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MAKE A MODEL ROCK POOL WHIZZPOPBANG.COM ISSUE 96
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©
Seasides aren’t just about surfing, snorke lling and sandcast le building, there’s loads of science to discove r too! Explore the se cret life of ro ck pools, find out what caus es the tides and try some se aw all enginee ring! And don’t wo rry if you’re not he ading to a be ac h this summer – you can still make a mode l rock pool at ho me, expe riment with wave s in a bott le and craft your ve ry own be ac h bag to bring some se aside vibes to your home to wn!
CONTENTS
4
AWESOME NEWS AND AMAZING FACTS
Snack-snaffling seagulls, colour-changing ink and the discovery of a distant volcano-covered world.
BESIDE THE SEASIDE
6
Make a model rock pool and create ocean waves in a bottle as you discover the secrets of coasts.
ANIMAL ANTICS
12
Starfish have some amazing powers, including being able to regrow body parts!
©
14
A
nn a
Ko me
SILLY SCIENCE
lev a
/ Shut
m terstock.co
Atom
16 17
Put your marine knowledge to the test in this coastal quiz.
EMMI’S ECO CLUB
Design your own beach bag using a clever technique involving flour. and water.
PULLOUT
Cut and thread a handy guide to seashells to identify your own collection.
INTERVIEW WITH A SCIENCE HERO
22
Dr Helen Scales is a marine biologist who goes scuba diving as part of her job!
24 26 28
Discover how humans harness the power of breaking waves when they go surfing!
TEN AWESOMELY AMAZING…
Coastal landforms! From cliffs to caves, find out how the sea shapes the coastline.
SENSATIONAL SCIENTISTS
Brilliant scientist Pierre-Simon Laplace used maths to explain how tides work.
Ask our robot, Y, your burning science questions and share all of your adventures in science with the club.
t ut Sh
Y’S WONDER CLUB
©
30
HOW STUFF WORKS
er
st oc k.c om
QUIZ POP BANG AND COMPETITION I’d love to see pictures of your knowledge with our super-duper 32 Test your experiments! Send them to science quiz and win a sensory science kit! Y@whizzpopbang.com and ask an JOKES AND ANSWERS adult to tag us on social media out loud at some awesome jokes and find the 34 Laugh @whizzpopbangmag answers to all of our quizzes, puzzles and riddles.
35
SPECTACULAR SCIENCE
Meet the colourful colony of organisms that is the Portuguese man o’ war.
FIND THE SCIENCE EQUIPMENT Hidden on each double page is a piece of science equipment. Tick each one to find the complete kit!
s Awesome New cts and Amazing Fa
© Hefer Ávila / Wikimedia Commons
SNACK-SNAFFLING
SEAGULLS Have you ever had a seagull steal your snack? New research has shown that these clever birds work out which snacks are worth stealing by watching what humans are eating. To test this, one scientist sat on Brighton beach eating a pack of crisps while others filmed seagulls as they pecked at empty crisp packets placed on the beach nearby. Before the researcher tucked into the crisps, the seagulls weren’t very interested in the crisp packets, but once they saw the snacking, half of them hopped over to investigate the empty crisp packets, with 95% pecking at the same colour crisp packet that the researcher was eating from!
Find out what inspired Operation Ouch’s Dr Ronx to become a doctor and enter a competition to win their new book bit.ly/4271Nq3
© Kamira / Shutterstock.com
After reading this magazine, you’ll know that sea caves are created by water erosion… but did you know that caves can also be shaped by bat poo?! Scientists in Brazil studying iron ore caves underneath the Amazon rainforest found that the caves where bats lived were larger and had more stalactites and stalagmites than those without bats. Bat guano (poo) in the caves mixes with water to make acids that dissolve the iron, sculpting the caves over thousands of years.
© Shutterstock.com
CAVES SHAPED BY BAT POO
FREE LOLITA!
VOLCANO WORLD © NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center/Chris Smith (KRBwyle)
Good news for Lolita the orca – after 50 years in captivity, she is set to be returned to her home waters in the North Pacific Ocean. Lolita was captured in 1970, along with seven other orcas, when she was just four years old and sold to Miami Seaquarium where she has been alone in a small pool for the past 40 years, performing to crowds of visitors. Orcas are very intelligent and social creatures, who stay with their mothers for their whole lives in the wild. Lolita’s mother is still living in the North Pacific Ocean and thought to be over 90 years old. Animal rights organisations, who have campaigned for Lolita’s release for many years, hope she will be relocated in the next 18 to 24 months. © Kamira / Shutterstock.com
Astronomers have discovered an Earth-sized exoplanet that might be covered with erupting volcanoes. They think it might even be as volcanically active as Jupiter’s moon Io (the most volcanically active body in our solar system!). Exoplanets are outside of our solar system, and this one is about 90 light-years from Earth. It is located in the ‘Goldilocks zone’, which means it’s the right distance from its star that liquid water could exist on it, and scientists think it might even have an atmosphere, like Earth.
Researchers in Hong Kong have invented a new kind of ink that changes colour in response to light. Octopuses change colour by pushing coloured particles to the surface of their skin using special muscles. The new ink works in a similar way, by moving coloured particles in response to light, to give the impression of different colours. The researchers hope that the ink might be useful for camouflaging clothing or vehicles, turning green in forests or yellow in deserts.
© Shutterstock.com
OCTOPUSES INSPIRE COLOUR-CHANGING INK
Octopuses change colour to blend in with their surroundings whizzpopbang.com 5
e h t e d i s e B
e d i s a e s By Anna Claybourne
High tide
Seasides are unlike a anywhere else! Twice day, they change from being land you can play , or build a sandcastle on to being under the sea.
