OMERO SCHOOL by Gennaro Postiglione

PRODUCTIVE an adaptive reuse of

AFFORDABLE former Omero school in Milan

HOUSING:

through living-working environments

authors: AMIRHOSSEIN ADELFAR ANAMARIA GIRALDO JIARUI CUI supervisor: FABIO LEPRATTO co-supervisor: ELENA FONTANELLA

TESI DI LAUREA MAGISTRALE

PRODUCTIVE AFFORDABLE HOUSING: AN ADAPTIVE RE-USE OF FORMER OMERO SCHOOL IN MILAN THROUGH LIVING-WORKING ENVIRONMENT

Authors: Amirhossein Adelfar Anamaria Giraldo Jiarui Cui Supervisor: Prof. Fabio Lepratto Co-Supervisor: Prof. Elena Fontanella

INDEX

INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1: GENERAL FRAMEWORK 1.1 WHY PRODUCTIVE AFFORDABLE HOUSING? • Definition of productive affordable environment • Models of productive environment + housing through history • Why do we need productive affordable housing? • Who needs productive affordable housing? • Productive affordable housing nowadays 1.2 WHY PRODUCTIVE AFFORDABLE HOUSING IN MILAN? • The struggle of accessing the household market in Milan • Various and growing needs in Milan 1.3 WHY OMERO SCHOOL? • Advantage of reusing the abandoned public building • Advantage of reusing abandoned school • The role of Omero School • The reason for being abandoned • Ri-Make: The current occupant of Omero school 1.PLUS QUARANTINE • Coronavirus and public health emergency • Smart working under national lockdown

CHAPTER 2: REFERENCE AND CASE STUDIES 2.1 HISTORICAL CASE STUDIES • TULOU, China, XVII century • CARAVANSERAI, Middle East, IX-XV century • WEAVERS’ TOP-SHOP HOUSE, Middle east, IX-XV century • ATELIERWONINGEN, Amsterdam, 1932-1934 2.2 CONTEMPORARY CASE STUDIES • HOUSE FOR SEVEN PEOPLE, Japan, 2014 • VINZIRAST-MITTENDRIN, Vienna, 2013 •

COOP HOUSING AT RIVER SPREEFELD, Berlin, 2013

CHAPTER 3: SITE INVESTIGATION

CHAPTER 5: DESIGN PROJECT

3.1 NEIGHBOURHOOD SCALE • Location • Site investigation • Overview

5.1 GROUND FLOOR +0.00

3.2 BUILDING SCALE • Structure Overview • Current Space State • Vertical Circulation • Facade • Slabs and Roof • Space details • Material list • Reuse and Remove • Section of Omero school • Section of Ri-Make • Section of Productive affordable housing

5.2 FIRST FLOOR +1.70 5.3 SECOND FLOOR +5.10 5.4 THIRD FLOOR +8.10 5.5 FOURTH FLOOR +11.10 5.6 ELEVATION 5.7 VIEWS 5.8 RENDERED MAQUETTE

3.4 CONCLUSION • Potential and weakness

CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION CHAPTER 4: DESIGN PROPOSAL 4.1 AIMS AND EXPECTATIONS 4.2 LIVING+WORKING MODELS: WHAT WE HAVE DONE? 4.3 LIVING+WORKING MODELS: WHAT ELSE CAN WE DO? 4.4 PROJECT INTERVENTION

6.1 CONCLUSION 6.2 ANOTHER OMERO? 6.3 BIBLIOGRAPHY 6.4 ACKNOWLEDGES 6.4 RESEARCH TEAM

4.5 FINAL IMAGE

INTRODUCTION What are PRODUCTIVE ENVIRONMENTS?

The research is focused on what productive environment was, is and will be, highlighting its potentialities and proposing a starting point for future trials. The challenge is to activate thought and stimulate discussion on a new housing experience capable of welcoming the productive sphere of work in all its aspects. The book is characterized by six chapters and the first of them try to define the term productive environments by opening the discussion on WHAT, WHY, WHO and WHERE society needs this new type of housing that combines home and work and which are the socio-economic changes that contributed to its transformation and rebirth. The research continues with a collection of examples from the past, contemporaneity, and the researches and studies those treat the subject. It was randomly putted together all the case studies coming from different sources and within these the most representative have been chosen. The conclusion of the research highlights the desire to enhance the existing, inviting to reuse the abandoned building heritage. Potentiality in reaching necessary affordability could be obtained, as it was shown, from the unconventional reuse of the non-residential buildings. Their symmetrical structures, modular plans, open spaces, or high ceilings can be an opportunity in combining working and living. The case study of Italy is an example of the large number of properties that are going to waste, and it could be a solution for the constantly growing demand for affordable housing. As it has been said before, the need to rethink spaces derives from a progressive change and digitalization of ways and means of work, but also the growing problem dictated by the scarce availability, compared to average wages, of living spaces in large urban centers. The design project: An adaptive re-use of former Omero school in Milan through living-working environments, is developed from the research, as an experimental proposal for the Living+Working typologies that fit the various and growing needs nowadays. Omero school, an abandoned public building, occupied by homeless people and an association helping the community, will be developed into a productive environment services the tenants as well as the whole community. More than the architectural proposal, we would like to also introduce a program that helps people find what they need, how they can offer, and get what they want. For example, An Architect has got a project for a year and is looking for some persons to start it up and live temporarily in Milan; A graduate student is looking for a place to live plus a job; A person learned how to make pizza in Napoli and now is wishing to have his own business; An immigrant has left his house behind and is looking for gaining skills and job and a place to live. A Professional barber is just looking for some teammate and a shop to start up his shop in Milan; and so on. The new Omero is available from now to provide an integrated system between users, service providers, residents, and neighborhood. This building is flexible multi-functional and all the units could be turned into shops, houses, kitchen, studio, etc. These wide usages are up to the people who decide for the use and proper persons will take care of the spaces to make productivity.

CHAPTER 1 1.1 WHY PRODUCTIVE AFFORDABLE HOUSING? 1.2 WHY PRODUCTIVE AFFORDABLE HOUSING IN MILAN? 1.3 WHY OMERO SCHOOL? *1.PLUS QUARANTINE

“[...]the realm of living and the one of working collapse into a common space.” Martino Tattara. LIVING AND WORKING: How To Live Together. Lecture at MIT Architecture

General Framework / Chapter 1

1.1 WHY PRODUCTIVE AFFORDABLE HOUSING? 1.1.1 Definition of productive affordable environment 1.1.2 Models of productive environment + housing through history 1.1.3 Why do we need productive affordable housing？ 1.1.4 Who needs productive affordable housing？ 1.1.5 Productive affordable housing nowadays

The typology affordable housing including a productive environment is a very broad concept since it is a set of terms and there is no specific definition when merged together. It is necessary, to begin with the definition of what it entails this typology, that is, to break down the interior of the concept in parts in order to analyze and thus understand the correct meaning. However, a definition is not enough to develop a correct criterion of this typology since each term of this concept implies factors that define its integrity that at the time of working together yield a positive but complex result to cite in a single definition. Although it is important to have a specific definition of what the concept is, the term is still quite broad and full of sub-terms that should be analyzed in particular, however, doing so could divert attention from the direct relationship between the two main terms of this typology: “housing” + “productiveness”. Therefore it is relevant to understand the general evolution of this connection between these two daily activities and how they have been implemented throughout history, thus throwing different models that show in general context the various spatial relationships in the architecture of this type of housing.

General Framework / Chapter 1

1.1.1 DEFINITION OF PRODUCTIVE, AFFORDABLE, HOUSING.

1.1.1 DEFINITION OF PRODUCTIVE AFFORDABLE ENVIRONMENT

According to the Cambridge Dictionary.

#home #cozy #workplace #homeoffice #hobbie #working #productiveenvironment #productiveaffordablehousing #workingtime #family #inspohome #affordable #instalike#officelife #officeoutfit #motivation #officeinspo #workspacegoals #everydaystyle #goals #adoro

2ROFTEěKUG

(Adjective) SUιӌGҔN WѲY Resulting in or providing a large amount or supply of something.

2ROFTEěKUG

(Adjective) SUιӌGҔN WѲY producing a large number of goods, crops, profit, etc. or doing a lot of work.

#ėORFCDĚG

(adjective) ιӌIѝӓU Gι EιO Not expensive.

#ėORFCDĚG

(adjective) ιӌIѝӓU Gι EιO Able to be bought or rented by people who do not earn a lot of money.

Housing

(noun) ӌKњҒā]Ѳƾ Buildings that people live in, or the providing of places for people to live

Housing

(noun) ӌKњҒā]Ѳƾ Buildings for people to live in, used especially when talking about their price or condition

WHAT is productive affordable housing / Definition

Explaination taken from Cambridge Dictionary

Image taken from Gracy

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General Framework / Chapter 1

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1.1.2 DEFINITION OF PRODUCTIVE+AFFORDABLE+HOUSING (PRODUCTIVE ENVIRONMENT)

In order to properly define the term of productive affordable housing, is necessary to create a mix of the meaning of each term. The following phrases try to create the proper definition under a statement merging the terms of housing and production together:

“[...] the realm of living and the one of working seems to collapse into a common space.” 1

“[...] the limit between the private(live) and the public(work) sphere becomes increasingly blurry, causing them to co-exist in several occasions. [...] The live/work typology converses with existing conceptions of home and private life, private and public space, leading to emerging typologies and » hybrid » interpretations of house.” 2

The general concepts of the of housing The general concepts of the typology of housing with workspace cantypology be linked to with workspace can be linked to each other throueach other through other concepts or sub-terms that begin to define each of them gh other concepts or sub-terms that begin to define separately. The brain-storming exercise helps tothem understand as first instanceexercise the each of separately. The brainstorming helps to understand as firstitinstance the complexity complexity of defining this typology as a single term. In contrast is important to of defining typology as a single term. Inor connotice that each of them has unique content but this which in turn defines trast it is important to notice that each of them has affects the general concept of "productiveunique environment" within the housing content but which in turn defines or affects space and must be taken on count while defining theit. general concept of “productive environment“

1. Martino Tattara. LIVING AND WORKING: How To Live Together. Lecture at MIT Architecture 2. Bakavou Vasiliki. Typologies_Living-Working. June 2016. University of Thessaly

within the housing space and must be taken on count while defining it.

14 16

*Group Research WHAT is productive affordable housing / Definitions

General Framework / Chapter 1

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1.1.3 GENERAL MODELS OF PRODUCTIVE ENVIRONMENT + HOUSING THROUGH HISTORY “The building type that combines dwelling and workplace has existed for hundreds,

“The typeofthat combines and has existedthrough for hundreds, 1.1.3 GENERAL OFworkplace if notbuilding thousands, years. It MODELS can bedwelling traced from medieval longhouse, protoif not thousands, of years. It can be traced from medieval longhouse, through protoPRODUCTIVE + house HOUSING industrial weaver’s houseENVIRONMENT and nineteenth century artist’s to the contemporary industrial house nineteenth century artist’s house to the contemporary THROUGH HISTORY ‘live/work’weaver’s unit.” (Hollis, F.and 2007).

1.1.2 MODELS OF PRODUCTIVE ENVIRONMENT + HOUSING THROUGH HISTORY

‘live/work’ unit.” (Hollis, F. 2007).

“The building type that the combines dwelling workplace has existed forthe hundreds, In order to understand development of and the changes through history, analysis In order to understand the development of the changes through history, the analysis if not thousands, of years. It can be traced from medieval longhouse, through protoincludes the general definition of different and general types of working+housing includes the general definition of different and general types of working+housing industrial weaver’s house and nineteenth century artist’s house to the contemporary environment models. Different scales were set in order to understand the general environment models. Different were in seteach in order understand general ‘live/work’ unit. ” (Hollis, F. 2007). relation between the dwelling andscales workplace modelto according to “x”the terms that relation between the dwelling and workplace in each model according to “x” terms that shape the environment. shape thetoenvironment. In order understand the development of the changes through history, the analysis includes the general definition of different and general types of working+housing environment models. Different scales were set in order to understand the general relation between the dwelling and workplace in each model according to “x” terms that shape the environment.

Community

Farm house

SPATIAL GENERALINSIDESCALES OF ANALYSIS SEPARATION OUTSIDE The separation degree

The shifting of the production place from the outside to the inside and viceversa in relation to the co-existance with the dwelling.

Categorizing every single model of work+dwelling could lead to infinite possibilities depending on the many kind of users (workers) nowadays. However is important to notice the general models that could happen regarding to the notable changes through THE MODELS history. Within each model other typologies could occur which every will be analyzed case studies Categorizing single model with of work+dwelling in thelead further chapters. The relevance ofonthese could to infinite possibilities depending the modelskind in toofunderstand how the working+housing many users (workers) nowadays. However environment through andthat howcould they is important tochanges notice the generaltime models relate inregarding different aspects within.changes through happen to the in notable history. Within each model other typologies could occur which will be analyzed with case studies in the further chapters. The relevance of these models in to understand how the working+housing environment changes through time and how they relate in different aspects in within.

Community

GENERAL SCALES OF ANALYSIS

The shifting of the production place from the outside to the inside and viceversa in relation INSIDEto the co-existance with theOUTSIDE dwelling.

THE MODELS

between the living and the working area: within (no spatial separation), SPATIALadjacent (some spatial separation), SEPARATION nearby (spatial separation). The separation degree between the living and the working area: within (no spatial separation), adjacent (some spatial separation), nearby (spatial separation).

Farm house Company town

Company town Work

Work

DOMINANT FUNCTION

House+work

COMMUNITY SENSE

The predominance of the funtion within the space regarding to the relation between work and housing DOMINANT

The creation, appeareance or stimuli of a sense of integration of the users.

The predominance of the funtion within the space regarding to the relation between work and housing

The creation, appeareance or stimuli of a sense of integration of the users.

FUNCTION

COMMUNITY SENSE

House+work Co-living

Co-living Unit

Image taken from Dita Von Tease https://www.galerie-sakura.com/en/dito-von-tease/3167-american-gothic

WHATisisproductive productive affordable affordable housing housing // General General models WHAT models through through history history

WHAT is productive affordable housing / General models through history

WHAT productive/ affordable General isFramework Chapter 1 housing / General models through history

Unit

Image taken from Dita Von Tease https://www.galerie-sakura.com/en/dito-von-tease/3167-american-gothic

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General Framework / Chapter 1 WHAT is productive affordable housing / General models WHAT is productive affordable housing / General models through through history history

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This typology of Productive Environment is the predecessor of the Work model. Its main characteristic is based on the fact that the source of work catalyzes the urban development around it. The first urban models of this typology developed housing in the immediate vicinity of the company and from there, the models of cities that we know today were developed. The separation between work and housing was total but unlike the more recent urban models, the transfer distances were smaller.

This typology of Productive Environment is one of the oldest models of which there is a record. One of the clearest examples of this typology is the monasteries. Its main feature is the creation of a central hub that contains the community itself, in this case, the monks who live in different “cells” of 3 rooms with their respective services. Each of these cells surround a central courtyard that contains a living common space for all users. The workspaces are located on the periphery of the building and in some cases within the central courtyard. These workspaces are destined to the production of raw material and food for the community’s own consumption, thus generating the self-maintenance of the monastery itself.

