BUILDING SCIENCE by Lee Qin Ni

PROJECT 1 LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN BUILDING SCIENCE 2 (ARC 3413])/(BLD61303) FINAL REPORT TEIK SENN (M) SDN. BHD. TUTOR: MR. SIVA

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TABLE OF CONTENT 1.0. ABSTRACT 1.1. 1.2.

INTRODUCTION AIMS & OBJECTIVES

2.0. SITE STUDY 2.1. 2.2. 2.3.

3.2.

4.2.

4.3.

4.4.

4.5.

10 – 19

METHODOLOGY OF LIGHTING ANALYSIS 3.1.1. DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT 3.1.2. DATA COLLECTION METHOD 3.1.3. LIGHTING ANALYSIS CALCULATION 3.1.4. LIMITATIONS & CONSTRAINTS METHODOLOGY OF ACOUSTICS ANALYSIS 3.2.1. DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT 3.2.2. DATA COLLECTION METHOD 3.2.3. LIMITATIONS & CONSTRAINTS

4.0. LIGHTING 4.1.

6-9

INTRODUCTION REASON FOR SELECTION MEASURED DRAWINGS

3.0. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1.

20 – 98

LITERATURE REVIEW 4.1.1. IMPORTANCE OF LIGHTING IN ARCHITECTURE 4.1.2. NATURAL DAYLIGHTING & ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING 4.1.3. DAYLIGHTING FACTOR 4.1.4. LUMEN METHOD PRECEDENT STUDIES 4.2.1. INTRODUCTION 4.2.2. DRAWINGS & PLANS 4.2.3. DESIGN STRATEGIES SITE STUDY 4.3.1. EXISTING LIGHTING SOURCE a. NATURAL DAYLIGHT b. ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING 4.3.2. EXISTING MATERIALS AFFECTING LIGHT 4.3.3. ZONING OF SPACES LIGHTING DATA 4.4.1. ZONE 1 4.4.2. ZONE 2 4.4.3. ZONE 3 4.4.4. ZONE 4 4.4.5. ZONE 5 4.4.6. ZONE 6 4.4.7. ZONE 7 4.4.8. ZONE 8 LUX CONTOUR DIAGRAM 2|Page

4.6.

4.7.

4.5.1. DAYTIME LUX DIAGRAM 4.5.2. ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING LUX DIAGRAM ANALYSIS & CALCULATIONS 4.6.1. DAYLIGHT FACTOR 4.6.2. ILLUMINANCE LEVEL & NUMBER OF FITTING REQUIRED. LIGHTING DESIGN CONCLUSION

5.0. ACOUSTICS 5.1.

5.2.

5.3.

5.4.

5.5.

5.6.

99 – 198

LITERATURE REVIEW 5.1.1. ARCHITECTURAL ACOUSTICS 5.1.2. SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL 5.1.3. REVERBERATION TIME 5.1.4. SOUND REDUCTION INDEX 5.1.5. ACOUSTIC DESIGN FOR OFFICE PRECEDENT STUDIES 5.2.1. INTRODUCTION 5.2.2. DRAWINGS & PLANS DESIGN STRATEGIES & ACOUSTICS ANALYSIS SITE STUDY 5.3.1. EXISTING ACOUSTIC 5.3.1.1. OUTDOOR NOISE SOURCES 5.3.1.2. INDOOR NOISE SOURCES 5.3.2. EXISTING MATERIALS AFFECTING ACOUSTICS 5.3.3. ZONING OF SPACES ACOUSTIC DATA 5.4.1. ZONE 1 5.4.2. ZONE 2 5.4.3. ZONE 3 5.4.4. ZONE 4 5.4.5. ZONE 5 5.4.6. ZONE 6 5.4.7. ZONE 7 5.4.8. DATA TABULATION 5.4.8.1. PEAK HOURS 5.4.8.2. NON-PEAK HOURS 5.4.9. DATA TABULATION ANALYSIS ACOUSTIC RAY BOUNCING DIAGRAM 5.5.1. ZONE 1 (CONFERENCE HALL) 5.5.2. ZONE 2 (FINANCE OFFICE) 5.5.3. ZONE 3 (PANTRY) 5.5.4. ZONE 4 (FIRE ESCAPE STAIRCASE) CALCULATIONS AND ANALYSIS 5.6.1. REVERBERATION TIME 5.6.2. SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL 5.6.3. SOUND REDUCTION INDEX

6.0. EVALUATION AND CONCLUSION

199 3|Page

6.1. 6.2.

LIGHTING ACOUSTICS

7.0. REFERENCES 8.0. APPENDIX

200 – 201 202 – 205

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1.0. ABSTRACT 1.1.

INTRODUCTION

Comfort is as elusive as the blind menâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s elephant especially in working space. The work environment can impact on a personâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s performance. Comfort plays an important role in term of lighting and acoustic. Both lighting and acoustic creates a comfortable and dynamic environment and atmosphere for working and leisure. In order to achieve comfort in such environment, a lot of studies have to be done in the proper standards of lighting and acoustic design for different spaces. Lighting design, at its simplest, different levels of lighting are required for different types of work. However when considering lighting, a number of different factors need to be considered such as colors, contrast, glare and many more. Lighting design is the primary element in architecture design and interior architecture. Buildings with good lighting design creates a comfort environment to the users visually, experiences and interpretation on elements. Dynamic daylights and controlled artificial lighting not just affect physical measurable setting in a space as well as provoke different visual experiences and moods. Acoustic design whereby as a sub-element which concerned the sound in a space especially enclosed spaces. The sound requirement varies in spaces. Different spaces has different acoustical requirement to meet. It is essential to preserve and enhanced the desired sound in a space in order to eliminate noise and undesired sound. The quality of the building can be identify by the quality of acoustic in the building itself.

1.2.

AIMS & OBJECTIVES

We are needed to conduct studies on the patterns of how lighting and acoustic affects in spaces. We are required to choose a site as case study. Site visits were done several times in order to get the measurement of illuminance level and the sound level of the interior and exterior spaces using equipment provided such as lux meter and sound level meter. All the readings and data should be taken and recorded during different times including both peak and non-peaks hours in order to calculate and identity the changes of how lighting and acoustic affected the staffs. Photographs then were also taken to identify different light and sound sources in the spaces and the surrounding. Once all data is collected, we are required to analyze and identity the issues from light sources and sound sources and the effects of it on the site. Solutions are then to be provided on how to improve the illuminance level and acoustic level of the space, in order to achieve better comfort to the users. Calculations should be carried out on the daylight factor and lumen method calculations are required to show the relationship between the existing and proposed condition. Calculation regarding acoustic level is also to be conducted. In addition, floor plans, sections, 3D models and other related tools of the site are to be produced for further analysis.

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2.0. SITE STUDY 2.1.

INTRODUCTION

Founded in 1978, Teik Senn (M) Sdn Bhd started as a family business that grew into one of the leading distributor of fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) in Malaysia. It is located at in between Lebuhraya Shah Alam. It is a 4 storey building with storage and loading bay. The building itself is located along a busy main road and surrounded by several industrial buildings therefore sound pollution might occur at certain times. The facade of the building is designed with curtain walling. This allows natural daylighting to enter the space, besides being illuminated with artificial lightings. However it also produces glare into the building during evening hours. The site has very minimal sun shading.

Figure 2.1 : Source: Own source

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The building itself is situated along a busy main rain and surrounded by highways. Therefore noise pollution might occur at certain times. Most part of the building is designed with curtain walling. This allows natural lighting to enter the spaces besides being illuminated with artificial lighting. However it is also produces glares into the building during evening hours hence, the curtain walls are tinted. The site has very minimal sun shading besides the surrounding.

2.2.

REASON FOR SELECTION

The reason of site selection is because of the less of shading, and massive natural daylighting entering during the day time and less during the night time. As well as the noise pollution created. Another reason of this selection is due to its poor lighting qualities in certain areas, as well as the glares occurring during the evening and the insufficient amount of lighting during night time. Acoustic of the site was also considered to be low quality due to the sound pollution from the surround site context and the interior sound pollution produced.

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2.3.

MEASURED DRAWINGS

G NOT ACCESSIBLE

E D LIFT

FIRST FLOOR PLAN

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3.0. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1.

METHODOLOGY OF LIGHTING ANALYSIS

3.1.1. Description of Equipment

Figure 3.1 : Lux Meter Source: Own source

A. Lux meter It is a device for the measurement of intensity of light; specifically in luminous flux per unit area which is with the brightness appears to human eye. This device is ease to function well through its great sensitivity on light.

a. Features: -

Sensor used the exclusive photo diode color correction filters and spectrum meeting C.I.E. photopic Sensor COS correction factor meet standard Wide measurement, 3 ranges: 2,000 Lux, 20,000 Lux, and 50,000 Lux High accuracy in measuring Build in the external zero adjust VR on front panel Built-in low battery indicator LSI circuit provides high reliability and durability LCD display allows clear read out even at high ambient light level Compact, lightweight, and excellent operation Pocket size, ease to carry out and operation Separate LIGHT SENSOR allows user to measure the light at an optimum position

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b. General Specifications: Display

13mm (0.5”) LCD, 3 1/2 digits, Max. indication 1999

Measurement

0 to 50,000 Lux, 3 ranges

Sensor

The exclusive photo diode & color correction filter

Zero adjustment

Build in the external zero adjust VR on front panel

Over Input Display

Indication of “ 1 “

Operating Temp.

0 to 50 °C (32 to 122 °F)

Operating

Less than 80% R.H.

Humidity Power Supply

006P. DC 9V battery, MN 1604 (PP3) or equivalent

Power Current

Approx. DC 2 mA

Weight

160g / 0.36 LB (including battery)

Dimension

Main instrument: -

108 x 73 x 23 mm (4.3 x 2.9 x 0.9 inch)

Sensor probe: -

82 x 55 x 7 mm (3.2 x 2.2 x 0.3 inch)

Standard

Instruction Manual ………………….. 1PC

Accessories

Sensor Probe……………………..…. 1PC Carrying case, CA-04…………….…. 1PC Figure 3.2 : General Specifications of a Lux Meter. Source:

c. Electrical Specifications Range

Resolution

0 – 1,999 Lux

1 Lux

2,000 – 19,990 Lux

10 Lux

20,000 – 50,000 Lux

100 Lux

Accuracy

± (5% + 2 d)

Note: *Accuracy tested by a standard parallel light tungsten lam of 2856 K temperature. Figure 3.3 : Electrical Specifications of a Lux Meter Source:

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B. Measuring tape Equipment is to use for the measurement of a constant height between gap to gap which is 1 to 1.5m. The height is taken on a personâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s height as a reference point to obtain an accurate reading.

Figure 3.4 : 3.5 meter measuring tape Source: Own Source

C. Camera To record pictures on the lighting condition within and its surrounding area, as well as lighting appliances.

Figure 3.5 : Digital camera Source: Own Source

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3.1.2. Data Collection Method The measurements will be taken in two different height levels which are 1m and 1.5m high through the equipment of Lux Meter to get the accurate reading throughout the day. This is to consider the various lighting conditions between the changes of time. The readings will be recorded based on spaces and zoning on a plotted plan with various distance of gridlines which are 1.5m, 1.6m and 1.9m.

Figure 3.6 : d Source: Own

Procedure: 1. Identification of an area for light source measurements that based on the gridlines produced. 2. To obtain data by using a lux meter and place it on each point accordingly on the gridlines at both 1m and 1.5m high. 3. All the data is then recorded by the indication of light level on each point of the gridlines however the variables affection to the site is also noted down. 4. By repeating the steps of 1 to 3 at for every spots on gridlines as there will be variety of lighting condition in every area.

Figure 3.7 : The first floor meeting area using daylighting through the windows. Source: Own Source

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Figure 3.8 : The first floor corridor of the fire escape staircase is fully using daylight during the day. Source: Own Source

Figure 3.9 : The first floor artificial lighting inside the office area will be open throughout all day. Source: Own Source

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3.1.3. Limitations & Constraints

Human error: Shadows play an important role when operating the lux meter. These shadows might affect and alter the meter reading from getting an accurate reading. Besides that, the position in which the sensor is being held whether, in terms of height and directions also affects the reading taken at that specific spot. However, the number of data collected at that specific spot was increased to at least 5 and the average is taken to ensure a more accurate reading can be obtained.

Device error: Being an electronic device, the device may take a few seconds to stabilize the reading. This is due to the sensitivity of the sensor, which may cause a bit of a delay in capturing the exact reading. Readings taken before the stabilization value may cause the readings taken to be inaccurate which might leave a huge gap or difference between the readings. As before, this is reduced by taking more readings and taking the average.

Natural causes : Weather can cause a major difference in the readings taken. The weather changes during the period of time when the measuring of the data was going on. Therefore, these different weather patterns may affect the data collected as well.

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3.2.

METHODOLOGY OF ACOUSTIC ANALYSIS

3.2.1. Description of Equipment

Figure 3.10 : Sound Level Meter Source: Own Source

A. Sound level meter It is an electronic device that is used to get measurement in acoustics of an area. This device picks up accurate reading as it due to the sensitiveness on sound pressure level. a. General Specifications: Standard references

IEC 804 and IEC 651

Grade of Accuracy

Not assigned

Quantities Displayed

Lp, Lp Max, Leq

LCD display Resolution

1 dB

Frequency Weighting

Fast

Time Integration

Free or user defined

Measurement Range

30 – 120 dB / Range: 30 -90 & 60 – 120

Linearity

± 1.5 dB

Overload

From (± 1.5 dB max.) 93 dB & 123 dB peak

Dimensions / Weight

160 x 64 x 22 mm / 150g without battery

Battery / Battery Life

Alkaline (6LR61) / min. 30 h (20°C)

Environment

Relative Storage <95% / measurement <90%

Humidity Temperature

Storage < 50°C / 0°C < measurement < 50°C

CE Marking

Comply with : EN 50061-1 & EN 50062-1 Figure 3.11 : General specification of a sound level meter. Source:

B. Measuring tape 15 | P a g e

Equipment is to use for the measurement of a constant height of the acoustic level which is 1 to 1.5m. The height is taken on a personâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s height as a reference point to obtain an accurate reading.

Figure 3.12 : 3.5 meter measuring tape. Source: Own Source

C. Camera To record pictures on the acoustic condition within and its surrounding area, as well as lighting appliances.

Figure 3.13 : Digital camera. Source: Own Source

3.2.2. Data Collection Method The sound level meter is placed at the same height of 1m from the ground for each point in order to obtain an accurate on readings. This is completed to ensure the consistency on every 16 | P a g e

measurement that need to be taken on. However, the readings will be recorded based on a plotted plan of spaces and zoning on gridlines which are 1.5m, 1.6m and 1.9m. When the reading is started to record, the person who is holding the sound level meter should not make any noise as it could affect the readings in the space. The readings will be recorded in different timing which are non-peak hour and peak hour.

Figure 3.14 : d Source: Own Source

Procedure: 1. Identification of area for sound source measurement that based on the gridlines produced. 2. To obtain data by using sound level meter and place it on each point accordingly on the gridlines at the height of 1m. 3. All the data is then recorded by the indication of sound level on each point of the gridlines however the variables affection o the site is also noted down. 4. By repeating the steps of 1 to 3for every sports on gridlines as there will be variables of sound condition in every area.

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3.2.3. Limitations & Constraints

Human error: The digital sound meter is very sensitive to the surrounding. This will cause the ranging of the recording data to have a difference of approximately 0.2 to 0.3 of stabilization. The data in which is recorded is from the timing the hold button of the device is pressed. During this operation, the device may have been directed at the wrong path of the sound source, hence causing the readings taken to be slightly inaccurate.

Sound source error During the peak hours, the office tends to be very crowded. Sounds coming fr4om all direction from the conference hall to the pantry and even from the movement of people going in an out from the toilet. These many sources of sounds has a high influence to the surrounding sound level. On the other hand, during the non-peak hours, the sound from the vehicles from the siteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s surrounding varies from time to time. Being in a very industrialized area, the surrounding sound tend to be very unpredictable which may also be influencing the data to vary drastically.

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LIGHTING

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4.0. LIGHTING 4.1.

LITERATURE REVIEW

4.1.1. Importance of Lighting in Architecture The word of space is directly connected to the way the light integrates with it in which compliments the surrounding. Light interacts with u and the environment through our vision, experiences, senses and our personal interpretation of the elements around us. Based on our studies, in any area or dimension, we are capable of analyzing it as a space, through materials and colors, and this is essentially dependent on the lighting situation that involves both the object and the observer. The dynamic daylight and the controlled artificial lighting, not only affect the distinct physical setting of the space, but yet instigate and provoke different visual experiences and moods. In addition to that, light can also be perceived differently in the same physical environment based on the individual itself. The integration of lighting and the basis of design of spaces plays a significant role in the quality of the space. 4.1.2. Natural Daylighting & Artificial Lighting Many architects strive towards achieving a building which can draw in as much daylighting as possible. Not only as a passive designing strategy but also the effect it gives which provokes certain moods in which artificial lighting may not be able to produce. It is almost impossible to go on without taking electrical lighting into consideration especially if it needs to function both day and night. Moreover, certain typologies and functions of the buildings arenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t suitable for natural lighting. Examples such as, museums and galleries, tends to use more artificial soft lighting as natural lighting could damage the artifacts and paintings within. It is very important to understand the limitations and opportunities in using natural lighting as well as artificial lighting to ensure the main product is promoted in the best possible way. This would also ensure the application of lighting architecturally is done to achieve the best result.

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4.1.3. Daylighting Factor Daylighting factor is a ratio that represents the amount of illumination available indoors relative to the illumination present outdoors at the same time under overcast skies. Daylighting factor is usually used to obtain the internal natural lighting levels as perceived on a plane or a surface, in order to determine the sufficiency of natural lighting of the users in a particular space to conduct their activities. It is also known simply as the ratio of internal light level to the external light level. The formula in which this can be calculated is shown below:

DAYLIGHT FACTOR, DF = Indoor Illuminance, Ei Outdoor Illuminance, Eo

x 100%

Where, Ei = Illuminance due to daylight at a point on the indoor working planes Eo = Simultaneous outdoor illuminance on a horizontal plane from an unobstructed hemisphere of overcast sky.

Zone Very Bright Bright Average Dark

DF (%)  6 3–6 1–3 0–1

Distribution Large (including thermal and glare problems Good Fair Poor

Figure 4.1 : Daylighting Factor and Distribution Source :

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4.1.4. Lumen Method Lumen method is used to determine the number of lamps that should be installed in a space. This can be done by calculating the total luminance of the space based on the number of fixtures and determine whether or not that particular space has enough lighting fixtures. The number of lamps can be calculated by the formula below;

E x A F x UF x MF

Where, N E A F UF

= Number of lamps required = Illuminance level required (Lux) = Area at working plane height (m3) = Average illuminance flux from each lamp (lm) = Utilization factor, an allowance for the light distribution of the luminaire and the room surfaces MF = Maintenance factor, an allowance for reduced light output because of deterioration and dirt.

Room Index, RI, is the ratio of room plan area to half wall area between the working and luminaire planes. This can be calculated by; L x W RI = Hm x (L + W) Where. L = Length of room W = Width of room Hm = Mounting height, the vertical distance between the working plane and the luminaire.

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4.2.

PRECEDENT STUDIES

4.2.1. Introduction The Xilinx Development Center is the first building on Xilinx’s new Colorado research campus as well as they established a design of benchmark for architectural, landscape and sustainability design. The Xilinx Development Center is an excellent example of how these issues is been addressed by the design team, especially the "details," which often do not receive adequate attention. Campus master planning is placed the Development Center in the center of site on the east-west axis. The Colorado’s character of agricultural forms, timber elements, and native landscape plantings as well as the wetlands are reflected in architecture terms and the site planning.

Figure 4.2 : Exterior view of south fenestration with shading device between the lower “vision” glass and upper “daylighting” glass (Photo by DTJ Design) Source: http://www.commercialwindows.org/images/8_15_xilinx.jpg

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Building

XILINX

Architects

Downing Thorpe James (Design Architect) The Neenan Company (Architect-of-Record & General Contractor)

Location

Longmont, Colorado

Building Area

120,000 ftÂ˛on 2 floors

Office

127,000 s.f.

Conference Center

6,500 s.f.

Energy, Daylighting & Sustainable Design Consultant

Architectural Energy Corporation

M&E/ E&E

BCER

Occupancy

>200 Figure 4.3 : Source:

4.2.2. Drawings

Figure 4.4: Site plan with floor plan (spaces indications) Source: http://dtjdesign.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/dtj_designs_xilinx_site_plan.jpg

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4.2.3. Design Strategies The vision glass has a relatively low visible light transmission and a low solar heat gain coefficient within the integrated design approach. Those excellent daylighting strategies within the overall Xilinx architectural scheme were reinforced through effective window design and glazing selection, integration with the electric lighting design, and implementation of effective shading and lighting control elements, including the MOLS daylighting system. An essential issue in the Xilinx's energy efficiency was the lighting approach. Beyond that, integration of daylighting and artificial lighting, the design team has employed an ambient, task, accent lighting strategy to offer only the required amount of the glare: 

Daylighting and indirect (pendant) artificial lighting provide 20–25 fc of ambient illumination, with photo-sensors raising or lowering artificial light levels as required to maintain the minimum ambient light level.



Furniture-mounted fluorescent lighting provides task lighting requirements of 40–50 fc with accent lighting highlights on specific areas, such as break rooms and wallmounted art.

The design of a window and choice of glazing can be vividly affect the quantity and quality of daylight inside a space and how it is experienced. There is a great variability in daylight illuminance with variety of types of windows. The larger the window with a low-transmission glass can have the same average daylight illuminance; the smaller the window with a hightransmission glass. South-facing windows mostly have sufficient daylight levels than north-, east-, and west-facing windows due to the direct sunlight. Shading devices able to reduce the amount of daylighting at position of non-south-facing however in reality; north-facing zones might even yield more useful daylight than other directions since there is less need to deploy interior or exterior shades by controlling or limiting the natural daylight. There are many strategies to remedy the imbalance of equal distribution of daylight.