As the tide rises, it flows up the beach, covering it in seawater.
Imagine you were a rock pool creature – you’d get new bathwater twice a day!
Then the tide falls and ebbs away.
LIFE BETWEEN THE TIDES
We call it the beach, but scientists call the area between high tide and low tide the intertidal zone.
Low tide
Intertidal wildlife can survive in this ever-changing habitat. Let’s meet some of the locals!
Some sea creatures burrow into the damp sand near the sea, so that they don’t dry out.
Lugworms lie in their burrows, like this. They swallow sand, take out tiny bits of food, then poo the sand out again, creating little wiggly worm casts!
The heart urchin or ‘sea potato’ burrows into the wet sand and breathes through a hole.
Seaweeds wave and float in the water at high tide. When the tide is out, you can find them on the shore.
But these hungry
shorebirds know the
worms are there, and they use their long beaks to pull them out.
Mmmmm… lunch!
I’m an animal, NOT a potato!
Bar-tailed godwit
Flat topshell snails get washed ashore
between tides. Their shells have a little ‘door’ called an operculum, which they close to stay safe and damp until the tide comes back.
Bladderwrack has little bubbles or ‘bladders’ full of gas to help it float.
In as
MAKE A MODEL ROCK POOL
In some places, seals flop ashore to rest on the beach.
Grey seal
You can do this in a garden or indoors in a bathroom or kitchen – wherever it’s OK to get a bit me ssy!
Yo u will need
The velvet
large bowl, such as a A washing-up bowl Pebbles, sand and seashells S mall plastic toy sea creatures if you have them, or you could make some from modelling clay Seaweed (optional)
swimming crab
Crabs really do pinch people’s toes!
hides under rocks or seaweed.
Answer on page 34
What you do 1. Use sand, pebbles and shells to cover the bottom and sides of the bowl.
ROCK POOLS
2. Pour in water to make a realistic rock pool.
As the tide goes out, seawater gets trapped in hollows in the rocks, making rock pools. You can find all kinds of creatures hiding here!
3. Add some sea creatures! You could make tiny silvery fish from kitchen foil. If you’re by a beach you could even collect some Sea anemones seaweed to add, or make some stick to rocks and from green wool or pipe cleaners.
catch passing food in their tentacles.
Beadlet anemone
of sea snail.
Shore crabs
Nip! Nip!
Mussels grow clinging to rocks. They close their shells tight when the tide is out.
Rockpool prawn
k.com
Whelk, a kind
P ipefish
s © Shutterstoc
Goby fish
All photograph
Small fish wait in rock pools until the tide returns.
Limpets are sea snails with cone-shaped shells. At low tide, they clamp tightly to rocks. At high tide, they crawl around underwater to feed on algae.
Who lives on a haunted beach? A sand-witch!
whizzpopbang.com 7
Secrets of the tides At any coast, the tide flows up and down, in and out. But WHY?
HOW TIDES WORK
1. The Moon is smaller than the Earth, but it still has gravity. It pulls on the Earth’s water, making it ‘bulge’ towards the Moon.
Tides happen because of the Moon – but it’s complicated!
Prepare for some brain-boggling space science…
H igh tide Moon
H igh tide
Earth Pull of gravity
3. The Earth spins once a day, so different parts of the sea move into the bulge areas. They rise up, making a high tide!
Low tide
The Moon’s gravity causes tides.
2. The Moon also pulls the Earth, making it swing around slightly as the Moon orbits it. This makes water bulge out on the side opposite the Moon too!
TIMES OF THE TIDES
But wait… it gets even weirder! The tide goes in and out roughly twice a day – but not exactly…
New moon
The Earth spins, moving through two high tides a day. 8 whizzpopbang.com
F irst quarter
But at the same time, the Moon orbits the Earth, about once every 28 days.
Full moon
This means the bulges change position, gradually moving around the world.
Third quarter
So it actually takes a bit more than 24 hours for the tide to go in and out twice. Each day, high tide happens a bit later than the day before.
What did the beach say when the tide came in? Long time no sea!
TIDE TIMETABLES
Tides happen at different times every day, and that can be annoying! Imagine going to the beach to build sandcastles... but when you get there, it’s high tide and the sand is underwater! WINDY BEACH TIDE TIMES
WINDY BEACH
Wednesday
12 July
High
00:36
Low
07:14
High
13:31
Low
19:44
Thursday
13 July
High
01:52
Low
08:20
High
14:34
Low
20:46
Friday
14 July
High
02:54
Low
09:18
High
15:29
Low
21:43
Saturday
15 July
High
03:50
Low
10:11
High
16:20
Low
22:35
Luckily, we can predict the tides. The times of high and low tides are logged in tide tables, which you can often find at the seaside, and on the internet too.
Reading the tides Use the Windy Beach tide table to answer the questions! When is the second high tide on the 12th of July?
When is the first low tide on the 15th of July?
Check your answers on page 34.
TIDE MACHINES TIDAL ISLANDS ey / Wikimedia Com © William M. Connoll
It’s an island! Oh no it isn’t! Tidal islands are only islands sometimes. They’re cut off by the sea at high tide, but at low tide, they’re linked to the mainland by a beach or a path called a causeway.
© Shutterstock.com
mons
Today, we use computer software to predict the tides. But 150 years ago, they used amazing
tide-predicting machines
like this. They had lots of cogs and wheels to work out the tide cycles and were an early type of computer!
HOLD BACK THE TIDE!