COMPANY TOWN

COMMUNITY INSIDE

OUTSIDE

INSIDE

OUTSIDE

NO SPATIAL SEPARATION

SPATIAL SEPARATION

NO SPATIAL SEPARATION

SPATIAL SEPARATION

HOUSING SPACE

WORKING SPACE

HOUSING SPACE

WORKING SPACE

NO INTEGRATION

COMMUNITY SENSE

NO INTEGRATION

COMMUNITY SENSE

This is one of the most common typologies within the Productive Environments. It is characterized by having a total spatial separation of work and housing spaces. In this typology, the user moves from the place where he lives to the place where he works, a phenomenon that generates a more extensive and centralized city scale where these work centers are really dense. This separation and centralization of typologies stimulates the sense of community through the “neighborhood”, where the user finds people who carry out the same activity of transfer to their workspaces. This typology of Productive Environment is in the process of being obsolete as the new emerging models of work and housing begin to be more accessible and versatile for new communities.

This typology of Productive environment is located outside the cities. Its main feature is to generate within the same area, a food production system that can supply families that belong to the community while being sold to outsiders. The workspace and housing have a direct relationship since the production area is within the same site.

WORK

FARM HOUSE

18 20

INSIDE

OUTSIDE

INSIDE

OUTSIDE

NO SPATIAL SEPARATION

SPATIAL SEPARATION

NO SPATIAL SEPARATION

SPATIAL SEPARATION

HOUSING SPACE

WORKING SPACE

HOUSING SPACE

WORKING SPACE

NO INTEGRATION

COMMUNITY SENSE

NO INTEGRATION

COMMUNITY SENSE

WHAT productive affordable housing / General models through history *Groupis Research

General Framework / Chapter 1

WHAT is productive affordable housing / General models through history *Group Research

21 19

HOUSE+WORK

This typology of Productive Environment is one of the smallest in the market but at the same time, it can be very versatile. The user has at his disposal the complete adaptability of his space to be able to work within it. The spatial relationship between living space and working space is direct since the user performs both activities within the same space. This model has become very profitable in large cities where the demand for work is higher and conventional work models are supersaturated. This typology is becoming more common among the young population due to a new emerging work models where conventional work spaces become obsolete #influencers.

UNIT

INSIDE

OUTSIDE

INSIDE

OUTSIDE

NO SPATIAL SEPARATION

SPATIAL SEPARATION

NO SPATIAL SEPARATION

SPATIAL SEPARATION

HOUSING SPACE

WORKING SPACE

HOUSING SPACE

WORKING SPACE

NO INTEGRATION

COMMUNITY SENSE

NO INTEGRATION

COMMUNITY SENSE

CO-LIVING

22 20

This typology of Productive Environment is characterized by having an active ground floor that generates a direct connection with the city itself. The movement and variety on the ground floor activates the sense of community since the existence of different uses and functions makes the flow and interaction of people constant. Within buildings, mobility is limited because the mixed uses of the building are separated by levels, where in general, the active ground floor mixes typologies of work and commerce while the upper levels contain only housing. These functions may coexist within the same building but do not maintain a direct relationship. The housing models are quite varied. The scale of these buildings can vary as it can be found buildings of many levels or buildings with fewer levels. It can be said that within the use of housing, there is an age friendly character since the market model strategy of this Productive Environment typology focuses on creating housing spaces for all ages and social strata.

This typology of Productive Environment has the purpose of creating a community that is characterized by sharing housing and work. Unlike other Productive Environment typologies, the work and housing spaces are mixed together within the buildings and the relationship between public and private becomes diffuse, this means that the house keeps the character private while the work has a public / semi-public character. This phenomenon generates a wide diversity of spaces to work and live. This typology is very attractive for young people and students looking for an active and versatile model of workspaces and housing due to its affordable cost. This typology is totally new and is being carried out in cities with a medium / high level of urban development. It is worth mentioning that despite being a very attractive space model, it can generate an unconscious isolation of the city since the building itself is transformed into a â&#x20AC;&#x153;mini cityâ&#x20AC;?.

INSIDE

OUTSIDE

NO SPATIAL SEPARATION

SPATIAL SEPARATION

HOUSING SPACE

WORKING SPACE

NO INTEGRATION

COMMUNITY SENSE

WHAT productive affordable housing / General models through history *Groupis Research

General Framework / Chapter 1

WHAT is productive affordable housing / General models through history *Group Research

23 21

1.2.1 HIGHLIGHTS

1.1.3 WHY DO WE NEED THE PRODUCTIVE AFFORDABLE HOUSING?

4.043

EUR/sq m

Source: Eurostat

11.185 12.910

EUR/sq m

Paris (Municipality) and London were the most expensive cities among the surveyed european cities, with a price reaching 12,910 EUR/sq m(paris municipality) and 11.185 EUR/ sq m (London) Source: Statista

22 %

Dwelling prives, surprisingly, increased by 22% inPrague, which was the largest growth among all examined european capital cities.

ITALY

Source: Eurostat

2.311 EUR/sq m

9.72

EUR/sq m

3,7%

Source: National Statistical Authorities

In Italy, only 3,7 % of the dwellings in the real estate market are dedicated to the rental business. Source: HYPOSTAT 2018 report

72,4% In Italy, the percentage of the household ownership is 72,4%, which has been decreased since 2015, as it reached the highest point as 74,2%. Source: HYPOSTAT 2018 report

Image taken by Lewis Wickes Hine

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General Framework / Chapter 1

WHY is productive affordable housing / Highlights

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AFFORTABILITY OF ONE’S OWN HOUSE In order to assess the affordability of one’s own housing, we measure how many average gross annual salaries it takes to buy a standardised new dwelling (70 sq m): In italy, if a citizen wants to buy an average dwelling, he needs to save money for about more than 6 years.

11,2

e.g. In Czech, For a standardised new dwelling(70 sq m), it costs 11.2 year of average gross annual salaries.

years

10,1 9,4 7,9

7,5

7,1 6,2

5,7 5,1

5,0

4,0

3,8

AFFORDABILITY OF ONE'S OWN HOUSE In order to assess the affordability of one’s own housing, we measure how many average gross annual salaries it takes to buy a standardised new dwelling (70 sq m): Data Source: National Statistical Authorities, Deloitte Date data Source: calcuNational Statistical Authorities, Deloitte date lation in2019

In italy, if a citizen wants to buy an average dwelling, he needs to save money for about more than 6 years.

36 24

WHY is productive affordable housing / Affordability of one’s own housing

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calculation, 2019.

General Framework / Chapter 1

WHY is productive affordable housing / Affordability of one’s own housing

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37 25

1.2.3 LABOR SITUATION IN ITALY According to the data in 2019, the unemployment rate in Italy reached 9,9%, magnificently higher than the european avarage, which is 6,3%. For the past 5 years, the unemployment rate has been decreased, from the peak 13,1% in the end of 2014, but still remains high.

20%

Italy

10% 9% 8% 7% 6%

European Union

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

2018

years

LABOR SITUATION IN ITALY According to the data in 2019, the unemployment rate in Italy reached 9,9%, magnificently higher than the european avarage, which is 6,3%.

Data Source: Eurostat, 2019 July

For the past 5 years, the unemployment rate has been decreased, from the peak 13,1% in the end of 2014, but still remains high. 42 26

Date Source: Eurostat, 2019 July

WHY is productive affordable housing / Labor situation in Italy

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WHY is productive affordable housing / Labor situation in Italy General Framework / Chapter 1

General Framework / Chapter 1

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43 27

RESOURCE

Estimated average age of young people leaving the parental household RESOURCE (Data: European Union 2008)

35.0

30.1

30.0 35.0

25.5

30.1

25.0 30.0

25.5

20.0 25.0 15.0 20.0 10.0 15.0

Finland Finland Denmark Denmark Luxembourg Luxembourg Sweden Sweden

Belgium Belgium United United Kindom Kindom Germany Germany France France Netherland Netherland Estonia Estonia

0.0

Bulgaria Bulgaria SpainSpain Greece Greece portugal portugal Romania Romania Slovenia Slovenia Poland Poland Cyprus Cyprus Hungary Hungary Lativa Lativa Ireland Ireland Czechia Czechia EU Average EU Average Lithuania Lithuania Austria Austria

Croatia Croatia Slovakia Slovakia MaltaMalta

0.0 5.0

Italy Italy

5.0 10.0

CONTEXT EstimatedCONTEXT average age of young people leaving the parental household by gender (Data: European Union 2008)

32.0

31.0 30.0

20172017

20162016

20152015

20142014

The data from Eurostat shows, until 2018, the average age of an Italian person to move out of their family is 30 years old, which means on average, people will be independent enough to afford their own house and leave the family house when they reach 30. And the situation is worth in men than women, which men averagely move out at 31 and women at 29.

20132013

28.0

20122012

29.0 28.0

Among the big group of people who are struggling to become independent, there are some “lucky bird” who has a family lives in the same city where they work, or at least close to, that can not only support them financially but also host them freely until they can finally move out.

20112011

SUPPORT FROM FAMILY

20102010

30.0 29.0

male aUGrage 31.2 male aUGrage 31.2 ěOěCĚ CUerage 30.1 ěOěCĚ CUerage 30.1 female aUGrage 29.1 female aUGrage 29.1

20182018

32.0 31.0

Data Source: Eurostat Data Source: Eurostat

WHY is productive affordable housing / The role of family 28

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General Framework / Chapter 1

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WHY is productive affordable housing / The role of family

51 29 51

STRUGGLING OF ACCESSING THE HOUSING MARKET

STRUGGLING OF ACCESSING THE LABOR MARKET

As all the analysis above, we can also conclude that big amount of people, especially young people who just get out of the school, are having a real hard time entering the STRUGGLING OF ACCESSING THE HOUSING job market, to have a stable and sufficient income, which means they will find it hard CESSING THE LABOR MARKET MARKET to become independent. Most of them will still depend on their family and with an unstable job and low income after years of graduation. so conclude amount of people, As allthat thebig analysis above, we canespecially see that nowadays in Italy, big amount of people can ESSING THE LABOR MARKET he school,not arereally having realaccess hard to time getathe theentering housing the market due to the lack of resource and context, fficient income, will find it hard most ofwhich them means heavilythey depends on the family support, and the only option is to end up conclude that big amount offamily people, especially hem will in still depend on their with an the shared rental house withand others. school, are having a real hard time entering the ears of graduation.

As all the analysis above, we can see that nowadays in Italy, big amount of people can not really get the access to the housing market due to the lack of resource and context, most of them heavily depends on the family support, and the only option is to end up in the shared rental house with others.

ent income, which means they will find it hard m will still depend on their family and with an s of graduation.

RESOURCE RESOURCE CONTEXT

CONTEXT CONTEXT RESULT

RESULT

RESOURCE

CONTEXT

RESULT stCDKĚKěX

family support

social welfare

unstCDĚG ęOD

family support CONTEXT

socialwelfare welfare social RESULT stCDKĚKěX

social welfare proper contract

unstCDĚG ęOD housing policy ĚCDOR POĚKEy stCDKĚKěX stCDĚG ęOD

unstCDĚG ęOD stCDĚG ęOD

shared rental house

stCDĚG ęOD ĚCDOR POĚKEy social welfare standard payment

JOTSKNI MCRLet ĚCDOR MCRLGt income

mortgage

low income housing price

ĚCDOR MCRLGt

ĚCDOR POĚKEy

house ownership housing policy

stCDĚG ęOD house ownership income rental house low income

RESULT

rental house stCDĚG ęOD

JOTSKNI MCRLet shared rental house

mortgage

housing price

high income

income low income high income

ĚCDOR MCRLGt DIFFICULTY OF ACCESSING HOUSING MARKET Under the economic background in Italy, people don’t have enough resource and context to purchase or rent an apartment easily, and as a result, for most young people, the only solution would be receiving support from the family and sharing a rental apartment with strangers or friends.

high income

DIFFICULTY OF ACCESSING LABOR MARKET For people having difficulties entering the labor market, the main aspect shows as the lack of resources and context, and in general, the situation is that most of the young people,c an only get support from their family while staring with an unstable job with low income.

30 48

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General Framework / Chapter 1

General Framework / Chapter 1 40

WHY is productive affordable housing / Access to the housing market

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SELF-MAINTE AIN

JOB HUNT

EAT EMOTION

PRIVACY FREETIME DISTURBE

SPACIAL NEEDS

ARRANGEMENT

FAMILY SUPPORT BED ROOM? OFFICE?

ROUTINE

RELAX UNSTABLE INCOME

EXERCISE OVER-CROWDED

ENDLESS WORK

SOCIAL

STRESS

DISTURB LIVING?WORKING? IT’S A CHAOS! For people who have a hard time accessing the housing market and job market, which takes up a huge proportion of the population now, especially in a city like Milan, their living space plays not only the role of personal life, but also become a place where people learn to share, tolerate, sacrifice part of their privacy, negotiate different issues, work, or get ready for work, etc. The traditional typology of the house now is far from fulfilling the needs which don’t even exist before. therefore, A new type of affordable productive environment is urgently needed.

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General Framework / Chapter 1

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1.1.4 WHO NEEDS THE PRODUCTIVE AFFORDABLE HOUSING?

FREEMAN

People that has no problem affording a house and having job with high income. Willing to have productive activities for the community and for oneself, willing to share the skills and information.

I only work on Monday, Wednesday and Saturday

SELF SUFFICIENT

People have sufficient income, have a stable job or self-employed, slightly stuggle for the housing. With skills and experience that willing to share, also don’t mind being trained with new skills.

CRAFTSMAN

Usually self-employed, with unique and high demand skills, usually need special spaces for productive activities, sufficient of high income, flexible schedule, usually family-based.

I need a place to stay, but I don’t have money. But I can work to pay guitar player, I only As a gitar work when I have shows.

ROOKIE

Newly graduated, just step in the society, with skills but no experience, struggling for job and housing. Low income or no income, highly based on family support and suffer from being independence.

I work in 5 gyms, depends on where my clients are.

NEW COMER People come from a different background. Urgently need a house and a job. With skills and experience that willing to share,they also don’t mind being trained with new skills.

PROFILE After research we set 6 profiles that may benefit from the productive environment, various from the type of ability and vulnerability. Later in the design they will re appear as our targeted profiles for the living + working typologies.

*Group Research

General Framework / Chapter 1

REJOINER

Pensioner, or former prisoner, being away from the society for a while and now willing to rejoin, with skills and urgent needs for opportunaties to start over with a new life and new career.

*Group Research

1.1.4 EXTRA: INTERVIEW

PROFILE

INTERVIEW Dedicate to the 6 profiles, we manage to find 6 real people that fit with those characteristics, and an interview has been done for the research as a survey of their experience, needs, struggles, benefits, and stories.

*Group Research

General Framework / Chapter 1

*Group Research

1.4.1 MODELS OF CONNECTIVITY: SCALES OF RELATION BETWEEN DWELLING AND WORKING SPACE.

1.1.5 PRODUCTIVE AFFORDABLE HOUSING NOWADAYS

DISPLACEMENT This relation occurs when the dwelling and working environment are fully separated. The distance may vary but the transition or movement of the user from one place to another is necessary leaded by different means of transportation.

Image taken from instagram @mini.living https://www.mini.com/en_MS/home/living.html

Image taken from instagram @ y.hudzenko

HUBS Work and house spaces are concentrated in one unit building working as cells where the users may interact in a direct way along the hosting hub. Privacy is maintained within the dwelling cells and the public realm is distributed as common spaces for working and recreational areas.