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Figure 4.5 : Interior view of Architectural Energy Corporationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s patented Mini Optical Light Shelf day lighting system, MOLS 51 Design. (Photo by Architectural Energy Corporation) Source: http://www.commercialwindows.org/images/8_18_xilinx.jpg

Figure 4.6 : Detail of Mini Optical Light Shelf daylighting system, MOLS 51 Design (Photo by Architectural Energy) Source: http://www.commercialwindows.org/images/8_x_xilinx_imols.jpg

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Figure 4.7 : The annual daylight for 4 scenarioes in Chicago, south orientation, 40% window area, and 4 unshaded glazing types. Source: http://www.commercialwindows.org/images/fdt_daylight.jpg

Figure 4.8 : Annual summary for the same 4 scenarios as the previous illustration using the Faรงade Design Tool. Source: http://www.commercialwindows.org/images/comfen_daylight.jpg

Reference: DTJ DESIGN, Inc . (n.d.). DTJ Design. Retrieved 14 October, 2015, from http://dtjdesign.com/commercial/xilinx/ University of Minnesota & Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. (14 October, 2015). WINDOWS for highperformance commercial buildings . Retrieved 14 October , 2015, from http://www.commercialwindows.org/case_xilinx.php

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4.3.

SITE STUDY

4.3.1. Existing Lighting Source 4.3.1.1. Natural Lighting A.

Daylight

During the day, the __,__,___ elevations of the office is illuminated with daylight as the orientation of the office allows direct sunlight at these particular areas. The ____ elevation of the office is blocked by walls. This means the only source of natural light into the office is through the full height glass faรงade on the ______ elevations, which illuminates the staircase, buffer zone, conference hall, staff room, storage and fire escape staircase. The absence of walls in between the pantry and the conference hall allows the sunlight to illuminate the pantry as well. Due to the movement of the sun, there will be times within this area to be dark due to the distance between the light source and the space.

Figure 4.9 : Elevations that allows natural lighting to enter the office space.

Source: Teik Senn

Malaysia management department

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Figure 4.10 : Full height glass faรงade allows daylight penetration at the entrance. Source : Own Source

Figure 4.11 : Full height glass faรงade throughout the conference hall allowing maximum amount of sunlight penetration. Source : Own Source

Figure 4.12 : Glass window faรงade maximizes direct sunlight penetration. Source : Own Source

Figure 4.13 : Full height faรงade on both the ___ and ___ elevation allow optimum sunlight to enter even with many interruptions Source : Own Source

Figure 4.14 : Other transparent glass windows which allows natural daylight to enter Source : Own Source

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Although the office is located as a single lot unit, but from our observation, the amount of natural lightings from the full glass curtain walls from all the 3 elevations, only allows sufficient sunlight from ____ to ____. The illumination of sunlight especially in areas such as the hallway and part of the pantry is not sufficient, thus, it was constantly illuminated with artificial lighting even during the day. Most of the walls of the office were painted in white but some are grey which causes the visual performance to be less efficient which causes them to need to operate artificial lighting during the day. The white furniture used throughout the entire office allows those areas to have better visual performance and lesser usage of artificial lighting. 4.3.1.2. Existing Artificial Lighting A.

Recessed Square Downlight

Figure 4.15 : Recessed square downlight. Source : Own Source

Location:

Figure 4.16 : Location of recessed square downlight on plan. Source : Own Source

Figure 4.17 : Angle of projection in section A-A Source : Own Source

Bulb used:

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Brand

Philips

Light Effect

Luminous Lux (lm)

Rated Color Temp. (K)

Color Rendering (CRI)

Voltage (V)

Wattage (W)

Cool Daylight 1200 6500 80 220 – 240 20 Figure 4.18 : Philips’ spiral light bulb and its General specifications

Placement

Ceiling

Source : (Philips.com.my, 2015)

Cylindrical Downlight

Figure 4.19 : Cylindrical downlight Source : Own Source

Location:

Figure 4.20 : Location of cylindrical downlight on plan. Source : Own Source

Figure 4.21 : Angle of projection in section B-B Source : Own Source

Bulb used:

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Figure 4.22 : Philips’ spiral light bulb Source : (Philips.com.my, 2015)

Brand

Philips

Light Effect

Cool Daylight

Luminous Lux (lm)

Rated Color Temp. (K)

Color Rendering (CRI)

Voltage (V)

Wattage (W)

Placement

1200

6500

220 – 240

Ceiling

Figure 4.23 : General specification of Philips’ spiral light bulb Source : (Philips.com.my, 2015)

Open Fluorescent Luminaire

Figure 4.24 : Open fluorescent luminaire Source : Own Source

Location:

Figure 4.25 : Location of open fluorescent luminaire on plan. Source : Own Source

Figure 4.26 : Angle of projection in section C-C Source : Own Source

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Bulb used:

Figure 4.27 : Philips’ fluorescent lamp Source : (Philips.com.my, 2015)

Brand

Philips

Light Effect

Cool Daylight

Luminous Lux (lm)

Rated Color Temp. (K)

Color Rendering (CRI)

Voltage (V)

Wattage (W)

Placement

3070

6500

103

Ceiling

Figure 4.28 : General specification of Philips’ fluorescent lamp Source : (Philips.com.my, 2015)

Decorative Direct-Indirect Pendant

Figure 4.29 : Decorative direct-indirect pendant Source : Own Source

Location:

Figure 4.30 : Location of decorative direct-indirect pendant on plan. Source : Own Source

Figure 4.31 : Angle of projection in section D-D Source : Own Source

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Bulb used:

Brand

Philips

Light Effect

Luminous Lux (lm)

Rated Color Temp. (K)

Color Rendering (CRI)

Voltage (V)

Wattage (W)

Cool Daylight 1200 6500 80 220 – 240 20 Figure 4.32 : Philips’ spiral light bulb and its General specifications

Placement

Ceiling

Source : (Philips.com.my, 2015)

Decorative Downlight Pendant

Figure 4.33 : Decorative downlight pendant Source : Own Source

Location:

Figure 4.34 : Location of decorative downlight pendant on plan. Source : Own Source

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Figure 4.35 : Angle of projection in section E-E Source : Own Source

Bulb used: Brand

Light Effect

Warm White

Luminous Lux (lm)

Rated Color Temp. (K)

Color Rendering (CRI)

Voltage (V)

Wattage (W)

Placement

850

2700

220 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 240

Ceiling

Figure 4.36 : General specification of bulb used Source : Own Source

Double Grille Fluorescent Lighting

Figure 4.37 : Double grille fluorescent lighting Source : Own Source

Location:

Figure 4.38 : Location of double grille fluorescent lights on plan. Source : Own Source

35 | P a g e

Figure 4.39 : Angle of projection in section F-F Source : Own Source

Bulb used:

Figure 4.40 : Philips’ fluorescent lamp Source : (Philips.com.my, 2015)

Brand

Philips

Light Effect

Luminous Lux (lm)

Rated Color Temp. (K)

Color Rendering (CRI)

Voltage (V)

Wattage (W)

Placement

3070

6500

103

Ceiling

Cool Daylight

Figure 4.41 : General specification of Philips’ fluorescent lamp Source : (Philips.com.my, 2015)

Emergency Luminaire

Figure 4.42 : Emergency Luminaire Source : Own Source

Location:

Figure 4.43 : Location of double grille fluorescent lights on plan. Source : Own Source

36 | P a g e

Figure 4.44 : Angle of projection in section G-G Source : Own Source

Bulb used:

Figure 4.45 : Sylvania’ fluorescent lamp Source : (Sylvania.com.my, 2015)

Brand

Sylvania

Light Effect

Luminous Lux (lm)

Rated Color Temp. (K)

Color Rendering (CRI)

Voltage (V)

Wattage (W)

Cool 400 6500 80 103 8 Daylight Figure 4.46 : General specification of Philips’ fluorescent lamp

Placement

Ceiling

Source : (Philips.com.my, 2015)

4.3.2. Existing Materials Affecting Light ZONE 1 : BUFFER & CORRIDOR

Component

Materials

Colour

Surface Finish

Wall

Brick wall with plaster finish

White

Matte

Reflectance Value (%) 70%

Surface area (m2)

81.851

Refractive Index (n) 1.5190

37 | P a g e

Tinted Glass Translucent

Glossy

Aluminium Frame

Silver

Floor

Ceramic Tiles

Ceiling

2.8

1.4191

Satin

20%

2.8

4.5000

Beige

Glossy

45%

81.851

1.4585

Plaster

White

Matte

80%

12.68

1.574

Handrail

Stainless Steel

Silver

Satin

65%

5.58

2.50

Door

Timber

Dark Brown

Matte

20%

3.36

1.3280

Glass

Translucent

Glossy

3.36

1.5171

Aluminium Door handle

Silver

Satin

15%

0.017

1.0792

Ceramic Tiles

Beige

Matte

30%

4.86

1.4585

Staircase

ZONE 2 : TOILET & UTILITIES

Component

Materials

Colour

Surface Finish

Reflectance Value (%)

Surface area (m2)

Refractive Index (n)

Wall

Ceramic

Black

Glossy

25%

73.871

1.4585

Brick wall with plaster finish

White

Matte

70%

18.375

1.5190

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Glass Mosaic

Black & Blue

Glossy

55%

2.957

1.4585

Granite

Black

Matte

40%

13.6

2.315

Concrete

Grey

Matte

50%

1.575

4.5000

Ceiling

Plaster

Black

Matte

20%

16.35

1.574

Countertop

Granite

Black

Glossy

40%

2.16

2.315

Skylight

Glass

Translucent

Matte

0.185

1.5171

Door

Timber

Dark Brown

Matte

20%

1.785

1.3280

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ZONE 3: CONFERENCE

Component

Materials

Colour

Surface Finish

Wall

Brick wall with plaster finish

White

Matte

70%

78.9

1.5190

Tinted Glass Translucent

Glossy

37.35

1.4191

Aluminium Frame

Silver

Satin

20%

0.328

4.5000

Floor

Carpet

Black/Grey

Rough

82.44

1.52

Ceiling

Plaster ceiling

Black

Matte

20%

82.44

1.574

Furniture

Vinyl table with laminated finish

White

Matte

35%

2.52

1.329

Glossy

30%

0.35

1.46

Plastic Chair White

Reflectance Value (%)

Surface area (m2)

Refractive Index (n)

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ZONE 4 : PANTRY

Component

Materials

Colour

Surface Finish

Wall

Brick wall with plaster finish

White

Matte

70%

78.31

1.5190

Floor

Ceramic

White

Glossy

55%

42.84

1.4585

Ceiling

Plaster

White

Matte

80%

42.84

1.574

Countertop

Ceramic

White

Glossy

40%

3.042

1.4585

Vinyl timber with laminated finish

White

Matte

20%

4.59

1.329

Vinyl timber Table

White

Matte

20%

0.81

1.329

Plastic Chair White

Glossy

30%

0.252

1.46

Aluminium Wash Basin

Grey

Matte

15%

0.9

1.0792

Fridge

Grey

Glossy

15%

2.3436

2.757

Furniture

Reflectance Value (%)

Surface area (m2)

Refractive Index (n)

41 | P a g e

ZONE 5 : OFFICE

Component

Materials

Colour

Surface Finish

Wall

Brick wall with plaster finish

White

Matte

70%

63.13

1.5190

Tinted Glass Translucent

Glossy

5.723

1.4191

Aluminium Frame

Silver

Satin

20%

0.328

4.5000

Floor

Carpet

Gradient Blue

Rough

78.37

1.52

Ceiling

Plaster

White

Matte

80%

78.37

1.574

Door

Glass

Translucent

Glossy

3.082

1.5171

Aluminium Door handle

Silver

Satin

15%

0.017

1.0792

Vinyl Wood table with laminated finish

White

Matte

35%

5.25

1.329

Fabric Chair

Green

Matte

2.06

1.5750

Furniture

Reflectance Value (%)

Surface area (m2)

Refractive Index (n)

42 | P a g e

ZONE 6: OFFICEâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

Component

Materials

Colour

Surface Finish

Wall

Tinted Glass Translucent

Glossy

Aluminium Frame

Silver

Concrete Wall with paint finish Floor

Reflectance Value (%)

Surface area (m2)

Refractive Index (n)

1.4191

Satin

20%

0.328

4.5000

Yellow

Matte

55%

121.04

1.510

Carpet

Gradient Blue

Rough

41.63

1.52

Ceiling

Plaster

White

Matte

80%

41.63

1.574

Door

Glass

Translucent

Glossy

1.552

1.5171

Aluminium Door handle

Silver

Satin

15%

0.017

1.0792

43 | P a g e

ZONE 7 : STORAGE

Component

Materials

Colour

Surface Finish

Reflectance Value (%)

Surface area (m2)

Refractive Index (n)

Wall

Brick wall with plaster finish

White

Matte

70%

69.65

1.5190

Tinted Glass Translucent

Glossy

11.368

1.4191

Aluminium Frame

Silver

Satin

20%

0.328

4.5000

Floor

Carpet

Gradient Blue

Rough

31.26

1.52

Ceiling

Plaster

White

Matte

80%

31.26

1.574

Door

Glass

Translucent

Glossy

1.541

1.5171

Aluminium Door handle

Silver

Satin

15%

0.017

1.0792

44 | P a g e

4.3.3. Zoning of Spaces

LEGEND :

Figure : Zoning of Spaces in Level 1 of the Teik Senn Malaysia office Source : Own Source

Level 1 of the Teik Senn Malaysia office was chosen due to the many types of zones it has. These zones include the commercial exposed staircase, buffer zone, toilet, M&E room, pantry, conference hall, staff room, hallway, storage room and the fire escape emergency staircase. The managerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s room placed along the hallway was not included in this analysis because we werenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t permitted to enter.

45 | P a g e

4.4. LIGHTING DATA 4.4.1. ZONE 1 : Staircase & Buffer Zone Peak Hours Unit : Lux Height : 1.0 m Grid A1 Reading 1330 Grid C2 Reading 446

A2 1190.4 C3 154

B1 675 D1 -

B2(a) 1163 D2(a) -

B2(b) 453 D2(b) 34

B3 150 D3 41

C1 1238

Height : 1.5 m Grid A1 Reading 1728 Grid C2 Reading 458

A2 1249 C3 146

B1 752 D1 -

B2(a) 1189 D2(a) -

B2(b) 534 D2(b) 38

B3 145 D3 37

C1 1256

Height : 1.0 m Grid A1 Reading 330 Grid C2 Reading 140

A2 510 C3 55

B1 220 D1 -

B2(a) 120 D2(a) -

B2(b) 47 D2(b) 13

B3 150 D3 16

C1 790

Height : 1.5 m Grid A1 Reading 750 Grid C2 Reading 136

A2 790 C3 37

B1 300 D1 -

B2(a) 130 D2(a) -

B2(b) 46 D2(b) 9

B3 145 D3 11

C1 790

Non-Peak Hours Unit : Lux

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4.4.2. ZONE 2 : Toilet & M&E Room Peak Hours Unit : Lux Height : 1.0 m Grid E1 Reading 178.5 Grid G1 Reading 55

E2(a) 76 G2(a) 14.5

E2(b) 36 G2(b) 12

E3 41 G3 35

F1 98

F2 126

F3 54

Height : 1.5 m Grid E1 Reading 182 Grid G1 Reading 462

E2(a) 52 G2(a) 27

E2(b) 65 G2(b) 14

E3 54 G3 111

F1 628.4

F2 86

F3 53

E1 20 G1 10

E2(a) 63 G2(a) 1

E2(b) 4 G2(b) 1

E3 10 G3 2

F1 42

F2 16

F3 11

Height : 1.5 m Grid E1 Reading 154 Grid G1 Reading 37

E2(a) 44 G2(a) 1

E2(b) 3 G2(b) 1

E3 4 G3 1

F1 228

F2 9

F3 8

Non-Peak Hours Unit : Lux Height : 1.0 m Grid Reading Grid Reading

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4.4.3. ZONE 3 : Conference Hall Peak Hours Unit : Lux Height : 1.0 m Grid A2 Reading 1586 Grid D4 Reading 29 Grid C6 Reading 73 Grid B8 Reading 212

B2 238 A5 33 D6 72 C8 80

A3 332 B5 35 A7 225 D8 35

B3 365 C5 38 B7 168 A9 116

A4 50 D5 40 C7 82 B9 57

B4 24 A6 89 D7 80 C9 63

C4 29 B6 67 A8 1156 D9 82

Height : 1.5 m Grid A2 Reading 1185 Grid D4 Reading 28 Grid C6 Reading 81 Grid B8 Reading 101

B2 205 A5 37 D6 78 C8 35

A3 258 B5 24 A7 157 D8 29

B3 165 C5 27 B7 119 A9 162

A4 52 D5 28 C7 39 B9 35

B4 31 A6 119 D7 111 C9 52

C4 35 B6 75 A8 615 D9 125

B2 80 A5 3 D6 8 C8 28

A3 165 B5 5 A7 81 D8 22

B3 100 C5 3 B7 29 A9 15

A4 7 D5 3 C7 7 B9 13

B4 13 A6 3 D7 18 C9 8

C4 5 B6 16 A8 1112 D9 8

B2 30 A5 3 D6 3 C8 5

A3 32 B5 2 A7 43 D8 17

B3 15 C5 4 B7 7 A9 8

A4 6 D5 2 C7 6 B9 6

B4 5 A6 3 D7 10 C9 6

C4 5 B6 4 A8 452 D9 8

Non-Peak Hours Unit : Lux Height : 1.0 m Grid A2 Reading 980 Grid D4 Reading 2 Grid C6 Reading 13 Grid B8 Reading 85 Height : 1.5 m Grid A2 Reading 660 Grid D4 Reading 2 Grid C6 Reading 4 Grid B8 Reading 7

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4.4.4. ZONE 4 : Kitchen / Pantry Peak Hours Unit : Lux Height : 1.0 m Grid Reading Grid Reading Grid Reading

D8 63 F8 58 G8 34

D9 30 F9 36 G9 32

F3 27 G3 36

F4 55 G4 71

F5 118 G5 32

F6 112 G6 82

F7 60 G7 24

Height : 1.5 m Grid Reading Grid Reading Grid Reading

D8 86 F8 64 G8 74

D9 27 F9 26 G9 31

F3 14 G3 14

F4 57 G4 106

F5 163 G5 11

F6 165 G6 74

F7 22 G7 32

Non-Peak Hours Unit : Lux Height : 1.0 m Grid Reading Grid Reading Grid Reading

D8 1 F8 1 G8 2

D9 1 F9 1 G9 22

F3 1 G3 1

F4 3 G4 3

F5 3 G5 2

F6 2 G6 4

F7 1 G7 1

Height : 1.5 m Grid Reading Grid Reading Grid Reading

D8 1 F8 1 G8 2

D9 1 F9 1 G9 14

F3 1 G3 1

F4 1 G4 1

F5 2 G5 1

F6 1 G6 2

F7 1 G7 1

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4.4.5. ZONE 5 : Staff Room Peak Hours Unit : Lux Height : 1.0 m Grid A9 Reading 245 Grid A16 Reading 146 Grid B15 Reading 175 Grid C14 Reading 276 Grid D13 Reading 145

A10 212 B9 178 B16 187 C15 300 D14 140

A11 303 B10 214 C9 179 C16 191 D15 285

A12 272 B11 175 C10 207 D9 98 D16 115

A13 217 B12 290 C11 212 D10 138

A14 223 B13 214 C12 219 D11 145

A15 180 B14 193 C13 222 D12 140

Height : 1.5 m Grid A9 Reading 322 Grid A16 Reading 158 Grid B15 Reading 190 Grid C14 Reading 310 Grid D13 Reading 169

A10 218 B9 211 B16 192 C15 297 D14 167

A11 347 B10 208 C9 205 C16 213 D15 320

A12 282 B11 190 C10 205 D9 144 D16 120

A13 248 B12 345 C11 220 D10 165

A14 247 B13 256 C12 221 D11 136

A15 219 B14 238 C13 227 D12 129

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Non-Peak Hours Unit : Lux Height : 1.0 m Grid A9 Reading 128 Grid A16 Reading 116 Grid B15 Reading 32 Grid C14 Reading 25 Grid D13 Reading 19

A10 126 B9 27 B16 29 C15 22 D14 18

A11 140 B10 27 C9 14 C16 17 D15 17

A12 122 B11 31 C10 40 D9 12 D16 15

A13 142 B12 32 C11 26 D10 18

A14 138 B13 34 C12 28 D11 16

A15 134 B14 30 C13 16 D12 20

Height : 1.5 m Grid A9 Reading 98 Grid A16 Reading 120 Grid B15 Reading 26 Grid C14 Reading 19 Grid D13 Reading 16

A10 120 B9 19 B16 21 C15 16 D14 17

A11 122 B10 13 C9 10 C16 13 D15 15

A12 116 B11 19 C10 31 D9 11 D16 13

A13 135 B12 26 C11 18 D10 12

A14 130 B13 28 C12 20 D11 15

A15 126 B14 24 C13 18 D12 18

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4.4.6. ZONE 6 : Hallway Peak Hours Unit : Lux Height : 1.0 m Grid E9 Reading 98 Grid E16 Reading 111 Grid G11 Reading 89

E10 76 E17 69 F16 49

E11 78 F9 86 F17 55

E12 92 F10 82 G16 33

E13 111 F11 76 G17 33

E14 105 G9 88

E15 125 G10 86

Height : 1.5 m Grid E9 Reading 111 Grid E16 Reading 95 Grid G11 Reading 92

E10 121 E17 76 F16 35

E11 83 F9 92 F17 60

E12 131 F10 86 G16 40

E13 145 F11 80 G17 46

E14 120 G9 93

E15 129 G10 90

Height : 1.0 m Grid E9 Reading 5 Grid E16 Reading 4 Grid G11 Reading 9

E10 10 E17 3 F16 1

E11 13 F9 3 F17 2

E12 15 F10 7 G16 1

E13 15 F11 6 G17 1

E14 15 G9 17

E15 13 G10 15

Height : 1.5 m Grid E9 Reading 6 Grid E16 Reading 4 Grid G11 Reading 8

E10 10 E17 3 F16 1

E11 12 F9 3 F17 2

E12 14 F10 7 G16 1

E13 14 F11 5 G17 1

E14 14 G9 15

E15 12 G10 14

Non-Peak Hours Unit : Lux

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4.4.7. ZONE 7 : Fire Escape Staircase Peak Hours Unit : Lux Height : 1.0 m Grid C18 Reading 70 Grid G19 Reading 98 Height : 1.5 m Grid C18 Reading 92 Grid G19 Reading 86

C19 94

D18 54

D19 73

F18 28

F19 42

G18 14

C19 123

D18 56

D19 84

F18 24

F19 45

G18 15

C19 4

D18 3

D19 5

F18 4

F19 3

G18 8

C19 4

D18 3

D19 5

F18 4

F19 3

G18 8

Non-Peak Hours Unit : Lux Height : 1.0 m Grid C18 Reading 1 Grid G19 Reading 20 Height : 1.5 m Grid C18 Reading 1 Grid G19 Reading 22

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4.4.8. ZONE 8 : Storage Peak Hours Unit : Lux Height : 1.0 m Grid A16 Reading 145 Grid B19 Reading 140 Grid D18 Reading 137 Height : 1.5 m Grid A16 Reading 180 Grid B19 Reading 162 Grid D18 Reading 147

A17 165 C16 162

A18 152 C17 158

A19 150 C18 150

B16 152 C19 152

B17 157 D16 138

B18 152 D17 148

A17 176 C16 175

A18 180 C17 164

A19 168 C18 157

B16 157 C19 160

B17 165 D16 144

B18 160 D17 156

A17 6 C16 13

A18 4 C17 15

A19 5 C18 16

B16 9 C19 8

B17 10 D16 6

B18 10 D17 5

A17 9 C16 14

A18 7 C17 17

A19 7 C18 19

B16 13 C19 12

B17 13 D16 8

B18 12 D17 9

Non-Peak Hours Unit : Lux Height : 1.0 m Grid A16 Reading 5 Grid B19 Reading 7 Grid D18 Reading 7

Height : 1.5 m Grid A16 Reading 11 Grid B19 Reading 9 Grid D18 Reading 9

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4.5. LUX CONTOUR DIAGRAM 4.5.1. Daytime Lux Diagram Date: 10th October 2015 Peak Hour (9am )

Non-peaking Hour (6pm)

From the peak hour of daytime contour diagram, the daylight penetrates the building through one direction of fenestration which is from the East. An excessive glare could cause discomfort and poor visibility to the users inside the building. Somehow the daylight cannot be spread throughout the whole interior space yet it also achieved to draw people into the space. At the non-peak hour, there is no daylight penetrates into the building yet when it comes to artificial light; installation of users space, installation in the interior of artificial lighting in order to lighten up the space.