You can’t stop the tide… or CAN you? To protect the coas tline from erosion, different kin ds of sea defences are us ed. Barriers called groynes stop sand from washing away while towns and beache s are protected from wave s by concrete or stone sea wa lls. Sand can even be shipp ed in to top up eroded beaches. Have a go at protecting a tow n by building your own sea wa ll!
Yo u will need
A gently sloping sandy beach (with the tide coming in) Bucket and spade
What you do 1. First, build some sandcastles several metres from the sea, clear of the waves. 2. Now you need to protect them! Build a wall around them using tightly packed sand, pebbles, seaweed, driftwood or any other natural materials from the beach. 3. What happens when the tide comes in? Which materials keep the water away for the longest amounts of time?
If you can’t get to nt ou M ’s el ha ic M t S a real beach, you could in Cornwall is a use play sand to make tidal island your own miniature beach in a dish, tray or sandpit. Build a mini sandcastle and sea wall, then add more and more water to make a rising tide. You can mimic waves by pushing on the water with a plastic bottle or cup.
The motion of the ocean WHAT MAKES WAVES? It’s not just the tides that make the sea move – waves do too!
Most ocean waves happen because of wind.
W ind blows over the surface of the sea, pushing water up into ripples.
The ripples move across the sea…
… and more wind makes them bigger.
W ind blowing over the sea makes waves form.
The stretch of water over which the wind blows is called the fetch.
What did the ocean say to the shore? Nothing. It just waved!
The bigger the fetch, the bigger the waves can get!
Giant ‘rogue waves’ at sea can sink boats. Answer on page 34
Woohoo!
In 2020 , Sebastia n Steud tner surfed t he bigg est wave ev er surfe d , at Nazaré , Portug a l. It was 26 m high – as tall as a n 8-stor ey block o f flats!
© R.M. Nunes / Shutterstock.com
Nazaré, o of the At n the coast lantic has the b Ocean, iggest breakers in the wor ld
WAVE MOTION
Bob, bob, Waves roll across the sea, but they don’t actually move the water bobbing!
forwards. Waves are a kind of energy moving through the water. As a wave passes by, the water just moves up and down – and so do any birds or boats sitting on it.
In shallow water near the shore, waves start to drag on the seabed. That makes them tip forward and break.
MAKING WAVES!
Make your own mini ocea n and watch waves in slow mo tion! Do this in a bathroom or kitchen, where any spilla ges can be cleaned up easily .
Yo u will need
large empty (but clean) clear A plastic or glass bottle (with lid) Pale-coloured cooking oil – enough to fill the bottle 2/3 full W ater J ug F unnel Blue food colouring
What you do 1. Fill the bottle about 2/3 full of oil using the funnel. 2. Fill the jug with water and add a few drops of blue food colouring. 3. Using the funnel, add the water to the bottle until it’s full to the brim (if there’s not enough, mix up some more blue water in the jug). 4. Now put the lid on tightly and lie the bottle on its side.
TSUNAMI!
A tsunami happens when something makes a lot of seawater move suddenly, such as an undersea earthquake. This makes a giant ripple-shaped wave that spreads out in all directions.
© R.M. Nunes / Shutterstock.com
Tsunami waves are long, low and very fast. Out at sea, they are not obvious. But near the shore, the water piles up and floods onto the land. A big tsunami can wash away people, vehicles and even buildings.
5. Wait for your ocean to settle, then quickly lift up the lid end of the bottle and put it back down. This creates a wave that should travel along the bottle. The oil slows it down, making it easier to see.
Try this
Try floating a berry on the layer of water. Does it move up and down or side to side when you make a wave?
whizzpopbang.com 11
AL ANIM S TIC
AN
Starfish
Looking very stylish in his beach shorts and sun hat, our vet Joe Inglis is off to the seaside to see what he can learn about these weird and wonderfully pointy animals.
Starfish are marine invertebrates (which means they don’t have bones supporting their bodies). They live on the seabed of every ocean around the world, from the frozen depths of the Arctic and Antarctica to the warm waters of the tropics. They have super-tough skin with scales or spines to protect them from predators.
Super symmetry With five or more arms radiating out from a central disc, starfish look very different from most animals as they can’t be divided neatly into left and right sides. Instead, starfish show what’s called radial symmetry, which means they look the same on either side of lots of different lines drawn through their central discs.
50
The number of arms that a species of starfish found in the Antarctic can have. That’s a lot of gloves to find when it gets really cold!
© Anna Komeleva / Shutterstock.com
Water-powered Unlike vertebrate animals that use muscles and bones to move their bodies around, starfish use water power! They squeeze sacs called ampullae which push seawater through canals in their arms and into their sticky tube feet underneath. This hydraulic power allows them to move their arms and grab things with their feet – but it’s not very fast. Most starfish can only move around 15 cm per minute, which means a 100-metre sprint would take them over 11 hours!
12 whizzpopbang.com
Prickly predators Starfish are mainly carnivorous, eating small invertebrates like sea snails, shellfish such as clams, and small fish, although some also enjoy a nibble of seaweed or plankton. One species, called the crown-of-thorns starfish, eats coral polyps (the soft living parts of coral reefs). They cause serious damage to reefs such as the Great Barrier Reef in Australia.
Starfish have no brains Answer on page 34
What’s bigger than a starfish? A galaxy fish!
Disgusting diners To catch and eat their food, many species of starfish do something really gross – they force their stomachs out through their mouths and wrap them around their prey! They then partly digest them before sucking them back inside with their stomachs.
Superstars! One of the most amazing abilities starfish have is that they can completely regenerate arms that have been damaged or pulled off by a predator. The process can take months or even years to complete. Even more incredibly, a detached arm can actually regrow the rest of a starfish body, creating a new clone of the original animal!