Image taken from https://mindtheinterior.com/playscapes-why-you-should-never-stop-playing/ Studio Autory.

UNIT Smallest scale. The user is interacting in the dwelling unit where the space is adapted according to the specific job without leaving or affecting the daily living activities.

Image taken from Zoe Sugg https://www.stylist.co.uk/life/how-to-start-a-vlog-yourself-youtube-tips-advice-zoella-anna-saccone-joly-tanya-burr-louise-sprinkleofglitter/58779

WHERE is productive affordable housing

WHERE is productive affordable housing / Models of connectivity image taken from instagram

*Group Research

General Framework / Chapter 1

image taken from Mindtheinterior

79 image taken from Zoe Sugg

*Group Research

HOME-STUDIO

LOFT

*Group Research

USER INTERACTION The user is free to move in the space. Multiple configurations of the working space.

USER INTERACTION The user is free to move in the space. The space of work is defined within a room or specific area.

SPACE SEPARATION Timing as limit factor through daily activities.

SPACE SEPARATION Physical elements like partition walls define the space of working and living creating separated areas but within the same unit.

DOMINANT FUNCTION The space is affected by the amount of space needed for the job to be achieved.

DOMINANT FUNCTION The dwelling is perceived as the dominant area. A small part of the dwelling is given to the working place.

COMMUNITY SENSE Usually the user tend to work as individual worker.

Image taken from https://www.pinterest.co.kr/ pin/195906652512543073/

Image taken from instagram @valezrina

WHAT is productive affordable housing General / GeneralFramework contemporary models / Chapter 1

WHAT productive/ affordable General isFramework Chapter 1 housing / General contemporary models

*Group Research

CO-WORKING

CO-LIVING

USER INTERACTION The user moves along the building interacting through working defined spaces (public/ semipublic) and their private housing units.

USER INTERACTION The user is free to move along the space. Multiple configurations of the working space depending on each employersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; needs.

SPACE SEPARATION Physical elements create the separation of working and housing areas. Could be partition walls or division through different levels.

SPACE SEPARATION Physical elements create the separation of working areas. Could be partition walls or division through different levels.

DOMINANT FUNCTION The functions are equilibrated along the interior of the hosting building

DOMINANT FUNCTION Within this typology only labor activities happen within the building.

COMMUNITY SENSE The sharing of spaces create a full community sense allowing the direct interaction of the users along the building.

COMMUNITY SENSE The users i nteract in a direct way creating community but only in a working environment.

Image taken from instagram @mini.living https://www.mini.com/en_MS/home/living.html

*Group Research

WHAT is productive affordable housing /General GeneralFramework contemporary models1 / Chapter

Image taken from instagram @wework

WHAT is productive/ affordable General Framework Chapter 1 housing / General contemporary models

*Group Research

HOME+WORK

USER INTERACTION The user is forced to move in eather the working space or the housing space. Separation of activities.

SPACE SEPARATION The spaces are fixed by levels. The ground floor is active with commerce, retail and working activities. Upper levels are defined as housing.

DOMINANT FUNCTION Housing is the dominant function because normaly occupies the upper levels while the working space only occupies the ground floor or first few levels.

COMMUNITY SENSE The active ground floor creates the union of the city with the inhabitants of the building.

Image taken by jaime Navarro High Park, Monterrey, Mexico Rojkind Arquitectos https://www.world-architects.com/es/rojkind-arquitec-

*Group Research

WHAT is productive affordable housing /General GeneralFramework contemporary models1 / Chapter

General Framework / Chapter 1

*Group Research

1.2 WHY PRODUCTIVE AFFORDABLE HOUSING IN MILAN? 1.2.1 Struggle of accessing household in Milan 1.2.2 Growing needs in Milan

Difficulty of accessing Housing market, often reflects te the labor market access and to job insecurity problems. Our challenge is to produce new solution in which the house becomes a spatial support to accommodate and to contribute reactivating the job requirements. The target are people needing a housing experience that not only the endowment of a roof over their heads in a traditional way.

General Framework / Chapter 1

1.2.2 STRUGGLE OF ACCESSING THE HOUSEHHOLD MARKET IN MILAN

HOUSING PRICE AND GROWTH IN MAIN CITIES 20.7% PARIS(INSIDE) 3.1% LYON 3.3% MARSEILLE

From 2017 to 2018, the housing price in italy generaly decreased, but as one of the main cities, the housing market in Milan shows increased 0,8%, reached up to the average of 3.638 euro per square meter. But in the same time, Paris Municipality and Barcelona has increased more than 20% in just one year. Data Source: National Statistical Authorities, Deloitte data calculation in 2019

1.9% ILE DE FRANCE 0.8% MILAN -1.5% ROME -1.5% TURIN

10.8% MADRID 29.7% BARCELONA NA ALICANTE

15.9% LISBON 13.1% PORTO

HOUSING PRICE IN MAIN CITIES IN COMPARISON TO THE NATIONAL AVERAGE PARIS(INSIDE) LYON MARSEILLE ILE DE FRANCE

Milan, considerd as the most expensive city for housing price in Italy, the average price is 157% of the national average housing price in Italy, and second comes to Rome, which is 144% of the national average pirce. While the Housing price Paris Municipality and Lisbon reached more than 300% of the national average. Data Source: National Statistical Authorities, Deloitte data calculation in 2019

MILAN ROME TURIN

MADRID BARCELONA ALICANTE

HOUSING PRICE IN MILAN In Europe, the housing price has been increasing for the past years, but Italy in general has been decreasing, and even inside Italy, the cities shows different phenomenon, take Milan as an example, it had been increased for the past years, while the whole country has been decreasing. The two charts shown here shows the housing price data in some main cities in selected countries, which tend to frame the situation in Europe and to define the position of the housing market of Italy.

*Group Research

LISBON PORTO

General Framework / Chapter 1

*Group Research

WHY is productive affordable housing / Housing price data

49 35

1.2.3 GROWING NEEDS IN MILAN

de 1

es 3

5.5m

UNTIL THE END OF 2016,THERE ARE 5.5 MILLION FREELANCERS IN ITALY.

22%

WHICH TAKES UP TO 22% OF THE WHOLE JOB MARKET, WHICH MEANS EVERY ONE IN 5 PEOPLE IS FREELANCER.

2nd

FREELANCERS From the comparision of the data in 2002 and 2018, it can be easily observed that with a temporary or permanent job contract, the part-time job has increased its share, while the full-time job has decreased, and also among the self-employed job, the big increase in without employees and decrease in family workers and with employees.

We can easily conclude that the job market tend to develop towards part-time, or single employment, related to the economical and political situation.

*Group Research

ITALY IS THE SECOND BIGGEST COUNTRY IN EUROPE WITH FREELANCERS.

MILAN, ROME, TURIN, NAPLES ARE THE 4 TOP CITIES IN ITALY WITH FREELANCERS

THERE IS A HUGE AMOUNT OF FREELANCERS ARE NOT REGISTERED.

Data Source: Eurostat, Twago

General Framework / Chapter 1

Data source: Eurostat, Twago

WHY is productive affordable housing / Freelancers

*Group Research

47 51

1.3 WHY OMERO SCHOOL? 1.3.1 Advantage of reusing public abandoned building 1.3.2 Advantage of reusing the abandoned scool 1.3.3 The role of Omero school 1.3.4 The reason of being abandoned 1.3.5 Ri-Make: the current occupant of Omero school

The research of the abandoned public buildings highlights the desire to enhance the existing, inviting to reuse the abandoned building heritage. Potentiality in reaching necessary affordability could be obtained, as it was shown, from the unconventional reuse of the non-residential buildings. Their symmetrical structures, modular plans, open spaces, or high ceilings can be an opportunity in combining working and living. The case study of Italy is an example of the large number of properties that are going to waste, and it could be a solution for the constantly growing demand for affordable housing. As it has been said before, the need to rethink spaces derives from a progressive change and digitalization of ways and means of work, but also the growing problem dictated by the scarce availability, compared to average wages, of living spaces in large urban centers.

General Framework / Chapter 1

1.3.1 ADVANTAGE OF REUSING PUBLIC ABANDONED BUILDINGS

LAND PRICE

Usually, the land of the public buildings belongs to the states, which will reduce or minimize the cost of the land.

BUILDING EXPENSE

Parts or even all of the building are still in good condition, which reduces the cost of construction

AFFORDABILITY

With 3 aspects above, the affordability becomes realistic.

RE-USING ABANDONED PUBLIC BUILDINGS

A city like Milan, there are hundreds of abandoned buildings that have lost their original functions, taking the public buildings as accounts, such as hospitals, schools, markets, factories, etc. We can reduce the cost for the affordable housing from land cost, building expenses, and future revenue, these 3 aspect makes the affordable housing project promising. Also, the special spatial characteristics of these public buildings will be a surprising opportunity for the project since the living space and their original functions will merge and evolve into something new.

*Group Research

REVENUE

As the state owns the land, the future revenue can be close to zero

General Framework / Chapter 1

*Group Research

1.3.2 ADVANTAGE OF REUSING ABANDONED SCHOOL

NEIGHBOURHOOD The school usually located in a place that has a strong bond with the community and the neighborhood around.

SPACE POTENTIAL Due to the spatial characteristic of the school, it can be very flexible for any further renovation and regeneration.

ENVIRONMENT The school also usually located in an area with abundant sunlight, green area, air circulation, and safety.

RE-USING ABANDONED SCHOOL

The abandoned school is usually a good option for regeneration and re-use as a housing project, they are usually well connected with the neighborhood, and with abundant sunlight and natural elements, also the special space and structure makes the future intervention flexible and potential.

General Framework / Chapter 1

1.3.3 ROLE OF OMERO SCHOOL

1959 liceo classico omero

Building construction work started

1966

Liceo Omero, chiude la sede storica. Iscrizioni in calo e criticità strutturali

First graduation of Omero school

Ha appena compiuto 50 anni. I cittadini di Bruzzano: una ferita Milano, 22 ottobre 2016 - In cinquant'anni si sono diplomati all’Omero 4mila studenti. Un liceo classico di periferia, colonna del quartiere Bruzzano, che vanta tra gli ex alunni il giornalista Alfonso Signorini, il personaggio televisivo Raffaele Tonon, l’assessore alla Mobilità Marco Granelli e la consigliera comunale Beatrice Uguccioni (ex presidente del CdZA 9). A gennaio c’è stata una grande festa per l’anniversario. Ma ora il futuro della scuola, almeno della struttura storica di via Del Volga che ha visto calare anno dopo anno il numero degli iscritti sembra segnato: verrà chiusa d a settembre 2017. E gli alunni rimasti (una cinquantina) verranno trasferiti al liceo scientifico Russel di via Gatti, a Niguarda. Lo stabile è u n prefabbricato d i proprietà del Comune ma in concessione alla C ittà m etropolitana, c he cura l’edilizia scolastica delle scuole superiori m ilanesi. O ra c i sono cinque sezioni, "e il trend è in calo", dicono dalla Città metropolitana. U n calo che rispecchia l a crisi d el classico (quest’anno i l Virgilio per l a prima volta n on è riuscito a formare una prima classe per carenza di iscritti) ancora più sentita in una zona di avamposto come Bruzzano. Quest’anno sono arrivati 1 8 studenti i n prima. M a il m otivo dello spostamento? " Ci sono problemi strutturali, per q uesto ci sarà i l trasferimento a l Russell", con i l quale l’Omero d a anni è accorpato. "In accordo con la dirigente e i genitori abbiamo aperto un tavolo di confronto.

1979

Expected service life expired

2016

Last Maturity of Omero school

S ettimana prossima i nostri tecnici faranno u n sopralluogo all’Omero. Teniamo a precisare che la sicurezza non è in discussione, per questo lo spostamento scatterà tra un anno". Rimettere a posto la sede sarebbe poi competenza del Comune.

2018

Occupied illegally by Ri-Make

A BRIEF HISTORY OF OMERO

Article and image from Il Giorno Milano

General Framework / Chapter 1

Built in 1959, more than 60 years of history, Omero school was abandoned in 2016, and occupied by RI-MAKE right after in 2018.

General Framework / Chapter 1

Images from Corriere Della Sera

1.3.4 THE REASON OF BEING ABANDONED

REDUCTION OF STUDENT During the last decade, the student had been decreased every year in liceo classico Omero school, and it's one of the main reasons that led to the closedown.

STATE OF THE BUILDING After almost 60 years, the facade, ceiling and other elements of the building are not suitable for serving as a school anymore

Images from Google earth

General Framework / Chapter 1

1.3.4 THE REASON OF BEING ABANDONED

Last day in Liceo Omero school

First graduation of Omero school

50 years anniversary of Liceo Omero school

The memory of Liceo Omero school

Images from Corriere Della Sera

General Framework / Chapter 1

Images from Corriere Della Sera

General Framework / Chapter 1

1.3.5 RI-MAKE: THE CURRENT OCCUPANT OF OMERO SCHOOL

Centro sociale Rimake: mercatino agricolo abusivo ennesimo sopruso

ACTORS The Ri-Make association helps various groups and fighting for the minorities and qualities. For the women, workers, LGBTQ+ community, foreigners, etc. It is a community creates a sense of belonging and home, which is exactly what we are expecting from our own design proposal.

“Il giorno dell’Immacolata i l centro s ociale R imake che occupa abusivamente l’ex liceo Omero di via del Volga ha organizzato u n mercatino agricolo abusivo, con tanto di striscione sulla cancellata come se fosse tutto lecito. Durante la giornata ci saranno anche un pranzo solidale e un’assemblea per la gestione e la crescita del Rimake. Il Comune ha d etto che p arte della struttura d eve essere demolita, mentre la restante parte e il giardino potrebbero essere affidati tramite bando per attività di utilità sociale. Oltre ad augurarmi che l’amministrazione metta dei paletti per impedire al Rimake di presentarsi al bando, ricordo alla sinistra che nel frattempo potrebbe portarsi avanti col loro sgomberando gli antagonisti e pure i rom abusivi che hanno preso possesso di un’ala dell’edificio”. Così Silvia Sardone, consigliere comunale e d europarlamentare d ella L ega. “Il mercatino agricolo ha ottenuto le autorizzazioni del caso? Rispetta le norme previste per la somministrazione di alimenti? È tutto in regola dal punto di vista igienico-sanitario? Così a occhio e croce, conoscendo le abitudini dei centri sociali, direi che è tutto abusivo, ma sarei felice se Palazzo Marino mi smentisse. Invece – chiude Sardone – temo che si tratti della solita politica della sinistra dei due pesi e delle due misure: commercianti regolari vessati e multati per la misura d ei tavolini, antagonisti liberi d i incassare i n nero calpestando l a legge”. S ulla q uestione i nterviene a nche Andrea Pellegrini, consigliere della Lega nel Municipio 9:

“La vicenda Rimake sta d iventando sempre più assurda. Il Comune di Milano non fa nulla per contrastare l’abusivismo e il degrado, nonostante le mie continue sollecitazioni. Le attività del centro sociale vengono rivendicate alla luce del sole, eppure non abbiamo mai visto nessuno eseguire i controlli del caso per arrivare poi all’unica soluzione possibile, ovvero lo sgombero. Continueremo a monitorare l’evolversi della situazione, perché Bruzzano non merita di avere un buco nero del genere nel quartiere”.