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4.5.2. Artificial Lighting Lux Diagram Date: 10th October 2015 Peak Hour (9am)

Non-Peak Hour (6pm)

From the 2 diagrams of artificial light during peak hour and non-peark hour, it show the contrast on the usage of artificial light. During peak hour, the main spaces which are conference hall, pantry and office, it uses a lot of artificial lighting due to the large amount of people in the space, however it also creates the shadows inside the space and it will made the space more dimmer. During non-peak hour, the artificial in conference hall, pantry and office is reducing the usage of artificial light due to the people who have left the space.

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4.6. ANALYSIS & CALCULATIONS 4.6.1. Daylight Factor ZONE 1 - Staircase & Buffer Zone

Figure: Location of Zone 1 on floor plan. Source : Own Source.

Source Area without much daylight

Bright area

Shaded area

Figure: Views of spaces in Zone 1. Source : Own Source

Figure: Sectional view of the penetration of daylight in Zone 1 Source : Own Source

Zone 1 is sitting on grid A-D, 1-3 where it is a combination of an exposed commercial staircase and a buffer zone before entering the office space in level 1. The exposed staircase is an indoor space positioned directly and closely to the glass faรงade with the highest amount of direct sunlight. The buffer zone on the other hand can be separated into 2 different parts; one exposed to the direct sunlight and another completely hidden from the exposure of direct sunlight. This transitional space receives the most amount of daylight during the day compared to other spaces, and hence, the usage of artificial lights during the day is not needed. 57 | P a g e

Time

Weather

1.00pm 6.00pm

Clear Sky Gloomy

Luminance at 1m (lx) 34 ~ 1330 13 ~ 790

Average at 1m (lx) 624.95 217.36

Luminance at 1.5m (lx) 37 ~ 1728 9 ~ 790

Average at 1.5m (lx) 684.73 285.82

Table : Average luminance at 1pm and 6pm Source : Own Source

Average Lux Reading 1.0m 1.5m Average Lux Value

1.00pm 624.95 684.73 654.84

6.00pm 217.36 285.82 251.59

Table : Average lux value at 1pm and 6pm Source : Own Source

Illuminance (lux) 120 000 110 000 20 000 1000 ~ 2000 < 200 400

Example

Brightest sunlight Bright sunlight Shade illuminated by entire clear blue sky, midday Typical overcast day, midday Extreme of darkest storm clouds, midday Sunrise or sunset on a clear day (ambient illumination) Fully overcast, sunset/ sunrise Extreme of darkest storm clouds, sunset/ sunrise Table : Daylight Intensity in Different Conditions.

40 <1

Source : Own Source

External = 20 000 lx DF =

E Internal

x 100%

E External

= 654.84 20 000

X 100%

DF, % >6 3~6 1~3 0~1

Distribution Very bright with thermal & glare problem Bright Average Dark Table : Daylighting Factor, DF Source : Lecture Slide

= 3.27%

The average lux value during the afternoon, 1.00pm is 654.95 lux. The percentage of lighting luminance to daylight luminance is Zone 1 is high. Hence, the main source of lighting for Zone 1 is natural lighting and the average lux value of the night drops drastically. According to the table provided in MS 1525, the daylight factor of 3.27% is categorized under the bright category. This zone has a high daylight distribution and provides brightness to the entrance of the office space in level 1. 58 | P a g e

ZONE 2 - Toilet & M&E Room

Figure: Location of Zone 2 on floor plan. Source : Own Source

Source

Shaded area

Bright area

Figure: Views of spaces in Zone 2. Source : Own Source

Figure: Sectional view of the penetration of daylight in Zone 2 Source : Own Source

Zone 2 is sitting on grid E-G, 1-3 where it is a combination of a toilet and an M&E room. The toilet is an indoor space which has windows situated approximately 2m from the floor. These windows are the main daylight source for the toilets. Of the 3 toilets, the one placed on grid F-G, 1-2, has no access to natural daylight. This causes this space to receive the least amount of sunlight along with the spaces out of the toilet cubicle, hence causing the rate of usage of artificial lighting during the day to be high. In addition to that, the other 2 cubicles depend on the natural light during the day and artificial lighting in the evening and night. Besides that, the M&E room has no openings at all which allows daylight to enter. This space fully depends on artificial lighting as a source. 59 | P a g e

Time

Weather

1.00pm 6.00pm

Clear Sky Gloomy

Luminance at 1m (lx) 12 ~ 178.5 1 ~ 63

Average at 1m (lx) 66 16.36

Luminance at 1.5m (lx) 14 ~ 628.4 1 ~ 228

Average at 1.5m (lx) 157.67 44.55

Table : Average luminance at 1pm and 6pm Source : Own Source

Average Lux Reading 1.0m 1.5m Average Lux Value

1.00pm 66 157.67 111.84

6.00pm 16.36 44.55 30.455

Table : Average lux value at 1pm and 6pm Source : Own Source

Illuminance (lux) 120 000 110 000 20 000 1000 ~ 2000 < 200 400 40 <1

Example

External = 20 000 lx DF =

E Internal

x 100%

E External

= 111.84 x 100% 20000

DF, % >6 3~6 1~3 0~1

Distribution Very bright with thermal & glare problem Bright Average Dark Table : Daylighting Factor, DF Source : Lecture Slide

= 0.56%

The average lux value during the afternoon, 1.00pm is 111.84 lux. The percentage of lighting luminance to daylight luminance is Zone 2 is low. Hence, the main source of lighting for Zone 2 is artificial lighting and this method is used to illuminate the entire space throughout the entire day. According to the table provided in MS 1525, the daylight factor of 0.56% is categorized under the dark category. This zone has a low level of daylight distribution although daylight may shine through.

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ZONE 3 - Conference Hall

Figure: Location of Zone 3 on floor plan. Source : Own Source

Source

Source Bright area

Bright area Shaded area Figure: View of the space in Zone 3. Source : Own Source

Figure: Sectional view of the penetration of daylight in Zone 3 Source : Own Source

Zone 3 is sitting on grid A-D, 2-9 where it is a hall used mainly for conferences. This space includes a buffer zone which sits on grid A-B, 2-3, which is positioned very closely to the full height glass window receives the most amount of direct sunlight. The space which sits on grid A-D, 3-7, is protected from any direct sunlight due to the presence of a concrete wall. The frontal part of the conference hall receives the most direct sunlight as the whole stretch is of the full height glass windows, hence fully utilizing the natural daylight which comes into the space during the day and has the need to depend on artificial lighting during the evening and night. 61 | P a g e

Time

Weather

1.00pm 6.00pm

Clear Sky Gloomy

Luminance at 1m (lx) 24 ~ 1586 2 ~ 1112

Average at 1m (lx) 194.86 101.14

Luminance at 1.5m (lx) 24 ~ 1185 2 ~ 660

Average at 1.5m (lx) 143.14 48.39

Table : Average luminance at 1pm and 6pm Source : Own Source

Average Lux Reading 1.0m 1.5m Average Lux Value

1.00pm 194.86 143.14 169

6.00pm 101.14 48.39 74.76

Table : Average lux value at 1pm and 6pm Source : Own Source

Illuminance (lux) 120 000 110 000 20 000 1000 ~ 2000 < 200 400 40 <1

Example Brightest sunlight Bright sunlight Shade illuminated by entire clear blue sky, midday Typical overcast day, midday Extreme of darkest storm clouds, midday Sunrise or sunset on a clear day (ambient illumination) Fully overcast, sunset/ sunrise Extreme of darkest storm clouds, sunset/ sunrise

Table : Daylight Intensity in Different Conditions. Source : Own Source

External = 20 000 lx DF =

E Internal

x 100%

E External

= 169 x 100% 20 000

DF, % >6 3~6 1~3 0~1

Distribution Very bright with thermal & glare problem Bright Average Dark Table : Daylighting Factor, DF Source : Lecture Slide

= 0.845%

62 | P a g e

The average lux value during the afternoon, 1.00pm is 169 lux. The percentage of lighting luminance to daylight luminance is Zone 3 is low. Hence, the main source of lighting for Zone 3 is a combination or natural lighting and artificial lighting. Specific areas does not need artificial lighting due to the availability of natural daylight, but areas which are shaded, needs artificial light as a source of light and the average lux value of the night drops drastically. According to the table provided in MS 1525, the daylight factor of 0.845% is categorized under the dark but approaching the average category. This zone has a low daylight distribution.

ZONE 4 - Kitchen / Pantry

Figure: Location of Zone 4 on floor plan. Source : Own Source

Source Source

Source Figure: Views of spaces in Zone 3. Source : Own Source

63 | P a g e

Figure: Sectional view of the penetration of daylight in Zone 3 Source : Own Source

Zone 4 is sitting on grid D-G, 3-9 where it is a pantry and siting spaces. This space has no openings to natural sunlight. The main source of natural daylight to this space is the light which is coming from the conference hall. The area sitting on grid D-G, 3-7, is the space that is open to receiving daylight from the conference hall. The area sitting on grid D-G, 7-9 on the other hand, is blocked by the wall separating the conference hall and the pantry. This large piece of structure blocks out any source of light coming directly into that space causing this area to depend mostly on the artificial lighting due to the poor visual capability. The white furniture in the pantry and sitting area reflects the natural light from the conference hall. This is a space in which the least amount of daylight is received. Time

Weather

1.00pm 6.00pm

Clear Sky Gloomy

Luminance at 1m (lx) 24 ~ 112 1 ~ 22

Average at 1m (lx) 54.38 3.06

Luminance at 1.5m (lx) 11 ~ 165 1 ~ 14

Average at 1.5m (lx) 60.38 2

Table : Average luminance at 1pm and 6pm Source : Own Source

Average Lux Reading 1.0m 1.5m Average Lux Value

1.00pm 54.38 60.38 57.38

6.00pm 3.06 2 2.53

Table : Average lux value at 1pm and 6pm Source : Own Source

Illuminance (lux) 120 000 110 000 20 000 1000 ~ 2000 < 200 400 40 <1

Example

External = 20 000 lx

DF, % >6

Distribution Very bright with thermal & glare problem 64 | P a g e

DF =

E Internal

x 100%

E External

= 57.38 x 100% 20 000

3~6 1~3 0~1

Bright Average Dark Table : Daylighting Factor, DF Source : Lecture Slide

= 0.29%

The average lux value during the afternoon, 1.00pm is 57.38 lux. The percentage of lighting luminance to daylight luminance is Zone 4 is low. Hence, the main source of lighting for Zone 4 is artificially lighting throughout the entire day and the average lux value of the night drops drastically. According to the table provided in MS 1525, the daylight factor of 0.29% is categorized under the dark category. This zone has a very low daylight distribution.

ZONE 5 - Staff Room

Figure: Location of Zone 5 on floor plan. Source : Own Source

Source Source Bright area 65 | P a g e

Figure: Views of spaces in Zone 3. Source : Own Source

Figure: Sectional view of the penetration of daylight in Zone 3 Source : Own Source

Zone 5 is sitting on grid A-D, 9-16 where it is a staff room. The area of the staff room is quite small and congested as it caters many staffs within that area. The walls of the staff room facing the exterior are of the full height glass window, which allows the penetration of direct daylight into the room. Blinds were used during the day as the amount of daylight received throughout the entire room is high, hence again fully utilizing the natural daylight it receives. The white furniture in the staff room also adds up to the brightness of the room as the rays are reflected on these shiny surfaces. Based on our observations, the main problem faced within this space is the glare it receives, which causes the blind to be put down the entire time, hence the usage of artificial lighting increases. Time

Weather

1.00pm 6.00pm

Clear Sky Gloomy

Luminance at 1m (lx) 98 ~ 303 12 ~ 140

Average at 1m (lx) 229.86 57.54

Luminance at 1.5m (lx) 120 ~ 347 11 ~ 135

Average at 1.5m (lx) 254.25 50.18

Table : Average luminance at 1pm and 6pm Source : Own Source

Average Lux Reading 1.0m 1.5m Average Lux Value

1.00pm 229.86 254.25 242.06

6.00pm 57.54 50.18 53.86

Table : Average lux value at 1pm and 6pm Source : Own Source

Illuminance (lux) 120 000 110 000 20 000 1000 ~ 2000 < 200 400 40 <1

Table : Daylight Intensity in Different Conditions. Source : Own Source

External = 20 000 lx

DF, %

Distribution 66 | P a g e

DF =

E Internal

x 100%

E External

= 242.06 x 100% 20 000

>6 3~6 1~3 0~1

Very bright with thermal & glare problem Bright Average Dark Table : Daylighting Factor, DF Source : Lecture Slide

= 1.91%

The average lux value during the afternoon, 1.00pm is 242.06 lux. The percentage of lighting luminance to daylight luminance is Zone 5 is low. Hence, the main source of lighting for Zone 5 is a combination of artificial lighting and natural lighting and the average lux value of the night drops drastically. According to the table provided in MS 1525, the daylight factor of 1.91% is categorized under the average category. This zone has an acceptable daylight distribution.

67 | P a g e

ZONE 6 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Hallway

Figure: Location of Zone 6 on floor plan. Source : Own Source

Bright area

Shaded area Figure: Views of spaces in Zone 6. Source : Own Source

Figure: Sectional view of the penetration of daylight in Zone 6. Source : Own Source

Zone 6 is sitting on grid D-G, 9-17 where it is a hallway. The area of the hallway is quite narrow and at quite a distance from the full height glass window. The daylight with this area is blocked by several layers of elements, such as the walls, separating the 2 spaces as well as the furniture, thus causing it to receive minimal amount of daylight. The white furniture in the staff room also adds up to the brightness of the halway as the rays are reflected on these shiny surfaces. Based on our observations, the main problem faced within this space is the distance at which the source comes from it receives, hence the usage of artificial lighting increases during the day and at night. 68 | P a g e

Time

Weather

1.00pm 6.00pm

Clear Sky Gloomy

Luminance at 1m (lx) 33 ~ 125 1 ~ 17

Average at 1m (lx) 81 11.07

Luminance at 1.5m (lx) 35 ~ 145 1 ~ 15

Average at 1.5m (lx) 90.79 10.43

Table : Average luminance at 1pm and 6pm Source : Own Source

Average Lux Reading 1.0m 1.5m Average Lux Value

1.00pm 81 90.79 85.9

6.00pm 11.07 10.43 10.75

Table : Average lux value at 1pm and 6pm Source : Own Source

Illuminance (lux) 120 000 110 000 20 000 1000 ~ 2000 < 200 400 40 <1

Example

External = 20 000 lx DF =

E Internal

x 100%

E External

= 85.9 x 100% 20 000

DF, % >6 3~6 1~3 0~1

Distribution Very bright with thermal & glare problem Bright Average Dark Table : Daylighting Factor, DF Source : Lecture Slide

= 1.5%

The average lux value during the afternoon, 1.00pm is 85.9 lux. The percentage of lighting luminance to daylight luminance is Zone 6 is low. Hence, the main source of lighting for Zone 6 is a combination of artificial lighting and natural lighting and the average lux value of the night drops drastically. According to the table provided in MS 1525, the daylight factor of 1.5% is categorized under the average category. This zone has an acceptable daylight distribution.

69 | P a g e

ZONE 7 - Fire Escape Staircase

Figure: Location of Zone 7 on floor plan. Source : Own Source

Source

Shaded area

Bright area Figure: Views of spaces in Zone 7. Source : Own Source

Figure: Sectional view of the penetration of daylight in Zone 7 Source : Own Source

Zone 7 is sitting on grid C-G, 18-19 where it is a fire escape staircase. The area of the fire staircase is along the average elevation of the office area. There are minimal windows in the entire area which causes the space to be illuminated only at specific areas. The window allows the penetration of direct daylight into the space. The orientation of the staircase causes it to depend more on artificial lighting than of the natural daylight. 70 | P a g e

Time

Weather

1.00pm 6.00pm

Clear Sky Gloomy

Luminance at 1m (lx) 14 ~ 98 1 ~ 20

Average at 1m (lx) 59.125 6

Luminance at 1.5m (lx) 15 ~ 123 1 ~ 22

Average at 1.5m (lx) 65.63 6.25

Table : Average luminance at 1pm and 6pm Source : Own Source

Average Lux Reading 1.0m 1.5m Average Lux Value

1.00pm 59.125 65.63 62.38

6.00pm 6 6.25 6.13

Table : Average lux value at 1pm and 6pm Source : Own Source

Illuminance (lux) 120 000 110 000 20 000 1000 ~ 2000 < 200 400 40 <1

Example

External = 20 000 lx DF =

E Internal

x 100%

E External

= 62.38 x 100% 20 000

DF, % >6 3~6 1~3 0~1

Distribution Very bright with thermal & glare problem Bright Average Dark Table : Daylighting Factor, DF Source : Lecture Slide

= 0.31%

The average lux value during the afternoon, 1.00pm is 62.38 lux. The percentage of lighting luminance to daylight luminance is Zone 7 is low. Hence, the main source of lighting for Zone 7 is artificial lighting and the average lux value of the night drops drastically. According to the table provided in MS 1525, the daylight factor of 0.31% is categorized under the dark category. This zone has a low daylight distribution.

71 | P a g e

ZONE 8 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Storage

Figure: Location of Zone 8 on floor plan. Source : Own Source

Bright area Source

Shaded area

Shaded area Figure: Views of spaces in Zone 3. Source : Own Source

Figure: Sectional view of the penetration of daylight in Zone 3 Source : Own Source

Zone 8 is sitting on grid A-D, 16-19 where it is a storage room. This area is quite a spacious area which is used to store most of the products for the distribution of the company. Two of the elevations of this space are of the full height glass window which allowed maximum amount of daylight penetration. This causes the room to be lighted by daylight throughout the day. One major problem faced within this space is the blocking of daylight by all the products. The many tall objects such as shelves, blocks any sort of daylight which is available. The only source of daylight in that room is though the holes and spaces in between the objects as well as from the windows which are situated about 4m from the ground. Based on our observations, due to the blocking of the sunlight, this room tends to use artificial lighting throughout the day. 72 | P a g e

Time

Weather

1.00pm 6.00pm

Clear Sky Gloomy

Luminance at 1m (lx) 137 ~ 165 4 ~ 16

Average at 1m (lx) 150.53 8.4

Luminance at 1.5m (lx) 144 ~ 180 7 ~ 19

Average at 1.5m (lx) 163.4 11.27

Table : Average luminance at 1pm and 6pm Source : Own Source

Average Lux Reading 1.0m 1.5m Average Lux Value

1.00pm 150.53 163.4 156.97

6.00pm 8.4 11.27 9.84

Table : Average lux value at 1pm and 6pm Source : Own Source

Illuminance (lux) 120 000 110 000 20 000 1000 ~ 2000 < 200 400 40 <1

Example

External = 20 000 lx DF =

E Internal

x 100%

E External

= 156.97 x 100% 20 000

DF, % >6 3~6 1~3 0~1

Distribution Very bright with thermal & glare problem Bright Average Dark Table : Daylighting Factor, DF Source : Lecture Slide

= 0.78%

The average lux value during the afternoon, 1.00pm is 156.97 lux. The percentage of lighting luminance to daylight luminance is Zone 8 is low. Hence, the main source of lighting for Zone 8 is artificial lighting and the average lux value of the night drops drastically. According to the table provided in MS 1525, the daylight factor of 0.78% is categorized under the dark category. This zone has a low daylight distribution.

73 | P a g e

4.6.2. Illuminance Level & Number of Fitting Required. ZONE 1â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Staircase & Buffer Zone

Figure: Location of Zone 1 on floor plan. Source : Own Source.

Figure : Sectional diagram showing artificial lighting in zone 1. Source : Own Source.

Figure : Photograph of zone 1. Source : Own Source.

Figure : Emergency lighting and recessed Source : Own Source.

