BUILDING SCIENCE 2

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BUILDING SCIENCE 2 (ARC 3413) PROJECT 2: INTEGRATION WITH DESIGN STUDIO 5 FINAL REPORT & CALCULATION COMMUNITY LIBRARY AT BRICKFIELDS

TUTOR

: Mr. SANJEH

NAME

: Lee Qin Ni

STUDENT ID : 0317554

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE 0.0

INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………………………………3

1.0

LIGHTING 1.1 NATURAL LIGHTING………………………………………………………………………… 4 Meeting Hall 1.2

ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING Multipurpose area …………………………………………………..…………………….8

1.3

PERMANENT SUPPLEMENTARY ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING OF INTERIORS Private reading area……………………………………………………………………..…13

2.0

ACOUSTIC 2.1 EXTERNAL NOISE………………………………………………………….………………….18 2.2 REVERBERATION TIME…………………………………………………….………………20 2.3 SOUND REDUCTION INDEX (SRI)……………………………….……………..………22

3.0

REFERENCE

………………………………………………………………………………..…………..25

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0.0 INTRODUCTION The allocated site for the community library is shaded by tall buildings surrounding it. The main entrance facing east is shaded by central vista, which stands tall on the neighbouring site. Thus there is a limitation of morning sunlight being received. Part of the sunlight from the south east is being blocked by hotel summer view as well. However, the facade facing the west is not being shaded by tall buildings. At the site, external noise is sourced from a few sources which surrounds the site. The site is located next to one of the major transportation roads which meets at an intersection which leads to the exit of Brickfields. Hence, there are plenty of noises from the vehicles which might cause disturbance to the users within the library.

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1.0 LIGHTING 1.1 NATURAL LIGHTING Zone DF (%) Distribution Very Bright >6 Very large with thermal and glare problems Bright 3–6 Good Average 1–3 Fair Dark 0–1 Poor NOTE: The figures are average daylight factor for windows without glazing. Figure 1: DF and appearance, thermal performance Source: http://www.new-learn.info/

Meeting room Reason of selection: Meeting room is located at Level 2 mezzanine level and is exposed to sunlight by skylight. Meeting room employs natal lighting to brighten space to save electricity.

Figure 2 Source: http://www.pioneerlighting.com/

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Figure 3 : floor area of meeting room highlighted

Daylight factor calculation đ??ˇđ??š =

đ??¸đ?‘– Ă— 100% đ??¸đ?‘œ

Ei = E internal Eo = E external Floor area, (m2) Area of skylight, (m2) Daylight Factor (%)

39.3 19.8 19.8 Ă— 100% = 50.38% 39.3 = 50.38% đ?‘Ľ 0.1 = 5.038% 5

ILLUMINANCE 120, 000 lux 110, 000 lux 20, 000 lux 1, 000 – 2, 000 lux <200 lux 400 lux 40 lux <1 lux

EXAMPLE Brightest Sunlight Bright Sunlight Shade illuminated by entire clear blue sky, Midday Typical overcast day, Midday Extreme of darkest storm clouds, Midday Sunrise or Sunset on a clear day (ambient illumination) Fully overcast, Sunset/Sunrise Extreme of darkest storm clouds, Sunset/Sunrise Figure 4

E external (Shade illuminated by entire clear blue sky, Midday) = 20000 lux đ??¸đ?‘– = =

đ??ˇ Ă— đ??¸đ?‘œ 100 % 5.038 100

đ?‘Ľ 20000

= 1007.6 lux.

Figure 5 : shows the cast of daylight into the meeting room

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Figure 6: Lux contour diagram of the meeting room

Conclusion: The meeting area has a daylight factor of 5.038% which has sufficient daylighting to make the space bright enough without the use of artificial lighting. According to MS1525, the recommended natural illumination for multipurpose area is 750 lux. However the natural illumination of the multipurpose area is 1007.6lux, this can create problem such as glare and thermal discomfort. Hence, there is need for glazing or shading devices to reduce the level of natural illumination.