© Ethan Daniels / Shutterstock.com
This detached arm is growing a new body!
How many triangles are there in the picture? Check your answer on page 34.
Answer
Coastal Match the marine creatures to the clues in this seashore quiz!
QUEST!
Yee-ha,
I’m riding the waves!
Common brittlestar
1 Watch out, this animal might steal your
chips! Scientists in Cornwall have found that they actually prefer food that has been handled by humans. They also eat fish, young birds, eggs, small mammals, insects, fruit and dead animals.
2
You might think this fish would gallop around but it prefers to cling to seaweed and seagrass with its long tail. It doesn’t have teeth so it sucks up its prey of shrimp and plankton. Common prawn
Long-snouted seahorse
Just call me a rock star!
3
When the tide comes in, this lump of red jelly transforms – its tentacles reach out to sting passing prey, including crabs, shrimp and small fish. They will fight off others to defend their patch of rock.
I’ve got thousands of kids to carry!
4 This super-sensitive animal will detach
its arms if disturbed! It scavenges on dead sea creatures but can also raise its long arms to catch plankton and other tiny bits of food floating by.
Puffin
Nom nom!
I love to float in the sunlight! 14 whizzpopbang.com
Bladderwrack seaweed
5
6
There’s no place like home!
These bubbly brown fronds might look like a plant, but they are actually algae. The air bladders help them float towards the sunlight where they make energy by photosynthesis. This stripy creature hides in crevices or under stones. It’s a scavenger and will eat anything from decaying seaweed to dead mussels. The females carry around their fertilised eggs, up to 4,000 at a time! Beadlet anemone
Hands off – I sting!
Tompot blenny
7 One of these was recorded with 83 tiny
sand eels in its colourful bill! Its flipper-like wings help it to dive and swim as it hunts small fish. Its coarse tongue and spiky palate (a part of its mouth) means it can hold on to its catch while diving for more.
8
This creature is nicknamed ‘the fish with antlers’ because of the frilly tentacles on the top of its head. It is very territorial, so if you return to the same spot, you’ll see the same fish.
Herring gull
ANSWERS Write your answers 1-9 in the spaces below and check them on page 34. Puffin
Long-snouted
Hold on to your lunch, I’m feeling peckish!
How many starfish and how many seahorses can you see in the picture? Write your answers here and check them on page 34.
STARFISH SEAHORSE
seahorse
Herring gull
Beadlet
anemone
Common prawn Common
brittlestar Tompot blenny
Bladderwrack seaweed
b... clu O C E
Emmi’s
Use flour and water paste to try a batik-inspired art technique!
BEACH BAG Yo u will need
clean, ironed fabric A shopping bag (with at least one blank side – you could turn it inside out) A4 paper Dark-coloured marker pen A piece of thick cardboard about the size of your bag Masking tape 6 -8 pegs or bulldog clips 2 tablespoons of flour 2 tablespoons of water
1
mall bowl S Teaspoon
medicine syringe or a A clean squir ty bottle (like a washing-up liquid bottle) Paintbrushes and/or sponges A blunt knife (like a butter knife) Paint (see box)
What paint to use: If you want to be able to wash your bag or use it in wet conditions, use fabric paint. Otherwise, use any craft paint (but your design may run if it gets wet).
2
Draw a simple picture on the paper using a marker pen, then tape it to a piece of cardboard.
3
4 Add the flour and water to a small bowl and mix together to make a smooth, thick paste. Put this mixture into the squeezy bottle or syringe.
16 whizzpopbang.com
Put the cardboard inside the bag. Smooth the fabric over the cardboard and use pegs to hold it tightly in place.
Squeeze the paste onto the bag, following the lines of your drawing. You can add some extra details if you like. Leave it to dry overnight.
Continued on page 21 ➜
5 I’d love to see your beach bag! Take a photo and ask an adult to tag us on social media @whizzpopbangmag and email it to Y@whizzpopbang.com lines. We used a brush Paint around the paste ide the starfish shape, to paint solid colours ins o shades of blue outside and a sponge to add tw ake sure you paint right it to look like the sea. M . ave it to dry overnight up to the paste lines. Le
6
Now pick off the paste! Scrunch up your bag to break it up, then run a blunt knife over it if it’s hard to remove. If you used fabric paint, check the instructions on the packaging to find out how to set it.
ECO
More
ideas...
Your beach bag isn’t just useful for carrying books and snacks on days out – you could also use it to bring your own rubbish home! Make a DIY beach clean-up kit by packing: Gloves (e.g. gardening gloves)
– for picking up rubbish safely
Old plastic bags – for collecting
We can all help to save the planet. Lots of small actions can make a BIG difference! Awesome charity The 2 Minute Foundation is challenging us all to spend just two minutes picking up litter from our local area. If everyone did it, it would make a huge difference! Find out more here: 2minute.org
rubbish to take home
These two items will fit easily inside your beach bag and could help you to make a real difference on your next trip to the beach (or somewhere closer to home!).
Continued from page 16
whizzpopbang.com 21
➜
Yo u will need What yo u do The ovals below
1. Cut out the 12 ovals on these pages.
Scissors
2. Use the hole punch to make a hole through each oval where shown and then stack them with the cover at the top and the back cover on the bottom.
Hole punch
Card or cardboard String or ribbon
3. Thread the string or ribbon through the holes and tie together with a knot or double bow, making sure you can turn the pages easily.
SLIPPER SHELL
AUGER SHELL
Crepidula fornicata
Turritella communis
This oval shell with an arched back belongs to a type of sea snail. It can be up to 5 cm long and has a large opening underneath. Groups of slipper limpets are often found stuck together in stacks.