74 | P a g e

Dimension of room (m)

L : 2.138 W: 1.586

Total floor area/ A(m2)

3.391

Type of lighting fixtures

Recessed Downlight

Emergency Luminaire

Open Fluorescent Light

Number of lighting fixtures 5 /N

Lumen of lighting fixtures /F (lux)

1200

400

3070

Height of luminaire (m)

2.78

2.68

Work Level (m)

0.7

Mounting Height /H (m)

2.08

1.98

Assumption of reflectance value

Ceiling: Plaster, White (70%) Floor : Tiles, White (20%) Wall : Plaster, White (50%)

Recommended average illumination levels by MS1525 (lux) Room Index

100

đ??żĂ&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x160;

Illuminance level (Lux)

đ??żĂ&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x160;

(đ??ż+đ?&#x2018;&#x160;)đ??ť 2.138 Ă&#x2014;1.586

(2.138+1.586)2.78

(2.138+1.586)2.68

Utilisation Factor

đ??żĂ&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x160;

3.39

10.3527

3.39

10.3527

3.39 9.98

= 0.327

= 0.339

0.44

N= E=

đ??¸ Ă&#x2014;đ??´ đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x2C6;đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ??š đ?&#x2018; (đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x2C6;đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ??š)

đ??¸ Ă&#x2014;đ??´ đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x2C6;đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ??š

đ??´ đ?&#x2018; (đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x2C6;đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ??š)

đ??´

5(1200 Ă&#x2014;0.44 Ă&#x2014;0.622) 3.391

E= 484.25

đ??¸ Ă&#x2014;đ??´ đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x2C6;đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ??š đ?&#x2018; (đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x2C6;đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ??š) đ??´

E= 1(3070 Ă&#x2014;0.44 Ă&#x2014;0.622) 3.391

E= 1(400 Ă&#x2014;0.44 Ă&#x2014;0.622) 3.391

E= 247.77

75 | P a g e

E= 96.85

Number of lights required

đ??¸ Ă&#x2014;đ??´

đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x2C6;đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ??š 100 Ă&#x2014;3.391 1200 Ă&#x2014;0.44 Ă&#x2014;0.622

đ??¸ Ă&#x2014;đ??´ đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x2C6;đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ??š 100 Ă&#x2014;3.391

1200 Ă&#x2014;0.44 Ă&#x2014;0.622

đ??¸ Ă&#x2014;đ??´

đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x2C6;đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ??š 100 Ă&#x2014;3.391 1200 Ă&#x2014;0.44 Ă&#x2014;0.622

= 1.03

Existing number of lights = 5

Existing number of lights = 1

5â&#x20AC;&#x201C;1=4

Therefore, this zone sufficient number of lamps reach MS1525 standard

Therefore, this zone have exceeded the number of lamps of 4 to reach MS1525 standard

Total illumination level

484.25 + 96.85 + 247.77 = 828.87

Conclusion: The artificial lighting illuminance level in zone 1 is 828.87 lx while the overall illuminance level can go up to 1728 lx, this is due to the wide usage of windows allowing the penetration of natural lighting. Thus the zone is over lighting as compared to MS 1525 requirement which is 100 lx.

76 | P a g e

ZONE 2 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Toilet & M&E

Figure: Location of Zone 2 on floor plan. Source : Own Source.

Figure : Sectional diagram showing artificial lighting in zone 2. Source : Own Source.

Figure : Photograph of zone 2.

Figure : Recessed lighting in zone 2

Source : Own Source

77 | P a g e

Dimension of room (m)

L : 5.094 W: 3.277

Total floor area/ A(m2)

16.69

Type of lighting fixtures

Recessed Lighting

Number of lighting fixtures / N

Lumen of lighting fixtures /F (lux)

1200

Height of luminaire (m)

2.56

Work Level (m)

0.84

Mounting Height /H (hm)

1.72

Assumption of reflectance value

Ceiling: Plaster, White (70%) Floor: Tiles, Pale beige (20%) Wall: Tiles, Medium blue and green (30%)

Recommended average illumination levels by MS1525 (E) Room Index

100

đ??żĂ&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x160;

5.094 Ă&#x2014;3.277

(đ??ż+đ?&#x2018;&#x160;)đ??ť

= (5.094+3.277)2.56 =

16.693 21.430

= 0.779 Utilisation Factor Illuminance level (Lux)

0.41

N= E= E=

= 165.02 lux

Recommended average illumination levels by MS1525:

78 | P a g e

100 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 165.02 = - 65.02 Number of lights required

đ??¸ Ă&#x2014;đ??´

N= =

đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x2C6;đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ??š 100 Ă&#x2014;16.69 1200 Ă&#x2014;0.41 Ă&#x2014;0.622

= 5.45 =5

Existing number of lights = 9 9â&#x20AC;&#x201C;5=4 Therefore, this zone have exceeded the number of lamps of 4 to reach MS1525 standard

Total illumination level

165.02 lux

Conclusion: Artificial illuminance level in zone 2 is 165.02 lx, the overall illuminance level can go as high as 628.4 due to the penetration of natural lighting into this zone. Thus the zone is over lighting as compared to MS 1525 requirement which is 100 lx. Number of lighting exceeded to lighten up the area to MS1525 requirement is 4. As the floor area in zone 2 is small, lesser amount of lights are required to light up the space.

79 | P a g e

ZONE 3 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Conference

Figure: Location of Zone 3 on floor plan. Source : Own Source.

Figure : Sectional diagram showing artificial lighting in zone 3. Source : Own Source.

Figure : Photograph of zone 3.

Figure : Pendant downlight in zone 3.

Source : Own Source.

Figure : Cylindrical downlights in zone 3. Source : Own Source.

80 | P a g e

Dimension of room (m)

L= 10.99, 2.46, 2.12, 7.36, 3.6 W= 3.91, 0.984, 0.544, 6.5

Total floor area/ A(m2)

87.5

Type of lighting fixtures

Cylindrical Downlight

Emergency Luminaire

Decorative DirectIndirect Pendant Downlight

Number of lighting fixtures / N

Lumen of lighting fixtures /F (lux)

1200

400

1200

Height of luminaire (m)

3.48m

Work Level (m)

0.97

Mounting Height /H (hm)

2.51

Assumption of reflectance value

Ceiling: Plaster, Black (30%) Wall : Plaster, White (50%) Floor : Carpet, Dark blue (20%)

Recommended average illumination levels by MS1525 (E) Room Index

300 - 400

đ??żĂ&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x160;

Illuminance level (Lux)

đ??żĂ&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x160;

(đ??ż+đ?&#x2018;&#x160;)đ??ť 10.99 Ă&#x2014;7.96

(10.99+7.96)3.48

Utilisation Factor

đ??żĂ&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x160;

(đ??ż+đ?&#x2018;&#x160;)đ??ť 10.99 Ă&#x2014;7.96

87.48

65.946

87.48

65.946

87.48 65.946

= 1.33

0.48

N= E=

4(1200 Ă&#x2014;0.48 Ă&#x2014;0.622)

2(400 Ă&#x2014;0.48 Ă&#x2014;0.622)

14(1200 Ă&#x2014;0.48 Ă&#x2014;0.622)

87.5

81 | P a g e

= 16.38lux

= 2.73 lux

= 57.32 lux

Recommended Recommended Recommended average illumination average illumination average illumination levels by MS1525: levels by MS1525: levels by MS1525: 300 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 16.38 = 283.62 Number of lights required

Total illumination level

đ??¸ Ă&#x2014;đ??´

đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x2C6;đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ??š 300 Ă&#x2014;87.5 1200 Ă&#x2014;0.48 Ă&#x2014;0.622

300 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2.73 = 297.27 300 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 57.32 = 242.68 đ??¸ Ă&#x2014;đ??´

N= =

đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x2C6;đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ??š 300 Ă&#x2014;87.5 1200 Ă&#x2014;0.48 Ă&#x2014;0.622

đ??¸ Ă&#x2014;đ??´

N= =

đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x2C6;đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ??š 300 Ă&#x2014;87.5 1200 Ă&#x2014;0.48 Ă&#x2014;0.622

= 73.27

= 73

Existing number of lights = 40

73 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 4 = 69

73 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2 = 71

73 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 14 = 59

Therefore, this zone have exceeded the number of lamps of 69 to reach MS1525 standard

Therefore, this zone have exceeded the number of lamps of 71 to reach MS1525 standard

Therefore, this zone have exceeded the number of lamps of 59 to reach MS1525 standard

16.38 + 2.73 + 57.32 = 76.43

Conclusion Artificial illuminance level in zone 3 is 76.43 lx, the overall illuminance level can go as high as 1586 due to the presence of full height glass windows allowing natural lighting into this zone. Thus the zone is over lighting as compared to MS 1525 requirement which is 300 - 400 lx.

82 | P a g e

ZONE 4 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Pantry

Figure: Location of Zone 4 on floor plan. Source : Own Source.

Figure : Sectional diagram showing artificial lighting in Zone 4. Source : Own Source.

Figure : Photograph of zone 4.

Figure : Pendant downlight in zone 4.

Source : Own Source.

83 | P a g e

Dimension of room (m)

L = 10.99 W 6.5

Total floor area/ A(m2)

42.86

Type of lighting fixtures

Emergency Luminaire

Pendant Downlight

Decorative Directindirect Pendant Downlight

Number of lighting fixtures /N

Lumen of lighting fixtures /F (lux)

400

850

1200

Height of luminaire (m)

3.05

3.54

Work Level (m)

1.1

0.9

Mounting Height /H (hm)

1.95

2.44

2.64

Assumption of reflectance value

Ceiling: Plaster, Black (30%) Floor : Tiles, White (20%) Wall : Plaster, Black (10%)

Recommended average illumination levels by MS1525 (E) Room Index

200 lux

đ??żĂ&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x160;

Illuminance level (Lux)

đ??żĂ&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x160;

(đ??ż+đ?&#x2018;&#x160;)đ??ť 10.99 Ă&#x2014;6.5

(10.99+6.5)3.05

(10.99+6.5)3.54

Utilisation Factor

71.435 53.345

87.48 61.915

87.48 61.9146

= 1.34

= 1.41

0.46

0.49

đ??¸ Ă&#x2014;đ??´ đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x2C6;đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ??š

đ?&#x2018; (đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x2C6;đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ??š)

đ??´

1(400 Ă&#x2014;0.46 Ă&#x2014;0.622) 3(850 Ă&#x2014;0.49 Ă&#x2014;0.622) 42.86

42.86

8(1200 Ă&#x2014;0.49 Ă&#x2014;0.622) 42.86

84 | P a g e

= 2.67 lux

Recommended average illumination levels by MS1525: 200 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2.67 = 197.33 Number of lights required

Total illumination level

đ??¸ Ă&#x2014;đ??´ đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x2C6;đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ??š

= 18.13 lux

Recommended average illumination levels by MS1525: 200 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 18.73 = 181.27

đ??¸ Ă&#x2014;đ??´ đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x2C6;đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ??š

= 68.27 lux

Recommended average illumination levels by MS1525: 200 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 68.27 = 131.73 N=

đ??¸ Ă&#x2014;đ??´ đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x2C6;đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ??š

200 Ă&#x2014;42.86

= 200 Ă&#x2014;42.86

400 Ă&#x2014;0.46 Ă&#x2014;0.622

850 Ă&#x2014;0.49 Ă&#x2014;0.622

1200 Ă&#x2014;0.49 Ă&#x2014;0.622

= 74.9

= 33.09

= 23.44

= 75

= 33

= 23

Existing number of lights = 1

Existing number of lights = 3

Existing number of lights = 8

75 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1 = 74

33 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 3 = 30

23 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 8 = 15

Therefore, this zone have exceeded the number of lamps of 74 to reach MS1525 standard

Therefore, this zone have exceeded the number of lamps of 30 to reach MS1525 standard

Therefore, this zone have exceeded the number of lamps of 15 to reach MS1525 standard

2.67 + 18.13 + 68.27 =89.07

85 | P a g e

Conclusion Artificial illuminance level in zone 4 is 89.07 lx, the overall illuminance level can go as high as 165. Artificial lighting and natural lighting is insufficient in this zone. This might due to the selection of black paint on wall and ceiling, this zone is also recessed back from the windows. Thus the zone is under lighting as compared to MS 1525 requirement which is 200 lx.

ZONE 5 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Office

Figure: Location of Zone 5 on floor plan. Source : Own Source.

Figure : Sectional diagram showing artificial lighting in Zone 5. Source : Own Source.

86 | P a g e

Figure : Photograph of Zone 5.

Figure : Double grille fluorescent and pendant downlights in Zone 5.

Source : Own Source.

Dimension of room (m)

L = 12, W = 6.5

Total floor area/ A(m2)

Type of lighting fixtures

Emergency Luminaire

Double Grille Fluorescent Lights

Decorative Directindirect Pendant Downlight

Number of lighting fixtures / N

Lumen of lighting fixtures /F (lux)

400

6140

1200

Height of luminaire (m)

3.48

2.51

Work Level (m)

0.9

Mounting Height /H (hm)

2.58

1.61

Assumption of reflectance value

Ceiling: Plaster, White (70%) Wall : Plaster, White (50%) Floor : Carpet, Dark blue (10%)

Recommended average illumination levels by MS1525 (E) Room Indes/ R(K) K=

300-400 lux

đ??żĂ&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x160; (đ??ż+đ?&#x2018;&#x160;)đ??ť 12 Ă&#x2014;6.5

(12+6.5)2.58

đ??żĂ&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x160; (đ??ż+đ?&#x2018;&#x160;)đ??ť 12 Ă&#x2014;6.5

(12+6.5)3.05

đ??żĂ&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x160; (đ??ż+đ?&#x2018;&#x160;)đ??ť 12 Ă&#x2014;6.5

(12+6.5)1.61

87 | P a g e

47.73

78 29.785

= 1.634

= 1.34

= 2.618

Utilisation Factor

0.55

0.52

0.59

Standard Luminance (lux)

500 lux

Illuminance level (Lux)

đ??¸ Ă&#x2014;đ??´

đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x2C6;đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ??š đ?&#x2018; (đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x2C6;đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ??š)

đ??´

đ??¸ Ă&#x2014;đ??´

đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x2C6;đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ??š đ?&#x2018; (đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x2C6;đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ??š)

đ??´

đ??¸ Ă&#x2014;đ??´

đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x2C6;đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ??š đ?&#x2018; (đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x2C6;đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ??š)

đ??´

1(400 Ă&#x2014;0.55 Ă&#x2014;0.622)

4(6140 Ă&#x2014;0.55 Ă&#x2014;0.622)

6(1200 Ă&#x2014;0.55 Ă&#x2014;0.622)

= 136.84lux

= 107.71 lux

= 31.57lux

Recommended Recommended Recommended average illumination average illumination average illumination levels by MS1525: levels by MS1525: levels by MS1525: 300 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 136.84 = 163.16

Number of lights required

N= =

đ??¸ Ă&#x2014;đ??´ đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x2C6;đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ??š 136.84 Ă&#x2014;78 400 Ă&#x2014;0.55 Ă&#x2014;0.622

300 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 107.71 = 192.29

N= =

đ??¸ Ă&#x2014;đ??´ đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x2C6;đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ??š 107.71Ă&#x2014;78 6140 Ă&#x2014;0.55 Ă&#x2014;0.622

300 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 31.57 = 268.43

N= =

đ??¸ Ă&#x2014;đ??´ đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x2C6;đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ??š 31.57 Ă&#x2014;78 1200 Ă&#x2014;0.55 Ă&#x2014;0.622

= 77.99

= 3.99

= 5.99

= 78

Existing number of lights = 1

Existing number of lights = 4

Existing number of lights = 6

78 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1 = 77

4â&#x20AC;&#x201C;4=0

6 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 6 =0

Therefore, this zone Therefore, this zone Therefore, this zone have exceeded the did not exceed the did not exceed the number of lamps of number of lamps to number of lamps to 88 | P a g e

77 to reach MS1525 reach MS1525 standard standard

Total illumination level

reach MS1525 standard

136.84lux +107.71 lux+ 31.57lux = 276.12

ZONE 6 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; OFFICE

Figure: Location of Zone 6 on floor plan. Source : Own Source.

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Figure : Sectional diagram showing artificial lighting in zone 6. Source : Own Source.

Figure : Photograph of zone 6

Figure : Pendant downlights in zone 6.

Source : Own Source.

Dimension of room (m)

L = 15.24, W= 3.9

Total floor area/ A(m2)

59.44

Type of lighting fixtures

Decorative Direct-indirect Pendant Downlight

Number of lighting fixtures / N

Lumen of lighting fixtures /F (lux)

1200

Height of luminaire (m)

3.48

Work Level (m)

Mounting Height /H (hm)

3.48

Assumption of reflectance value

Ceiling: Plaster, White (70%) Wall : Gypsum, White (50%) Gypsum, Dark green (30%) Floor : Carpet, Dark blue (10%)

Recommended average illumination levels by MS1525 (E)

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Room Indes/ R(K) K=

đ??żĂ&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x160; (đ??ż+đ?&#x2018;&#x160;)đ??ť 15.24 Ă&#x2014;3.9

= (15.24+3.9)3.48 =

59.436 66.60

= 0.89 Utilisation Factor

0.48

Standard Luminance (lux)

100

Illuminance level (Lux)

đ??¸ Ă&#x2014;đ??´

đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x2C6;đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ??š đ?&#x2018; (đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x2C6;đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ??š)

E= E=

đ??´ 8(1200 Ă&#x2014;0.48 Ă&#x2014;0.622) 59.44

= 48.21lux Recommended average illumination levels by MS1525: 50 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 48.21 = 1.79

Number of lights required

N= =

đ??¸ Ă&#x2014;đ??´ đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x2C6;đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ??š 48.21 Ă&#x2014;59.44 1200 Ă&#x2014;0.48 Ă&#x2014;0.622

= 7.99 =8

Existing number of lights = 8 8â&#x20AC;&#x201C;8=0

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Therefore, this zone did not exceed the number of lamps to reach MS1525 standard

Total illumination level

48.21

ZONE 7 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Storage Room

Figure: Location of Zone 7 on floor plan. Source : Own Source.

Figure : Sectional diagram showing artificial lighting in Zone 7. Source : Own Source.

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Figure : Photograph of zone 7.

Figure : Pendant downlights in Zone 7.

Source : Own Source.

Dimension of room (m)

L=3.135 W= 6.531 L= 2.338 W=1.920 L=5.473 W=4.611

Total floor area/ A(m2)

31.257

Type of lighting fixtures

Decorative Direct-indirect Pendant Downlight

Emergency Luminaire

Number of lighting fixtures / N

Lumen of lighting fixtures /F (lux)

1200

400

Height of luminaire (m)

3.48

Work Level (m)

Mounting Height /H (hm)

3.48

Assumption of reflectance value

Ceiling: Plaster, Black (10%) Floor : Carpet, Dark blue (10%) Wall : Plaster, White (80%)

Recommended average illumination levels by MS1525 (E) Room Indes/ R(K) K=

200

đ??żĂ&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x160; (đ??ż+đ?&#x2018;&#x160;)đ??ť 5.711 Ă&#x2014;6.778

= (5.711+6.778)3.48 =

38.70 43.46

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= 0.89

Utilisation Factor

0.47

Standard Luminance (lux)

300

Illuminance level (Lux)

đ??¸ Ă&#x2014;đ??´

đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x2C6;đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ??š đ?&#x2018; (đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x2C6;đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ??š)

E= E=

đ??´ 4(1200 Ă&#x2014;0.47 Ă&#x2014;0.622) 31.257

= 11.22lux

Number of lights required

đ??¸ Ă&#x2014;đ??´

đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x2C6;đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ??š đ?&#x2018; (đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x2C6;đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ??š)

E= E=

đ??´ 1(400 Ă&#x2014;0.47 Ă&#x2014;0.622) 31.257

= 3.74lux

Recommended average illumination levels by MS1525:

200 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 11.22 = 188.77

200 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 3.74 = 196.25

N= =

đ??¸ Ă&#x2014;đ??´ đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x2C6;đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ??š 11.22 Ă&#x2014;31.257 1200 Ă&#x2014;0.47 Ă&#x2014;0.622

N= =

đ??¸ Ă&#x2014;đ??´ đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x2C6;đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ??š 3.47 Ă&#x2014;31.257 400 Ă&#x2014;0.47 Ă&#x2014;0.622

= 0.99

= 0.92

Existing number of lights = 4

Existing number of lights = 1

4â&#x20AC;&#x201C;4=0

1â&#x20AC;&#x201C;1=0

Therefore, this zone did not exceed the number of lamps to reach MS1525 standard

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Total illumination level

11.22 + 3.74 = 14.96

ZONE 8 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; FIRE ESCAPE STAIRCASE

Figure: Location of Zone 8 on floor plan. Source : Own Source.

Figure : Sectional diagram showing artificial lighting in Zone 8. Source : Own Source.

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Figure : Photograph of Zone 8 . Source : Own Source.

Dimension of room (m)

L = 2.5 W= 5.8

Total floor area/ A(m2)

14.5

Type of lighting fixtures

Open Fluorescent Light

Emergency Luminaire

Number of lighting fixtures / N

Lumen of lighting fixtures /F (lux)

3070

400

Height of luminaire (m)

3.47

Work Level (m)

Mounting Height /H (hm)

3.47

Assumption of reflectance value

Ceiling: Plaster, White (70%) Floor : Concrete , grey (20%) Wall : Plaster, White (70%)

Recommended average illumination levels by MS1525 (E) Room Indes/ R(K) K=

100

đ??żĂ&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x160; (đ??ż+đ?&#x2018;&#x160;)đ??ť 2.5 Ă&#x2014;5.8

= (2.5+5.8)3.47

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14.50 28.80

= 0.5 Utilisation Factor

0.44

Standard Luminance (lux)

150

Illuminance level (Lux)

đ??¸ Ă&#x2014;đ??´

đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x2C6;đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ??š đ?&#x2018; (đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x2C6;đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ??š)

E= E=

đ??´ 2(3070 Ă&#x2014;0.44 Ă&#x2014;0.622) 14.5

= 115.89 lux Recommended average illumination levels by MS1525:

đ??¸ Ă&#x2014;đ??´

đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x2C6;đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ??š đ?&#x2018; (đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x2C6;đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ??š)

E= E=

đ??´ 1(400 Ă&#x2014;0.44 Ă&#x2014;0.622) 14.5

= 7.55lux Recommended average illumination levels by MS1525: 100 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 7.55 = 92.45

100 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 115.89 = -15.89

Number of lights required

N= =

đ??¸ Ă&#x2014;đ??´ đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x2C6;đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ??š 115.89 Ă&#x2014;14.5 3070 Ă&#x2014;0.44 Ă&#x2014;0.622

Existing number of lights =2

N= =

đ??¸ Ă&#x2014;đ??´ đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x2C6;đ??š Ă&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ??š 7.55 Ă&#x2014;14.5 400 Ă&#x2014;0.44 Ă&#x2014;0.622

Existing number of lights = 1 1â&#x20AC;&#x201C;1=0

2â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2=0

Therefore, this zone did not exceed the Therefore, this zone did number of lamps to reach MS1525 not exceed the number of standard lamps to reach MS1525 standard

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Total illumination level

115.890+ 7.55 123.44

4.7.

