The Ordinary Nature of
COMMERCIAL AREA 1
ABSTRACT Melbourne’s population is expected to nearly triple in 2050, with a population of about 8 million. Therefore how the increase population will affect the commercial area and transportation of commercial area in Melbourne within this research seminar. In the nineteen fifties, Victor Gruen who is regarded as the father of the shopping mall built large-scale shopping towns in the suburban of the United States. The with the shopping center have little by little been transferred to the downtown area, the shopping mall makes the city become the place of commercialism, affect the people lifestyle, and divides the division of the city. The shopping mall creates a type of downtown, and defines consumption as the prime principle of urban area Anette Baldauf 2012). Therefore commercial area not only increases consumption and economy but also provide more activities for people. The development of the business district and the prediction of the traffic system in the commercial district proposed in Melbourne City will be realized in two stages. The first is to analyze the commercial area’s activities of people and the transportation system in Baoding Hebei Province and Melbourne. The observation between Baoding and Melbourne is made to identify some elements to develop some data which can help us to analyze the commercial area further in the city of Melbourne. The second part is collecting data from open data sources and using GIS and point cloud models to identify existing and future condition.
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The Ordinary Nature of
COMMERCIAL AREA
3
COMMERCIAL AREA
Student:Qing Zhen(Alice) Student Number:S3647494 Leader:Muhammad Yazid bin Ninsalam
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CONTENT
1
P2
Abstract
2
P6
Methods
3
P7
Observation
4
P11
Design research Question
5
P12
Concept Analysis
6
P29
Population growth change
7
P30
Lineage Map
8
P32
Design Idea
9
P39
References
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2.0 Methods The method to analyze the commercial area of human activity in the City of Melbourne through three parts. First is Concept analysis the second one is technical analysis and the third one is to analyze existing policies. These interrogations will help us find propose future situation of commercial area development of the City of Melbourne in 2070.
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3.0 Observation The image is about YU HUA Street (commercial area )in Baoding He Bei Province. This street has three commercial buildings and the transportation system in this street is based on bus and private cars and private cars occupy the main mode of transportation. People always rely on cars to travel. In YU HUA street there are many private cars and bicycles parked in the public area in front of the shopping mall, the private cars seize the venue of pedestrians, those public space in front of the commercial building become the car parking space, therefore people can not do any activity in this area. Therefore people are not willing to come here to shop for a long time, it has become an old commercial street.
3.1 Image1 YuHua Street BaoDing HeBei province 2018
FIGURE 1 This picture is about YU HUA Street (commercial area )in Baoding He Bei Province. It shows the human activity, transportation system in my hometown
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This image is a plan map of YU HUA street, this map shows the three commercial buildings location and the relationship between those three shopping malls.�If you have more roads, you will have more traffic, If you have more space, you will have more public life�(Andreas, D The Human Scale 2012) In this plan, the map can clearly see that those public space which in front of the shopping mall were occupied by car parking and also there are other parking lots near the shopping malls. Therefore there is no public space for people.
FIGURE 2 This picture shows the existing commercial area location and street quality in China.
ZHONG LOU
BEI GUO
YU HUA
8 3.2 Image2 YuHua Street BaoDing HeBei province Plan
This image is about Bourke street (commercial area)in Melbourne. This street is a large-scale commercial area in Melbourne city. The Bourke street transportation system only have tram and there is no private cars and on-street parking lots,Therefore there are more public space for pedestrians and many seats were installed in public space which in front of the shopping mall, so it can provide more activities for people such as people can have a rest when they feel tired, talk with their friends and drink a cup of cafe when they waiting for tram. So this street will have many stories memories.
FIGURE 3 This picture is about Bourke street (commercial area)in Melbourne.
9 3.3 Image3 Bourke street 2018
The Fourth image is a plan map of Bourke street show the location of commercial buildings and the section of Bourke street show there are two tram lines and no private car lane and no on-street parking. So all of those public areas which in front of the shopping mall is for pedestrians so people will feel more relaxed and will not feel threatened by cars. However the plan map of Bourke street show there does not have enough trees which can provide more shade for the pedestrian. In my opinion, if there have more trees it can make people more relaxed.