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1.2 Artificial lighting Multipurpose Hall Reason of selection: In the library, the multipurpose area on the ground floor does not have natural ventilation. As such, this space needs artificial lighting for the users to perform activities within.

Figure 7 Source: http://www.pioneerlighting.com/

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Figure 8: highlighted area showing the multipurpose area

Brand Name Type of light bulb

MD Series

Modular LED High Bay Light

Figure 9 Source: www.superbrightleds.com

Color Luminous Flux (lm) Color Rendering Index (CRI)

Natural white 18100 70 9

Color Temperatire (K) Wattage Number of LEDs in Unit Lifespan Features

8100K 311 96 LEDs 57000 hours Patented thermal management allows -22째F to 140째F ambient working temperature

Figure10 : Life Expectancy of Lumen Maintenance

Dimension of room/ L x W, (m) Total Floor Area, (m2) Standard Illuminance Required (lux) According to MS1525 Lumen of lighting fixtures / F, (lux) Height of luminaire, (m) Work Level, (m) Mounting height / H, (m) Assumption of reflectance value Room Index / RI (K)

9.5 x 9.5 90.25 500 18100 5 0.8 4.2 Ceiling= 0.7, Wall= 0.5, Floor= 0.2

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đ??żĂ—đ?‘Š (đ??ż + đ?‘Š)â„Žđ?‘š Utilization Factor / UF Maintenance Factor / MF Lumen Calculation, N

9.5 đ?‘Ľ 9.5 = 1.13 (9.5 + 9.5)4.2 0.47 0.8

đ??ž=

đ??¸Ă—đ??´ đ?‘ = đ??š Ă— đ?‘ˆđ??š Ă— đ?‘€đ??š

500 Ă— 9.5 Ă— 9.5 = 6.63 ≈ 7 18100 Ă— 0.47 Ă— 0.8

Number of Luminaires across,

√

đ??żĂ—đ?‘ đ?‘Š

√

9.5 Ă— 7 = 2.65 ≈ 3 đ?‘&#x;đ?‘œđ?‘¤đ?‘ 9.5

Each spacing is 9.5/3= 3.167 m

Number of Luminaires along, đ?‘ŠĂ—đ?‘ √ đ??ż

9.5 Ă— 7 = 2.65 ≈ 3 đ?‘&#x;đ?‘œđ?‘¤đ?‘ 9.5 Each spacing is 9.5/3=3.167m √

Figure 11: highlighted area showing the reflected ceiling plan of the multipurpose area

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Figure 12: shows the sectional diagram with the light cast

Figure 13: light contour diagram of the multipurpose area

Conclusion: By using lumen method calculation, it has been deducted that by using lumen method calculation, it has been deducted that 7 LED high bay light will allow the multipurpose area to achieve a lux reading of 500 lux as required by MS1525.

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1.3 Permanent supplementary artificial lighting of interior Private reading area

Figure 14 Source: http://www.pioneerlighting.com/

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Figure 15: highlighted area shows the private reading area

Daylight factor calculation đ??ˇđ??š =

đ??¸đ?‘– Ă— 100% đ??¸đ?‘œ

Ei = E internal Eo = E external Floor area, (m2) Area of openings Daylight Factor (%)

118.3 59.5 59.5 Ă— 100% = 50.29% 118.3 = = 5.029%

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E external (Shade illuminated by entire clear blue sky, Midday) = 20000 lux đ??¸đ?‘– = =

đ??ˇ Ă— đ??¸đ?‘œ 100 % 5.029 100

đ?‘Ľ 20000

=1005.6lux. Conclusion

The private reading are has a daylight factor of 5.029% which has a sufficient daylighting to make the space bright enough without the use of artificial lighting. According to MS1525, they recommend natural illumination for insensitive exhibition area is 300 lux, but from the calculation showed, the natural illumination of exhibition is 1005.6lux, this can create problems such as, glare and thermal discomfort in this area. Hence, there is a need for glazing or shading devices to reduce the level of natural illumination.