LIGHTING DESIGN CONCLUSION

Based on all the data recorded, we can concluded that Teik Senn(M) Sdn. Bhd has meet the lighting standard required for an administrative building except for the storage room. The lighting appliances were carefully planned. Besides that, Teik Senn(M) Sdn Bhd has fulfilled the standard safety requirement. The uses of most artificial lighting in the building has created a visual comfort to the users.

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ACOUSTICS

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5.0. ACOUSTICS 5.1.

LITERATURE REVIEW

The impact of acoustics on buildings design can be observed back from the ancient period of Roman amphitheatres to the present modern buildings where we spend most time in. the significant difference between buildings in these two contexts is the presence of noise from various numbers of sources is not a recurring issue in the ancient Rome. The science of building acoustics in current technology is no longer restricted to the acoustic design of an indoor space, but has broaden its scope to covering noise control as well in all ranges of buildings. As defined by Merriam-Webster, acoustics is defined as the science that deals with the transmission, production, reception, control and effects of the sound. Generally, people often mistaken acoustics is strictly architectural or musical in nature. However, acoustics also covers a wide range of topics which includes ultrasound, noise control, etc. Diagram below illustrates the ‘Lindsay’s Wheel of Acoustics’. To further understand acoustics, this wheel describes the scope of acoustics from the four main fields of Earth Sciences, Engineering, Life Sciences, and the Arts.

Figure 5.1 : Lindsay’s Wheel of Acoustics. Source : http://www.bksv.com/doc/br0178.pdf

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5.1.1 Architectural Acoustics Architectural acoustics, as its name implies, deals with sound related to the buildings of all types, whether in or around. A good acoustical design ensures the reduction of undesirable noise as well as the well efficient distribution of desirable sound. Good acoustical design can commonly be observed at concert halls, auditoriums or recording studios. It can and should also be engineered during the design stage of the building as changes later can be costly.

5.1.2 Sound Pressure Level Sound pressure level is often used in measuring the magnitude of sound. The lowest sound pressure to hearing is approximately at 0.02 mPa, which is 2 ten billionths of an atmosphere. The minimum audible level occurs at 3000 to 4000 Hz. Pain would be experienced at 60 Pa for the normal human hearing. A few characteristics of Sound pressure is that 1. It is the difference between the pressure produced by a sound wave and the barometric (ambient) pressure at the same point in space, symbol p. 2. It is a measurement of Force per unit Area 3. It is measured in Pascal (Pa) The Sound Pressure Level: Lp = 10 log(p2 / pref2) = 10 log(p / pref)2 = 20 log (p / pref)

(1)

where Lp = sound pressure level (dB) p = sound pressure (Pa) pref = 2 10-5 - reference sound pressure (Pa)

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5.1.3 Reverberation Time Reverberation time is the time for the sound to fade away after the source which the sound originates from ceases, which too depends upon the intensity of the sound. The best reverberation time for an area varies based on its intended usage. Approximately 2 seconds is preferable for a medium-sized common auditorium that is to be used for both speech and music. For rooms like classrooms, the reverberation time should be shorter, lesser than a second. For areas which require audio clarity, the reverberation time should be kept at minimum, areas like recording studio. The absorption coefficients strongly influence the reverberation time, as illustrated in the diagram below. However, it also depends on factor like the roomâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s volume.

Figure 5.2: Illustrates the desirable reverberation time Source : http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/acoustic/revtim.html

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Figure 5.3: illustrates the most unsatisfying factor in office is related to sound privacy Source: http://www.fastcodesign.com/3032419/evidence/can-better-acoustics-make-open-offices-suck-less

One of the biggest complaints made by employees working in open-office it related to acoustics. Research has shown that noise distraction results in double the wasted time in open office if compared to office which provides adequate privacy.

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Figure 5.4 Absorption Coefficient Table Source: Own Source

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Figure 5.5 Standard Reverberation Time for Various Spaces. Source: Own Source

Reverberation Time Quality

0.8 – 1.3

1.4 – 2.0

2.1 – 3.0

Good

Fair - Poor

Unacceptable

Figure 5.6 Various Reverberation Time & the Quality Source: Own Source

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5.1.4 Sound Reduction Index Sound reduction index is used to measure the sound insulation level provided by structures such as windows, walls, doors or ventilators. The unit for sound reduction index is expressed as decibels (dB). The formula for sound reduction index is given as R = L1 - L2 + 10 lg S/A (dB) where:

L1: average Sound Pressure Level in the source room L2: average sound pressure level in the receiving room S: area of the test specimen (m2) A: Equivalent Sound Absorption area of the receiving room

5.1.5 Acoustic Design For Office One of the key contributors to improved work performance and well-being in the working environment is through the adaptation of good office acoustics. Having the luxury to find quiet times and places under a stressful working environment is important to support complex knowledge work. Also, the ability to have either planned or impromptu interactions without the need to disturb others is essential for better relationship and team work development. The ability to have of having speech privacy is essential when it comes to confidential interactions as well as work procedures. Hence, acoustical comfort in office can be achieved when the workplaces provide adequate acoustical support for wide ranges of activities from concentration work to confidentiality as well as interaction. However, acoustical comfort tends to be ignored and the importance underestimated. This may be due to the fact that sound is not something visible; hence its importance is less emphasized. On recent designs, open plan office plan is more favourable. The aim of having open offices is to promote interactions between employees. It is undeniable that the interactions between employees have improved, but problems related to privacy arise.

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5.2. PRECEDENT STUDIES 5.2.1 Introduction

Figure 5.7: Walt Disney Museum Source: http://deasypenner.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/01_7_1disneyconcerthall2.jpg

Building

Walt Disney Concert Hall

Architects

Frank Gehry

Location

151 South Grand Avenue, Los Angeles, CA

Project Completion

2003

Acoustical

Yasuhisa Toyota and Nagata Acoustics, Inc.

Consultants

Charles M. Salter Associates, Inc.

Sitting Capacity

2265

Room Volume

30,600cm

Total Cost

$ 274 Million

Walt Disney Concert Hall was donated by Lilian Disney in honour of her late husband, Walt Disney’s devotion towards the arts. Frank Gehry was commissioned to work on this project. He worked closely with Yasuhisa Toyota, the acoustical consultant to hone the hall’s sound through careful considerations of spatial and materials means. The concert hall designed as a single volume, to engage the audience and orchestra in the same space. The design of the hall is inspired by the ‘vineyard style’ in which the audience surrounds the orchestra, allowing some members of them to have distant views of the performers’ music sheets. Also, the vineyard-shaped auditorium would perform better

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than a traditional multipurpose hall in the aspect of achieving full sound coverage from an unamplified orchestra with the absence of volume control. 5.2.2 Drawings and Plans

Figure 5.8: Orchestra level plan of the concert hall Source: http://www.nagata.co.jp/e_sakuhin/factsheets/wdch.pdf

Inside this marvellous piece of architecture, the audience is enclosed by wood which is the main material used for constructing the interior. The ceiling features the largest acoustical surface.

Figure 5.9: Longitudinal section showing the curvilinear planes in the hall. Source: http://www.nagata.co.jp/e_sakuhin/factsheets/wdch.pdf

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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Entry plaza Lobby Auditorium Outdoor amphitheatre Rehearsal REDCAT Offices

Figure 5.10: Sectional perspective showing different zones Source: http://www.nagata.co.jp/e_sakuhin/factsheets/wdch.pdf

Figure 5.11 Cross section of the concert hall Source: http://www.nagata.co.jp/e_sakuhin/factsheets/wdch.pdf

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Design Strategies and acoustics analysis Noise Level Room Volume Finishing Materials

Reverberation Time (Mid-Frequency)

NC - 15 30 600 cm Ceiling – Douglas Fir Wall – Douglas Fir Floor – Oak Seat – Upholstered Unoccupied – 2.2 sec (at 500 Hz) Occupied – 2.0 sec (at 500 Hz)

The terrace seating surrounding the orchestra enables more flat surfaces which increase the area for sound reflection. This is the key feature for the accomplishment of an unamplified orchestra.

Figure 5.12: Interior of the Concert Hall Source : http://wdch10.laphil.com/wdch10/image/57/564/375

Much of Toyota’s design is based on the principle that concave shape focuses sound, unlike convex shape which tends to scatter it. Based on this key principle, he brilliantly employed concave shapes in his design. The curvilinear planes of Douglas Fir. Under an amplified hall, the sound could still be heard throughout the whole space. This is possible as the cleverly designed convex walls surrounding the stage allow the sound reflections to bounce off brilliantly. Perhaps, this design is similar to the ancient colosseum where the carefully design stadium allows sound to be heard even far away from the end of the stadium.

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Figure 5.13: Detailing of Acoustic Material Source : http://graphics.latimes.com/storyboard-disney-hall-inside-and-out/

The plentiful convex surfaces throughout the entire concert hall have created an acoustic environment close to perfection with over 38000 reflective surfaces.

Figure 5.14 : illustrates the bouncing off of the sound wave on the convex surface Source: http://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/Arch464/Hall%20Of%20Fame/Arch464/Spring2010/CS4/Disneyconcerthall.Pdf

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Figure 5.15: A graph tabulation showing the relationship between 1/1 octave band centre frequencies in hertz and reverberation time in second Source: Http://Www.Nagata.Co.Jp/E_Sakuhin/Factsheets/Wdch.Pdf

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5.3. ACOUSTIC DATA 5.3.1. Outdoor Existing Acoustic 5.3.1.1. Outdoor Noise Sources

Teik Senn (M) Sdn. Bhd. is located at an industrial area and is within a close proximity to the main transport route which is Persiaran Kuala Selangor and Persiaran Hulu Selangor. Most of the outdoor noises come from the vehicular activities which occur along the route, especially at the junction between Persiaran Kuala Selangor and Persiaran Hulu Selangor.

Traffic Noise

Figure 5.16 : Street View from Persiaran Kuala Selangor

Figure 5.17 : Street View from Persiaran Kuala Selangor

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Figure 5.18: Location of Site in relation to main road

Figure 5.19: Section diagram of the traffic noise

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Neighboring Companies Noise

Besides, there are many automobile companies around our site, like Zaibar Automobile Industries Sdn. Bhd which is located right next to Teik Senn, and Proton Holdings Bhd which located opposite our site. There will be noises whenever there are events.

Figure 5.20: Neighboring Companies

Figure 5.21: Zaibar Automobile Industries Sdn. Bhd.

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Figure 5.22: Relationship between neighboring noises to the building

Figure 5.23 : Section diagram showing the relationship between neighboring noise to the building

Noise from Transportation Vehicles

There is noise coming from the designated parking lots for the lorries. The noise is produced by the engines of the transportation lorries.

Figure 5.24 : Picture showing the parking for the transportation lorry

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Figure 5.25 : Relationship between the noises produced by the transportation lorries to the building

Figure 5.26: Section diagram showing the relationship between the noises produced by the transportation lorries to the building

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5.3.1.1. INDOOR NOISE SOURCES Air Circulators

Figure 5.27: Location of the air circulators

Figure 5.28: Section diagram showing the noise produced by the air circulators

Air conditioners are used to circulate air within a confined space as well as cooling down the air for a particular room. Air-conditioners are located in the conference hall, pantry area and offices. There are two different types of air circulators; the ceiling air conditioner and the wall mounted air conditioner. During the operation of these air circulators, a noticeable amount of noises are produced though it is not significant enough to induce an acoustical disturbance in those particular spaces.

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Specifications for Mounted Air Circulators

Product 1 York Inverter Y Ceiling Cassette Series Y5CKY20A2

Figure 5.29 : Ceiling Mounted Air Circulator in conference hall

Weight (kg)

Power Source ( V/Ph/Hz )

220-240 / 1 / 50

Rated Cooling Capacity (kW)

5.69

Dimensions (mm)

265 x 820 x 820

Refrigerant Type

R410A (mixture of difluoromethane and pentafluoroethane)

Air Flow (CFM)

600

Placement

Ceiling

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Specifications for Mounted Air Circulators

Product 2 York Inverter Y Wall Mounted Series Y5WMY10JF

Figure 5.30: Wall mounted air circulator in the office

Figure 5.31 : Wall mounted circulator in the pantry

Weight (kg)

Power Source ( V/Ph/Hz )

220-240 / 1 / 50

Rated Cooling Capacity (kW)

2.67

Dimensions (mm)

288 x 800 x 206

Refrigerant Type Air Flow (CFM)

R410A (mixture of difluoromethane and pentafluoroethane) 345

Placement

Wall

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Human Activity

Figure 5.32: Human Activities are mainly concentrated at the conference hall, kitchen/pantry and financial office

Figure 5.33: Section diagram showing the noises produced by the human activities

Noise produced by human activities especially during peak hours occurs at the conference hall as illustrated in the diagram. The workers there interact with each other while the meeting is being held which is the main noise contributor to the space. The secondary noise contributor is by the staff workers who work in the office, followed by the users of the pantry.

Figure 5.34: Secondary noise contributors by the staffs in the office

Figure 5.35 : Tertiary noise contributors by the staffs in the pantry

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Speakers

Figure 5.36: Speakers are located at the front end of the conference hall

Figure 5.37: Section diagram showing the noise produced by the speakers

Two speakers are located at the conference hall. They are usually turned on during conference meetings. Volume is kept to a minimum to create a favorable ambience, so that the staff member in the office will not be disturbed. During non-peak hours, these speakers are not being used.

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Specifications for Speakers

Product Speakers TC 10

Figure 5.38: Speaker mounted on the wall in front of the conference hall

Weight (kg)

Dimensions (mm)

210 x 370 x 210

Frequency Response

80 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 18 kHz

Sensitivity

95 dB

Placement

Conference Hall

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Printing Machine

Figure 5.39: Location of the printing machines in the financial office

Figure 5.40: Section diagram showing the noise produced by the printing machines

The printing machines are located in the financial office, mainly used by workers there. They are used quite frequently as there are plenty of documents to be printed. The RICOH multifunction printer can be used for printing, copying, scanning and faxing. One benefit about these both machines is that they do not produce much noise during usage.

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Specifications for Printing Machine Product 1 RICOH Aficio MP C2500 Multifunction Printer

Figure 5.41: Photocopy machine in the financial office

Power Consumption (Watt)

Power Source Dimensions (inches) Weight (lbs) Placement

Operational 1500 Standby 99 Sleep 8 120V / 60 Hz 25.6 x 25.9 x 29.1 121 Financial Office

Product 2 Epson LQ – 2190 24-pin 136 Column Printer

Figure 5.42: Printing machine in the financial office

Power Consumption (Watt) Weight Acoustic Noise

Operational 46 Sleep 3 13 kg 54 dB

Dimensions (mm) Rated Frequency Placement

256 x 402 x 639 50 – 60 Hz Financial Office 125 | P a g e

Refrigerator

Figure 5.43: Location of the refrigerator in the kitchen/pantry

Figure 5.44: Section diagram showing the noised produced by the refrigerator in the kitchen/pantry

The refrigerator is located at the kitchen/pantry area. It is used to store the workers food products. This refrigerator does not contribute much to the noise production as it is very quiet during operation.

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Specifications for Refrigerator

Product SAMSUNG SRS584NL Side by Side Door Refrigerator

Figure 5.45: Refrigerator in the kitchen/pantry

Weight (kg)

110

Cooling System

Mono Cooling

Dimensions (mm)

912 x 1789 x 734

Refrigerant Type

R134A

Capacity ( L)

584

Placement

Kitchen/Pantry

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Type

Material

Ceiling

Plaster Finish

Absorption Coefficient 500 2000 Hz Hz 0.6 0.4

Figure 5.46: Ceiling at the pantry area

Wall

Reinforced Concrete

Location

Conference Hall, Financial office, Foyer/Buffer, Kitchen/Pantry, Hallway, Storage, Fire escape Foyer/Buffer zone, Hallway, Storage, Fire Escape

0.06

0.09

0.05

0.07

Financial office, Conference Hall

0.18

0.07

Conference Hall

Figure 5.47: Wall at the pantry area

Gypsum Board

Figure 5.48: Partition board at the financial office area

Glass

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Figure 5.49: Glass wall at conference hall

Furniture

Chair - Plastic

0.15

0.18

Conference Hall, Kitchen/Pantry

0.28

0.38

Conference Hall

0.58

Financial Office

Figure 5.50: Plastic chairs at the conference hall

Chair - Cushion

Figure 5.51: Cushion chairs at the conference hall

Chair - Leather

Figure 5.52: Leather chairs at the financial office

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Table - Wooden

0.22

0.38

Conference Hall, Financial office, Kitchen/Pantry, Hallway

0.22

0.38

Financial Office, Kitchen/Pantry

0.02

Fire escape

0.01

0.02

Conference Hall, Financial Office, Storage

Figure 5.53: Wooden table at the conference hall

Cupboard - Wooden

Figure 5.54: Wooden cupboard at the financial office

Floor

Concrete Screed

Figure 5.55: Concrete Screed at the fire escape

Fabric

Figure 5.56 :Fabric carper at the conference hall

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Tiles

0.01

0.02

Kitchen/Pantry, Hallway, Foyer/Buffer zone

Figure 5.57: Floor tiles at the foyer/buffer zone

5.4. ACOUSTIC DATA 5.4.1. ZONE 1 : Conference Room PEAK HOURS Unit : dB Height : 1.0 m Grid Reading Grid Reading Grid Reading Grid Reading

A2 67.8 A9 68 B8 66 C9 64.8

A3 65.8 B2 65.2 B9 65.6 D4 65.2

A4 66 B3 65.8 C4 65.4 D5 70.6

A5 66 B4 65.4 C5 65.8 D6 70.8

A6 66 B5 62.2 C6 66 D7 70

A7 67 B6 63.6 C7 64 D8 69.8

A8 67.8 B7 64 C8 64 D9 70

A3 46.2 B2 48 B9 42.8 D4 42

A4 45 B3 46.4 C4 44.2 D5 47.6

A5 44.8 B4 46.6 C5 46.8 D6 44

A6 44.8 B5 45 C6 46 D7 44.6

A7 46 B6 45 C7 44.8 D8 48

A8 42 B7 48.4 C8 46.2 D9 46.6

C2 46

C3 51

D2 60.2

D3 62.8

NON-PEAK HOURS Unit : dB Height : 1.0 m Grid Reading Grid Reading Grid Reading Grid Reading

A2 45.6 A9 43.6 B8 46.2 C9 46

5.4.2. ZONE 2 : Foyer PEAK HOURS Unit : dB Height : 1.0 m Grid Reading

C1 51

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NON-PEAK HOURS Unit : dB Height : 1.0 m Grid Reading

C1 47.2

C2 45.4

C3 48.8

D2 52.6

D3 51

E6 62.6 F6 60.4 G6 58.4

E7 64 F7 63 G7 60

E8 62 F8 62.6 G8 61.8

E9 62.4 F9 62 G9 62

F3 63 G3 61.8

F4 62.4 G4 61.8

E6 48 F6 47.8 G6 42.2

E7 46 F7 49.4 G7 48.6

E8 44.6 F8 48.6 G8 46

E9 44 F9 48.6 G9 44.4

F3 51 G3 46

F4 50.4 G4 48.2

A13 53 B14 55.4 C15 53

A14 54.4 B15 51 D10 51.2

A15 55.2 C10 56.6 D11 51.8

B10 58.4 C11 53.4 D12 51.2

5.4.3. ZONE 3 : Pantry PEAK HOURS Unit : dB Height : 1.0 m Grid Reading Grid Reading Grid Reading

E5 61.4 F5 61 G5 58

NON-PEAK HOURS Unit : dB Height : 1.0 m Grid Reading Grid Reading Grid Reading

E5 47.4 F5 48 G5 46

5.4.4. ZONE 4 : Financial Office PEAK HOURS Unit : dB Height : 1.0 m Grid Reading Grid Reading Grid Reading Grid

A10 55 B11 56 C12 55 D13

A11 52.2 B12 59.4 C13 57.6 D14

A12 55.2 B13 54 C14 54.2 D15

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Reading

51.4

50.6

A11 50.6 B12 54 C13 52.4 D14 50.8

A12 55 B13 54 C14 54.8 D15 48.8

NON-PEAK HOURS Unit : dB Height : 1.0 m Grid Reading Grid Reading Grid Reading Grid Reading

A10 53.2 B11 55.6 C12 53.8 D13 52.2

A13 54.2 B14 54.8 C15 51

A14 52.6 B15 50.2 D10 51.8

A15 55 C10 54.8 D11 49.8

B10 56.2 C11 52 D12 50.2

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5.4.5. ZONE 5 : Storage PEAK HOURS Unit : dB Height : 1.0 m Grid Reading Grid Reading

A16 46.4 B19 43

A17 44 C16 46.4

A18 42 C17 44

A19 47.4 C18 46

B16 45.4 C19 44.4

B17 46 D16 44.6

B18 42.2 D17 46.2

A17 45.2 C16 44.2

A18 44 C17 45

A19 44.4 C18 43.2

B16 45 C19 42.4

B17 44.8 D16 45.8

B18 40.2 D17 43

F17 52 E12 53.6 F11 54

G10 55 E13 52.2 F12 56.4

G11 55 E14 54 F13 53

G16 50.8 E15 51.2 F14 55.6

G17 58.6 E16 54.2

NON-PEAK HOURS Unit : dB Height : 1.0 m Grid Reading Grid Reading

A16 45.8 B19 42

5.4.6. ZONE 6 : Hallway PEAK HOURS Unit : dB Height : 1.0 m Grid Reading Grid Reading Grid Reading

F15 52.4 E10 54.6 E17 52

F16 53.6 E11 52.6 F10 55.2

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NON-PEAK HOURS Unit : dB Height : 1.0 m Grid Reading Grid Reading Grid Reading

F15 45.8 E10 48.8 E17 46

F16 47.2 E11 47.2 F10 48.6

F17 44 E12 46.6 F11 46.6

G10 48 E13 49 F12 47

G11 45.8 E14 47 F13 45.2

G16 43.2 E15 47.4 F14 49.8

G17 40.8 E16 46.2

5.4.7. ZONE 7 : Fire Escape Staircase PEAK HOURS Unit : dB Height : 1.0 m Grid Reading

F18 55

F19 57

G18 54.2

G19 56.8

F19 49.8

G18 48.6

G19 49.6

NON-PEAK HOURS Unit : dB Height : 1.0 m Grid Reading

F18 50.2

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5.4.8. DATA TABULATION 5.4.8.1. PEAK HOURS