FIGURE 4 This picture show the existing commercial area location and this street quality in Melbourne.
H&M
DAVID JONES
MYER
DAVID JONES
10 3.4 Image4 Bourke street 2018 Plan
4.0 Research Question The term “Hoddle Grid” emerged in 1837, but commonly used in the 21st century. The Bourke street was laid out as part of Hoddle’s 1837 grid plan. In1964 Bourke street mall opened which is a pedestrian mall. In 1983 the pedestrian mall function is to improve the retail economy and improve the amenity of the city center.The function of the commercial area has changed from improving the economy to developing into an activity center in 2015. Nowadays in the city of Melbourne some streets are already overcrowded and the population of residential and employment significant increase in the city of Melbourne which will attract more people walking in the city. The volume of pedestrian traffic in Melbourne will rise as the city grows from about 844,000 daily visitors in 2012 to 1.256 million per day in 2030(‘City of Melbourne’2015) How Melbourne’s commercial area and public space is designed and planned to accommodate more pedestrians and visitors and provide more dynamic activities in the future for 2070 and beyond?
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5.0 Concept analysis Based on the research question to develop some maps, image, and cloud point models by collating some data which relate to the research question from Melbourne open data sources platform. Through those maps, image, and cloud point models to developed opportunities in the city of Melbourne.
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5.1 Categories of analysis
Land use Business and residencial dwellings density Cafe and restaurant density Development Activity Model Footprints
Access Pedestrian counting (02/05/2019 one day average) Transpotation System
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5.1.1 Business and residencial dwellings density
This map shows the commercial areas and residential dwellings location in Melbourne. The data used to make the map include the business establishments (Updated October 19, 2018)which was used to create a business density map can see which area have more business buildings. The Residential dwellings (Updated October 19, 2018) was used to make a map of residential dwellings which can identify the high-density residential area. Through the map can clearly show that the most of the commercial areas are located in the heart of Melbourne and the most of residential areas are located in the suburbs area and some apartments also located in the city of Melbourne.
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5.1.1 Business and residencial dwellings density (FIGURE 5)
PointDe_Residen1.tif VALUE ≤39711979.636364 ≤79423959.272727 ≤119135938.909091 ≤158847918.545455 ≤198559898.181818 ≤238271877.818182 ≤277983857.454545 ≤317695837.090909 ≤357407816.727273 ≤397119796.363636 ≤436831776
PointDe_Busines1.tif VALUE ≤183460326.4 ≤366920652.8 ≤550380979.2 ≤733841305.6 ≤917301632 ≤1100761958.4 ≤1284222284.8 ≤1467682611.2 ≤1651142937.6 ≤1834603264
0
1.2
2.4
Scale :1:50.000 Residencial dwellings & business density
±
Area Area low low
0
4.8 Kilometers high high
Area ss Area
low low
high high
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5.1.2 Cafe and restaurant density
The purpose of this map was to understand those cafes and restaurants location(Retail store). The data used to make the map include the Cafe and restaurant with seats (Updated October 19, 2018)which was used to create a density map can see which area have more retail stores. The map can clearly show that most of the cafe and restaurants are located in Melbourne CBD which means this area has more people and more activities.
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5.1.2 Cafe and restaurant density (FIGURE 6)
cafe density VALUE ≤21504916.8 ≤43009833.6 ≤64514750.4 ≤86019667.2 ≤107524584 ≤129029500.8 ≤150534417.6
Area
≤172039334.4
low
≤193544251.2 ≤215049168
0
0.41
0.82
1.64
2.46 high
Cafe and restaurant density Legend
±
low
3.28 Miles high
s Area
Scale :1:50.000 17
5.1.5 Development Activity Model Footprints
This map shows those development dwellings location in City of Melbourne. The data used to make the map include Development Activity Model Footprints (updated in 2019). Through this map can see there are most amounts of development buildings located in the city of Melbourne which will attract more pedestrian in CBD. In the future, more and more buildings are completed which will attract more people to come to the center of Melbourne.