This long, pointy cone can be up to 3 cm long with as many as 20 whorls. The colour can vary from white to yellow or brown. It is common around much of the UK. The snail inside burrows into gravelly mud and sand and filters microorganisms to eat.
COCKLE SHELL
LIMPET SHELL
RAZOR SHELL
Cerastoderma edule
Patella vulgata
Ensis ensis
This lives on sandy and muddy shores, often in estuaries. Its domed shell has radiating ridges and also growth bands across it because it grows more in summer than winter. These can be used to age the cockle, just like tree rings. In some places, there can be 10,000 cockles per square metre!
These cone-shaped sea snails can be seen firmly clamped to rocks all around the UK. When the tide comes in, they move around to eat algae but always return to the same spot when the tide goes out. The radula (like a tongue) contains more than 1,900 teeth, which are the strongest known biological structures.
These common shells get their name from their resemblance to an old-fashioned razor. They can be up to 20 cm long. The mollusc inside burrows into firm sand and then, when the tide is in, filter feeds organic matter. They are thought to live for up to 20 years.
THIS BOOK BELONGS TO
PULL OUT pages 17-20 and get making! SEASHELL POCKET GUIDE It’s fun to find empty shells on the beach and wonder about the animals that once lived in them. Next time you go to the seaside, take this handy guide with you to help you identify what you see. You could add some pages of your own when you find something new – draw it or take a photo and see if you can find out more about it.
Cover page
S e a s h e ll p o c ke t g u id e
AUGER SHELL
SLIPPER SHELL
Also known as screw shell
‘IceAlso cream grass’ known as slipper limpet
RAZOR SHELL
LIMPET SHELL
COCKLE SHELL
Also known as razor clam
Also known as common limpet
Also known as common cockle
Find a printable version of the pullout here: bit.ly/3I5kdk1
Find a way from the start to the tip of the shell. Check your answer START on page 34.
FINISH
WHELK SHELL
JINGLE SHELL
MUSSEL SHELL
Buccinum undatum
Anomia ephippium
Mytilus edulis
This strong shell can be up to 10 cm long. Common whelks live from the tide line to depths of about 180 m. They prey on crabs, worms, shellfish and dead organisms. When a whelk is threatened, it draws into its shell and uses a hard surface on its foot, called an operculum, to seal the shell’s opening.
Jingle shells are usually thin and pearly and an irregular shape. You will often find them with a hole through them. This is because they attach to a rock surface using a byssus (a bundle of tough threads), which comes out through a hole in one side of the shell. They are often used in wind chimes because they make a jingling sound when shaken together, hence their nickname!
Mussels live in intertidal areas and on the seabed all around the UK. They attach themselves to rocks and other hard surfaces using strong sticky fibres called byssus threads, commonly known as the ‘beard’! They can also use these threads to immobilise predators, such as dog whelks. Mussels are a favourite food of lots of animals, including seabirds, starfish, flatfish, crabs and birds.
BANDED WEDGE SHELL
FLAT TOP SHELL
Back cover
Donax vittatus
Gibbula umbilicalis
This wedge-shaped shell can grow up to 4 cm long. It has bands of colour that can be white, yellow, orange, purple or brown. The edge of the shell has tiny ‘teeth’ that seal the shell closed from predators.
This colourful sea snail grazes on seaweed and algae. Its scientific name ‘umbilicalis’ comes from the hole through the centre of its shell which can be seen on its underside, like a belly button (umbilicus)!
Why not choose your favourite shell from your trip to the beach and make it into a necklace? You could press the shell into a blob of coloured salt dough, make a hole in the dough and leave it to dry. Then thread it onto some twine or ribbon to make it into a necklace.
Riddles
Check your answers on page 34.
1. You’ll find me in sand, but not in the sea. I’m also kept between you and me. What am I?
2. What is the first thing everyone does when they get into the sea?
3. I’m tall but I’m not a tree. I shine but I’m not the Sun. I help sailors but I’m not an anchor. What am I?
MUSSEL SHELL
JINGLE SHELL
WHELK SHELL
Also known as blue mussel
Also known as saddle oyster
Also known as common whelk
NOTES
Also known as: Common Whelk
FLAT TOP SHELL Also known as purple top shell
BANDED WEDGE SHELL
Interview with a SCIENCE HERO
In my job I get to...
© Brian Crosslan
d
understand the secrets of the sea
Dr Hele Marine biologist n Scales , writer and b
“
roadcaster
I studied zoology which meant I learnt about all sorts of animals.
”
On a field trip to Devon, the teachers showed me how to find more species in rock pools than I’d ever spotted before. Later, I studied coral reefs in Malaysia, then got my first job as a marine biologist.
“
“
Helen has many jobs, including being a marine biologist, writing books and teaching at Cambridge University. If you have any questions of your own for Helen, you can contact her on helen@helenscales.com
I’ve loved animals, nature and exploring the outdoors for as long as I can remember.
”
My family and I spent almost every holiday in Cornwall – I loved swimming and rock pooling at the beach. When I was 17, I learned to scuba dive at my local swimming pool and I got totally hooked on the underwater world. My first outdoor dive was absolutely freezing, but when I saw my first fish, I knew I wanted to be a marine biologist.
I met a very special octopus last summer.
”
France with my I was snorkelling off the coast of a lobster trap friends and found it sitting inside on all the bait! where it was happily munching very excited to It was huge and red. I was also adow, right next spot a seahorse in a seagrass me set. Swimming to the beach at Studland Bay, Dor the ocean and see and diving allow me to explore new things.