Grid

Height

Grid

NOISE LEVEL (dB) PEAK Height Grid 1m

Height

Grid

Height 1m

A2 A3

67.8 65.8

E5 E6

61.4 62.6

C14 C15

54.2 53

F15 F16

52.4 53.6

A4 A5 A6

66 66 66

E7 E8 E9

64 62 62.4

D10 D11 D12

51.2 51.8 51.2

F17 G10 G11

52 55 55

A7 A8 A9 B2

67 67.8 68 65.2

F3 F4 F5 F6

63 62.4 61 60.4

D13 D14 D15 A16

51.4 50.6 53 46.4

G16 G17 F18 F19

50.8 58.6 55 57

B3 B4 B5

65.8 65.4 62.2

F7 F8 F9

63 62.6 62

A17 A18 A19

44 42 47.4

G18 G19

54.2 56.8

B6 B7 B8 B9

63.6 64 66 65.6

G3 G4 G5 G6

61.8 61.8 58 58.4

B16 B17 B18 B19

45.4 46 42.2 43

C4 C5 C6

65.4 65.8 66

G7 G8 G9

60 61.8 62

C16 C17 C18

46.4 44 46

C7 C8 C9 D4

64 64 64.8 65.2

A10 A11 A12 A13

55 52.2 55.2 53

C19 D16 D17 E10

44.4 44.6 46.2 54.6

D5 D6 D7

70.6 70.8 70

A14 A15 B10

54.4 55.2 58.4

E11 E12 E13

52.6 53.6 52.2

D8 D9 C1

69.8 70 51

B11 B12 B13

56 59.4 54

E14 E15 E16

54 51.2 54.2

C2 C3 D2

46 51 60.2

B14 B15 C10

55.4 51 56.6

E17 F10 F11

52 55.2 54 136 | P a g e

62.8

C11

53.4

F12

56.4

E3 E4

61.8 62

C12 C13

55 57.6

F13 F14

53 55.6

5.4.8.2. NON-PEAK HOURS

Grid A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 B9 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 C1 C2 C3 D2 D3

Height 1m 45.6 46.2 45 44.8 44.8 46 42 43.6 48 46.4 46.6 45 45 48.4 46.2 42.8 44.2 46.8 46 44.8 46.2 46 42 47.6 44 44.6 48 46.6 47.2 45.4 48.8 52.6 51

Grid E5 E6 E7 E8 E9 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 G3 G4 G5 G6 G7 G8 G9 A10 A11 A12 A13 A14 A15 B10 B11 B12 B13 B14 B15 C10 C11

NOISE LEVEL (dB) NON-PEAK Height Grid 1m 47.4 C14 48 C15 46 D10 44.6 D11 44 D12 51 D13 50.4 D14 48 D15 47.8 A16 49.4 A17 48.6 A18 48.6 A19 46 B16 48.2 B17 46 B18 42.2 B19 48.6 C16 46 C17 44.4 C18 53.2 C19 50.6 D16 55 D17 54.2 E10 52.6 E11 55 E12 56.2 E13 55.6 E14 54 E15 54 E16 54.8 E17 50.2 F10 54.8 F11 52 F12

Height 1m 54.8 51 51.8 49.8 50.2 52.2 50.8 48.8 45.8 45.2 44 44.4 45 44.8 40.2 42 44.2 45 43.2 42.4 45.8 43 48.8 47.2 46.6 49 47 47.4 46.2 46 48.6 46.6 47

Grid F15 F16 F17 G10 G11 G16 G17 F18 F19 G18 G19

Height 1m 45.8 47.2 44 48 45.8 43.2 40.8 50.2 49.8 48.6 49.6

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E3 E4

48.8 49.2

C12 C13

53.8 52.4

F13 F14

45.2 49.8

LEGEND Conference room Foyer Pantry Financial Office Storage Hallway Fire Escape Staircase

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5.4.9. DATA TABULATION ANALYSIS PEAK HOUR

Figure 5.58: illustrates the sound contour during the peak hours

Observation 1 The highest dB produced is concentrated at the conference hall. Discussion 1 This is due to the fact that there is a conference meeting going in. The hall is able to hold a capacity of 30 users hence the crowd contributes to the high dB during discussions. Part of the noise produced during the meeting is transmitted to the office.

Observation 2 The second highest dB produced is at the kitchen/pantry area. Discussion 2 One of the contributing factors to the noise recorded at this area is by the crowd during the conference meeting. Also, because this is an informal space, users of this pantry area tend to forget to control their volume. This might disrupt the users who participate in the conference meeting.

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Observation 3 The quietest area observed is at the storage area. Discussion 3 This area is isolated from the main crowd, and is rarely used. Hence, there is hardly any noise produced in this area.

Observation 4 Certain areas of the financial office have readings of dB ranging from 56 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 60 dB. Discussion 4 Human activities within the office contributes to the higher dB recorded in this area.

NON-PEAK HOUR

Figure 5.59: illustrates the sound contour during the non-peak hours

Observation 1 The recorded dB throughout the first floor do not exceed 55dB Discussion 1 During non-peak hours, there are generally very minimum users at the first floor, only one or two. Most of the equipment is not operated too hence there is no major contributor to the noise.

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Observation 2 The office has the highest recorded dB during non-peak hours

Discussion 2 During non-peak hours, there are still a number of workers at the financial office. The human activities contributed to the noise produced. However, the noise level is not as high as during the peak hours even though there are still human activities during the non-peak hours. This is due to fact the meeting held at the conference hall is part of the contributors to the noise in the financial office.

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5.5.

ACOUSTIC RAY BOUNCING DIAGRAM

5.5.1. ZONE 1 : Conference Room

Figure 5.60: Acoustic Ray Bouncing Analysis (Left Speaker)

D7 D8 D9

70 69.8 70

Figure 5.61: Acoustic Ray Bouncing Analysis (RightSpeaker)

A7 A8 A9

67 67.8 68

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Figure 5.62: Acoustic Ray Bouncing Analysis (Both Speaker)

Speakers will be used to amplify the voice of the person who gives speech during conference is hold and the noise is transferred to the kitchen and the conference hall.

5.5.2. ZONE 1 : Finance Office

Figure 5.63: Acoustic Ray Bouncing Analysis (Fax Speaker)

C14 C15 D10

54.8 51 51.8

The fax machine will generate noise and its noise will be reflected around the office space when it is used.

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Figure 5.64: Acoustic Ray Bouncing Analysis (Photostat Machine)

D12 D13 D14

50.2 52.2 50.8

The photostat machine only produce noise whenever there are staffs using the machine.

Figure 5.65: Acoustic Ray Bouncing Analysis (Fax Machine & Photostat Machine)

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5.5.3. ZONE 3 : Pantry

Figure 5.66: Acoustic Ray Bouncing Analysis (Fridge)

G5 G6 G7

58 58.4 60

Noise will be created whenever there are staffs open or close the fridge, it usually occur during lunch time.

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5.5.4. ZONE 4 : Fire Escape Staircase

Figure 5.67: Acoustic Ray Bouncing Analysis (Outdoor Noise through window)

F19 G18 G19

49.8 48.6 49.6

As the fire staircase is facing the warehouse, most of the noises come from there where the workers move and package the products.

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5.6. CALCULATIONS 5.5.1. REVERBERATION TIME Zone 1 (Conference Hall)

Figure 5.68: Conference Hall

Material absorption coefficient in 500Hz at Non- Peak Hour Absorption Area (m2) Component Material Function Coefficient [S] (500 [A]/ Quantity Hz) Plaster Ceiling Ceiling 86.52 0.6 Finish Reinforced Wall 62.04 0.06 Concrete Gypsum Partition 22.62 0.05 Wall Board Wall Glass Glass 15.8 0.04 Wall Brick Wall 62.04 0.03 Pivot Glass 1.66 0.18 Door Openings Pivot Glass 1.66 0.18 Door Concrete Floor 81.53 0.02 Screed Floor Fabric Carpet 81.53 0.01 Plastic Chair 10.6 0.15 Furniture Cushion Chair 8.3 0.28 Wooden Table 17.36 0.22 People 2 0.42 Non- Peak Total Absorption [A]

Sound Absorption [SA] 51.912 3.7224 1.131 0.632 1.8612 0.2988 0.2988 1.6306 0.8153 1.59 2.324 3.8192 0.84 70.8753 147 | P a g e

Volume of Conference Hall = (2.8m x 2.4m x 3.48m) + (7m x 7.45m x 3.48m) + (6.5m x 3.5m x 3.48m) = 284.038m3 Reverberation Time = (0.16 x V) / A = (0.16 x 284.038m3) / 70.8753 = 0.64s. Material absorption coefficient in 2000Hz at Non- Peak Hour

Component Ceiling

Wall

Openings

Floor

Furniture

Material

Function

Plaster Ceiling Finish Reinforced Wall Concrete Gypsum Partition Board Wall Glass Glass Wall Brick Wall Pivot Glass Door Pivot Glass Door Concrete Floor Screed Fabric Carpet Plastic Chair Cushion Chair Wooden Table

People Non- Peak

Area (m2) [A]/ Quantity

Absorption Coefficient [S] (2000 Hz)

86.52

0.4

34.608

62.04

0.09

5.5836

22.62

0.07

1.5834

15.8

0.02

0.316

62.04

0.05

3.102

1.66

0.07

0.1162

1.66

0.07

0.1162

81.53

0.02

1.6306

81.53 10.6 8.3 17.36

0.02 0.18 0.28 0.38

1.6306 1.908 2.324 6.5968

0.5

Total Absorption [A]

Sound Absorption [SA]

60.5154

Reverberation Time = (0.16 x V) / A = (0.16 x 284.038m3) / 60.5154 = 0.75s. 148 | P a g e

Material absorption coefficient in 500Hz at Peak Hour Component Ceiling

Wall

Openings

Floor

Furniture

Material

Function

People Peak

Area (m2) [A]/ Quantity

Absorption Coefficient [S] (500 Hz)

Sound Absorption [SA]

86.52

0.6

51.912

62.04

0.06

3.7224

22.62

0.05

1.131

15.8

0.04

0.632

62.04

0.03

1.8612

1.66

0.18

0.2988

1.66

0.18

0.2988

81.53

0.02

1.6306

81.53 10.6 8.3 17.36

0.01 0.15 0.28 0.22

0.8153 1.59 2.324 3.8192

0.42

12.6

Total Absorption [A]

82.6353

Reverberation Time = (0.16 x V) / A = (0.16 x 284.038m3) / 82.6353 = 0.55s.

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Material absorption coefficient in 2000Hz at Peak Hour Component Ceiling

Wall

Openings

Floor

Furniture

Material

Function

People Peak

Area (m2) [A]/ Quantity

Absorption Coefficient [S] (2000 Hz)

86.52

0.4

34.608

62.04

0.09

5.5836

22.62

0.07

1.5834

15.8

0.02

0.316

62.04

0.05

3.102

1.66

0.07

0.1162

1.66

0.07

0.1162

81.53

0.02

1.6306

81.53 10.6 8.3 17.36

0.02 0.18 0.28 0.38

1.6306 1.908 2.324 6.5968

0.5

Total Absorption [A]

Sound Absorption [SA]

74.5154

Reverberation Time = (0.16 x V) / A = (0.16 x 284.038m3) / 74.5154 = 0.61s.

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Analysis (Conference Hall) Space

Non-Peak Hour (500Hz2000Hz)

Peak Hour (500Hz2000Hz)

Conference Hall

0.64 – 0.75 s

0.55 – 0.61 s

Figure 5.69: Reverberation for Conference Hall

The comfort reverberation time for Conference Hall falls between 0.6s – 1s. From the calculation analysis, the reverberation time during Non-Peak hour at 500Hz- 2000Hz is 0.64s- 0.75s, while in Peak hour falls between 0.55s – 0.66s. Hence, there is adequate acoustic absorption for this space.

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Zone 2 (Office)

Figure 5.70: Office

Material absorption coefficient in 500Hz at Non- Peak Hour

Component Ceiling

Wall

Openings

Floor Furniture

Material

Function

Plaster Ceiling Finish Reinforced Wall Concrete Gypsum Partition Board Wall Glass Glass Wall Pivot Glass Door Pivot Glass Door Concrete Floor Screed Fabric Carpet Leather Chair Wooden Table

People Non- Peak

Area (m2) [A]/ Quantity 81.5

Absorption Coefficient [S] (500 Hz) 0.6

Sound Absorption [SA] 48.9

0.06

2.1

45.14

0.05

2.257

37.85 1.554 1.554 78 78 6.75 9

2 Total Absorption [A]

0.04 0.18 0.18 0.02 0.01 0.22 0.22 0.42

1.514 0.27972 0.27972 1.56 0.78 1.485 1.98 0.84 61.97544

Volume of Office 152 | P a g e

= 6.48m x 12m x 3.48m = 270.6m3

Reverberation Time = (0.16 x V) / A = (0.16 x 270.6m3) / 61.97544 = 0.7s.

Material absorption coefficient in 2000Hz at Non- Peak Hour Component Ceiling

Wall

Openings

Floor Furniture

Material

Area (m2) Function [A]/ Quantity

Plaster Ceiling Finish Reinforced Wall Concrete Gypsum Partition Board Wall Glass Glass Wall Pivot Glass Door Pivot Glass Door Concrete Floor Screed Fabric Carpet Leather Chair Wooden Table

People Non- Peak

Absorption Coefficient [S] (2000 Hz)

Sound Absorption [SA]

0.4

32.6

0.09

3.15

45.14

0.07

3.1598

0.02

0.757

0.07

0.10878

0.07

0.10878

0.02

1.56

0.02 0.38 0.38

1.56 2.565 3.42

0.5

81.5

37.85 1.554 1.554 78 78 6.75 9

2 Total Absorption [A]

49.98936

Reverberation Time = (0.16 x V) / A = (0.16 x 270.6m3) / 49.98936 = 0.87s. Material absorption coefficient in 500Hz at Peak Hour 153 | P a g e

Component Ceiling

Wall

Openings

Floor Furniture

Material

Area (m2) Function [A]/ Quantity

Plaster Ceiling Finish Reinforced Wall Concrete Gypsum Partition Board Wall Glass Glass Wall Pivot Glass Door Pivot Glass Door Concrete Floor Screed Fabric Carpet Leather Chair Wooden Table

People Peak

81.5

Absorption Coefficient [S] (500 Hz) 0.6

Sound Absorption [SA] 48.9

0.06

2.1

45.14

0.05

2.257

37.85 1.554 1.554 78 78 6.75 9 30

Total Absorption [A]

0.04 0.18 0.18 0.02 0.01 0.22 0.22 0.42

1.514 0.27972 0.27972 1.56 0.78 1.485 1.98 12.6 73.73544

Reverberation Time = (0.16 x V) / A = (0.16 x 270.6m3) / 73.73544 = 0.59s.

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Material absorption coefficient in 2000Hz at Peak Hour Area (m2) Component

Material

Function [A]/ Quantity

Ceiling

Wall

Openings

Floor Furniture

Plaster Ceiling Finish Reinforced Wall Concrete Gypsum Partition Board Wall Glass Glass Wall Pivot Glass Door Pivot Glass Door Concrete Floor Screed Fabric Carpet Leather Chair Wooden Table

People Peak

Absorption Coefficient [S] (2000 Hz)

Sound Absorption [SA]

0.4

32.6

0.09

3.15

45.14

0.07

3.1598

0.02

0.757

0.07

0.10878

0.07

0.10878

0.02

1.56

0.02 0.38 0.38

1.56 2.565 3.42

0.5

81.5

37.85 1.554 1.554 78 78 6.75 9 30

Total Absorption [A]

63.98936

Reverberation Time = (0.16 x V) / A = (0.16 x 270.6m3) / 63.98936 = 0.68s.

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Analysis (Office)

Space

Non-Peak Hour (500Hz2000Hz)

Peak Hour (500Hz2000Hz)

Office

0.7 – 0.87 s

0.59 – 0.68 s

Figure 5.71: Reverberation for Office

The comfort reverberation time for private office falls between 0.6s – 0.8s. From the calculation analysis, the reverberation time during Non-Peak hour at 500Hz- 2000Hz is 0.7s- 0.87s, while in Peak hour falls between 0.59s – 0.68s. Hence, there is satisfactory acoustic absorption for this space.

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Zone 3 (Foyer)

Figure 5.72: Foyer

Material absorption coefficient in 500Hz at Non- Peak Hour Component Ceiling

Wall

Material Plaster Finish Reinforced Concrete Glass Glass

Openings Wood

Floor People Non- Peak

Concrete Screed Tiles

Area (m2) Function [A]/ Quantity Ceiling Wall Glass Wall Pivot Door Double Hung Door Floor Floor

14.2 38.6 2.4 3.3

Absorption Coefficient [S] (500 Hz) 0.6 0.06 0.04 0.18

Sound Absorption [SA] 8.52 2.316 0.096 0.594 0.165

3.3 13.1 13.1

2 Total Absorption [A]

0.05 0.02 0.01 0.42

0.262 0.131 0.84 12.924

157 | P a g e

Volume of Foyer = (2.85m x 0.19m x 3.54m) + (0.9m x 2.5m x 3.54m) + (4.4m x 2.3m x 3.54m) = 45.68m3

Reverberation Time = (0.16 x V) / A = (0.16 x 45.68m3) / 12.924 = 0.57s.

Material absorption coefficient in 2000Hz at Non- Peak Hour Component Ceiling

Wall

Material Plaster Finish Reinforced Concrete Glass Glass

Openings Wood

Floor

Concrete Screed Tiles

People Non- Peak

Function Ceiling Wall Glass Wall Pivot Door Double Hung Door Floor Floor

Area (m2) [A]/ Quantity 14.2 38.6 2.4 3.3

Absorption Coefficient [S] (2000 Hz)

Sound Absorption [SA]

0.4

5.68

0.09

3.474

0.02

0.048

0.07

0.231 0.132

3.3 13.1 13.1

2 Total Absorption [A]

0.04 0.02

0.262

0.02

0.262

0.5

1 11.089

Reverberation Time = (0.16 x V) / A = (0.16 x 45.68m3) / 11.089 = 0.66s.

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Material absorption coefficient in 500Hz at Peak Hour Component Ceiling

Wall

Material Plaster Finish Reinforced Concrete Glass Glass

Openings Wood

Floor

Concrete Screed Tiles

People Peak

Function Ceiling Wall Glass Wall Pivot Door Double Hung Door Floor Floor

Area (m2) [A]/ Quantity 14.2 38.6 2.4 3.3

Absorption Coefficient [S] (500 Hz) 0.6 0.06 0.04 0.18

Sound Absorption [SA] 8.52 2.316 0.096 0.594 0.165

3.3 13.1 13.1 30

Total Absorption [A]

0.05 0.02 0.01 0.42

0.262 0.131 12.6 24.684

Reverberation Time = (0.16 x V) / A = (0.16 x 45.68m3) / 24.684 = 0.3s.

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Material absorption coefficient in 2000Hz at Peak Hour Component Ceiling

Wall

Material Plaster Finish Reinforced Concrete Glass Glass

Openings Wood

Floor

Concrete Screed Tiles

People Peak

Function Ceiling Wall Glass Wall Pivot Door Double Hung Door Floor Floor

Area (m2) [A]/ Quantity 14.2 38.6 2.4 3.3

Absorption Coefficient [S] (2000 Hz)

Sound Absorption [SA]

0.4

5.68

0.09

3.474

0.02

0.048

0.07

0.231 0.132

3.3 13.1 13.1 30

Total Absorption [A]

0.04 0.02

0.262

0.02

0.262

0.5

15 25.089

Reverberation Time = (0.16 x V) / A = (0.16 x 45.68m3) / 25.089 = 0.29s.

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Analysis (Foyer)

Space Foyer

Non-Peak Hour (500Hz2000Hz) 0.57 – 0.66 s

Peak Hour (500Hz2000Hz) 0.3 – 0.29 s

Figure 5.73: Reverberation for Foyer

Foyer is not considered acoustically critical space, Foyer can become reverberant because it is build up noise. From the calculation analysis, the reverberation time during Non-Peak hour at 500Hz- 2000Hz is 0.57s- 0.66s, while in Peak hour falls between 0.3s – 0.29s. Hence, the reverberation time is too deemed and difficult to hear in back (loss bass).

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Zone 4 (Pantry)

Figure 5.74: Pantry

Material absorption coefficient in 500Hz at Non- Peak Hour Component Ceiling

Wall

Openings

Floor

Furniture People Non- Peak

Material

Function

Plaster Ceiling Finish Reinforced Wall Concrete Gypsum Partition Board Wall Pivot Glass Door Pivot Wooden Door Pivot Wooden Door Concrete Floor Screed Tiles Floor Plastic Chair Marble Cabinet Dining Marble Table

Area (m2) [A]/ Quantity 45.8 44.5 24.3 1.5

Absorption Coefficient [S] (500 Hz) 0.6 0.06 0.05 0.18

Sound Absorption [SA] 27.48 2.67 1.215 0.27

1.5

0.05

0.075

1.5

0.05

0.075

42.8 42.8 3.6 5.7 3.4

2 Total Absorption [A]

0.02 0.01 0.15 0.01

0.856 0.428 0.54 0.057

0.01

0.034

0.42

0.84 34.54 162 | P a g e

Volume of Pantry = 11m x 4m x 3.48m = 153.12m3 Reverberation Time = (0.16 x V) / A = (0.16 x 153.12m3) / 34.54 = 0.71s.

Material absorption coefficient in 2000Hz at Non- Peak Hour Component Ceiling

Wall

Openings

Floor

Furniture

Material

Area (m2) Function [A]/ Quantity

People Non- Peak

45.8 44.5 24.3 1.5

Absorption Coefficient [S] (2000 Hz) 0.4

18.32

0.09

4.005

0.07

1.701

0.07

0.105

1.5

0.04

1.5

0.04

42.8 42.8 3.6 5.7 3.4

2 Total Absorption [A]

Sound Absorption [SA]

0.06 0.06

0.02

0.856

0.02 0.18 0.02

0.856 0.648 0.114

0.02 0.5

0.068 1 27.793

Reverberation Time = (0.16 x V) / A = (0.16 x 153.12m3) / 27.793 = 0.88s.