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0
5.1.5 Development Activity Model Footprints (FIGURE 7)
development_FeatureToPoint
0.41
0.82
1.64
2.46
3.28 Miles
bus stops tram lines 0 0.57 1.15 city circle tram stops footpath
Âą
Âą
Scale :1:50.0002.3 Kilometer
metro train stations
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5.1.3 Pedestrian counting(02/05/2019 one day average)
The aim of this map was to show the pedestrian counting density in Melbourne which can identify which area have more people, therefore can find the opportunity to develop my research question. T h e d at a i s t o m a k e t h e m ap i s " Pe d e s t r i a n C o u nt i n g Sy s t e m - Pa s t Ho u r " ( Up d at e d May 23, 2019)which was used to develop a one-day average pedestrian counting. Through the map can show the city of Melbourne has the highest pedestrian counts, Combined with image 5.1.1and image 5.1.2 can show some relationship between commercial area density retail stores density and, pedestrian counts. In the high density of commercial buildings have more pedestrians.
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5.1.3 Pedestrian counting (02/05/2019 one day average)(FIGURE 8)
Pedestrian_Counting Hourly_Counts14 Dense Sparse
Pedestrian_Countin
Âą
Hourly_Counts14
Pedestrian counting density Legend
Dense Sparse
Scale :1:50.000
0
0.41
0.82
1.64
0
2.46 0.41 0.82
3.28 1.64 Miles
2.460
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5.1.4 Transpotation System
The purpose of this map was to understand the transportation system of Melbourne. The public transportation in Melbourne includes the world’s tram network, trains, and buses. Walking cycling and commercial-passenger vehicle also plays an important role in Melbourne transportation. In 2017, public transportation occupies 56 percent in public transport patronage and 32 percent people choose a private car to travel in Melbourne CBD and the walking and bicycle spent smaller proportions of public transport patronage in Melbourne city (6% and 4% respectively)(.wilipedia The Free Encyclopedia 2019). The data used to make the map include the "City Circle tram stops "(Updated 2018) "Metro Train Stations with Accessibility Information" (Updated 2018)" Footpaths" (Updated 2018)"Tram tracks"(Updated 2018) and "Bus stops" (Updated 2018)Through the map can clearly show that the most of the commercial areas are located in the heart of Melbourne and the most of residential areas are located in the suburbs area and some apartments also located in the city of Melbourne. Through this map show the transportation system in Melbourne.From this map can show how people can arrive at the CBD of Melbourne.
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5.1.4 Transpotation System(FIGURE 9)
Scale :1:50.000 0
0.41 0.82 0 0.41 0.82
1.64
0
2.46
1.64
0.41 0
2.46
0.82 0.41
0.82
3.28 3.28 Miles Miles
1.64 1.64
bus stops bus stops city circle tram stops city circle tram stops metro train stations stations 2.46 metro train 3.28
2.46
3.28 Miles
Miles
tram lines tram lines footpath footpath bus bus stops
¹¹
stops
city circle tramtram st
city circle tram stops metro train metro train stations
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foot statio
5.2 Point cloud models Through Point cloud data of the city of Melbourne can show those elements such as buildings, streets, trees which in our research site. the purpose of this map is to classify the various elements of the study site to assess the spatial status of the current business district and to infer future d e v e l opm e nt s t h rou g h e x i s t i n g e nv i ron m e nt s and conditions and the relationships generated by the maps
(FIGURE 10)
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5.2.1 Compare city and suburb Compared to Melbourne's CBD and suburbs, the cross-sectional view of the two sites, it can be seen that the height of the Carlton houses are basically the same and are mainly lowrise houses, while the CBD houses in Melbourne vary in height, and different h o u s e s c a n re f l e c t t h e functional division of the city. And different regional divisions can cause a variety of different activities.
Fig: Section (CBD Bourke st.)
Fig: Section (Surburb: Carlton) (FIGURE 11)
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5.2.2 Section 1 Bourke street / existing condition The site is zoom into Bourke street. This image shows there are few trees on the road and tram lane occupy most of the road and each side of this street have pedestrians path. As a commercial area could potentially have many development stores which would result in increase pedestrians and tourists within Bourke street, there is a real opportunity to have more public activity area to make a better experience for pedestrians.