SERVICE As the new occupant of Omero school, Ri-make uses the space for various activities, such us dancing school, choir practice, language lessons, reading activities, etc. All of those are combining the community together and involving diversity to the community.

Artical from Milano Post

General Framework / Chapter 1

1.3.5 RI-MAKE: THE CURRENT OCCUPANT OF OMERO SCHOOL

RI-MAKE OCCUPYING OMERO SCHOOL, 2016

Article from Il Giorno Milano

General Framework / Chapter 1

1.3.5 RI-MAKE: THE CURRENT OCCUPANT OF OMERO SCHOOL

WHAT IS RI-MAKE?

"Spazio di Mutuo Soccorso, Riappropriazione Sociale e Autogestione Conflittuale." An association of volunteers that offers helkp and support to whoever in need.

WHAT DOES RI-MAKE DO?

Ri-Make hosts a variety of activities, "3 euro lunch"every Sunday, which combines community and immigrants, book-sharing, political debate, parade, dancing&singing activities, and voluntary helps to the communities, etc.

General Framework / Chapter 1

Image from facebook

General Framework / Chapter 1

1.3.5 RI-MAKE: THE CURRENT OCCUPANT OF OMERO SCHOOL

WHAT WILL WE DO WITH THEM?

Since our site investigation and communication with them, we appreciate the intention of each other, and we are willing to exchange the resource and knowledge we have, keep cooperating at a theoretical level.

HOW DO WE INVOLVE THEM?

In the future Omero project, we will involve the association, cooperate with them in a way they can use the space and system to embrace our common goal and intention.

General Framework / Chapter 1

1.PLUS QUARANTINE Coronavirus and public health emergency Smartworking under the national lockdown

As Italy is gripped by a countrywide lockdown because of rocketing numbers of coronavirus cases, Italians are trying to boost their morale and have started spreading a slogan of reassurance: “Andrà tutto bene” – everything will be all right. Italy coronavirus lockdown leaves streets deserted. Millions of children are stuck at home because their schools and nurseries have closed, and many have started leaving hand-drawn notes in their neighborhoods, bearing the Italian equivalent to the Cantonese phrase jiayou, translating into “don’t give up” or “hang on in there”, that has been used frequently on the streets of China since the outbreak began.

General Framework / Chapter 1

During coronvirus pandemic:

+554.754

Smart working, la rivoluzione portata dal virus. Ecco perché non torneremo più indietro Il punto di partenza è che lo smart-working non è affatto un modo per scomparire o lavorare meno. Lo dice un autorevole centro studi tedesco, l 'Ifo, ma p arlando n on d ei d isciplinati lavoratori teutonici, bensì proprio di noi italiani. La ricerca ( "Smart-Working: Work Flexibility W ithout Constraints") , infatti, è stata condotta in Italia, in una azienda, probabilmente di distribuzione dell'elettricità, del Nord, con oltre 4 mila dipendenti, seguendo una buona fetta di lavoratori per quasi un anno. Questo, ovviamente, vuol dire che la ricerca è stata realizzata nei mesi scorsi, prima dell'epidemia e delle quarantene. E l'esperimento prevedeva, i n realtà, un s olo giorno di smart-working alla s ettimana. I risultati, tuttavia, s ono ugualmente i ndicativi di u na s erie d i vantaggi - sia p er l'azienda, che per il lavoratore - derivati dal telelavoro.

Tutti o quasi, milioni di italiani, a casa a scoprire il telelavoro o "smart-working" (lavoro agile è la traduzione corrente, ma, in realtà, si può tradurre anche lavoro intelligente). Ma poi, quando questo incubo epidemia sarà finito, che succederà? La risposta è che il telelavoro è qui per restare, in varie forme, modalità, misure, ma via via più radicate. Perché il telelavoro funziona: rende più produttivi, ma anche più sereni e soddisfatti.

Anzitutto, proprio p er sgombrare i l campo d all'obiezione più immediata, i l telelavoratore è p iù p roduttivo, sia c he proviate a m isurare l a produttività i n termini quantitativi (quantità d i pratiche sbrigate, ad esempio) sia c he l o facciate secondo parametri specifici (il rispetto delle deadline, per dire). Mentre i lavoratori l egati agli o rari n ormali accrescono la loro produttività, mediamente, rispetto al mese precedente, del 10-30 per cento, i telelavoratori l'aumentano più rapidamente, fra il 25 e il 45 per cento. E questa crescita, secondo le due ricercatrici, accelera man mano che passano i mesi, come se, via via, i telelavoratori si impratichissero della nuova esperienza.

Before coronvirus:

8,2 MILLION Jobs that can be done from distance

570

MILLION

570 million job positions in italy

-6 DAYS

Absence

+5%

+ 4,5 %

Respect to deadlines Article from La Ripubblica

General Framework / Chapter 1

Data from: Bocconi-Dondena Politecnico di Milano

CHAPTER 2 3.1 HISTORICAL CASE STUDIES 3.2 CONTEMPORARY CASES STUDIES

â&#x20AC;&#x153;[...]Without a name, the knowledge of an object is lost. Carl Linnaeus. eighteenth century Swedish botanist

Reference and Case studies / Chapter 2

2.1 HISTORICAL CASE STUDIES 2.1.1 TULOU,China,XVII century 2.1.2 CARAVANSERAI, Middle east,IX-XV century 2.1.3 WEAVERSâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; TOP-SHOP HOUSE, Middle east, IX-XV century 2.1.4 ATELIERWONINGEN, Amsterdam, 1932-1934

Reference and Case studies/ Chapter 2

Reference and Case studies / Chapter 2

TULOU

_INDIVIDUAL WORK ORGANIZED IN COMPLEX

Location: China Years/Historical period: XVII century Author: Unknown Program: Home + work spaces + common facilities Target: Hakka families Type of production: Open Product: Craft products

On the top: Interior view of Chengqi Lou Tulou On the bottom: Topview of Chengqi Lou Tulou

Examined case study Case studies category

IE:G L><MBHG =B:@K:FL P AR ROD EA U S CTI

TIC E S ES M AC DO SP

Chengqi Lou Tulou, China, 1:1500

IT UN M M ES CO LAC P

IL EM DI PT NG Y S

BG@K>=B>GML

Tuloui are a series of giant multistoried homes built with wood and fortified with mud walls. Constructed between the 15th and 20th centuries, these massive communal homes were sited with feng shui principles and are purposefully nestled amidst tea, tobacco, and rice fields and bountiful forests of pine and bamboo.

www.nationalgeographic.com www.archdaily.com On the top: Axonometry of a typical Tulou

186 80

It has all been done / Tulou *Group Research

cape tunnels, weapon slits underneath the dark, tiled roofs, a water well, and a backup stock of grains and livestock in the event of a lengthy conflict. The buildings, usually three to four stories, are symmetrical in their shapesâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;this means that in case of conflict, there are no blind spots.

These 46 structures are known as the Fujian Tulou. Throughout history, their residents have mostly been Hakkaâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;migrants in southern China who originated from lands adjacent to the Yellow River. Population pressures created conflict between the Hakka and their neighbors, so they built their homes to double as fortification structures.

Each structure essentially doubles as a self-contained village. Communal living is integral to these villages, as well as equality. Each of the rooms is identical in design. The closedwall design fosters social interaction. Although individual families have their own sections, residents congregate in the courtyard for ceremonies such as ancestor worship and weddings.

Walls are up to five feet thick and can reach 60 feet high. Defensive features include ironclad gates, underground es-

The need to remain united as a clan to protect themselves from incursions meant that the simple houses on the

Reference and Case studies/ Chapter 2

4 3

7 1

1. Entrance 2. Domestic units 3. Work-shop spaces

HMA>KL AHF>

4. Facilities 5. Cerimonies spaces

PHKD

Reference and Case studies / Chapter 2

It has all*Group been done / Tulou Research

187 81

ground were adapted to the surrounding environment, a mountainous region with little flat land available, and organized vertically, becoming fortifications in all respects.

On the top: Exterior view of Chengqi Lou Tulou On the bottom: Interior view of Chengqi Lou Tulou

188 82

It has all been done / Tulou *Group Research

Thus the tulou were born, real collective peasant dwellings developed vertically; mini-villages capable of holding about 80 families for a maximum capacity of 600 people. There are those who consider tulou a prime example of self-sufficient co-housing and a social model based on democracy. They also hosted extended clans, all in equal housing units without any distinction of rank among families, thus increasing the sense of community. The spaces in the tulou even today are vertically organized and each family, depending on the size, occupies one or more rooms, while corridors and stairs are in common.

The Tolous are imposing, massive, mostly circular, but also square; three floors and more above ground, with windows only from the second floor, two opposite entrances and a complex series of internal loggias, all built around an open central courtyard. A round, circular, or square construction with a double-pitched roof and rainwater management systems; spaces intended for common life and others reserved for the family, places of prayer and school, kitchens on the ground floor and rooms on the highest floors.

Reference and Case studies/ Chapter 2

Ground corridors view of Chengqi Lou Tulou

Reference and Case studies / Chapter 2

It has all*Group been done / Tulou Research

189 83

CARAVANSERAI

_INDIVIDUAL WORK ORGANIZED IN COMPLEX

Location: Middle East Years/Historical period: IX - XV century Author: Unknown Program: Trade + [Home + workshop] Target: Merchants Type of production: Open Product: Craft products

On the right top: Illustration of entrance view On the left top: Illustration of the Suq On the bottom: Illustration of courtyard view

Examined case study Case studies category

IE:G L><MBHG =B:@K:FL

P AR ROD EA U S CT

TIC E S ES M AC DO SP

Madar-e Shah Caravanserai, Isfahan, Iran, 1:1500

BG@K>=B>GML

IT UN M M ES CO LAC P

IL EM DI PT NG Y S

6 5

Caravanserais should have existed in the Golden Horde, which was such a mighty trading power, and through the lands of which caravans passed in an unending procession. To date though, not many are known and those almost exclusively in its Asian territories. Their creation, it seems, occurred at the beginning of the flourishing of the Khwarazm state when the commercial and political interests of Khwarazm connected it with the Volga region and Eastern Europe.

CARAVANSERAIS IN THE GOLDEN HORDE, Emma D. Zilivinskaia, Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of the Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow, Russia, 2014. On the top: Axonometry of a typical Caravanserai

184 84

It has all been done / Caravanserai *Group Research

in the evening there was the opportunity for profound cultural exchanges between people of different latitudes. All this favored the development of the Central Asian culture. The large inner courtyard becomes space for sale. The small living cells have a transition space between inside and outside where they can display their products. The warehouse for goods storage itself turns into a real indoor market.

It is a building generally consisting of a wall that encloses a large courtyard and a porch. It was used for the parking of caravans crossing the desert. It could also include rooms for travelers freely used by travelers. In many of them there were also libraries, and especially

Reference and Case studies/ Chapter 2

5 6

6 8

1. Entrance 2. Vestibule 3. Porch 4. Courtyard

HMA>KL AHF>

5. Work-shop space 6. Home 7. Stable/Suq 8. Tower

PHKD

Reference and Case studies / Chapter 2

It has all been done / Caravanserai *Group Research

185 85

_INDIVIDUAL WORK ORGANIZED IN COMPLEX

WEAVERS’ TOP-SHOP HOUSE Location: Middle East Years/Historical period: IX - XV century Author: Unknown Program: Trade + [Home + workshop] Target: Merchants Type of production: Open Product: Craft products

On the top: Typical topshop house On the bottom: Weavers working in their apartments

Examined case study Case studies category

IE:G L><MBHG =B:@K:FL P AR ROD EA U S CT

TIC E S ES M AC DO SP

Cash Cottage Factor, London, 1:1200

BG@K>=B>GML

Home Work City. Living and Working in the Urban Block, Delft Architectural Studies on Housing, 2019 On the top: Axonometry of a typical Caravanserai

192 86

First floor plan

IT UN M M ES CO LAC P

IL EM DI PT NG Y S

The workhomes of seventeenth and eighteenth century silk-weavers, watchmakers and stocking-knitters had workshop spaces with large windows to provide the high levels of natural light necessary for their trades.

amongst the looms. The poorest weavers, working by the piece for a master weaver, inhabited small workhomes with a living space on the ground floor and a space for a single loom, lit by a large window, above.

Many of these buildings still exist today. They can be identified by their combination of unusually large and domestic scale windows.

Sometimes they were single units one near the others, but more than often a weaving company decided to built this type of settlement including the residents for their employes.

These buildings took different forms depending on the status of the craft-worker. Master weavers’ workhomes often had two floors of elegant residential accommodation below garret weaving lofts where their employees worked. Weavers running small businesses often had workhomes with loom-shops on several floors. The family lived and worked in these buildings with employees and apprentices, the latter tending to sleep

It has all been done / Weavers’ Top-Shop House *Group Research

The perfect example is the Cash’s One Hundred Cottage Factory, in Coventry (GB) in 1857. It was a development of 46 weavers’ houses that shared a driveshaft ran through the upper-floor weaving studios, powered by a collective steam engine, allowing home-based silk weavers to operate power looms and therefore compete with their factory-based peers.

Reference and Case studies/ Chapter 2

2 1

First floor plan 1. Entrance 2. Living room 3. Dining room 4. Kitchen

AHF>

Ground floor plan 5. Bathroom 6. Bedroom 7. Entrance to the studio 8. Workshop

PHKD

Reference and Case studies / Chapter 2

It has all been done / Weavers’ Top-Shop House *Group Research

193 87

Generally the dual use of this type of building is clearly legibile. Large expanses of glass at the second-floor level, maximizing the natural light to looms in double-height studio spaces, read together horizontally as “factory”. Simultaneously, the “homes” below are articulated through the use of tall chimneys and domestic-scale windows and doors. Recognizable as an institution from the street, the height and monumentality of the red brick development sets it apart from its residential suttoundings. Each individual cottage factory had its own front door on the exterior of the block. While a footpath, running tight against the flat frontage, linked these to each other, encouraging communication between neighbours. Cash Cottage Factor’s axonometry

88 194

floors and one of workspace, the topshop; volumetrically the space was equally divided between home and work. A ladder up to the weaving loft had a trapdoor that closed once the weavers were upstairs. The noise of the looms would have dominated the whole building. The interiors of the block is less formal, with rear kitchen and bathroom extensions breaking up the monolithic nature of the blocks beneath the simpler, but still fully-glazed, rear elevations of the weaving studios. The public, but only through the arched entrances, indicating its semi-public nature.

The cottage factories had two domestic

It has all been done / Weavers’ Top-Shop House *Group Research

Reference and Case studies/ Chapter 2

On the top: Illustration of a weaver workspace O the bottom: Dwelling entrances of the Cash Cottage Factory

Reference and Case studies / Chapter 2

It has all been done / Weavers’ Top-Shop House *Group Research

195 89

Back view of the Cash Cottage Factory

90 196

It has all been done / Weavers’ Top-Shop House *Group Research

Reference and Case studies/ Chapter 2

Reference and Case studies / Chapter 2

It has all been done / Weavers’ Top-Shop House *Group Research

91 197

ATELIERWONINGEN

_INDIVIDUAL WORK ORGANIZED IN COMPLEX

Location: Amsterdam Years/Historical period: 1932-34 Author: P. Zanstra, J.H.L Giessen, K.L. Sijmons Program: Home + Workshop Target: Artists, Professionals, Craftmen Type of production: Open Product: Professional work

On the right top: Laboratories facade On the left top: Domestic facade On the bottom: Interior view

Examined case study Case studies category

IE:G L><MBHG =B:@K:FL P AR ROD EA U S CT

TIC E S ES M AC DO SP

Scale 1:200

BG@K>=B>GML

Section AA

Looking for business, the architects proposed building a complex of studio dwellings on the rhen outskirts of the city. They represented a specific living and working typology and comprised individual studio dwellings and collective gallery spaces like the Citè Montmartre aux Artistes.