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Material absorption coefficient in 500Hz at Peak Hour Component Ceiling

Wall

Openings

Floor

Furniture

Material

Function

People Peak

Area (m2) [A]/ Quantity 45.8 44.5 24.3 1.5

Absorption Coefficient [S] (500 Hz) 0.6 0.06 0.05 0.18

Sound Absorption [SA] 27.48 2.67 1.215 0.27

1.5

0.05

0.075

1.5

0.05

0.075

42.8 42.8 3.6 5.7

0.02 0.01 0.15 0.01

0.856 0.428 0.54 0.057

3.4

0.01

0.034

0.42

12.6

Total Absorption [A]

46.3

Reverberation Time = (0.16 x V) / A = (0.16 x 153.12m3) / 46.3 = 0.53s.

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Material absorption coefficient in 2000Hz at Peak Hour Component Ceiling

Wall

Openings

Floor

Furniture

Material

Function

People Peak

Area (m2) [A]/ Quantity 45.8 44.5 24.3 1.5

Absorption Coefficient [S] (2000 Hz) 0.4

18.32

0.09

4.005

0.07

1.701

0.07

0.105

1.5

0.04

1.5

0.04

42.8 42.8 3.6 5.7

0.06 0.06

0.02

0.856

0.02 0.18 0.02

0.856 0.648 0.114

3.4

0.02

0.5

Total Absorption [A]

Sound Absorption [SA]

0.068 15 41.793

Reverberation Time = (0.16 x V) / A = (0.16 x 153.12m3) / 41.793 = 0.59s.

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Analysis (Pantry)

Space Pantry

Non-Peak Hour (500Hz2000Hz) 0.71 – 0.88 s

Peak Hour (500Hz2000Hz) 0.53 – 0.59 s

Figure 5.75: Reverberation for Pantry

Pantry is not considered acoustically critical space, Pantry can become reverberant because it is build up noise. From the calculation analysis, the reverberation time during Non-Peak hour at 500Hz- 2000Hz is 0.71s- 0.88s, while in Peak hour falls between 0.53s – 0.59s. Hence, the reverberation time is appropriate for this space.

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Zone 5 (Hallway)

Figure 5.76: Hallway

Material absorption coefficient in 500Hz at Non- Peak Hour Component Ceiling Wall

Material Plaster Finish Reinforced Concrete Glass Glass Glass

Openings

Glass Glass Insulated Wood

Floor People Non- Peak

Concrete Screed Fabric

Function Ceiling

Area (m2) [A]/ Quantity 43.3

Absorption Coefficient [S] (500 Hz)

Sound Absorption [SA]

0.6

25.98

Wall

77.2

0.06

4.632

Window Pivot Door Pivot Door Pivot Door Pivot Door Fire Escape Door

6.7

0.18

1.206

0.18

0.27

0.18

0.27

0.18

0.27

0.18

0.27

Floor Carpet

1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5

0.105 2.1 41.5 41.5

2 Total Absorption [A]

0.05 0.02

0.83

0.01

0.415

0.42

0.84 35.088 167 | P a g e

Volume of Hallway = (3.9m x 3.5m x 3.48m) + (1.93m x 9m x 3.48m) + (3.9m x 2.7m x 3.48m) = 144.6m3 Reverberation Time = (0.16 x V) / A = (0.16 x 144.6m3) / 35.088 = 0.66s.

Material absorption coefficient in 2000Hz at Non- Peak Hour Component Ceiling Wall

Material Plaster Finish Reinforced Concrete Glass Glass Glass

Openings

Glass Glass Insulated Wood

Floor

Concrete Screed Fabric

People Non- Peak

Function Ceiling

Area (m2) [A]/ Quantity 43.3

Absorption Coefficient [S] (2000 Hz)

Sound Absorption [SA]

0.4

17.32

Wall

77.2

0.09

6.948

Window Pivot Door Pivot Door Pivot Door Pivot Door Fire Escape Door

6.7

0.07

0.469

0.07

0.105

0.07

0.105

0.07

0.105

0.07

0.105

Floor Carpet

1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5

0.084 2.1 41.5 41.5

2 Total Absorption [A]

0.04 0.02

0.83

0.02

0.83

0.5

1 27.901

Reverberation Time = (0.16 x V) / A = (0.16 x 144.6m3) / 27.901 = 0.83s. 168 | P a g e

Material absorption coefficient in 500Hz at Peak Hour Area (m2) Component

Material

Function [A]/ Quantity

Ceiling Wall

Plaster Finish Reinforced Concrete Glass Glass Glass

Openings

Glass Glass Insulated Wood

Floor

Concrete Screed Fabric

People Peak

Ceiling

43.3

Absorption Coefficient [S] (500 Hz)

Sound Absorption [SA]

0.6

25.98

Wall

77.2

0.06

4.632

Window Pivot Door Pivot Door Pivot Door Pivot Door Fire Escape Door

6.7

0.18

1.206

0.18

0.27

0.18

0.27

0.18

0.27

0.18

0.27

Floor Carpet

1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5

0.105 2.1 41.5 41.5 30

Total Absorption [A]

0.05 0.02

0.83

0.01

0.415

0.42

12.6 46.848

Reverberation Time = (0.16 x V) / A = (0.16 x 144.6m3) / 46.848 = 0.49s.

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Material absorption coefficient in 2000Hz at Peak Hour Area (m2) Component

Material

Function [A]/ Quantity

Ceiling Wall

Plaster Finish Reinforced Concrete Glass Glass Glass

Openings

Glass Glass Insulated Wood

Floor

Concrete Screed Fabric

People Peak

Ceiling

43.3

Absorption Coefficient [S] (2000 Hz)

Sound Absorption [SA]

0.4

17.32

Wall

77.2

0.09

6.948

Window Pivot Door Pivot Door Pivot Door Pivot Door Fire Escape Door

6.7

0.07

0.469

0.07

0.105

0.07

0.105

0.07

0.105

0.07

0.105

Floor Carpet

1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5

0.084 2.1 41.5 41.5 30

Total Absorption [A]

0.04 0.02

0.83

0.02

0.83

0.5

15 41.901

Reverberation Time = (0.16 x V) / A = (0.16 x 144.6m3) / 41.901 = 0.55s.

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Analysis (Hallway)

Space

Non-Peak Hour (500Hz2000Hz)

Peak Hour (500Hz2000Hz)

Hallway

0.66 – 0.83 s

0.49 – 0.55 s

Figure 5.77: Reverberation for Hallway

Hallway is similar with pantry and foyer, it can build up noise. From the calculation analysis, the reverberation time during Non-Peak hour at 500Hz- 2000Hz is 0.66s- 0.83s, while in Peak hour falls between 0.49s – 0.55s. Hence, the reverberation for this space is appropriate.

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Zone 6 (Storage)

Figure 5.78: Storage

Material absorption coefficient in 500Hz at Non- Peak Hour Component Ceiling

Wall

Material Plaster Finish Reinforced Concrete Gypsum Board Glass

Openings

Glass

Floor

Concrete Screed Fabric

Furniture People Non- Peak

Wood

Function Ceiling Wall Partition Wall Glass Wall Pivot Door Floor Carpet Rack (storage)

Area (m2) [A]/ Quantity 33.8 21.3 21.4 30.65 1.5 30.5 30.5 29

2 Total Absorption [A]

Absorption Coefficient [S] (500 Hz)

Sound Absorption [SA]

0.6

20.28

0.06

1.278

0.05

1.07

0.04

1.226

0.18

0.27

0.02

0.61

0.01

0.305

0.22 0.42

6.38 0.84 32.259

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Volume of Storage = (6.5m x 3.1m x 3.48m) + (4.57m x 2.34m x 3.48m) = 107.33m3 Reverberation Time = (0.16 x V) / A = (0.16 x 107.33m3) / 32.259 = 0.53s.

Material absorption coefficient in 2000Hz at Non- Peak Hour Component Ceiling

Wall

Material Plaster Finish Reinforced Concrete Gypsum Board Glass

Openings

Glass

Floor

Concrete Screed Fabric

Furniture

Wood

Function Ceiling Wall Partition Wall Glass Wall Pivot Door Floor Carpet Rack (storage)

People Non- Peak

Area (m2) [A]/ Quantity 33.8 21.3 21.4 30.65 1.5 30.5 30.5 29

2 Total Absorption [A]

Absorption Coefficient [S] (2000 Hz)

Sound Absorption [SA]

0.4

13.52

0.09

1.917

0.07

1.498

0.02

0.613

0.07

0.105

0.02

0.61

0.02

0.61

0.38

11.02

0.5

1 30.893

Reverberation Time = (0.16 x V) / A = (0.16 x 107.33m3) / 30.893 = 0.56s.

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Material absorption coefficient in 500Hz at Peak Hour Component Ceiling

Wall

Material Plaster Finish Reinforced Concrete Gypsum Board Glass

Openings

Glass

Floor

Concrete Screed Fabric

Furniture

Wood

Function Ceiling Wall Partition Wall Glass Wall Pivot Door Floor Carpet Rack (storage)

People Peak

Area (m2) [A]/ Quantity 33.8 21.3 21.4 30.65 1.5 30.5 30.5 29 30

Total Absorption [A]

Absorption Coefficient [S] (500 Hz)

Sound Absorption [SA]

0.6

20.28

0.06

1.278

0.05

1.07

0.04

1.226

0.18

0.27

0.02

0.61

0.01

0.305

0.22 0.42

6.38 12.6 44.019

Reverberation Time = (0.16 x V) / A = (0.16 x 107.33m3) / 44.019 = 0.39s.

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Material absorption coefficient in 2000Hz at Peak Hour Component Ceiling

Wall

Material Plaster Finish Reinforced Concrete Gypsum Board Glass

Openings

Glass

Floor

Concrete Screed Fabric

Furniture

Wood

Function Ceiling Wall Partition Wall Window Pivot Door Floor Carpet Rack (storage)

People Peak

Area (m2) [A]/ Quantity 33.8 21.3 21.4 30.65 1.5 30.5 30.5 29 30

Total Absorption [A]

Absorption Coefficient [S] (2000 Hz)

Sound Absorption [SA]

0.4

13.52

0.09

1.917

0.07

1.498

0.02

0.613

0.07

0.105

0.02

0.61

0.02

0.61

0.38

11.02

0.5

15 44.893

Reverberation Time = (0.16 x V) / A = (0.16 x 107.33m3) / 44.893 = 0.38s.

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Analysis (Storage)

Space

Non-Peak Hour (500Hz2000Hz)

Peak Hour (500Hz2000Hz)

Storage

0.53 – 0.56 s

0.39 – 0.38 s

Figure 5.79: Reverberation for Storage

Storage is not considered acoustically critical space. From the calculation analysis, the reverberation time during Non-Peak hour at 500Hz- 2000Hz is 0.53s- 0.56s, while in Peak hour falls between 0.39s – 0.38s. Hence, the reverberation for this space is appropriate.

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Zone 7 (Fire Escape Staircase)

Figure 5.80: Fire Escape Staircase

Material absorption coefficient in 500Hz at Non- Peak Hour Component Ceiling Wall

Material Plaster Finish Reinforced Concrete Glass

Openings

Insulated Wood

Floor

Concrete Screed

People Non- Peak

Function Ceiling

Area (m2) [A]/ Quantity 5.8

Absorption Coefficient [S] (500 Hz)

Sound Absorption [SA]

0.6

3.48

Wall

19.4

0.06

1.164

Window Fire Escape Door

0.85

0.18

0.153

Floor

0.105 2.1 4.7

2 Total Absorption [A]

0.05 0.02

0.094

0.42

0.84 5.836

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Volume of Conference room = 2.5m x 2m x 3.48m = 17.4m3 Reverberation Time = (0.16 x V) / A = (0.16 x 17.4m3) / 5.836 = 0.48s.

Material absorption coefficient in 2000Hz at Non- Peak Hour Component Ceiling Wall

Material Plaster Finish Reinforced Concrete Glass

Openings Floor

Insulated Wood Concrete Screed

People Non- Peak

Function Ceiling

Area (m2) [A]/ Quantity 5.8

Absorption Coefficient [S] (2000 Hz)

Sound Absorption [SA]

0.4

2.32

Wall

19.4

0.09

1.746

Window Fire Escape Door

0.85

0.07

0.0595

2.1

0.04

Floor

0.084

4.7

2 Total Absorption [A]

0.02

0.094

0.5

1 5.3035

Reverberation Time = (0.16 x V) / A = (0.16 x 17.4m3) / 5.3035 = 0.52s.

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Material absorption coefficient in 500Hz at Peak Hour Component Ceiling Wall

Material Plaster Finish Reinforced Concrete Glass

Openings Floor

Insulated Wood Concrete Screed

People Peak

Function Ceiling

Area (m2) [A]/ Quantity 5.8

Absorption Coefficient [S] (500 Hz)

Sound Absorption [SA]

0.6

3.48

Wall

19.4

0.06

1.164

Window Fire Escape Door

0.85

0.18

0.153

2.1

0.05

Floor

0.105

4.7 30

Total Absorption [A]

0.02

0.094

0.42

12.6 17.596

Reverberation Time = (0.16 x V) / A = (0.16 x 17.4m3) / 17.596 = 0.16s.

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Material absorption coefficient in 2000Hz at Peak Hour Component Ceiling Wall

Openings Floor

Material Plaster Finish Reinforced Concrete Glass Insulated Wood

Function Ceiling

Area (m2) [A]/ Quantity 5.8

Absorption Coefficient [S] (2000 Hz)

Sound Absorption [SA]

0.4

2.32

Wall

19.4

0.09

1.746

Window Fire Escape Door

0.85

0.07

0.0595

2.1

0.04

Concrete Screed

Floor

People Peak

0.084

4.7 30

Total Absorption [A]

0.02

0.094

0.5

15 19.3035

Reverberation Time = (0.16 x V) / A = (0.16 x 17.4m3) / 19.3035 = 0.14s.

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Analysis (Fire Escape Staircase)

Space

Non-Peak Hour (500Hz2000Hz)

Peak Hour (500Hz2000Hz)

Fire Escape Staircase

0.48 – 0.52 s

0.16 – 0.14 s

Figure 5.81: Reverberation for Fire Esape Staircase

Fire Escape Staircase is not considered acoustically critical space. From the calculation analysis, the reverberation time during Non-Peak hour at 500Hz- 2000Hz is 0.48s- 0.52s, while in Peak hour falls between 0.16s – 0.14s. Hence, the reverberation for this space is dead and there is difficulty to hearing in back, loss of bass.

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5.5.2. SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL (SPL) The sound pressure level is the average sound level at a space. The sound pressure level (SPL) formula is shown at below: Combined SPL = 10 log10 (p2/p02) Sound Level Measurement Power Addition Method for dB addition: The Formula: L = 10 log10 (I/I0) Where I = sound power (intensity) (Watts) I0 = reference power (1 x 10-12 Watts)

Zone 1 (Conference Hall)

Figure 5.82: Conference Hall

Peak Hour (Zone 1, Conference Hall) Highest reading: 71dB Use the formula, L = 10 log10 (I/I0), 71 = 10 log10 (I /1 x 10-12) I = (107.1) (1 x 10-12) = 1.26 x 10-5

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Lowest reading: 62dB Use the formula, L = 10 log10 (I/I0), 62 = 10 log10 (I /1 x 10-12) I = (106.2) (1 x 10-12) = 1.58 x 10-6 Total Intensities, I = (1.26 x 10-5) + (1.58 x 10-6) = 1.42 x 10-5 Using the formula Combined SPL = 10 log10 (p2/p02), where p0 =1x10-12 Combined SPL = 10 log10 [(1.42 x 10-5)/( 1x10-12)] = 71.52 dB

ii)

Non-peak Hour (Zone 1, Conference Hall) Highest reading: 48dB Use the formula, L = 10 log10 (I/I0), 48 = 10 log10 (I /1 x 10-12) I = (104.8) (1 x 10-12) = 6.3 x 10-8 Lowest reading: 42dB Use the formula, L = 10 log10 (I/I0), 42 = 10 log10 (I /1 x 10-12) I = (104.2) (1 x 10-12) = 1.6 x 10-8 Total Intensities, I = (6.3 x 10-8) + (1.6 x 10-8) = 7.9 x 10-8 Using the formula Combined SPL = 10 log10 (p2/p02), where p0 =1x10-12 Combined SPL = 10 log10 [(7.9 x 10-8)/( 1x10-12)] = 48.98 dB As a result, at Zone 1 (Conference Hall), the average sound pressure level during Peak Hour and Non-peak Hour are 71.52 dB and 48.98 dB.

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Zone 2 (Financial Office)

Figure 5.83: Office

Peak Hour (Zone 2, Financial Office) Highest reading: 59dB Use the formula, L = 10 log10 (I/I0), 59 = 10 log10 (I /1 x 10-12) I = (105.9) (1 x 10-12) = 7.9 x 10-7 Lowest reading: 51dB Use the formula, L = 10 log10 (I/I0), 51 = 10 log10 (I /1 x 10-12) I = (105.1) (1 x 10-12) = 1.26 x 10-7 Total Intensities, I = (7.9 x 10-7) + (1.26 x 10-7) = 9.16 x 10-7 Using the formula Combined SPL = 10 log10 (p2/p02), where p0 =1x10-12 Combined SPL = 10 log10 [(9.16 x 10-7)/( 1x10-12)] = 59.6 dB

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ii)

Non-peak Hour (Zone 2, Financial Office) Highest reading: 56dB Use the formula, L = 10 log10 (I/I0), 56 = 10 log10 (I /1 x 10-12) I = (105.6) (1 x 10-12) = 3.98 x 10-7 Lowest reading: 49dB Use the formula, L = 10 log10 (I/I0), 49 = 10 log10 (I /1 x 10-12) I = (104.9) (1 x 10-12) = 7.94 x 10-8 Total Intensities, I = (3.98 x 10-7) + (7.94 x 10-8) = 4.77 x 10-7 Using the formula Combined SPL = 10 log10 (p2/p02), where p0 =1x10-12 Combined SPL = 10 log10 [(4.77 x 10-7)/( 1x10-12)] = 56.8 dB As a result, at Zone 2 (Financial Office), the average sound pressure level during Peak Hour and Non-peak Hour are 59.6 dB and 56.8 dB.

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Zone 3 (Foyer/Buffer Zone)

Figure 5.84: Foyer

Peak Hour (Zone 3, Foyer) Highest reading: 63dB Use the formula, L = 10 log10 (I/I0), 63 = 10 log10 (I /1 x 10-12) I = (106.3) (1 x 10-12) = 2.0 x 10-6 Lowest reading: 46dB Use the formula, L = 10 log10 (I/I0), 46 = 10 log10 (I /1 x 10-12) I = (104.6) (1 x 10-12) = 3.98 x 10-8 Total Intensities, I = (2.0 x 10-6) + (3.98 x 10-8) = 2.04 x 10-6 Using the formula Combined SPL = 10 log10 (p2/p02), where p0 =1x10-12 Combined SPL = 10 log10 [(2.04 x 10-6)/( 1x10-12)] = 63.1 dB

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ii)

Non-peak Hour (Zone 3, Foyer) Highest reading: 53dB Use the formula, L = 10 log10 (I/I0), 53 = 10 log10 (I /1 x 10-12) I = (105.3) (1 x 10-12) = 2.0 x 10-7 Lowest reading: 45dB Use the formula, L = 10 log10 (I/I0), 45 = 10 log10 (I /1 x 10-12) I = (104.5) (1 x 10-12) = 3.16 x 10-8 Total Intensities, I = (2.0 x 10-7) + (3.16 x 10-8) = 2.3 x 10-7 Using the formula Combined SPL = 10 log10 (p2/p02), where p0 =1x10-12 Combined SPL = 10 log10 [(2.3 x 10-7)/( 1x10-12)] = 53.6 dB As a result, at Zone 3 (Foyer), the average sound pressure level during Peak Hour and Non-peak Hour are 63.1 dB and 53.6 dB.

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Zone 4 (Kitchen/Pantry)

Figure 5.85: Pantry

Peak Hour (Zone 4, Kitchen/ Pantry) Highest reading: 64dB Use the formula, L = 10 log10 (I/I0), 64 = 10 log10 (I /1 x 10-12) I = (106.4) (1 x 10-12) = 2.5 x 10-6 Lowest reading: 58dB Use the formula, L = 10 log10 (I/I0), 58 = 10 log10 (I /1 x 10-12) I = (105.8) (1 x 10-12) = 6.3 x 10-7 Total Intensities, I = (2.5 x 10-6) + (6.3 x 10-7) = 3.13 x 10-6 Using the formula Combined SPL = 10 log10 (p2/p02), where p0 =1x10-12 Combined SPL = 10 log10 [(3.13 x 10-6)/( 1x10-12)] = 64.96 dB

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ii)

Non-peak Hour (Zone 4, Kitchen/ Pantry) Highest reading: 51dB Use the formula, L = 10 log10 (I/I0), 51 = 10 log10 (I /1 x 10-12) I = (105.1) (1 x 10-12) = 1.3 x 10-7 Lowest reading: 42dB Use the formula, L = 10 log10 (I/I0), 42 = 10 log10 (I /1 x 10-12) I = (104.2) (1 x 10-12) = 1.6 x 10-8 Total Intensities, I = (1.3 x 10-7) + (1.6 x 10-8) = 1.45 x 10-7 Using the formula Combined SPL = 10 log10 (p2/p02), where p0 =1x10-12 Combined SPL = 10 log10 [(1.45 x 10-7)/( 1x10-12)] = 51.61 dB As a result, at Zone 4 (Kitchen), the average sound pressure level during Peak Hour and Non-peak Hour are 64.96 dB and 51.61 dB.

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Zone 5 (Hallway)

Figure 5.86: Hallway

Peak Hour (Zone 5, Hallway) Highest reading: 59dB Use the formula, L = 10 log10 (I/I0), 59 = 10 log10 (I /1 x 10-12) I = (105.9) (1 x 10-12) = 7.9 x 10-7 Lowest reading: 51dB Use the formula, L = 10 log10 (I/I0), 51 = 10 log10 (I /1 x 10-12) I = (105.1) (1 x 10-12) = 1.26 x 10-7 Total Intensities, I = (7.9 x 10-7) + (1.26 x 10-7) = 9.16 x 10-7 Using the formula Combined SPL = 10 log10 (p2/p02), where p0 =1x10-12 Combined SPL = 10 log10 [(9.16 x 10-7)/( 1x10-12)] = 59.6 dB

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ii)

Non-peak Hour (Zone 5, Hallway) Highest reading: 50dB Use the formula, L = 10 log10 (I/I0), 50 = 10 log10 (I /1 x 10-12) I = (105) (1 x 10-12) = 1.0 x 10-7 Lowest reading: 41dB Use the formula, L = 10 log10 (I/I0), 41 = 10 log10 (I /1 x 10-12) I = (104.1) (1 x 10-12) = 1.26 x 10-8 Total Intensities, I = (1.0 x 10-7) + (1.26 x 10-8) = 1.13 x 10-7 Using the formula Combined SPL = 10 log10 (p2/p02), where p0 =1x10-12 Combined SPL = 10 log10 [(1.13 x 10-7)/( 1x10-12)] = 50.5 dB As a result, at Zone 5 (Hallway), the average sound pressure level during Peak Hour and Non-peak Hour are 59.6 dB and 50.5 dB.