Helen recording a radio programme in a mangrove forest in Senegal © Ivan Scales
22 whizzpopbang.com
Interview with a SCIENCE HERO
“
If you’d like to become a marine biologist…
”
1. Read books, watch TV programmes and videos about sea creatures – soak up any sea-related information. 2. If you have the chance, do explore the coast. Rock pools are a particularly great place to learn about sea creatures. 3. Practise swimming (and snorkelling, if you can). You don’t need masses of expensive kit – just a mask and a snorkel could help you to explore the ocean.
Swimming with sharks in Fiji
“
© Helen Scales
We can learn so much from shells – I’ve written a whole book about them!
”
They can tell you loads about the animals that made them. They can tell you if it was a snail (most have spiralling shells) or a type of animal called a bivalve, like cockles and clams (they have shells in two parts that open and close like a book). You can sometimes tell how long the shell-making animal lived by counting the ridges on it, like rings in a tree trunk. You can even tell how the shell-making animal died. If it has a neat round hole punched in its shell, then it was eaten by a hunting snail which drills the hole, then slurps out the inside!
e researchers
Helen with a team of mangrov in Madagascar
© Helen Scales
“
Would you like to help protect our coastlines?
Five winners will each win copies of Scientists in the Wild: Galapagos and The Great Barrier Reef, both by Helen Scales. Find out how to enter on our blog! bit.ly/3UiEBCT
Find out more
”
Plastic pollution is a big problem, so try to use as little single-use plastic as possible. We also need to stop water companies flushing sewage straight into rivers and then the sea. Organisations like Surfers Against Sewage campaign to stop this kind of pollution. Take part in Surfers Against Sewage’s Ocean School here! bit.ly/3KnBLIu
whizzpopbang.com 23
HOW STUFF
WORKS
Surfing
Discover the science behind surfing, one of the most popular water sports in the world, where thrill-seekers use the energy of breaking waves to power their manoeuvres.
3
4
5
2
As these waves approach the shore, the shallow water forces them to slow down and become taller and steeper.
When a surfer spots an approaching wave beginning to rise up, they turn towards the shore and start paddling as hard as possible in the same direction as the wave is moving.
If they time their paddling just right, the wave will be almost breaking when it reaches the surfer, with a super-steep front face and white froth starting to form at its peak. This happens because the water at the back of the wave is now travelling more quickly than the front of the wave and is starting to overtake it.
The breaking wave catches the surfer, and they start to fall down the face of the wave. As soon as they can feel that the wave has caught them, they leap up so they are standing on the board, a manoeuvre called the take-off.
24 whizzpopbang.com
6
If they manage to take off successfully, the surfer will lean their weight to one side to steer the board sideways along the wave and away from the area where it is breaking. Fins at the back of the board act like sails on a boat, transferring energy to the board from the water so it accelerates. Fins also allow the surfer to control their direction.
1
Energy from the wind is transferred to the water, causing it to move in a circular motion and creating ocean waves.
9 7
The best waves for surfing break sideways along their length (rather than all at once). This allows the surfer to surf away from the breaking area and speed along the unbroken face of the wave.
The first surfboards were carved from tree trunks, making them super-heavy. Most modern boards are made from fibreglass and lightweight foam so they are light and strong – but the plastics and resins they’re made from are bad for the environment. Thankfully, more environmentally friendly boards made from recycled plastics or lightweight balsa wood are becoming popular as surfers try to limit the impact their sport has on the planet.
As a surfer whizzes along a wave, lots of complicated physics is at work. The main forces involved are buoyancy and gravity, which control whether the surfer stays on top of the surface of the wave or sinks underwater. Drag between the surface of the water and the surfboard slows the board down.
8
Some waves break quickly over very shallow water and form a hollow barrel. Surfers can slow themselves down until the breaking wave reaches them and they can ride along inside the wave!
whizzpopbang.com 25
.
g.. in z a m A ly e m o s e w A 0 1
N A L L A T S A O C
the of the ocean carves er w po le ib ed cr in e Th s of shapes, forming coastline into all sort ical caves and more… towering cliffs, mag
water by erosion (where Coastlines are formed sition the land) and depo wears away parts of s by water). oved into new place (where sediment is m
1
When waves crash continually against a section of coast made up of both hard and soft rock, the soft rock erodes first, leaving a headland jutting into the sea.
Neptune’s Grotto in Sardinia, Italy
2
Seawater carries rough grains of sand that wear away rock. When water finds a crack in a cliff or headland, it can eventually erode into a sea cave. This huge sea cave is filled with stalactites and stalagmites!
Neist Point on Skye, Scotland
3
5
This hidden beach in the Marietas Islands, Mexico, was once inside a huge sea cave, but the roof collapsed!
4
As erosion continues, a natural arch will gradually get bigger until eventually it collapses, leaving a sea stack. Reynisdrangar basalt sea stacks in Iceland tower up to 66 metres into the air!
When a cave is part of a headland, it can erode all the way through, creating an arch shape in the rock. This is Durdle Door, a natural arch in Dorset.
S M R O A N DF
6
Waves can wear away a notch that cuts into the base of a cliff. Eventually, this may get so deep that a section of the cliff collapses, leaving behind a wave-cut platform like this one at Kilve beach, Somerset.
Elefonisi beach on Crete, Greece
7
This pink beach was formed from sand containing the reddish shells of a tiny single-celled organism called foraminifera. Sandy beaches are created by gentle, shallow waves carrying sand into bays.
8
Kure Atoll, Hawaii, USA When molten lava from volcanic eruptions 50-60 million years ago cooled and cracked, these mostly hexagonal basalt columns were created.