Home Work City. Living and Working in the Urban Block, Delft Architectural Studies on Housing, 2019

206 92

IT UN M M ES CO LAC P

IL EM DI PT NG Y S

The trio design what themselves called the ‘Amsterdam type’, a variant of the ‘Parisian type’. The Asterdam type was based on the so called ‘2 to 3’ cross section in which two high studio spaces would correspond to three floors of normal height, inspiring by Le Corbusier. This resulted in different dwellings: larger ones for married painters and smaller ones for bachelor painters. Sculptors’ studios were on the ground floor to facilitate the transport of the heavy sculptures, because the ground

It has all been done / Atelierwoningen *Group Research

floor dwellings have an entrance that directly enters in the work space.

2 4

The design was entirely focused on functionality and made it possible to live at the back of the studio in a comfortable way.

1 7

Upstairs living room and bedroom overlook the double height studio, separated from it by an internal stairs, allowing the working space to remain always connected to the domestic space. A shared staircase allows access to the studios and homes on each floor, giving two accesses to the same dwelling, one public, through the workspace, and one private, through the home itself.

1. Entrance 2. Living roon 3. Kitchen 4. Workshop space

5. Bedroom 6. Common Staircase 7. Hall

Another key feature of the project are the two elevations that use the same regular grid but they distinguish themself ones to the other: the domestic facade, sized

HMA>KL AHF>

PHKD

Reference and Case studies/ Chapter 2

2 AA

First Level

Reference and Case studies / Chapter 2

It has all been done*Group / Atelierwoningen Research

207 93

on a human scale, and the facade of the laboratories, almost completely glazed to collect as much light as possible.

On the top: Axonometrical view

208 94

To get the plain realized, the three architects compaigned energetically in the press and through lectures. In accordance with the best of functionalist principles, they investigated the demand for studios in Amsterdam and made an inventory of existing studios, which the characterized as damp stables and leaking attics. This not only referred to studios in Amsterdamâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s historical city centre, but also to the very recently built studios. As it turned out, the type of urban design that was made up of large city blocks that combined living and working organically, although sometimes impratically, was a phenomenon that wuod last only 20 years, yet leave a unique pattern in the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s year rings. The post-war period in which the Am-

It has all been done / Atelierwoningen *Group Research

sterdam typology was developed - following a period of stagnation between 1935 and 1945 - was characterized by a shortage of material and money and required efficient production and repetition rather than variety. The starting point was the separation of functions. Housing types were reduced to a few endlessly repeated models. Artistâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s studio dwellings were a luxury that the city could no longer afford. The rich functional and typological diversity of the Berlagian city blocks, in which living and working programmes helped to articulate the urban structure, was a thing of the past.

Reference and Case studies/ Chapter 2

Detail of the domestic facade

Reference and Case studies / Chapter 2

It has all been done*Group / Atelierwoningen 95 Research 209

2.2 CONTEMPORARY CASE STUDIES 2.2.1 HOUSE FOR SEVEN PEOPLE, Japan, 2014 2.2.2 VINZIRAST-MITTENDRIN, Vienna, 2013 2.2.3 COOP HOUSING AT RIVER SPREEFELD, Berlin, 2013

*Group Research

Reference and Case studies/ Chapter 2

Reference and Case studies / Chapter 2

*Group Research

HOUSE FOR SEVEN PEOPLE

_HOME+WORK [REUSE]

Location, Years: Tokyo, Japan, 2014 Author: MnM Studio Original function: Single family home Actual program: Shared house and community place Target: Mixed dwellers Type of production: Open Temporality: Long term

On the left top: The building’s context On the right top: Residences’ space On the bottom: Working open space

Examined case study Other case studies

IE:G L><MBHG =B:@K:FL < TB L >S > F :< H SP

P : RH K> = : N< S M

Scale 1:500 4

BG@K>=B>GML

Y BT

G N F F >L <H E:< I

BE >F = I BG M @ Y S

Ground floor plan

House for seven people was born on the wave of a japanese architectural current that investigates the role of housing in today’s nipponian culture and its importance as a solution to the problems that afflict the society.

www.studio-mnm.com www.archdaily.com www.archaic-mag.com

268 98

Reinventing / House for seven people *Group Research

The original house was built 37 years ago with a mixed structure; steel on the ground floor and timber on the first floor. The site around the house has dramatically changed throughout the years and now the two-story house is surrounded by 7-9 story buildings in a area which lies between Yamate-Dori and Megro River. The design seeks to take advantage of the number of people that will inhabit the house. When living alone in central Tokyo, it is rare to find a dwelling large enough for a spacious living room, a long bathtub, a large kitchen or a green garden. But by designing a house for seven people, it is possible, through the use of

shared spaces, to realise rich dwelling spaces in the center of the city. Minimizing the bedroom area allows the living room to be as large as possible. The living room becomes defined by a public character since it can be used as one space for many people at once. It becomes the flexible “Third Place”. The living room is both a café and a library; a place where neighbours can meet, share information, and learn from one another. The more people who use the living room, the more stimulating the environment becomes. Moreover without modifying the windows of the existing structure, a corridor around the façade was placed. This sort of veranda allows daylight into the rooms and the inhabitants can use that space as an extension of their own rooms. They can read next to the window, grow plants or dry their washing in this space; it blurs the borders of the private and public rooms.

Reference and Case studies/ Chapter 2

4 4

4 6 First floor plan

4 3 Section AA

1. Mixed use space 2. Open work space 3. Living room

HMA>KL

4. Housing 5. Common bathroom 6. Common balcony

AHF>

PHKD

Reference and Case studies / Chapter 2

Reinventing / House for seven people *Group Research

99 269

VINZIRAST-MITTENDRIN

_HOME+WORK [REUSE]

Location, Years: Vienna, Austria, 2013 Author: Gaupenraub +/Original function: Old Biedermeier building Actual program: Student housing Target: Students + homeless Type of production: Open

On the right top: The building’s context On the left bottom: Workshop space On the right bottom: Private kitchen of one of the apartments

Examined case study Other case studies

Temporality: Long term / short term

IE:G L><MBHG =B:@K:FL < TB L >S > F :< H SP

P : RH K> = : N< L MB O

Scale 1:500

BG@K>=B>GML

“Re-Act: Tools for Urban Re-Activation”, Gianpiero Venturini, Carlo Venegoni, Deleyva Editore, 2017 www.premiobaffarivolta.ordinearchitetti.mi.it www.archello.com www.gaupenraub.net www.nextroom.com

270 100

Ground floor plan

Y BT

G N F F >L <H E:< I

BE >F = I BG M @ Y L

Reinventing / VinziRast-Mittendrin *Group Research

VinziRast-mittendrin is an experimental housing project located in the middle of Vienna and it could be seen as an ambassador against monoculture, that encourages diversity in the city and offers a different perspective to society.

The living communities and communal areas are for students and formerly homeless persons only; the restaurant is open for all guests with no pressure to consume and the top floor can be rent by everybody.

The project is a result of the Audimax Occupation by students in 2009 and during these protests, homeless people joined the occupied auditorium of the University and, together with all the students, made it their home. Since the opening in spring of 2013, students live together with formerly homeless persons in 10 living communities of 3 people under one roof. Besides common rooms, the restaurant “mittendrin” as well as two event venues, the room outlay also includes several workshops, which give residents the opportunity to work together, thereby creating an extra source of income.

The Gaupenraub+/– architecture studio carefully examined how and where people find shelter to escape the open sky and planned communal apartments for groups of three residents. Each floor has three living units, which are equipped with 3 rooms, bathroom, toilet and a small tea kitchen. A striking design element in the interior as well as in the outer space are the light brown Heraklith plates. They are one of the numerous donations from the construction industry that made the project possible. In the shared rooms, the panels form a niche that can serve as a pin board and

Reference and Case studies/ Chapter 2

Section AA

1. Workshop space 2. Laundry 3. Refuse room 4. Staff room 5. Kitchen

HMA>KL

6. Restaurant 7. Residences 8. Common kitchen 9. Common living room

AHF>

PHKD

Reference and Case studies / Chapter 2

Reinventing / VinziRast-Mittendrin *Group Research

101 271

On the right top: Consultation room On the left bottom: Bicycle workshop

102 272

Reinventing / VinziRast-Mittendrin *Group Research

at the same time has a sound-reducing effect. The architects wanted to use these retreat niches to compensate for the diverse communal areas. Moreover each three shared apartments share a communal kitchen. This is where the common life takes place and here it can sometimes be tight - physically as well as psychologically; for this reason the communal kitchens therefore have three access options. In addition, the building houses also offices, consultation rooms, as well as a library. In the basement a large event space was constructed, while the ground floor contains the Mittendrin restaurant and several workshops. From the restaurant you can reach the courtyard-side Vereinsgastgarten and the in-house workshops (carpentry workshop, tailorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s workshop, bicycle workshop). The spacious roof terrace offers space for

raised beds, where vegetables are grown, as well as plenty of seating. This free space on the roof as a degree of freedom and option forms an important element in the overall concept. Adjacent to the roof terrace is the Dachatelier. This fully glazed space offers a privileged view of the city center due to the projecting construction line and, as well as the event room in the basement, it can be booked by external people for conferences, lectures, but also birthday parties and much more. In this project, access routes as well as entrances and exits assume a key function. The shared apartments are accessed via a portico; on the one hand, outdoor access saves valuable floor space inside the building and on the other hand, the atmosphere on an outdoor walk is incomparably more relaxed compared to a dark corridor in the building.

Reference and Case studies/ Chapter 2

On the right top: Homeless man while working On the left bottom: Sharing a meal all together

Reference and Case studies / Chapter 2

Reinventing / VinziRast-Mittendrin *Group Research

103 273

Important is the angular shape of this portico that creates visual relationships and supports communication over several floors. With this project, the architects that took care of it, wanted to achieve the purpose to break down the threshold that everyone experiences in the city in encounters with homeless people and, in this sense, the alley â&#x20AC;&#x153;in the middleâ&#x20AC;? fulfills a key function. Here former homeless people work. These spaces are characterized by room-high glazing that reveals a view of the interior and cozy seating niches invite guests to watch the action on the street. On the right top: Recycled material for walls and ceilings Next page On the right top: The coffee shop On the right bottom: The Mittendrin restaurant

274 104

Reinventing / VinziRast-Mittendrin *Group Research

Lastly, as regards the structure, the original roof was taken down and its materials used in fitting-out the interior. A third living floor + a roof studio with a large roof garden replaces the old top.

All the construction was carried out with donated money. Donated materials, voluntary work, freely contributed time and expertise helped to hold the building costs low. Everything, in this project, is made with recycled materials that otherwise would end up in the garbage. For instance, hundreds of fruit and vegetable boxes were neatly disassembled for the wall and ceiling paneling and then arranged graphically appealing, cushions made from recycled coffee sacks, door handles that serve as pocket hooks along the bar and so on. Income through catering services, lending the top floor to different events, the rent from the apartments and donations pay back the monthly costs and credit interests. The concept defines this communal housing project as a joint act, and so it can be said that architecture can make a difference.

Reference and Case studies/ Chapter 2

Reference and Case studies / Chapter 2

Reinventing / VinziRast-Mittendrin *Group Research

275 105

On the right top: Open space near the roof terrace: the Dachatelier On the left bottom: One of the many events organized in the building

On the right top: Construction phase On the left bottom: Interior of a housing unit

276 106

Reinventing / VinziRast-Mittendrin *Group Research

Reference and Case studies/ Chapter 2

Reference and Case studies / Chapter 2

Reinventing / VinziRast-Mittendrin 107 *Group Research 277

COOP HOUSING AT RIVER SPREEFELD

_HOME+WORK [NEW BUILDING]

Location, Years: Berlin, Germany, 2013 Author: Carpaneto + Fatkoehl + BAR architekten Original function: / Actual program: Mixed use building Target: Mixed dwellers Type of production: Open Temporality: Long term

On the left top: The building inserted in the context of the city On the right top: One of the apartments On the bottom: Working space

Examined case study Other case studies

IE:G L><MBHG =B:@K:FL < TB L >S > F :< H SP

P : RH K> = : N< L M

Scale 1:1000

1 2

BG@K>=B>GML

320 108

1 3

Y BT

www.archdaily.com www. urbamonde.org www. cooperativecity.org

G N F F >L <H E:< I

BE >F = I BG M @ Y L

Coop Housing, in downtown Berlin, is a jointly developed and administered project building upon experience gained from many previous self-made projects and its main mission is to harness its location’s unique potential to create a socially just, economically stable, and environmentally responsible urban building block. This project is characterized by three buildings that form a confident and distinct unity in their design and position in the urban space. Open to the river and the neighbors, they do not set themselves off like blocks. The individual and communal terraces have become a distinguishing feature; they offer a muchused compensation for the “loss” of open spaces to the public. The building design consists of predominantly simple support and construction systems that enable a rich variety of options for the organization of various uses.

Reinventing / Coop Housing at river Spreefeld *Group Research

In this way, no two of the 64 apartment dwellings are alike, although they all follow the same principles. In addition to conventional units there are six cluster apartments that provide a communal living structure for groups of 4 to 21 people. The residential population is quite diverse. It is multigenerational and multicultural, made possible by people both with and without money. Apartments are barrier-free and there is communal use of laundry rooms, fitness rooms, guest rooms, rooftop terraces, and the music and youth room. The ground floor is largely open to the public, reflecting its attitude to the urban environment. It includes a carpentry workshop, catering kitchen, studios, daycare center, and a co-working space. Available to non-residents are Option Rooms that maintain the project’s open character at the juncture of living and urban development.

Reference and Case studies/ Chapter 2

2 Ground floor plan

4 3

5 4

4 1 Section AA

1. Option space 2. Communal space 3. Working area

HMA>KL

4. Cluster units 5. Single units

AHF>

PHKD

Reference and Case studies / Chapter 2

Reinventing / Coop Housing at riverResearch Spreefeld *Group

321 109

CHAPTER 3 3.1 NEIGHBOURHOOD SCALE 3.2 BUILDING SCALE 3.3 POTENTIALS AND DISADVANTAGES

“[...] Each man delights in the work that suits him best.” Homer(Omero) Ancient Greek Author

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111

3.1 NEIGBORHOOD SCALE Accessibility Public Facilities Greenarea Neighbourhood ...

The Bruzzano is a small town not far away from the center of Milan, more importantly ,it is well connected with the metro system and train line, also multiple buses and expressways can reach the area easily. Surrounded by the giant greenareas and parks, gives the site a sense of nature and quietness, and as a residential area, there is not much going on as a community, which may give us a hint of inspiration for our future design project. School and retirement house is very common in this area, which shows the needs and characteristic of the neighborhood.