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Zone 6 (Storage)

Figure 5.87: Storage

Peak Hour (Zone 6, Storage) Highest reading: 47dB Use the formula, L = 10 log10 (I/I0), 47 = 10 log10 (I /1 x 10-12) I = (104.7) (1 x 10-12) = 5.01 x 10-8 Lowest reading: 42dB Use the formula, L = 10 log10 (I/I0), 42 = 10 log10 (I /1 x 10-12) I = (104.2) (1 x 10-12) = 1.58 x 10-8 Total Intensities, I = (5.01 x 10-8) + (1.58 x 10-8) = 6.59 x 10-8 Using the formula Combined SPL = 10 log10 (p2/p02), where p0 =1x10-12 Combined SPL = 10 log10 [(6.59 x 10-8)/( 1x10-12)] = 48.2 dB

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ii)

Non-peak Hour (Zone 6, Storage) Highest reading: 46dB Use the formula, L = 10 log10 (I/I0), 46 = 10 log10 (I /1 x 10-12) I = (104.6) (1 x 10-12) = 3.98 x 10-8 Lowest reading: 40dB Use the formula, L = 10 log10 (I/I0), 40 = 10 log10 (I /1 x 10-12) I = (104) (1 x 10-12) = 1.0 x 10-8 Total Intensities, I = (3.98 x 10-8) + (1.0 x 10-8) = 4.98 x 10-8 Using the formula Combined SPL = 10 log10 (p2/p02), where p0 =1x10-12 Combined SPL = 10 log10 [(4.98 x 10-8)/( 1x10-12)] = 46.97 dB As a result, at Zone 6 (Storage), the average sound pressure level during Peak Hour and Non-peak Hour are 48.2 dB and 46.97 dB.

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Zone 7 (Fire Escape Staircase)

Figure 5.88: Fire Escape Staircase

Peak Hour (Zone 7, Fire Escape Staircase) Highest reading: 57dB Use the formula, L = 10 log10 (I/I0), 57 = 10 log10 (I /1 x 10-12) I = (105.7) (1 x 10-12) = 5.01 x 10-7 Lowest reading: 54dB Use the formula, L = 10 log10 (I/I0), 54 = 10 log10 (I /1 x 10-12) I = (105.4) (1 x 10-12) = 2.51 x 10-7 Total Intensities, I = (5.01 x 10-7) + (2.51 x 10-7) = 7.52 x 10-7 Using the formula Combined SPL = 10 log10 (p2/p02), where p0 =1x10-12 Combined SPL = 10 log10 [(7.52 x 10-7)/( 1x10-12)] = 58.76 dB

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ii)

Non-peak Hour (Zone 7, Fire Escape Staircase) Highest reading: 50dB Use the formula, L = 10 log10 (I/I0), 50 = 10 log10 (I /1 x 10-12) I = (105) (1 x 10-12) = 1.0 x 10-7 Lowest reading: 49dB Use the formula, L = 10 log10 (I/I0), 49 = 10 log10 (I /1 x 10-12) I = (104.9) (1 x 10-12) = 7.94 x 10-8 Total Intensities, I = (1.0 x 10-7) + (7.94 x 10-8) = 1.79 x 10-7 Using the formula Combined SPL = 10 log10 (p2/p02), where p0 =1x10-12 Combined SPL = 10 log10 [(1.79 x 10-7)/( 1x10-12)] = 52.54 dB As a result, at Zone 7 (Fire Escape Staircase), the average sound pressure level during Peak Hour and Non-peak Hour are 58.76 dB and 52.54 dB.

Discussion Zone

Peak Hour

Non-peak

1 – Conference Hall 2 – Financial Office 3 – Foyer 4 – Pantry 5 – Hallway

71.5 dB 59.6 dB 63.1 dB 64.9 dB 59.6 dB

48.9 dB 56.8 dB 53.6 dB 51.6 dB 50.5 dB

6 – Storage 7 – Fire Escape Staircase

48.2 dB 58.8 dB

46.9 dB 52.5 dB

Figure 5.89: Average Sound Pressure Level (SPL) for respective zones

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5.5.3. SOUND REDUCTION INDEX (SRI) Using Formula: Where T = transmission loss TL = 10 log10 (1/Tav) Tav = [ (S1 x Tc1 + S2 x Tc2 + â&#x20AC;Ś.. Sn x Tcn) / Total Surface Area ] Tcn = Transmission coefficient of material Sn = Surface area of material n Overall SRI = 10 log10 (1/T)

Zone 2 (Office) & Zone 5 (Hallway)

Figure 5.90: Movement of noise from Office to Hallway through the wall

Building Element

Material

Wall

Concrete with Painted Glass Glass Glass

Wall Door Door

Sound Reduction Index, SRI 44dB

Transmission Coefficient, T

Area, S /m2

4 x 10-5

36.8

26dB 30dB 30dB

2.564 x 10-3 1 x 10-3 1 x 10-3

3.35 1.89 1.89

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Concrete with painted (Wall) SRI = 10log10 x 1/ T 44 = 10log10 x 1/ T Antilog 4.4 = 1/ T 2.5 x 104 = 1/ T T = 4 x 10-5

Glass (Wall) SRI = 10log10 x 1/ T 26 = 10log10 x 1/ T Antilog 2.6 = 1/ T 3.9 x 102 = 1/ T T = 2.564 x 10-3

Glass (Door) SRI = 10log10 x 1/ T 30 = 10log10 x 1/ T Antilog 3 = 1/ T 1x 103 = 1/ T T = 1x 10-3

Tav= (36.8 x (4 x 10-5)) + (3.35 x (2.564 x 10-3)) + (1.89 x 10-3) + (1.89 x 10-3) 36.8 + 3.35 + 1.89 + 1.89 -4 = 3.15 x 10

Overall SRI = 10log x 1/T = 10log x (1/ 3.15 x 10-4) = 10log3.17 x 10-3 = 35dB

Analysis: Combined Sound Pressure Level (SPL) at Zone 2(Office) is 59.6dB (Peak Hour) and Zone 5(Hallway) is the same with office area. However, the overall SRI between zone 2 and zone 5 is 35dB, due to the glass door keep opening all the time during operating hours and allow noise transfer from one room to another. 197 | P a g e

Zone 1 (Conference Hall) & Zone 2 (Office)

Figure 5.91: Movement of noise from Conference Hall to Office through the wall

Building Element

Material

Sound Reduction Index, SRI

Transmission Coefficient, T

Area, S /m2

Wall

Gypsum Board

28dB

1.58 x 10-3

22.62

Gypsum Board (Wall) SRI = 10log10 x 1/ T 28 = 10log10 x 1/ T Antilog 2.8 = 1/ T 6.3 x 102 = 1/ T T = 1.58 x 10-3

22.62 x (1.58 x 10-3) 22.62 -3 = 1.58 x 10

Tav=

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= 10log x (1/ 1.58 x 10-3) = 10log6.33 x 102 = 28dB Analysis: Combined Sound Pressure Level (SPL) at Zone 1(Conference room) is 71.5dB (Peak Hour) and Zone 2(Office) is 59.6dB, with the difference of 11.9dB. However, the overall SRI between zone 2 and zone 5 is 28dB. This is due to the low absorption of the wall material.

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6.0. EVALUATION & CONCLUSION 6.1.

LIGHTING The positioning of Teik Senn(M) Sdn Bhd is orientated in such a way that the front faรงade is facing towards the west and the back is facing the east, hence sufficient daylighting will be entering during the day time as well as during dawn. Moreover, due to the curtain walling is prominently used as the building faรงade thus, heavy curtain and blinds are heavily use as shading equipment to reduce the penetration of sunlight. In addition, artificial lightings are heavily in use to create a bright and vibrant working atmosphere, for example, the pantry spaces are installed with lamps coated with vibrant colors. The bulbs that used at the pantry space create a vibrant atmosphere due to the reflectance on the granite countertop.

6.2.

ACOUSTIC In general, most of the acoustic issues only occur during conference meetings. This is due to the fact that the wall dividing the conference hall and financial office area is just partition boards. Thick curtains could be added at the wall which not only improves the aesthetic but can also serve as a good sound absorber. This hence reduces the sound transmission to the financial office next to the conference hall. A reduction in external noise could create a comfortable working environment for the workers which can improve their productivity.

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7.0. REFERENCE 1. NPR.org,. 'LA's Own 'Amazing And Unique Instrument' Turns 10'. N.p., 2013. Web. 2 Oct. 2015. 2. Kriegerproducts.com,. 'Krieger Specialty Products: Success Stories: The Walt Disney Concert Hall: An Acoustical Wonder'. N.p., 2015. Web. 2 Oct. 2015. 3. Discover Los Angeles,. 'Walt Disney Concert Hall: A Los Angeles Cultural Icon'. N.p., 2015. Web. 2 Oct. 2015. 4. ArchDaily,. 'AD Classics: Walt Disney Concert Hall / Frank Gehry'. N.p., 2013. Web. 2 Oct. 2015. 5. Http://Www.Nagata.Co.Jp/E_Sakuhin/Factsheets/Wdch.Pdf. 1st ed. 2015. Print. 6. Http://Www.Webpages.Uidaho.Edu/Arch464/Hall%20Of%20Fame/Arch464/Spring2010/CS4/Disneyc oncerthall.Pdf. 1st ed. 2015. Print.

7. DTJ DESIGN, Inc . (n.d.). DTJ Design. Retrieved October 14, 2015, from http://dtjdesign.com/commercial/xilinx/ DTJ DESIGN, Inc . (n.d.). DTJ Design. Retrieved October 14, 2015, from http://dtjdesign.com/commercial/xilinx/ University of Minnesota & Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. (2015, October 14). WINDOWS for highperformance commercial buildings . Retrieved October 14, 2015, from http://www.commercialwindows.org/case_xilinx.php Acoustics 1. Co.Design,. 'Can Better Acoustics Make Open Offices Suck Less?'. N.p., 2014. Web. 7 Oct. 2015. 2. Sound Matters- How To Achieve Acoustic Comfort In The Contemporary Office. 1st ed. Washington: GSA Public Building Service, 2012. Web. 4 Sept. 2015. 3. Gracey, Bill. 'Sound Insulation - Definitions, Terms, Units And Measurements'. Acousticglossary.co.uk. N.p., 2015. Web. 1 Oct. 2015. 4. Hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu,. 'Reverberation Time'. N.p., 2015. Web. 1 Oct. 2015. 5. Gracey, Bill. 'Sound Pressure Level - Definitions, Terms, Units And Measurement'. Acousticglossary.co.uk. N.p., 2015. Web. 29 Sept. 2015. 6. Engineeringtoolbox.com,. 'Sound Pressure'. N.p., 2015. Web. 31 Sept. 2015. 7. Sfu.ca,. 'Sound_Pressure_Level'. N.p., 2015. Web. 28 Sept. 2015. 8. Acousticalsociety.org,. 'Acoustics And You (A Career In Acoustics?) | ASA'. N.p., 2015. Web. 27 Sept. 2015. 9. Acoustics.byu.edu,. 'What Is Acoustics? | Acoustics Research Group'. N.p., 2015. Web. 2 Oct. 2015. 10. Measurements In Building Acoustics. 1st ed. Denmark: Brüel & Kjæ r, 1988. Web. 6 Oct. 2015. 11. Absorption Coefficient. 1st ed. Ukraine: akustik.ua, 2015. Web. 5 Oct. 2015. 12. NPR.org,. 'LA's Own 'Amazing And Unique Instrument' Turns 10'. N.p., 2013. Web. 2 Oct. 2015. 13. Kriegerproducts.com,. 'Krieger Specialty Products: Success Stories: The Walt Disney Concert Hall: An Acoustical Wonder'. N.p., 2015. Web. 2 Oct. 2015. 14. Discover Los Angeles,. 'Walt Disney Concert Hall: A Los Angeles Cultural Icon'. N.p., 2015. Web. 2 Oct. 2015. 15. ArchDaily,. 'AD Classics: Walt Disney Concert Hall / Frank Gehry'. N.p., 2013. Web. 2 Oct. 2015. 16. Http://Www.Nagata.Co.Jp/E_Sakuhin/Factsheets/Wdch.Pdf. 1st ed. 2015. Print.

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17. Http://Www.Webpages.Uidaho.Edu/Arch464/Hall%20Of%20Fame/Arch464/Spring2010/CS4/Disneyc oncerthall.Pdf. 1st ed. 2015. Print. 18. សសសសសសសសសសសស...,. 'Walt_Disney_Concert_Hall_15'. N.p., 2009. Web. 3 Oct. 2015.

19. Graphics.latimes.com,. N.p., 2015. Web. 10 Oct. 2015. 20. http://www.natureworksllc.com/~/media/Technical_Resources/Fact_Sheets/Fibers/FactSheet_Fabrics _Fiber_FabricProperties_pdf.pdf 1st ed. 2015. Print 21. http://www.pixelandpoly.com/ior.html 1st ed. 2015. Print 22. http://vray.info/topics/t0077.asp 1st ed. 2015. Print

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8.0. APPENDIX LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1 : Figure 3.1 : Lux Meter Figure 3.2 : General Specifications of a Lux Meter. Figure 3.3 : Electrical Specifications of a Lux Meter Figure 3.4 : 3.5 meter measuring tape Figure 3.5 : Digital camera Figure 3.6 : d Figure 3.7 : The first floor meeting area using daylighting through the windows. Figure 3.8 : The first floor corridor of the fire escape staircase is fully using daylight during the day. Figure 3.9 : The first floor artificial lighting inside the office area will be open throughout all day. Figure 3.10 : 3.5 meter measuring tape Figure 3.11 : General specification of a sound level meter. Figure 3.12 : 3.5 meter measuring tape. Figure 3.13 : Digital camera. Figure 3.14 : d Figure 4.1 : Daylighting Factor and Distribution Figure 4.2 : Exterior view of south fenestration with shading device between the lower “vision” glass and upper “daylighting” glass (Photo by DTJ Design) Figure 4.3 : Figure 4.4: Site plan with floor plan (spaces indications) Figure 4.5 : Interior view of Architectural Energy Corporation’s patented Mini Optical Light Shelf day lighting system, MOLS 51 Design. (Photo by Architectural Energy Corporation) Figure 4.6 : Detail of Mini Optical Light Shelf daylighting system, MOLS 51 Design (Photo by Architectural Energy) Figure 4.7 : The annual daylight for 4 scenarios in Chicago, south orientation, 40% window area, and 4 unshaded glazing types. Figure 4.8 : Annual summary for the same 4 scenarios as the previous illustration using the Façade Design Tool. Figure 4.9 : Elevations that allows natural lighting to enter the office space. Figure 4.10 : Full height glass façade allows daylight penetration at the entrance. Figure 4.11 : Full height glass façade throughout the conference hall allowing maximum amount of sunlight penetration. Figure 4.12 : Glass window façade maximizes direct sunlight penetration. Figure 4.13 : Full height façade on both the ___ and ___ elevation allow optimum sunlight to enter even with many interruptions Figure 4.14 : Other transparent glass windows which allows natural daylight to enter Figure 4.15 : Recessed square downlight. Figure 4.16 : Location of recessed square downlight on plan. Figure 4.17 : Angle of projection in section A-A Figure 4.18 : Philips’ spiral light bulb and its General specifications Figure 4.19 : Cylindrical downlight Figure 4.20 : Location of cylindrical downlight on plan. Figure 4.21 : Angle of projection in section B-B Figure 4.22 : Philips’ spiral light bulb Figure 4.23 : General specification of Philips’ spiral light bulb Figure 4.24 : Open fluorescent luminaire Figure 4.25 : Location of open fluorescent luminaire on plan.

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Figure 4.26 : Angle of projection in section C-C Figure 4.27 : Philips’ fluorescent lamp Figure 4.28 : General specification of Philips’ fluorescent lamp Figure 4.29 : Decorative direct-indirect pendant Figure 4.30 : Location of decorative direct-indirect pendant on plan. Figure 4.31 : Angle of projection in section D-D Figure 4.32 : Philips’ spiral light bulb and its General specifications Figure 4.33 : Decorative downlight pendant Figure 4.34 : Location of decorative downlight pendant on plan. Figure 4.35 : Angle of projection in section E-E Figure 4.36 : General specification of bulb used Figure 4.37 : Double grille fluorescent lighting Figure 4.38 : Location of double grille fluorescent lights on plan. Figure 4.39 : Angle of projection in section F-F Figure 4.40 : Philips’ fluorescent lamp Figure 4.41 : General specification of Philips’ fluorescent lamp Figure 4.42 : Emergency Luminaire Figure 4.43 : Location of double grille fluorescent lights on plan. Figure 4.44 : Angle of projection in section G-G Figure 4.45 : Sylvania’ fluorescent lamp Figure 4.46 : General specification of Philips’ fluorescent lamp

Figure 5.1: Lindsay’s Wheel of Acoustics. Figure 5.2: Illustrates the desirable reverberation time Figure 5.3: illustrates the most unsatisfying factor in office is related to sound privacy Figure 5.4: Absorption Coefficient Table Figure 5.5: Standard Reverberation Time for Various Spaces. Figure 5.6: Various Reverberation Time & the Quality Figure 5.7: Walt Disney Museum Figure 5.8: Orchestra level plan of the concert hall Figure 5.9: Longitudinal section showing the curvilinear planes in the hall. Figure 5.10: Sectional perspective showing different zones. Figure 5.11: Cross section of the concert hall Figure 5.12: Interior of the Concert Hall Figure 5.13: Detailing of acoustic material Figure 5.14: illustrates the bouncing off of the sound wave on the convex surface Figure 5.15: A graph tabulation showing the relationship between 1/1 octave band centre frequencies in hertz and reverberation time in second Figure 5.16: Street View from Persiaran Kuala Selangor Figure 5.17: Street View from Persiaran Kuala Selangor Figure 5.18: Location of Site in relation to main road Figure 5.19: Section diagram of the traffic noise Figure 5.20: Neighboring Companies Figure 5.21: Zaibar Automobile Industries Sdn. Bhd. Figure 5.22: Relationship between neighboring noises to the building Figure 5.23: Section diagram showing the relationship between neighboring noise to the building Figure 5.24: Picture showing the parking for the transportation lorry Figure 5.25: Relationship between the noises produced by the transportation lorries to the building

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Figure 5.26: Section diagram showing the relationship between the noises produced by the transportation lorries to the building Figure 5.27: Location of the air circulators Figure 5.28: Section diagram showing the noise produced by the air circulators Figure 5.29: Ceiling Mounted Air Circulator in conference hall Figure 5.30: Wall mounted air circulator in the office Figure 5.31: Wall mounted circulator in the pantry Figure 5.32: Human Activities are mainly concentrated at the conference hall, kitchen/pantry and financial office Figure 5.33: Section diagram showing the noises produced by the human activities Figure 5.34: Secondary noise contributors by the staffs in the office Figure 5.35: Tertiary noise contributors by the staffs in the pantry Figure 5.36: Speakers are located at the front end of the conference hall Figure 5.37: Section diagram showing the noise produced by the speakers Figure 5.38: Speaker mounted on the wall in front of the conference hall Figure 5.39: Location of the printing machines in the financial office Figure 5.40: Section diagram showing the noise produced by the printing machines Figure 5.41: Photocopy machine in the financial office Figure 5.42: Printing machine in the financial office Figure 5.43: Location of the refrigerator in the kitchen/pantry Figure 5.44: Section diagram showing the noised produced by the refrigerator in the kitchen/pantry Figure 5.45: Refrigerator in the kitchen/pantry Figure 5.46: Ceiling at the pantry area Figure 5.47 : Wall at the pantry area Figure 5.48 : Partition board at the financial office area Figure 5.49: Glass wall at conference hall Figure 5.50: Plastic chairs at the conference hall Figure 5.51: Cushion chairs at the conference hall Figure 5.52: Leather chairs at the financial office Figure 5.53: Wooden table at the conference hall Figure 5.54: Wooden cupboard at the financial office Figure 5.55: Concrete Screed at the fire escape Figure 5.56: Fabric carper at the conference hall Figure 5.57: Floor tiles at the foyer/buffer zone Figure 5.58: illustrates the sound contour during the peak hours Figure 5.59: illustrates the sound contour during the non-peak hours Figure 5.60: Acoustic Ray Bouncing Analysis (Left Speaker) Figure 5.61: Acoustic Ray Bouncing Analysis (Right Speaker) Figure 5.62: Acoustic Ray Bouncing Analysis (Both Speaker) Figure 5.63: Acoustic Ray Bouncing Analysis (Fax Speaker) Figure 5.64: Acoustic Ray Bouncing Analysis (Photostat Machine) Figure 5.65: Acoustic Ray Bouncing Analysis (Fax Machine & Photostat Machine) Figure 5.66: Acoustic Ray Bouncing Analysis (Fridge) Figure 5.67: Acoustic Ray Bouncing Analysis (Outdoor Noise through window) Figure 5.68: Conference Hall 205 | P a g e

Figure 5.69: Reverberation for Conference Hall Figure 5.70: Office Figure 5.71: Reverberation for Office Figure 5.72: Foyer Figure 5.73: Reverberation for Foyer Figure 5.74: Pantry Figure 5.75: Reverberation for Pantry Figure 5.76: Hallway Figure 5.77: Reverberation for Hallway Figure 5.78: Storage Figure 5.79: Reverberation for Storage Figure 5.80: Fire Escape Staircase Figure 5.81 : Reverberation for Fire Escape Staircase Figure 5.82 : Conference Hall Figure 5.83: Office Figure 5.84: Foyer Figure 5.85: Pantry Figure 5.86: Hallway Figure 5.87: Storage Figure 5.88: Fire Escape Staircase Figure 5.89: Average Sound Pressure Level (SPL) for respective zones Figure 5.90: Movement of noise from Office to Hallway through the wall Figure 5.91: Movement of noise from Conference Hall to Office through the wall

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