Giant’s Causeway, County Antrim, Northern Ireland
9
An atoll is a ring of land around a lagoon, which sometimes has an island inside. It’s created when a coral reef forms around the top of an undersea volcano.
Chuckanut island, Washington State, USA
10
When sediment gathers in a bar-shape jutting out into the sea, it’s called a spit. Sometimes, a spit links an island to the mainland, and this is called a tombolo.
All photographs © Shutterstock.com
whizzpopbang.com 27
Sensational Scientists
By Joanna Tubbs
Pierre-Simon Laplace
PIERRE-SIMON LAPLACE WAS BORN IN NORMANDY, FRANCE, IN 1749.
Pierre-Simon Laplace was a brilliant mathematician and scientist who lived long before computers were invented. He used maths to understand and explain the world around him, including how ocean tides work. Many of his equations are still used today.
© Wikimedia CC BY-SA 4.0
When Pierre-Simon was young, his father wanted him to become a priest. He went to a local religious school and then studied theology (religion) at university. While he was studying, he discovered that he was really good at maths, a subject he grew to love.
Pierre-Simon travelled to Paris to become a mathematician. There, he was introduced to a famous mathematician called Jean d’Alembert who was so impressed by him that he helped him to get a job as a professor of mathematics. Pierre-Simon wrote many mathematical papers and made some incredible scientific discoveries.
Fill in the empty squares, then check your answers on page 34.
28 whizzpopbang.com
What we know is little. What we know not is immense.
Isaac Newton had discovered the laws of gravity 100 years earlier, but Pierre-Simon used them to explain the workings of the solar system. He was interested in how the universe began, where the planets came from and how they stayed in orbit. In fact, he was interested in everything, and used maths to explain the world around him, making important discoveries in physics, chemistry and biology.
Pierre-Simon used maths to calculate how the oceans react to tidal forces (caused by the Moon’s gravitational pull). He took more factors into account than any scientist before, and the Laplace tidal equations are still used today to understand the behaviour of tides.
Pierre-Simon joined the Académie des Sciences (the French Academy of Science). He also got a job as an examiner for the French army. One of the young cadets he tested was 16-year-old Napoleon Bonaparte, who later became the ruler of France. Pierre-Simon was popular with the French government and was made a count and later a marquis.
He even came close to the concept of black holes over 100 years before Einstein predicted their existence!
Ow, my brain hurts!
Pierre-Simon died in 1827. After his death, doctors removed and studied his brain. Surprisingly, it was smaller than average! Many of Pierre-Simon’s amazing discoveries are still used today and he is considered to be one of the greatest scientists of all time.
whizzpopbang.com 29
Email me at Y@whizzpopbang.com
der Club!
Welcome to Y’s Won to share your This page is for you with our robot, adventures in science p Bang readers! Y, and other Whizz Po ce question Everyone whose scien is page gets answered on th ng wins a Whizz Pop Ba Science Joke Book, ome available in our awes at online science shop
whizzpopbang.com/shop
F oR
CURIoUS K I DS
You really enjoyed making the Greek theatre from Issue 91.
Even robots like me can’t predict the distant future! However, some future tech will use smaller, faster computers to do the work of humans. Artificial intelligence (AI) can already answer questions, write poems and make art… but it needs humans to give the starting ideas and information. As computers get faster, AI will become cleverer, and robots will get better at chatting and caring like a human. But do we want them to look like humans – or is that too spooky? Future tech will definitely help us do more things, more quickly, so we can get on with more interesting stuff!
Oscar, aged 8
Isaac’s drawing of possible future tech!
Thomas, aged 7
enamel badges Y’s Wonder Club Badges Collectable for you to earn! Help local wildlife to earn your Wildlife Watcher badge.
Investigate scientific questions to earn your Super Scientist badge.
Help save the planet to earn your Eco Hero badge.
E
We loved seeing the results of your strawberry DNA experiments from Issue 92.
Dear Y, If the Earth is round, why do we always feel that we are the right way up, wherever we are on Earth?
Isaac, aged 5
When you were very young, you learned that the sky is UP and the ground is DOWN – something which is true where ver you are on Earth. You feel the right way up when your head is UP and your feet are DOWN because your body works best with gravity pulling down towards your feet. No matter where on Earth you are, gravity always pulls you towards the centr e of the Earth (towards the ground), so you always feel the right way up. Likewise, if you do a handstand anywhere on Earth, you’ll also feel strange as your body works against gravit y to push the blood from your head to your feet.
Finley, ted aged 8, extrac A N D strawberry ed k o lo and then is h h it w it at microscope.
You made loads of amazing marble mazes from Emmi’s Eco Club in Issue 91…
Ted, aged 7
Aariz, aged 7
Hi Y, Why does licking our lips make them dry if saliva is wet? Serena, aged 10 Licking your lips makes them feel better for a while, but as the water part of saliva (spit) dries, it leaves behind lipase. This enzyme normally helps to start breaking down fats when you chew your food, but it can also damage the layer of protective oils on your lips. Saliva also contains salt, which helps to draw more moisture out of your lips, making them even drier. Dry lips are made worse by windy, cold and dry weather, but also by sunlight, so don’t forget to use a lip balm with sunscreen!
Get problem solving to earn your Epic Engineer badge.
Write a report or a review to earn your Science Reporter badge.
Lucy, aged 10, and Evie, aged 11
Send your experiments, ideas, photos, reviews and questions to Y@whizzpopbang.com or Y, Whizz Pop Bang, Unit 7, Global Business Park, 14 Wilkinson Road, Cirencester, GL7 1YZ. Don’t forget to include your name, age and address. We can’t return any post, sorry.