Artificial lighting Brand Name

Super bright led

Type of light bulb

LED Panel Light Fixture

Type Color Luminous Flux (lm) Color Rendering Index (CRI) Color Temperature (K) Wattage Number of LEDs in Unit Lifespan

Panel Natural white 3300 83 4000 300 156

50000 15

Beam Angle Connection type Features

120 degrees Push wire Active color management maintains superior color consistency over time and temperature.

Dimension of room/ L x W, (m) Total Floor Area, (m2) Standard Illuminance Required (lux) According to MS1525 Lumen of lighting fixtures / F, (lux) Height of luminaire, (m) Work Level, (m) Mounting height / H, (m) Assumption of reflectance value Room Index / RI (K) đ??żĂ—đ?‘Š đ??ž= (đ??ż + đ?‘Š)â„Žđ?‘š Utilization Factor / UF Maintenance Factor / MF Lumen Calculation, N đ?‘ =

đ??¸Ă—đ??´ đ??š Ă— đ?‘ˆđ??š Ă— đ?‘€đ??š

14.95 x 2.725 40.738 300 3300 3.5 1.0 2.5 Ceiling= 0.7, Wall= 0.5, Floor= 0.2 14.95 Ă— 2.725 = 0.922 (14.95 + 2.725)2.5 0.47 0.8 300 Ă— 14.95 x 2.725 = 10.23 ≈ 11 3300 Ă— 0.47 Ă— 0.77

Number of Luminaires across,

√

đ??żĂ—đ?‘ đ?‘Š

2.725 Ă— 11 √ = 1.41 ≈ 2 đ?‘&#x;đ?‘œđ?‘¤đ?‘ 14.95 Each spacing is 2.275/ 2 = 1.3625m

Number of Luminaires along, 14.95Ă—11

√ đ?‘ŠĂ—đ?‘ √ đ??ż

2.725

= 7.77 ≈ 8rows

Each spacing is 14.95 / 8 = 1.87m

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Figure 16: highlighted area shows the reflected ceiling plan of the private reading area

figure 17: lux contour diagram of the private reading area

Conclusion: By using lumen method calculation, it has been deducted 11 LED Panel Light Fixture will allow the private reading area area to achieve a lux reading of 300 lux as required by MS1525. 17

2.0Acoustics 2.1 External Noise (Sound Pressure Level) Sound Pressure Level Formula: SPL = 10log (I1 / I0)

Figure 18 : Range of sound pressure level

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Main road towards library Noise Source: A) Busy Traffic Noise = 80dB B) Normal Conversation =40dB

A) Busy Traffic Noise = 80dB 80 = 10log (I1 / I0) Antilog 8 = [I1 / (1.0 x 10-12)] 108 = [I1 / (1.0 x 10-12)] I1 = 1.0 x 10-4

B) Normal Conversation = 40dB 40 = 10log (I1 / I0) Antilog 4 = [I1 / (1.0 x 10-12)] 104 = [I1 / (1.0 x 10-12)] I1 = 1.0 x 10-8

Total Intensities

= (1.0 x 10-4) + (1.0 x 10-8) = 1 x 10-4

Combine SPL = 10log (I1 / I0) = 10log [(1.0 x 10-4) / (1.0 x 10-12)] = 10 x 8 = 80dB

Conclusion: The suitable noise level for a Community Library is within 35dB to 40dB. The noise level for the ground floor has exceeded the requirement which is 80dB. This may be caused by the heavy traffic flow at the main street beside. In reducing the noise transmitted, heavy curtains or double glazing can be used.