112

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113

LOCATION OF OMERO SCHOOL

BRUZZANO, MILANO ZONA 9

100m

114

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115

SITE INVESTIGATION

Omero School is located in the center of the community, surrounded by abundant public and private green areas.

116

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117

SITE INVESTIGATION

Omero School is well connected with public transportations, metro, trains, buses, cars, and even bicycles.

118

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SITE INVESTIGATION

Omero School also surrounded by schools, kindergartens, public facilities, retirement houses, etc.

120

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121

OVERVIEW OF OMERO SCHOOL

BIO VI

E AD

U AN

A LG

122

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123

3.2 BUILDING SCALE 3.3.1 Structure Overview 3.3.2 Current Space State 3.3.3 Vertical Circulation 3.3.4 Facade 3.3.5 Slabs and roof 3.3.6 Structure 3.3.7 Space details 3.3.8 Material list 3.3.9 Reuse and Removal 3.3.10 Section of Omero school 3.3.11 Section of Ri-Make 3.3.12 Section of Productive Affordable Housing 3.3.13 Conclusion

Investigating the Omero school, with research data, documents and on-site travel gives a whole view of the building, structure, materials, spaces, volumes, and current situations. In this chapter we break down layer by layer of the Omero school building, showing a full scan of the architecture, and in the future design proposal, the link between the investigation and the result will all be shown.

124

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3.3.2 STRUCTURE OVERVIEW

126

STRUCTURE OVERVIEW The main structure of the Omero school is composed of the steel frame, which makes the space more open and light, creates more flexibility and opportunities for future reuse and reconstruction. The facade was the metal panels which are now in bad condition, but very easy and cheap to remove.

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127

3.3.2 CURRENT SPACE STATE

8 7 9

128

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3.3.3 VIRTICAL CIRCULATION

3.3.4 FACADE

Exterior Vertical Circulation

Window panel

Interior Vertical Circulation

Wall panel

130

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131

3.3.5 SLAB AND ROOF

132

3.3.6 STRUCTURE

Slab

Steel Column

Roof

Concrete Wall

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133

3.3.7 SPACE DETAIL

Ground floor

gym

Facade

134

administration office

Space and Circulation

Site Investigation/ Chapter 3

Facade

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Space and Circulation

135

3.3.7 SPACE DETAIL

First floor

administration office

Facade

136

administration office

Space and Circulation

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Facade

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Space and Circulation

137

3.3.7 SPACE DETAIL

Ground floor

core connection

core virtical circulation

Facade

138

Space and Circulation

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Facade

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Space and Circulation

139

3.3.7 SPACE DETAIL

First floor

core vertical circulation

Facade

140

classrooms

Space and Circulation

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Facade

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Space and Circulation

141

3.3.7 SPACE DETAIL

Second floor

exterior vertical circulation

Facade

142

Outdoor Stairs

Site Investigation/ Chapter 3

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PRODUCED

BY AN A

ERSION

PRODUCED

BY AN AUTO

DESK STUD

ENT VERS

ION

MATERIALS:

3.3.8 MATERIAL LIST Via del Volga

MATERIALS:

ROOF: Metal roof: + Affordable. Accesible. Versatile. Easy to maintain.

FLOOR: Tile flooring: + Easy to maintain, water resistant, durable, affordable.

- Drainage problems. Maintainance costs.

- It doesn`t absorb or hold onto heat well. It gets cold during winter. Heavy and slippery.

CEILING: Zinc panel+ glasswool insulation: + Efficient thermal and acoustic insulation. Fire safe . Lightweight.

FLOOR 2: Vinyl PVC flooring:

io Via del Danub

PRODUCED

ION

ENT VERS

DESK STUD

BY AN AUTO

+ Easy installation and maintenance. Shock absorption.

- Glasswool can be irritating to the skin and the lungs if breathed in.

ION PRODUCED

FLOOR 3: Ceramic tile: + Works well with radiant heating, cleans up well. - Cold and hard under foot. Slippery.

- Less durable. Easily damaged by water. Hard to recycle.

PAVEMENT: + Resistant, waterproof

- Inefficient at keeping out noise or seasonal temperatures. Increases the energy usage.

ION

BY AN AUTO

ENT VERS

DESK STUD

ENT VERS

nna

BY AN AUTO

e ella S Via d

PRODUCED

PARTITIONS: Drywall: + Fast and easy installations. Easy to repair. Fire-resistant.Affordable. It gives flexibility to the space.

WINDOWS: Single pan+ aluminium frames: + Low initial cost

DOORS: Metal: + Durable, water-resistant. Low maintainance. Easy to clean. Recycable.

Via del Volga

HEATING SYSTEM: Radiator: + Low cost. Efficiency between 70-80 %. - Need to have good ventilation around.

PRODUCED

BY AN AUTO

DESK STUD

ENT VERS

ION

FLOOR: Tile flooring: + Easy to maintain, water resistant, durable, affordable.

144

ROOF: Metal roof: + Affordable. Accesible. Versatile. Easy to maintain.

STAIRCASE: Metal : + High durability, resistant to harsh weather conditions. Low maintenance. Easy to install. - Corrosion, noise.

PERGOLA: Metallic: + Cost- effective. Durable. - Maintenance. Sealing.

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3.3.9 REUSE AND REMOVAL

REUSE AND REMOVAL After the site investigation and building investigation, we propose to keep the slabs and structure of the building, remove the facade panels and core volume, since they are now in bad condition and will limit the space flexibility.

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147

3.3.9 SECTION OF OMERO SCHOOL

I have a dream!

Martin Luthur King

I PROMESSI SPOSI

ODISSEA OMERO

H20 CO3

148

Esame Finale 13:00 - 15:00

CH4

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149

3.3.9 SECTION OF RI-MAKE

150

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3.3.10 SECTION OF PRODUCTIVE AFFORDABLE HOUSING

152

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153

3.3 CONCLUSION Potentials and Disadvantage

154

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155

POTENTIAL

DISADVANTAGE

Greenspace The site is surrounded by big open green areas, which gives more chances for new attractions. Lack of attraction The area is lack of activities and interactions, without even enough commercial spots around.

Accessibility The area is well connected with public transportations, metro, bus, train and highways, which makes it easy to reach.

Broken elements Although the building is well preserved, the elements inside are starting to break, like the roof and pavement, which may need to be considered in the project.

Community There are many schools and retirement homes around the Omero school, which gives a big potential for the interaction among various users.

Facade The facade of the school doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t fulfill the needs of the residential building, of which we may need to take into consideration in of insulation issues and so on.

Low cost The site and the building belong to the state, which cut off the costs and future revenue, makes the goal of affordability reachable.

Isolation The Omero school is surrounded by fences and trees, which may be needed as a school, but not a productive environment that tries to involve the community.

Big space The structure of the building gives the interior flexible and wide spaces, which can me used in a various and multifunctional way in the future project.

Unfunctional Facilities In the building, except the light and water is functioning well in some part of the building, the other facilities are all out of function, which can be a big problem for residential architectures.

Occupant: Ri-Make As the Ri-Make association is already occupying the space, with whom we share the same goal, we can get assistance from each other, which will make the project reasonable both theoretically and practically.

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CHAPTER 4 4.1 DESIGN PROCESS 4.2 LIVING+WORKING TRPOLOGY 4.3 PRACTICAL INTERVENTION

â&#x20AC;&#x153;[...] the limit between the private(live) and the public(work) sphere becomes increasingly blurry, causing them to co-exist in several occasions. Bakavou Vasiliki. Typologies_Living-Working. June 2016. University of Thessaly

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4.1 DESIGN PROCESS

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4.1.1 Aims and Expectation 4.1.2 Living + Working models: what we have done? 4.1.3 Living + Working models: what else can we do? 4.1.4 Project Intervention 4.1.5 Final Image

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4.1.1 AIMS AND EXPECTATION

? PRODUCTIVE AFFORDABLE HOUSING IN FORMER OMERO SCHOOL The main goal we would like to achieve is to design a space as a program that finds people in need, build up the connections, offers its dwellers the chance to share abilities, competencies and job opportunities, as well as to fulfill the accommodation needs.

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4.1.1 AIMS AND EXPECTATION

MIXED

SEPERATED

VERSATILE SOLUTION?

SPACE VERSATILITY The development of the working+living models comes along from totally mixed, to separate, and till today which the relation between living and working space become more blurred, and to reach our aim, we need to find the versatile solution of working+living.

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Typology Aggregation The composition was the factor to extract out the various typologies in productive environment. As productive environment is a type of common housing by its own; however, we segrated the case studies by analysis on

4.1.2 LIVING + WORKING MODELS -WHAT WE HAVE DONE?

four different space qualities: Production or Work, Communal are, Public area, and Housing or domestic area. And by sorting them by how the other spaces are making dialogue with the production or work space. It resulted in six types which

individually represent their own specific programs and features. Composition, Space Agregation, Hiearchy, and Subdivisions represent the related type.

Ccategorized ategorie z e d Case Studies

Production/Work

Type I: Linear Individual

Communal Area

Type II Hub

Type III Twin Individual

Public Area

Housing/Domestic

Type IV City Individual

Type VI Individual Hub

Type VI Mixed Individual

Living+Working Typology The composition was the factor to extract out the various typologies in a productive environment. As the productive environment is a type of common housing on its own; however, we segregated the case studies by analysis on four different space qualities: Production or Work, Communal is, Public area, and Housing or domestic area. And by sorting them by how the other spaces are making dialogue with the production or workspace. It resulted in six types that individually represent their specific programs and features. Composition, Space Aggregation, Hierarchy, and Subdivisions represent the related type.

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*Group Research

Compositions

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Space Aggregation

Space Hiearchy

Sub-divisions

How to do it? / Typology aggregation

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*Group Research

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4.1.2 LIVING + WORKING MODELS -WHAT WE HAVE DONE?

TYPE 1 Type I Type I Workshop Workshop and Living and Living

TYPE 2 Type VI Type VI WorkingWorking Mixed with Mixed Public with Public

Type I: Linear Individual Abbazia di Morimondo Milan

Type II: Hub of Individuals Tulou Fujian, CN

Type III: Twin Individual Wohnhauser St.Alban-Tal

TYPE 3 Type VI Type VI WorkingWorking Mixed with Mixed Public with Public

City

Home Common

Home

Work Common

City

Work

Type VI Type VI WorkingWorking Mixed with Mixed Public with Public

Design Proposal/ Chapter 4

Work

Common

Home

Others

*Group Research

Home

Type VI Type VI WorkingWorking Mixed with Mixed Public with Public City

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Home

Work

Home

Type VI Type VI WorkingWorking Mixed with Mixed Public with Public

Common

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Common

Home

Work

How to do it? / Typology aggregation Design Proposal / Chapter 4

City

Others

Common

Home

City

Work

Others

Home

Work

*Group Research

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4.1.2 LIVING + WORKING MODELS -WHAT WE HAVE DONE?

TYPE 4

TYPE 5

Type VI Working Mixed with Public

Type IV: Public Individual Dongsi 5Lmeet Daga Architects

Type V: Hub of Commons Aminabad Carvanserai Isfahan

Type VI : Mixed Common and Individual Domus Romana Casa Del Pansa

TYPE 6 Type VI Working Mixed with Public

Home

Work

How to do it? / Typology aggregation

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City

Home

Work Home

Common

Work

City

Common City

Work

Common

Home

City

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City

Home

Work

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Work

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*Group Research

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4.1.3 LIVING + WORKING MODELS -WHAT ELSE CAN WE DO?

DENSE LIVING

SOHO LIVING

REGULAR LIVING

SERVICE SERVICE SERVICE

LIVING

LIGHT EMERGENCY

SERVICE WORKING

HOME-WORKSHOP

SERVICE

LIVING LIVING LIVING LIVING

SERVICE

LIVING LIVING LIVING LIVING

WORKING

LIVING LIVING LIVING LIVING

LIVING

WORKING WORKING

WORKING

LIVING

SERVICE

SERVICE SERVICE SERVICE LIVING

SERVICE

LIVING

SERVICE

LIVING

WORKING

LIVING

SERVICE

CO-LIVING

SERVICE WORKING

WORKING

LIVING

WORKING

LIVING

Living+Working typologies in Omero school After the research and analysis of the targeted profiles and the typologies through history, we adapted six living + working models in our design proposal.

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4.1.3 LIVING + WORKING MODELS -WHAT ELSE CAN WE DO?

Max Age:Max 30 Max Job: Consultant Age:30 30 freelancer Age: live alone needs onlyfreelancer comJob:Consultant Consultant freelancer Job: puterlive to work. live aloneneeds needsonly onlycomcomalone putertotowork. work. puter

Lucaand andAngela Angela Luca Age:32 32/ /29 29 Age: Job:Office OfficeWorker/Editor Worker/Editor Job: Lucastays staysatatwork workall allthe thetime, time,Angela Angela Luca works anywhere and anytime. works anywhere and anytime.

Liu Liu Age:26 26 Age: Job:Intern InternArchitect Architect Job: Livealone, alone,flexible flexibleworking workinghour hour Live andspace. space. and

SERVICE SERVICE SERVICE SERVICE SERVICE SERVICE

DENSE LIVING Dense living is a living typology where the users have the minimum living space, including private service spaces(bathroom and kitchen), but having shared working area and social common spaces in the building.

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SERVICE SERVICE SERVICE SERVICE SERVICE SERVICE

Ekrem Age: 41 Ekrem Ekrem Job: Cook Age:41 41 Age: QuitsJob: his life in Turkey, came here for a Cook Job: Cook fresh Quits start,want to open a newcame restauhislife life Turkey, herefor foraa Quits his ininTurkey, came here rant. fresh start,want to open a new restaufresh start,want to open a new restaurant. rant.

Design Proposal/ Chapter 4

LIVING LIVING

LIVING LIVING LIVING LIVING

Design Proposal / Chapter 4

LIVING LIVING

WORKING WORKING

LIVING LIVING LIVING LIVING

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4.1.3 LIVING + WORKING MODELS -WHAT ELSE CAN WE DO?

Sam Age:31 Sam Sam Job: Photographer Age:31 Age:31 live alone needs space for photoshooting. Job:Photographer Photographer Job: livealone aloneneeds needsspace spacefor forphotoshooting. photoshooting. live

Robertand andDavid David Robert Age:49/26 Age:49/26 Job:Lawyer/Youtuber Lawyer/Youtuber Job: Robertostay stayininoffice officeall allthe thetime, time,David David Roberto makesYoutube Youtubevideo videoatathome homeeveryday. everyday. makes

Rosaria Age:47Rosaria Rosaria Job: Psychotherapist Age:47 Age:47 live alone needs space for meeting the Job:Psychotherapist Psychotherapist Job: patients. livealone aloneneeds needsspace spacefor formeeting meetingthe the live patients. patients. LIVING LIVING SERVICE SERVICE

SOHO LIVING SOHO living is a living+ working typology where the users have the full set of living spaces, combine with working space, where living and working are happening in the same place, with time and physical divisions.

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WORKING WORKING

Lilyand andPitt Pitt Lily Age:29/29 Age:29/29 Job:Advertising Advertisingentrepreneur entrepreneur Job: Colleaguesliving livingtogether, together,have haveoffice officeatat Colleagues home. home.

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4.1.3 LIVING + WORKING MODELS -WHAT ELSE CAN WE DO?