(FIGURE 11)
shopping mall
shopping mall
footpath
tram lane
footpath
55m
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Bourk
5.2.2 Section 1 Swanston street / existing condition The site is zoom into Swanston street. This image shows there are some existing trees on the road and tram lane occupy most of the road and each side of this street have pedestrians path. The footpath w a s i s a b i t n a r r o w. Due to Swanston street has the highest pedestrian counts, therefore people will have some impressions when they walking. As a commercial area could potentially have more pedestrians and tourists, there is also a real opportunity to have more public activity area to make a better experience for pedestrians.
(FIGURE 12)
existing trees
shopping mall
shopping mall
tram lane footpath
footpath
small shops
55m
Swans
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5.2.2 Section 1 Colin street / existing condition The site is zoom into Colin street. This image shows there are few trees on the road and have tram lane and car lane in Colin street.
(FIGURE 13)
existing trees
tram lane footpath footpath
small shops
car lane
55m
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Colin Stree
6.0 Melbourne population growth change,Victoria 1981 to 2051
(FIGURE 13) The population of Victoria has been growing, the population of Victoria will increase from 1.8 million to 7.7 million and the population growth rate is 1.7 percent per annum between 2015 and 2031. From 2031 to 2051, the population will continue to rise and the population will reach 12'000s. The population of Victoria will continue to grow and more people will be active in the commercial area. The public space of the commercial area is limited, therefore with the population growth can the footpath and public areas of the commercial area carry more people in the future?
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7.0 Lineage Map
This lineage map illustrates the development of the commercial area and some policies for the future development of the commercial area in recent years. From the process of making the lineage map can understand the commercial area development, In 19th-centur y suburban shopping instead of shopping in the city center. With the continuous development of the transportation system and economy, the theme of the shopping mall became a pedestrian mall. Nowadays the function of the shopping mall did not only provide a shopping space but also should provide more public space for people. The function of the commercial area has changed from improving the economy to developing into an activity center in 2015. As the function changes people’s activities also change. From lost shopping in the commercial area to have more dynamic activities. The lineage map can clearly show the future development trend of the commercial area and human needs to help us make a better plan for the commercial area.
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Hoddle grid
“concepts for a Bourke Street Mall draw up”
KEY THINKERS
Activity centres
Public commons
Robert Hoddle
Tom Robert
Vehicular traffic was removed from the section
Robin Boyd,Frederick Romberg
City government
Public activity central-city block
revive the retail economy and improve the amenity of the city centre Central Bourke Street thus gained retail ascendancy over inner-suburban shopping strips in Collingwood and Prahran.
This project aims to revitalise almost an entire central-city block by creating a ‘public commons’ precinct designed to Designation of Activity encourage people to get together and centres participate in Council activities.
Plan Melburne Refresh Discussion Paper
INSTITUTION PROJECT TIME
Pedestrian mall
trams replaced the centre road cab stands and before the dust and the crowd were subjected to the regime of asphalt and the motor car.
POLICY
THEORY
Surburban shopping
Prince and Princess of Wales
City government
Bourke street precinct redevelopment
Make the sidewalks in the downtown streets better connected and have better accessibility,design shared rooftops to encourage people to get together have more activity
Angus Nardi
The shopping Center Council of Australia
City of Melbourne
City of Melbourne
Bourke Street was laid out as part of Hoddle's 1837 grid plan
1837
mid-1880s
pedestrian mall was officially opened
Bourke street mall opened
1964
1978
1983
Myer emporium
1991
elevated tram super-stops were installed
2006
2015
Bourke street
2018
Future
(FIGURE 14)
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8.0 Design idea in 2070 8.1 Claiming ground
Long term
Proposal Rooftops
Short term
Claiming Ground This image show the short-term and long-term design.widening the sidewalks to connecting the streets of the Melbourne city which can create a more accessible, safer and more comfortable sidewalk that can generate more activities which will make Melbourne becomes an active space.
Claiming Ground
Rooftops can be used as another claiming ground which can add green plants to improve the ecological environment in the city center and make the rooftop become a new public activity area.
This image shows the short-term and long-term design. widening the sidewalks to connecting the streets of the Melbourne city which can create a more accessible, safer and more comfortable sidewalk that can generate more activities which will make Melbourne becomes an active space. Rooftops can be used as another claiming ground which can add green plants to improve the ecological environment in the city center and make the rooftop become a new public activity area.