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2.2 Reverberation Time

Figure 19 recommended reverberation time Source: http://www.melfoamacoustics.com/

Figure 20 recommended reverberation time Source: http://www.thermacoustic.com.au/

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Multipurpose area

Figure 21: highlighted shows the location of multipurpose area

Component

Material

Function

Ceiling

Plaster Finish

Ceiling

Wall

Timber

Wall

Floor

Concrete Screed

Floor

Area (m2) [A]/ Quantity 90.25 21

Absorption Coefficient [S] (2000 Hz)

Sound Absorption [SA]

0.04

3.61

0.1

2.1

0.02

1.805

0.5

25

90.25

People Peak

50 Total Absorption [A]

32.515

Volume= (9.5 x 9.5 x 5) m = 451.25 m3 RT

= 0.16 x V/A = 0.16 x 451.25m3/ 90.25 = 0.8s 21

Conclusion: The recommended reverberation time for multipurpose hall is similar to general, which is between 1.1-1.5 seconds. From the data above, the exhibition reverberation time is 0.8s, means it has a good reverberation without the need to add any materials to absorb noise or loud sound.

2.3 Sound reduction index Using Formula: Where T = transmission loss TL = 10 log10 (1/Tav) Tav = [ (S1 x Tc1 + S2 x Tc2 + ….. Sn x Tcn) / Total Surface Area] Tcn = Transmission coefficient of material Sn = Surface area of material n Overall SRI = 10 log10 (1/T)

Café & Reading area

Figure 22 shows the sound transmission from café to reading area

Building Element

Material

Sound

Transmission

Area, S 22

Wall

Timber

Wall

Opening glass door

Reduction Index, SRI 44dB 26dB

Coefficient, T

/m2

3.98x10-5

21

2.564x10-3

4.8

Timber wall SRI = 10log10 x 1/ T 44 = 10log10 x 1/ T Antilog4.4 = 1/T 25118.86=1/T T=3.98x10-5 Glass wall

SRI = 10log10 x 1/ T 26 = 10log10 x 1/ T Antilog 2.6 = 1/ T 3.9 x 102 = 1/ T T = 2.564 x 10-3

Tav = [ (S1 x Tc1 + S2 x Tc2 + ‌.. Sn x Tcn) / Total Surface Area ] Tav= (21 x (3.98x10-5)) + (4.8x (2.564 x 10-3)) 21+4.8 = 4.756 x 10

-4

Overall SRI = 10log x 1/T

= 10log x (1/ 4.756 x 10-4) =10log8.26 x 102 = 33dB

Analysis: The sound reduction from cafĂŠ & reading area is 33dB. Making an assumption that the noise level of activities in cafe is 71dB. Hence, total noise level in cafe transferred into reading area is

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71dB – 33dB = 38dB. The sound that is transmitted through falls under the category between soft whisper and normal noise. .

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3.0 References 1. Thermacoustic, (2015). Echo and Reverberation - Thermacoustic. [online] Available at: http://www.thermacoustic.com.au/echo-and-reverberation/ [Accessed 30 Nov. 2015]. 2. (2015). Reducing a rooms reverberation time will soften or eliminate an echo. [online] Available at: http://www.melfoamacoustics.com/reverberation-times.html [Accessed 10 Nov. 2015]. 3. Superbrightleds.com, (2015). LED Panel Light Fixture - 44W, 2ft x 2ft | LED Panel Light | Commercial LED Lighting | Super Bright LEDs. [online] Available at: https://www.superbrightleds.com/moreinfo/fluorescent-replacement/led-panel-light-fixture-44w600mm-x-600mm/1454/#/tab/Overview [Accessed 18 Nov. 2015]. 4. Acoustical Surfaces, (2015). Sound Absorption Coefficients. [online] Available at: http://www.acousticalsurfaces.com/acoustic_IOI/101_13.htm [Accessed 6 Dec. 2015]. 5. Superbrightleds.com, (2015). Modular LED High Bay Light - 200W | Modular LED High Bay Lights MD series | High Bay & Low Bay Lighting | Commercial LED Lighting & Industrial LED Lighting | Super Bright LEDs. [online] Available at: https://www.superbrightleds.com/moreinfo/warehouselighting/modular-led-high-bay-light--200w/1721/#/tab/Specifications [Accessed 30 Nov. 2015].

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