Lisaand andBart Bart Lisa Age:31/33 Age:31/33 Job:Housewife/Office Housewife/Officeworker worker Job: Bart stays in office during thrday, day,Lisa Lisatakes takes Bart stays in office during thr careofofthe thebaby babyand andhas haslot lotofoffree freetime. time. care

MeganMegan and Donald Megan andDonald Donald and Age:24/26 Age:24/26 Age:24/26 Job:Both graduated studentsstudents Job:Both graduated students Job:Both graduated Just graduated, start to be independent, and Justgraduated, graduated,start starttotobe beindependent, independent, and Just and looking looking for opportunaties. for opportunaties.

REGULAR LIVING Regular living contains all living elements, hosts more than one person, different combinations of the living cluster could all living here, as a result of a new typology of living situation.

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Adam and Susana Adamand andSusana Susana Age:79/27 Adam Job: Retired/Care Age:79/27taker Age:79/27 SusanaJob: lives with Adam, she in return, she Job:Retired/Care Retired/Care taker taker takes care of Adam full time. Susanalives liveswith withAdam, Adam,she sheininreturn, return,she she Susana

SERVICE SERVICE

LIVING LIVING

WORKING WORKING

looking for opportunaties.

takescare careofofAdam Adamfull fulltime. time. takes

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Design Proposal / Chapter 4

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4.1.3 LIVING + WORKING MODELS -WHAT ELSE CAN WE DO?

Tim Age: 26 Job: NoTim job Abandoned Age:by 26his family, no place to go

Job: No job by his his family, family, no no place place to to go go Abandoned by

Luis Age: 55 Job: Carpenter Just divorced Luis his wife, lost his house, without a place Age:to55stay for a while.

180

Carpenter Job: Carpenter his wife, wife, lost lost his his house, house, withwithJust divorced his out a place to stay stay for for aa while. while.

LIVINGLIVING LIVINGLIVING LIVING LIVINGLIVING LIVING WORKING WORKING

LIGHT EMERGENCY LIVING Emergency living is for people having an urgent situation for living, provide a roof above the head for a short time until they find a solution. Minimum living space, shared all services and common spaces.

SERVICE SERVICE

LIVINGLIVING LIVINGLIVING LIVING LIVINGLIVING LIVING LIVINGLIVING LIVINGLIVING LIVING LIVING LIVINGLIVING

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Design Proposal / Chapter 4

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4.1.3 LIVING + WORKING MODELS -WHAT ELSE CAN WE DO?

Zisik Zisik Age:36 Age:36 Job: Salesman Salesman Job: live alone, alone, work work on on the the phone, phone, unstable unstable live income. Offers service sometime to pay pay the the income. Offers service sometime to rent. rent.

Zhang Age: 29Zhang Zhang Job: Writer Age: 29 29 Age: Lives alone, usually Job: Writer Writer works at night, needs Job: communication. Lives alone, alone, usually usually works works at at night, night, needs needs Lives

communication. communication.

Mark Age: 35 Markassistant Job: Trading Age: Travels all the35 time, few days in a month assistant Job: Trading will stay at home. assistant

the time, time, few few days days in in aa month month Travels all the will stay at home. home.

CO-LIVING Co-Living is a living+Working typology that keeps minimum living space and working space private, and all the service and common places partially or totally shared with others.

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SERVICE SERVICE

Eric Age: 41 Job: Manager Eric of the building Lives here, works here, knowing everyone Age: 41 and try to build up the community.

WORKING WORKING

LIVING LIVING

WORKING WORKING

LIVING LIVING

Manager of of the the building building Job: Manager Lives here, works works here, here, knowing knowing everyone everyone build up up the the community. community. and try to build

Design Proposal/ Chapter 4

Design Proposal / Chapter 4

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4.1.3 LIVING + WORKING MODELS -WHAT ELSE CAN WE DO?

Pitt Age: 19Pitt 19 Gi Age: tar player Job: Guitar Job: Gitar player Living alone, needs to practice, only work Living alone, needs to practice, only work when there’ s performance when there’s performance

Amir Age: 26Amir Job: Furniture Age: 26designer DesignsJob: andFurniture makes furnitures, designerneeds a showroom and workshop Designs and makes furnitures, needs a showroom and workshop

In the extension part, the home-workshop typology connects working and living place vertically, as for those people may need a special working environment as well as family life together.

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LIVING

WORKING WORKING

SERVICE

LIVING

SERVICE

HOME-WORKSHOP

Anamaria Age: 25 Anamaria Job: Clay artist 25 and exhibit her work, need WillingAge: to teach, Job: Clay artist a workshop and studio. Willing to teach, and exhibit her work, need a workshop and studio.

LIVING

WORKING WORKING

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4.1.4 PROJECT INTERVENTION

GYM ADMIN CIRCULATION

Â±0.00

-0.80

CLASSROOM

-1.70

CLASSROOM

ORIGINAL SITUATION OF THE SITE

ORIGINAL FUNCTIONS

The site is located in the residential center, has 3 different heights and 3 entrances, well connected with the main street and a common park on the south.

The original Omero school was composed of 3 volumes, connected by a core circulation.It is a typical shape of school architecture, especially in Milan.

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Design Proposal / Chapter 4

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4.1.4 PROJECT INTERVENTION

REMOVAL OF ELEMENTS

EXTENSION

As a school that has 60 years of history, some elements are not suitable for a productive affordable housing project, in this case, we propose to remove the fences, which isolate the whole site; core circulation and exterior circulations; all facade since itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s simple panel without insulation and now in bad condition.

There is a big empty area on the north-east of the existing building, we propose to add an extension as part of the project.

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Design Proposal / Chapter 4

189

4.1.4 PROJECT INTERVENTION

EXTENSION

NEW COURTYARDS

Since the site is a public abandoned building, and the future project will be affordable housing, the proposal extension intends to add more density in the project, also to bond closely with the main street.

Push back the now volume to create two courtyards, which gives a rhythm of the whole building, brings more sunlight, and gives more character to the outdoor spaces.

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4.1.4 PROJECT INTERVENTION

TREES ON THE SITE

NEW CORE

On the north-west corner and north-east corner ,there are two trees on the site, which are precious and luxuriant, they will be kept as part of the project, which brings quality to the spaces.

A lighter and smaller core is added to connect the volumes, which gives the project more logic and hierarchy.

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4.1.4 PROJECT INTERVENTION

NEW ENTRANCE 3 new entrances are proposed, as a result of elements that lead people to enter the site, the public transportation center, the common park, and the community.

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4.1.4 PROJECT INTERVENTION

REGULAR LIVING

DENSE LIVING SERVICE SERVICE SERVICE

SERVICE SERVICE SERVICE LIVING

Division

196

SERVICE

LIVING

SERVICE LIVING

WORKING

LIVING

WORKING

LIVING

Community

Public use

Connection

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Division

Design Proposal / Chapter 4

Community

Public use

Connection

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4.1.4 PROJECT INTERVENTION

SOHO LIVING

LIGHT EMERGENCY SERVICE

LIVING LIVING LIVING LIVING

SERVICE WORKING

LIVING LIVING LIVING LIVING

Division

198

WORKING

LIVING LIVING LIVING LIVING

LIVING

Community

Public use

Connection

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Division

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Community

Public use

Connection

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LIVING

WORKING

SERVICE

Division

200

WORKING

LIVING

WORKING

LIVING

WORKING

SERVICE

LIVING

SERVICE

LIVING

CO-WORKING

SERVICE

HOME WORKSHOP

Community

Public use

Connection

Design Proposal/ Chapter 4

Division

Design Proposal / Chapter 4

Community

Public use

Connection

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4.1.5 FINAL IMAGE

FUTURE OMERO SCHOOL The future of the Omero school will be a community center that attracts the people, fulfills all needs,and provides all possibilities.

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CHAPTER 5 5.1 GROUND FLOOR +0.00 5.2 FIRST FLOOR +1.70 5.3 SECOND FLOOR +5.10 5.4 THIRD FLOOR +8.10 5.5 FOURTH FLOOR +11.10 5.6 LIVING-WORKING TYPOLOGIES OVERVIEW 5.7ELEVATION 5.8 VIEWS

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5.1 GROUND FLOOR +0.00 5.1.1 State of comparison 5.1.2 Section A-A 5.1.3 General Plans

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N-0.80

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N +0.00

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LAR5.2.4 LIVING REGULAR LIVING REGULAR LIVING

RL_1

8 UNITS

18 TENANTS

534.58m2

Common

Private Living Common

Private Living

72.3m2

462.28m 72.3m22

462.28m2

11.7%

88.3% 11.7%

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PRIVATE LIVING

PRI

COMMON SPACE

25.7m

RL_1

88.3%

4.0m22

RL_1

6.5

4.0m2

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REGULAR LIVING m

0m 7.

9.5

RL_1

8 UNITS

18 TENANTS 534.58m2 Common

Private Living

72.3m2

462.28m2

11.7%

88.3%

RL_2

9.5

6.5

4.0m2 RL_1

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5.3 SECOND FLOOR +5.10 5.3.1 State of comparison 5.3.2 Section C-C 5.3.3 General Plans 5.3.4 Dense Living 5.3.5 Soho Living

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E LIVING 5.3.4 DENSE LIVING DENSE LIVING

DL_2

15 UNITS

20 TENANTS

534.58m2

Common

Private Living Common

Private Living

28.23m2

2 2 406.35m 128.23m

406.35m2

24.0%

76.0% 24.0%

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DL_1

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15 UNITS

3.7

DL_1

20 TENANTS 534.58m2 Common

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128.23m2

406.35m2

24.0%

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7. 0m

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SL_1 1 7.

1m 7.

,2m

SL_1

6 UNITS

12 TENANTS

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mon

PrivateCommon Productive Private

SL_1

,2m

SL_1

SL_2

Productive

2 2 2 2 4m2 277.64m 64.6m 192.34m 277.64m 64.6m2

51.9%

12.1%

2 23.1m 16m

250

5.4m

23.1m

PRO

PRIVATE LIVING

PRI

COMMON SPACE

7.6

PRODUCTIVE 5.

51.9% 36.0% 12.1%

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,2m

SL_1

6 UNITS

12 TENANTS

SL_2

534.58m2 Common

Private

Productive

192.34m2 277.64m2 64.6m2 51.9%

12.1%

SL_1

36.0%

7. ,2m

7.6

SL_1

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5.4 THIRD FLOOR +8.10 5.4.1 Section D-D 5.4.2 General Plans 5.4.3 Light Emergency Living 5.4.4 Home Workshop

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5.4.1 SECTION D-D

D D

Shop Co-living Common area Soho living Home workshop

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T EMERGENCY LIVING 5.4.3 LIGHT EMERGENCY LIGHT EMERGENCY LIVING

RL_2

21UNITS

LE_1

21UNITS

42 TENANTS

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77.33m2 51.9%

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RL_1

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3.5

Private Living Common

257.25 277.33m2 48.1% 51.9%

Private Living

257.25 48.1%

5 3.

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3.5

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42 TENANTS 534.58m2 Common

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277.33m2

257.25

51.9%

48.1%

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RL_1

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5.4.4 HOME WORKSHOP

HOME WORKSHOP C-2

+7.70 Living

A-3

+5.10 Living +2.10 Working

A-2

B-3 B-1

C-1

C-4

D-1

D-2

D-3

D-4

C-3

B-2

A-1

-0.80 Working

combination A

combination B

combination C

combination D

16 UNITS

32 TENANTS 3020.3 m2 Common

Private Living

Productive

272.3m2

1334.6m2

1413.4m2

9.2%

44.2%

46.6%

41.7m2

44.2m2

8.5m2

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D-2

D-1

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5.4.4 HOME WORKSHOP

HOME WORKSHOP

C-2

+7.70 Living

A-3

+5.10 Living +2.10 Working

A-2

B-3 B-1

C-1

C-4

D-1

D-2

D-3

D-4

C-3

B-2

A-1

-0.80 Working

combination A

combination B

combination C

C-4

combination D

B-3

C-3

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5.5 FOURTH FLOOR +11.10 5.5.1 General Plans 5.5.2 Co-Living

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5.5.1 GENERAL PLANS

N +11.10

N +11.90

N 0

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5.5.1 GENERAL PLANS

CIRCULATION & COMMON SPACE

N +11.10

N +11.90

Common space Circulation N 0

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5.5.1 GENERAL PLANS PRODUCTIVE ENVIRONMENTS

N +11.10

N +11.90

Co-living N 0

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VING 5.5.2 CO-LIVING CO-LIVING

11 UNITS

22 TENANTS

882.5m2

8m2

ProductiveCL_1

PrivateCommon Productive Private

mon

11 UNITS

CL_1

2 2 2 2 310.2m 119.5m 452.8m 310.2m 119.5m2

35.2% 51.3% 13.5%

14.1m 20.6M

280

5.4m2

35.2%

13.5%

14.1m

CL_1

PRODUCTIVE

PRO

PRIVATE LIVING

PRI

COMMON SPACE

5.4m2

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O-LIVING 5.5.2 CO-LIVING

11 UNITS

22 TENANTS

882.5m2 Common

452.8m2 51.3%

20.6M 282

Private

Productive

CL_1

310.2m2 119.5m2 35.2%

13.5%

14.1m

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5.6 LIVING-WORKING TYPOLOGIES OVERVIEW

DENSE LIVING

REGULAR LIVING

SOHO LIVING

CO LIVING

LIGHT EMERGENCY LIVING

HOME WORKSHOP

15 UNITS

8 UNITS

6 UNITS

11 UNITS

21UNITS

16 UNITS

20 TENANTS

18 TENANTS

12 TENANTS

22 TENANTS

42 TENANTS

32 TENANTS

534.58m2

882.5m2

534.58m2

3020.3 m2

Common

Private Living

Common

Private Living

128.23m2

406.35m2

72.3m2

462.28m2

24.0%

11,4m2

76.0%

11.7%

88.3%

Common

Private

142.34m2 277.64m2 114.6m2 26.6%

51.9%

4.0m2

20.3m2

25.7m

Productive

11.8m2

23.1m2

21.4%

9.6m2

Common

452.8m2 51.3%

20.6M2

Private

Productive

310.2m2 119.5m2 35.2%

14.1m2

13.5%

5.4m2

Common

Private Living

Common

Private Living

Productive

277.33m2

257.25

272.3m2

1334.6m2

1413.4m2

9.2%

44.2%

46.6%

51.9%

6.6m2

48.1%

6.2m2

8.5m2

41.7m2

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5.6 ELEVATION 5.6.1 South elevation 5.6.2 North elevation 5.6.3 West elevation 5.6.4 East elevation

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5.7.1 SOUTH ELEVATION

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5.7.2 NORTH ELEVATION

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5.7.3 WEST ELEVATION

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5.7.4 EAST ELEVATION

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5.7 VIEWS

296

297

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300

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5.8 RENDERED MAQUETTE

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305

Original Omero School

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307

Original Omero School

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309

Original Omero School

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Original Omero School

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New Omero School

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New Omero School

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New Omero School

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New Omero School

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CHAPTER 6 6.1 CONCLUSION 6.2 ANOTHER OMERO? 6.3BIBLIOGRAPHY 6.4 ACKNOWLEGEMENTS 6.5 BIBLIOGRAPHY 6.6 RESEARCH TEAM

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CONCLUSION -PRODUCTIVE AFFFORDABLE HOUSING

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CONCLUSION -LIVING - WORKING ENVIRONMENT

AFFORDABILITY The price is reduced from the site-choice to the project intervention, from the material selection and spacial design, to offer people affordable access to housing as well as job opportunities.