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8.2 Managing assrts
Street
Managing Assrts Connecting the streets can make people use the streets better and improve the accessibility of the streets which can improve the economic development of large commercial and retail industries and can create an open space for activities.
By turning the rooftops into pu activity center to increase the p open space for people.
Existing condition Managing Assrts
Roofto
Myer Myer
Connecting the streets can make people use the streets better and improve the accessibility of the streets which can improve the economic development of large commercial and retail industries and can create an open space for activities.
Rooftops
M
By turning the rooftops into public activity center to increase the public open space for people.
Footpath
Footpath
Footpath
Tram lane
Rooftops
City of Melbourne(Rooftop Project)
Myer
Footpath
Footpath
At the time of heavy traffic on weekends Close the street of bourke street Tram will be not allowed in this street. Create a public space for pedestrian.
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Managing Assrts
ecting the streets can make people use the streets better mprove the accessibility of the streets which can improve onomic development of large commercial and retail industries n create an open space for activities. Existing condition
Myer Myer
By turning the rooftops into public activity center to increase the public open space for people.
Footpath
Footpath
Tram lane
Rooftops
Myer
Footpath
Footpath
At the time of heavy traffic on weekends Close the street of bourke street Tram will be not allowed in this street. Create a public space for pedestrian.
Street Walking trips are important for the economy and walking is the primary mode for shopping, tourism and city visitors. The agglomeration economies is a strong relationship between connectivity and productivity. The impact of walking on agglomeration has found that if the walking connectivity within the Hoddle Grid was increased by 10 percent, the value of the economy of the Hoddle Grid would be increased by up to $2.1 billion per annum(City of Melbourne Walking plan)Therefore the connectivity across the walking network contributes to the economy of the City of Melbourne and street is an important asset . Rooftop Rooftops in the city of Melbourne make up 80 hectares of space and most of these rooftops are used for storing air conditioners and heating equipment. If we make better use of those rooftops can create more public space for people and make more green roofs which can make a better environment for people.
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Short 8.3 term Short term
Little
et
e stre
Bourk
et ell stre
Russ
sto Swan et
Bo
Step1 Connect Little Bourke street、 Bourke street、Little Collins street、Elizabeth street、 Swanston street and Russell street.R
n stre
et
stre urke
beth
Eliza t
stree Little
et
s stre
Collin
Step1
Step2 On weekends close the west Bourke street,tram will be not allowed in this street, the Bourke street only for pedestrian which can Create a public activiry space for pedestrian. Step3 By turning the rooftops into public activity center to increase the public open space for people.
Connect Little Bourke street、Bourke street、Little Collinsstreet、Elizabeth street、 Swanston street and Russell street. Let commercial area street more connectivity. Step2 On weekends close the west Bourke street, the tram will be not allowed in this street, the Bourke street only for pedestrian which can Create a public activity space for the pedestrian. Step3 By turning the rooftops into public activity center to increase the public open space for people.
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Long term 8.4 Long term
dale
ons ittle L
t
stree
L
dale
t
stree
ell Russ
Lons
t
stree
Spread out to Lonsdale stre and Collins Street.
et
t
beth
stree
Eliza
ston
Swan
e stre
ourk
B Little
t
stree eet
ke str
Bour
llins
Co Little
t
stree
eet
ns str
Colli Spread out to Lonsdale street, Little Lonsdale street, and Collins street. connect those streets to encourage people walking. Make the street become a more connected activity center. The green rooftops provide more space for pedestrians.
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Precedent
8.5 Precedent
Rafael Vinoly and Olin have unveiled plans to transform Cupertino's Vallco shopping intoplans a new mixed-use neighborhood. theneighborhood world's that largest Rafael Vinoly and OLINMall have unveiled to transform Cupertino's Vallco Shopping Mall into a It newhas mixed-use boasts the "world's largest green roof."roof. The current plans call for a 15-block sustainable town center with 625,000-square-feet of retail, two-million-square-feet of office space and green
800 residential units. All this, if approved, would be topped by a 30 acre public green space with a 3.8 mile trail network that runs through orchards, vineyards, an amphitheater and play areas.
