000 square meters of ribbon, 100,000 square meters of lawn, 43% green coverage, 40% water body, various installations There are more than 96 kinds of lightings such as lawn lights and garden lights, and the hardened floor is 60,000 square meters.
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(Source: City of Melbourne)
Figure 4&5: Botanic Park and people’s main activities This park is an important free place where people can be active. Examples of this include walking, jogging, cycling, group fitness, ball games and exercise dogs. Walking to the park provides people with more active opportunities.
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Figure 6: Botanic Garden Location
The Botanic Garden was established in 1846, when a piece of land was reserved on the south side of the Yarra River for the construction of a new botanical garden. It covers an area of 36 hectares (89 acres) and can be accessed by trees, garden beds, lakes and lawns. It shows nearly 50,000 individual plants representing 8,500 different species. These are displayed in 30 live plant collections.
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Figure 7: Existing open space in the City of Melbourne Melbourne is considered to be Australia’s garden city, and Victoria as the Garden State. There is an abundance of parks and gardens close to the CBD with a variety of common and rare plant species amid landscaped vistas, pedestrian pathways, and tree lined avenues. The phrase Victoria – Garden State was used on Victorian car number plates from the 1970s to 1994, and many regional towns have well-tended botanic
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(Source: Population Australia)
Figure 8: Melbourne population & Growth rate
Melbourne is the capital of Victoria and has a population of more than 4.8 million, accounting for 19.05% of the country’s population. It is the second most populous state in Australia after Sydney. Melbourne is the commercial, administrative, cultural and entertainment centre of Victoria. An average of 854,000 people use the city every day, and Melbourne has more than one million international visitors every year. According to our research, by the end of June 2019, the population of Melbourne will reach 51.91 million.
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Figure 9: Residential Buildings in the City of Melbourne Use GIS software to make a map showing the residential buildings in Melbourne. As can be seen from this picture, Melbourne’s residential buildings are mainly concentrated in the northeaster part of Melbourne City, with only a little distribution in the CBD area. However, this does not mean that the number of residents in the CBD area will be less than that of other areas, because most of the residential buildings in the CBD area are in the form of high-rise buildings with an average floor of more than 30 floors. And in the CBD area, most of the buildings are commercial buildings, and the mobility of personnel is relatively large.
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Figure10: Green space & Tree zone This image shows the green spaces and street trees throughout the City of Melbourne area. It can be seen that most of the green space is concentrated in the southeaster part of Melbourne, on the banks of the Yarra River. The green area in the Docklands area is the least. Urban forests include all trees and other vegetation as well as soil and water that support it in the city. It integrates vegetation into streets, parks, gardens, plazas, campuses, rivers and stream dikes, wetlands, railway corridors, community gardens, green walls, balconies and roofs.
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Figure11: Water & Creeks in the City of Melbourne This image shows the distribution of groundwater resources and creeks in Melbourne. It can be seen that Melbourne’s lake and groundwater resources are concentrated in the southern part of Melbourne and the harbour area, and the creek is mainly concentrated in the northeast. An important area of urban hydrological cycle is the link between groundwater, surface water and land use. The infiltration of stormwater runoff, changes in landscape structures associated with urbanization, interactions with wetlands, and leakage of water and wastewater infrastructure can all contribute to the recharge of groundwater - changes in emissions behavior and impact on groundwater quality.
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Figure12: Soil in the City of Melbourne This image shows the distribution of soil in Melbourne and the different water content of the soil. This has an important effect on the growth of plants. Well-gathered soil promotes high permeability because there are more “voids� through which water flows. Excessive cultivation may be harmful to soil structure. Surface crusts sometimes caused by high levels of culture may result in a seal on the soil surface, thereby limiting the ingress of water. The alkalinity of the soil also leads to poor soil structure due to the decomposition and dispersion of aggregates.
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Figure13: Soil in the City of Melbourne This image shows the ratio of the population of Melbourne to the area of green space. The small proportion of the southeaster part of Melbourne means that the green area is large and the population is small. The hottest spots in the north western part of Melbourne and Docklands District mean that there is a large population and a small green area. The unreasonable distribution of the service radius of the urban park green space has caused the urban green space service function to fail to achieve the purpose of planning and construction. Some urban areas have not been effectively covered and become “blind spots�. Due to urban resistance factors, some residents are unable to reach or are difficult to reach. region. This has led to a reduction in the use of urban park green spaces, and the role of green spaces is less, resulting in idle resources. By rationally arranging service radius and reducing urban resistance, the utilization and accessibility of park green space can be
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Figure14: Streets in Docklands This picture shows the roads in the Melbourne Docklands. There are two main streets one is Collins St, another one is Bourke St, the main residential buildings are concentrated on both sides of the two streets. The network skeleton of the urban trunk road green space system, which can continue the green space of the city and effectively improve the ecological ring. Successful street green spaces are often the most intuitive form of local character. Because the “line” nature of the strip or block greening of the street green space can make the urban green space into a whole, it can beautify the streetscape, set off and improve the city’s appearance. In modern cities, many artificial buildings often make the urban landscape monotonous and boring, lacking affinity for people, and greening can give people a soft and quiet feeling. Secondly, in addition to the urban landscape, the green space layout can make some similar streets differentiated by green spaces, thus increasing the recognizability of the space. Therefore, street greening has a variety of orientations. Thirdly, street greening not only has the functions of landscape effect, orientation discrimination and organization of transportation, but also has the ecological function of improving the environment. Especially the development of modern transportation brings great impact to the environment, and the polluted environment affects the ecological balance of human settlements. Street green space can also be used to separate and organize traffic, as well as improve urban environ-
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Figure15: Residential buildings in Docklands This image shows the residential buildings in the Docklands District, most of which are high-rise buildings. In the overall planning layout of the green space landscape, no matter the transportation planning, the green area and the landscape hierarchy are inseparable, which plays a key role in the overall system of the house. In order to ensure that the residents of the community can fully enjoy the colourful life fun, the designer of the space layout must make greater efforts to create a new spatial layout. In the overall planning and design process, we must fully consider the human initiative factors, as well as the intrinsic connection between architecture and space, which can make the overall layout of the space become an attractive colour point, and the external space of the settlement is relatively perfect. In order to cultivate community awareness, the layout of residential space is an important condition for the influence of social forms and greatly
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Figure16: Park in Docklands This image shows a park (in front of the library) in the Docklands District, which is located at the end of two streets(Collins St & Bourke St. It is observed that this is the most frequent park for the surrounding residents. It has large green areas to meet the needs of the surrounding residents. In order to ensure that the residents of the community can fully enjoy the park, the designers of the park make greater efforts to create a spatial layout. In the overall planning and design process, the human initiative factors and the intrinsic connection between architecture and space are fully considered, which can make the overall layout of the space become an attractive colour point.