VERSATILITY A versatile solution of working+living space, that combine and mix the working and living space variously based on the productive activities and behaviors, without interrupting each other.

OFFER AND GAIN The project proposes a housing program that not only as a roof above the head people pay money for, but a place people can offer what they have, in return to get what they need.

FLEXIBILITY Spaces are flexible for multi-activities, by physical movable divisions as well as a different schedules of behaviors.

PRODUCTIVITY Spaces are dedicated to various types of productive environments, both domestic and professional activities, to meet the demands of self-sufficient supplement and economical trade.

LIVING TYPOLOGY FOR ALL Living spaces target on all profilesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; needs. Based on the number of people, relationship of the people, age of the people, and some special conditions.

SHARE AND EXCHANGE Space as a program that finds people in need, builds up the connections, offers its dwellers the chance to share abilities, competencies, and job opportunities, as well as to fulfill the accommodation needs.

WORKING TYPOLOGY FOR ALL Working spaces dedicated to all kind of productive activities and professional activities, with special spacial needs, schedule needs, privacy needs and connection needs.

SENSE OF COMMUNITY Sharing spaces for all purposes, from basic domestic use to co-working space, even the workshop serves the community, bond the users and the neighborhood together.

COMMUNICATION Common spaces attract all people together, regardless of which part they live and even if they live in the building, for communication, sharing, exchanging information and ideas.

Conclusion/ Chapter 6

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CONCLUSION -REUSE OF OMERO SCHOOL

REUSE OF EXISTING Reuse the existing structure ban benefit from the original spacial flexibility and reducing the building expenses.

EXTENSION Adding a new extension to increase the density of the project, as well as to have a strong connection with the community, will benefit the user and their productive activities.

ORIGINAL CHARACTERISTIC The original characteristic of the Omero school has been kept selectively, by following the rhythms and the dimension of the volume.

QUALITY IMPROVEMENT Adding new courtyards and regenerating the spaces has improved the quality of the site, both interior and exterior.

ACCESSIBILITY Create a connection with the community makes the project easier to access, and become the community center that atract all possibilities and activities.

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ANOTHER OMERO?

SCHOOL BUILDING IN MILAN The project entails a strategy that can be adjustably applied to other abandoned public buildings, to improve labor opportunities and housing conditions through productive affordable environments, while providing a feasible approach to the re-use of abandoned buildings located into fragile contexts.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY - Johanson, Mark. “Alternative Workspaces: Turning Your Home into a Breadwinner.” BBC Worklife, BBC, 15 Feb. 2016, www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20160120-alternative- workspaces-turning-your-home-into-a-breadwinner.

- Arroyo, Carlos, et al. “Europan 14 Topic - Productive Cities.” Issuu, European Europe, 19 Feb. 2016, issuu.com/europaneurope/docs/plaquette_en_ test6/1?ff&e=22627789/33563703.

- Kilkelly, Michael. “‘The Archipreneur Concept’: A Business Book That Brings Architecture Practice into the 21st Century.” ArchDaily, 7 Aug. 2016, www.archdaily. com/792785/the-archipreneur-concept-a-business-book-that-brings-architecture- practice-into-the-21st-century.

- Bhadja, Priya. “Negotiations in Live-Work Typology of Housing.” Issuu, 29 Mar. 2019, issuu.com/priyahbhadja/docs/thesis_priya_ua0413. - Butler, Stuart M, and Carmen Diaz. “‘Third Places’ as Community Builders.” Brookings, Brookings, 14 Sept. 2016, www.brookings.edu/blog/ up-front/2016/09/14/ third-places-as-community-builders/.

- Marino, F., Nunziata, L. The labor market in Italy, 2000–2016 - Massachusetts Institute of Technolog: Architecture. “LIVING AND WORKING: How To Live Together.” MIT Architecture Lectures, https://architecture.mit.edu/sites/ architecture.mit.edu/files/attachments/ lecture/Tattara_living and working_intro.pdf.

- Coldwell, Will. “Co-Living: the End of Urban Loneliness – or Cynical Corporate Dorms?” The Guardian, Guardian News and Media, 3 Sept. 2019, www.theguardian. com/cities/2019/sep/03/co-living-the-end-of-urban-loneliness-or-cynical-corporate- dormitories.

- Mock, Brentin. “Matching Affordable Housing with Affordable Working.” CityLab, 17 June 2015, www.citylab.com/life/2015/06/matching-affordable-housing-with- affordable-working/394790/.

- “Dati Dei Prezzi Degli Immobili in Italia.” Immobiliare.it, www.immobiliare.it/ mercato-immobiliare/.

- Oldenburg, Ray. “Our Vanishing ‘Third Places.’” Planning Commissioners Journal, vol. 23, 1997, pp. 6–10., http://plannersweb.com/wp-content/uploads/1997/01/184.pdf.

- Grozdanic, Lidija. “How Coworking and Coliving Are Redefining Space as a Service.” ArchDaily, 14 Apr. 2016, www.archdaily. com/785550/how-coworking-and-coliving- are-redefining-space-as-a-service.

- Perdrix, Gui, and Matt Lesniak. “Co-Living 3.0-What Does the Future of Coliving Look like?” Medium, Member Stories, 12 May 2019, medium.com/member-stories/ co-living-3-0-what-does-the-future-of-coliving-look-like-381d39edffa6.

- Grozdanic, Lidija. “Space as a Service: Business Models That Change How We Live and Work.” Archipreneur, 24 Mar. 2016, archipreneur. com/space-as-a-service- business-models-that-change-how-we-liveand-work/?utm_medium=website&utm_ source=archdaily.com https://thirdspacedsm.org/about.

- Pinelli, D., Torre, R., Pace, L., Cassio, L., Apaia, A. The Recent Reform of the Labour Market in Italy: A Review, 2017. Chapter 01 / Bibliography 89

- Healy, Robert G. “Effects of Improved Housing on Worker Performance.” The Journal of Human Resources, vol. 6, no. 3, 1971, pp. 297–308. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/ stable/144952.

- Property Index Overview of European Residential Markets. Deloitte, 2019

- “Home Ownership Rate: Europe.” Trading Economics, tradingeconomics.com/ country-list/home-ownership-rate?continent=europe.

- “Tasso Di Disoccupazione (Modificato in Base Alla Stagionalità).” Google, 17 Jan. 2020, www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=z8o7pt6rd5uqa6_&met_ y=unemployment_rate&idim=country:it:es:fr&fdim_ y=seasonality:sa&hl=it&dl=it#!ctype=c&strail=false&bcs=d&nselm=s&met_ y=unemployment_rate&fdim_y=seasonality:sa&scale_ y=log&ind_ y=false&idim=country:el:it:es:fr&ifdim=country:country_ group:eu&pit=1563055200000&hl=it&dl=it&ind=false.

- “House Price Index - Annual Data.” European Commission, 16 Jan. 2020, ec.europa. eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tipsho20/default/ bar?lang=en. “INDICATORI ECONOMICI: IT.” Trading Economics, it.tradingeconomics.com/.

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SITOGRAPHY - “The Great Good Place (Third Places) by Ray Oldenburg.” Minnesota State University Mankato: Voices From the Valley, https://www.mnsu. edu/voices/greatgoodplace.pdf.

https://conservationcubclub.com/bissell-mvp-photo-shoot-set-up/

- “Third Space: What Is It, What Will It Look like and Will It Work?” Facility Management, 13 Mar. 2013, www.fmmedia.com.au/sectors/ third-space-what-is-it- what-will-it-look-like-and-will-it-work/.

https://milano.corriere.it/foto-gallery/cronaca/16_gennaio_30/classicoperiferia-liceo-bruzzano-compie-50-anni-966077f4-c793-11e5-b16b305158216b61.shtml?refresh_ce-cp

- Vanzande, Ornella, and Jean-Alexandre Pouleur. “THE DIVERSITY OF HOUSING TYPOLOGIES IN THE SERVICE OF THE COMPLEXIFICATION OF INHABITANT’S NEEDS AND EXPECTATIONS.” SYSTEMIC CONTINUITIES AND INTERACTIONS BETWEE N ARCHITECTURE AND SOCIAL SYSTEMS. Acta Europeana Systemica, http://aes.ues-eus.eu/aes2015/12_Vanzande-Ornella_EN.pdf.

https://www.google.com/maps/@45.5263845,9.172082,3a,75y,1 37.05h,93.5t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1sLlYPHPLvR7GD60hTalbB9A!2e0!7i16384!8i8192

https://www.shorpy.com/node/2504?size=_original

https://www.milanopost.info/2019/12/05/centro-sociale-rimake-mercatino-agricolo-abusivo-ennesimo-sopruso/ https://www.ilgiorno.it/milano/cronaca/liceo-classico-omero-bruzzano-1.2613445

- Vasiliki, Bakavou. “Typologies Living Working.” Beta Architecture, 2016, www.beta- architecture.com/typologies-living-working-bakavou-vasiliki/. - “Working and Co-Living – the Sharing Economy Arrives in Asia’s Metropolises.” Asia Green Real Estate, www.asiagreen.com/en/news-insights/co-working-and-co-living- the-sharingeconomy-arrives-in-asia-s-metropolises. - Vertical Urban Factory; Nina Rappapport. Actar, Barcelona 2015 - Live-Work. Planning and Design, Thomas Dolan. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken 2012 - Architettura degli spazi del lavoro; Sara Marini, Alberto Bretagna, Francesca Gastal- di. Quodlibet, Città e Paesaggio, 2012 - MAKERS: The new industrial revolution; Chris Anderson. Crown Publishing Group 2012 - Plus. Large-scale housing developments, an exceptional case - Together!: The New Architecture of the Collective; Mateo Kries. Vitra Design Sti- ftung 2017 - Ganjname Vol. 17; Faculity of Architecture and Urban Planning. Shahid Beheshti University, 1992

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We would like to express our deepest appreciation to Prof. Fabio Lepratto and Prof. Elena Fontanella, our supervisor and co-supervisor, who played decisive roles in our research and project, who extended a vast amount of assistance for us especially in this particular time. Without their valuable advice and invaluable contribution, we would never reach this far. We would like to extend our sincere thanks to Prof. Massimo Bricocoli, Prof. Gennaro Postiglione, and Prof. Stefania Sabatinelli, who were extremely instrumental in assisting our research journey, and whose help cannot be overestimated. We would also like to acknowledge the assistance of all the professors who gave us useful and practical advice and ingenious suggestions during the review. Last but not least, we gratefully acknowledge the cooperation of our research group colleagues: Carlo Giovanni Bernyak, Dario Michencigh, Gaia Gaia Grassano, Gerardo Mendoza, Matej Paladin, Vanessa Falcone, Vitoria Michela Braile, it was their relentless contributions, insightful suggestions and extensive knowledge that built the foundation of our research and project.

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RESEARCH TEAM

As I am writing this page I am in my temporary working room for the last days of a lock-down in Milan the heart of a worldwide catastrophe due to the pandemic COVID-19; Over the past months, we all encountered a new situation that has altered the ways we would live in our homes, neighborhoods, and cities. The days that we went under some experiences and circumstances even rarely occurred through history; The days we looked forward to returning to our everyday basics and at that point, I observed that the only space I was legally and morally allowed to be is nothing rather my room. In September 2019 we started to study the field of housing engaging with working that was titled “Productive Environments” under the coordination of the final studio of “Affordable Housing” in Politecnico di Milano. Among the chapters of the research, we were attempting to demonstrate the necessity of models that embrace living and working collectively, as humankind basically never been detached from its past concerning the coexistence of living and working. Nowadays after the pandemic, we all observe how the most current living models are practically fragile in adaption and how far our careers are dependent on its brittleness under uncertainties and variable conditions, and its solid essentiality is presently proved to us. An interesting concern for the future of our homes, which I never imagined that this future we tried to represent it by an architectural frame could approach us promptly and I could exist inside this frame experiencing the obscure spatial qualities which are consequently determined by the political, the social and the economic restrictions of this unusual lock-down time. Eventually, in conclusion, this event coincided on the path of our design

AMIRHOSSEIN ADELFAR

I would like to express my deepest appreciation to those who helped me in this way, To Fabio, Elena who stayed continuously advising us during these unusual days of lock-down. To Anamaria and Cui my great teammates for their constructive collaboration. To my parents who their unwavering love and support made my way. To my brother for his brilliant suggestions. And at last to those great old friends who stayed beside me along this way.

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RESEARCH TEAM

This year surprised us all with the coronavirus pandemic COVID-19, making us reconsider, adjust and condition our spaces to be able to host all the activities that are part of our daily life and we used to carry out in spaces outside home. It was a challenge to find the balance since each activity has different requirements, making evident the need to have a versatile and multifaceted space with proper conditions to live and work mainly, which is the main target of the project, living spaces that are linked with working areas, private or common, creating a productive environment. However, it was an interesting experience to develop the thesis under these circumstances since we were having a first-hand experience, identifying the frailty of the existing typologies and our responsibility as architects to provide adaptable spaces. I would like to extend my deepest gratitude to all the people who have been part of this process. Prof. Fabio Lepratto and Prof. Elena Fontanella, for their willingness and constancy at each stage of the project. To my groupmates Amir and Cui, for their constant communication, work, and great contribution. To my family and boyfriend that always give me encouragement and strength to achieve my goals and to all my friends for the unconditional support.

ANAMARIA GIRALDO LASSO

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ANAMARIA GIRALDO LASSO

CARLO GIOVANNI BERNYAK

DARIO MICHENCIGH

RESEARCH TEAM

GAIA GRASSANO

The year of 2020 must be remembered as a special year in everyoneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s memory, for me as well. I have expected hundreds of different ways to finish my master thesis, but non of them can compare to the reality-working in distance with my groupmates in the center of the outbreak of the global pandemic, being locked at home for 2 months, first concerned about my family on the other side of the planet, and soon later it turns vice versa. With all of these going on, we are trying to finish the thesis earlier than expected, and I also made a decision that may change my path in the future. I am proud that we did it. I want to express my deepest appreciation to my boyfriend Roberto and his parents Ana and Angelo, without their support and nurturing I would never reach this far. Also I am extremely grateful to my family in China, the everyday check-in calls became my support and motivation to carry on. For my supervisors Fabio and Elena, it is their unwavering support and guidance that makes everything possible. For my groupmates Anamaria and Amir, I indeed very much appreciate their effort and intelligence, and 15 hours on-line call everyday. One more special thanks to Minnie, the dog we adopted right before the lock-down, an excuse to go out for some fresh air during the hardest time. Last but not least, for whoever helped and supported me, I am sincerely grateful.

JIARUI CUI

MATEJ PALADIN

VANESSA FALCONE

JIARUI CUI

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VICTORIA MICHELA BRAILE

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PRODUCTIVE AFFORDABLE HOUSING: AN ADAPTIVE REUSE OF FORMER OMERO SCHOOL IN MILAN THROUGH LIVING-WORKING ENVIRONMENTS

supervisor: FABIO LEPRATTO co-supervisor: ELENA FONTANELLA

authors: AMIRHOSSEIN ADELFAR ANAMARIA GIRALDO JIARUI CUI