To find out how to earn your badges, go to whizzpopbang.com/wonder-club. Schools can get involved too! Find out how here: bit.ly/39xNQ Q qV
whizzpopbang.com 31
How much can you remember from this issue?
um/ Test your m h dad/pet fis
at they know! to see wh
1
Test your knowledge with our super-duper quiz. Just tick the answers you think are correct, mark them using the answers on page 34 and then add up your score. If you need some help, check out the hints at the bottom of the page.
What is a Portugue se man o’ war?
2
What is the Giant’s Causeway made of? a) Basalt columns
a) A jellyfish
b) Pink sand
b) A hydrozoan
c) Huge cobblestones
c) A custard tart
3
Where did Helen Scales learn to scuba dive?
4
ustralia a) A
b) A sea chip
er local swimming pool c) H
Which of the following is NOT a type of shell?
6
a) Jingle shell b) Bicycle shell c) Slipper shell
7
rfboards The first su from… were made stics
a) Ocean pla
nes
b) Whale bo
ks
ree trun c) T
What is another name for a heart urchin? a) A sea potato
b) Malaysia
5
Why did the crab cross the beach? To get to the other tide!
c) A sea wee
What was surprising about Pierre-Simon Laplace’s brain? a) It was smaller than average b) It was green c) I t was bigger than average
8
Answers on page 34.
Tides are caused by…
I scored: ..........
a) Black holes
1-3: Claw-some crab!
b) T he Moon
4-6: Super starfish!
c) Wind
Need a hint? Find the answers by reading these pages… 1) Page 35 2) Page 27 3) Page 22 4) Page 6 5) Pages 17-20 6) Page 29 7) Page 25 8) Page 8
7-8: Surfing to success!
W ! IN
Rock pool pairs We’ve got six super sensory kits to give away. To be in with a chance of winning one, simply find the one creature in the rock pool that doesn’t have a pair. Tick off the pairs in the list until you find the odd one out and send in your answer. 1.
Starfish
2.
Brittle star
3.
Anemone
4.
Shrimp
5.
Whelk
6.
Fish
7.
Crab
8.
Limpet
9.
Mussel
10.
Sea urchin
The odd one out is:
Sensory Science Kit This National Geographic Sensory Science Kit from Bandai (available at very.co.uk and amazon.co.uk) is packed with awesome slimes, colour-changing putty, play sand and moulds. It also includes amazing hydrophobic sand, which never gets wet!
WINNERS
Issue 94 competition winners Thank you to all of you who sent in your entries to our Bees competition. The ending to the joke ‘How do bees get to school? On the...’ was ‘school buzz!’ These five lucky winners will each receive a Beehive Mancala game from laurenceking.com Lucas Buckley, 9 Darcey Cook, 6 Josiah Mlalazi, 8
Cassidy Cogan, 10 Alexander Kelly, 7
Send your entry to win@whizzpopbang.com with ‘Coasts competition’ as the subject of your email. Alternatively, post it to Coasts competition, Whizz Pop Bang, Unit 7, Global Business Park, 14 Wilkinson Road, Cirencester, GL7 1YZ. Please don’t forget to include your name, age and address. Sorry, we are unable to return any post. Deadline: August 8th 2023. UK residents only. Full terms and conditions available at whizzpopbang.com.
whizzpopbang.com 33
JOKES Why was the sand wet? Because the seaweed!
time When’s the best to buy a boat? When there’s a sale (sail)!
What do cr ab their birth s do on days? They shellebrate!
Why were the police at the beach? There was a crime wave!
What does the sea say to the beach at low tide? Sea you later!
Page 7 – True/Untrue
Page 13 – Triangles puzzle
TRUE: This doesn’t just happen in cartoons! Crabs use their pincers to defend themselves, and if your toe gets in a crab’s way… NIP! Wearing aqua shoes in the sea will keep your toes safe.
There are 20 triangles.
Answers Page 20 – Sea shell maze
Page 9 – Tides puzzle The second high tide on the 12th of July is at 13:31. The first low tide on the 15th of July is at 10:11.
Page 15 – Coastal quest 7 Puffin 2 Long-snouted seahorse
Page 10 – True/Untrue
1 Herring gull
TRUE: Rogue waves are unusually big waves, much higher than the others around them. Sailors have reported them for centuries, but they were thought to be a myth. Now, though, they’ve been caught on camera and spotted by satellites.
3 Beadlet anemone
Page 13 – True/Untrue TRUE: Unlike most animals, starfish don’t have a central brain. Instead, they have a complex system of nerves running around their bodies (and eyes on the ends of their arms!). Because they don’t have a brain to organise things, they have no way of planning or thinking about their actions.
6 Common prawn
Page 28 – Number puzzle
4 Common brittlestar 8 Tompot blenny 5 Bladderwrack seaweed Page 15 – Outlines puzzle There are 16 starfish and 12 seahorses. Page 19 – Riddles 1) The word ‘and’
3 2
1
3
2
2) Get wet!
Page 32 – Quiz
3) A lighthouse
1) b 2) a 3) c 4) a 5) b 6) a 7) c 8) b
Hands off! If you see one of these washed up on a beach, look but don’t touch! It’s called a Portuguese man o’ war and it can give you a nasty sting, even after it’s dead. While it’s often mistaken for a jellyfish, it is actually a hydrozoan – a colony of different organisms working together, each with its own function. At the top is a purple gas-filled bladder with a pink sail, which floats on top of the water. It usually lives out in the open ocean, catching small fish and crustaceans with its tentacles, which can be as long as 50 metres. But you might see it washed ashore after strong winds.
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