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Figure17: Green spaces in Docklands This image shows three small green spaces in the Docklands of Melbourne, one on the harbour side, another on the roof garden, and one on the ordinary green space. These three green spaces play a connecting role in this area, connecting the gap between the residential area and the park.
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Figure18: Section of the Park and Buildings This picture shows the relationship between this park and the surrounding high-rise buildings. Different building green space landscapes have different spatial relationships due to their different locations and distances. Architecture and space mainly emphasize the integrity of the space. If the direction of the building is not fixed, this space will give a loose feeling. Build a glamorous living space and design the right balance. The rhythm of relaxation and soothing should be maintained, and the continuity of space and open space should be achieved.
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Figure19: Guideline of the green space in Melbourne This chart shows the development process and future planning of the urban green space in Melbourne from 1850 to 2050. From the neutralization, we can see that the planning of urban construction by the Melbourne municipal government is different at different times. According to the time, it can be seen that different goals are proposed based on different backgrounds of the times. The main body is to create a livable city.
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City of Mlebourne
This Plan applies to the area shown in the Location Plan. The boundary represents the legal suburb boundary known as Docklands within the City of Melbourne municipality. The Plan considers important relationships with neighbouring areas.
Victoria Harbour
Figure 20: The location of Docklands in Melbourne This image shows the specific location of the Docklands in the city of Melbourne and the environment around him.
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Short-term Maintain coastal green space Protection park Rebuilding road green space
Figure 21:The short-term goal in Docklands This chart presents planning based on short-term goals and development goals for the plan, including Maintain coastal green space, Protection park, Rebuilding road green space.
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Long-term Further development of coastal landscape Road green space increased
Figure 23:The long-term goal in Docklands This chart presents planning based on long-term goals and development goals for the plan, including Further development of coastal landscape, Road green space increased.
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Docklands became part of the City of Melbourne municipality in July 2007. The suburb's 200 hectares of land and water are on Victoria Harbour, west of the city centre. Including Docklands in the City of Melbourne doubled the size of Melbourne's central city and returned a significant area of waterfront to the city. The area is close to Melbourne's main transport networks, including Southern Cross Station, and is well known as the home to Etihad Stadium and many modern buildings, public spaces and artworks.
Figure19: Guideline of the green space in Melbourne This map details the population of the Docklands area and analyzes it.
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Freshkils Park Freshkills Park is a public park being built atop a landfill reclamation project on Staten Island. At about 2,200 acres (8.9 km2), it will be the largest park developed in New York City since the 19th century. Its construction began in October 2008 and is slated to continue in phases for at least 30 years. When fully developed by 2035-37, Freshkills Park will be the second-largest park in New York City and almost three times the size of Central Park in Manhattan. The park has been designed for five major sections that accommodate a range of uses, including cultural, athletic, and educational programs. Sections of the park will be connected by a circulation system for vehicles and a network of paths for bicyclists, pedestrians, and equestrians. The New York City Department of Parks and Recreation (NYC Parks) is running the project with the New York City Department of Sanitation. Freshkils Park Masterplan
Freshkils Park Perspective
Figure 20: The location of Docklands in Melbourne The Freshkills Park, USA, is one of the most concerned public works in the world. In 1948, the 9-square-kilometer River Fresh River was opened as a landfill. It has been the most important solid waste landfill in New York for more than 50 years and is the world’s largest landfill. In 2001, New York City began planning this landfill, and innovatively planned to transform it into a social public ecological landscape park that integrates recreation, culture and education, and served as the largest urban park in New York City. Designed by James Kona Field Operations, it takes 30 years to complete the project. At present, the ecological park has begun to appear on the island of Staden, and some of the round-the-island tour routes have been opened to a small extent.
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Conclusion
This paper studies the service radius of urban park green space. Firstly, it studies the service function of urban park green space and draws the following conclusions: 1 The development of urban park green space service radius is more reasonable according to the scope of its service function. Urban park green space provides green services for urban residents, and its scope of influence illustrates the ability to provide services to surrounding residents. It is more reasonable to develop a service radius based on the service scope of the urban park green space. 2 The urban park green space service radius determines the urban green space system structure. The urban park green space is an important part of the urban green space system. The distribution range of the urban park green space service radius covers the city, which reflects whether the urban green space system covers the whole city. 3 The overall quality and landscape accessibility of the urban park green space dominates the service radius of the urban park green space with leisure recreation as the main service function. 4 The distribution of urban population determines the frequency of urban park green space to a certain extent, thus affecting the change of urban park green space service radius. In urban densely populated areas, the service radius of urban parks increases accordingly.
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