This plan can provide more public space for pedestrians and the green roof can increase green coverage which can provide a more comfortable space.
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Conclusion At the beginning of this article by comparing the situation of the commercial area in Baoding Hebei province and Melbourne to find the research question and then based on the research question develop a series maps images and cloud point models to analyze the existing condition in Melbourne. With the increase of population and economic development, the commercial area is not only a sales machine that makes people lost in shopping but also an activity space that can provide more space for people to communicate with each other. By understanding the development of the commercial area it is realized that people’s demand for the commercial area is constantly changing from the pedestrian want the shopping mall near their home to hey need for an activity center. As the population continues to grow and more and more tourists come to Melbourne, how can the crowded commercial area streets better provide public space for people and promote economic growth? By studying the development policies of Melbourne’s commercial area in recent years, the street’s coherence is promoted making the city of Melbourne an activity network that better enhances people’s shopping experience and people’s connections. And transforming the rooftops into green public space can make better use of space to create more communication space for people.
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9.0 References Anette,B 2012’SHOPPING TOWN USA Victor Gruen and Shopping Mall’ ,viewed 2 April 2019,<http://www.dergrueneffekt.at/english/essay>. The Human Scale 2012,YouTube video,Film&Animation,Andreas Dalsgaard,viewed 1 April 2019,<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BxywJRJVzJs>. wilipedia The Free Encyclopedia 2019,Transport in Melbourne,viewed 2 May 2019,<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Melbourne>. Urban Design Guidelines for Victoria, Activity centre structure, viewed 24 May 2019, <http://www.urban-design-guidelines.planning.vic.gov.au/guidelines/urbanstructure#activity_centre_structure>. CITY OF MELBOURNE, Bourke Street Precinct Redevelopment, viewed 25 May 2019, <https://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/building-and-development/shaping-thecity/city-projects/bourke-street-precinct/Pages/bourke-street-precinct-redevelopment. aspx>. eMelbourne the city past & present, shopping malls, viewed 23 May 2019, <http:// www.emelbourne.net.au/biogs/EM01369b.htm>.
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9.1 Open Data References Point Cloud Data
City of Melbourne, 2019, ‘Business establishments, with trading name and industry classification’ Accessed on 19 April 2019, <https://data.melbourne. vic.gov.au/Economy/Business-establishments-with-trading-name-and-indu/ bs7n-5veh> City of Melbourne, 2019, ‘Bus stops’ Accessed on 20 April 2019, <https://data. melbourne.vic.gov.au/Transport-Movement/Bus-stops/ss79-v558> City of Melbourne, 2019, ‘City Circle tram stops’ Accessed on 20 April 2019, <https://data.melbourne.vic.gov.au/Transport-Movement/City-Circle-tramstops/dh3m-ckxm> City of Melbourne, 2019, ‘Cafe, restaurant, bistro seats 2015 map’ Accessed on 24 April 2019, <https://data.melbourne.vic.gov.au/Economy/Cafe-restaurantbistro-seats-2015-map/wdva-zv24> City of Melbourne, 2019, ‘Development Activity Model Footprints’ Accessed on 20 April 2019, <https://data.melbourne.vic.gov.au/Property-Planning/ Development-Activity-Model-Footprints/def8-4wbt> City of Melbourne, 2019, ‘Footpaths’ Accessed on 20 April 2019, <https://data. melbourne.vic.gov.au/Assets-Infrastructure/Footpaths/tqjk-32d9> City of Melbourne, 2019, ‘Metro Train Stations with Accessibility Information’ Accessed on 20 April 2019, <https://data.melbourne.vic.gov.au/TransportMovement/Metro-Train-Stations-with-Accessibility-Informatio/mgkp-67ad> City of Melbourne, 2019, ‘Residential dwellings’ Accessed on 23 April 2019, <https://data.melbourne.vic.gov.au/Property-Planning/ResidentialCity of Melbourne, 2019, ‘Tram tracks’ Accessed on 20 April 2019, <https:// data.melbourne.vic.gov.au/Transport-Movement/Tram-tracks/wqka-kyhz>
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The Ordinary Nature of
COMMERCIAL AREA 41