LEISA India - Hindi - December 2018 by LEISA India

eksVs vuktksa ls LokLF;ijd [kk| inkFkksZa rd % vkRe fujh{k.k dk le; nscthr lkjaxh vkSj dkO;k pkS/kjh

çßàæðá çãU‹Îè â¢S·¤ÚU‡æ, çÎâ ÕÚU w®v} 5 LFkkuh; Kku] LFkkuh; lek/kku % tyok;q ifjorZu ls-----------lksukyh fc"V

8 eksVs vuktksa ls LokLF;ijd [kk| inkFkksZa rd % vkRe------nscthr lkjaxh vkSj dkO;k pkS/kjh

vksfM'kk esa dksa/k tutkrh; leqnk;ksa ds fy, eksVs vukt ges'kk ls ,d ikfjfLFkfrd&lkaLÑfrd iz.kkyh dk ,d fgLlk jgs gSaA dksa/k leqnk; thou dks LFkkbZRo iznku djus gsrq i`Foh ,oa lHkh tho&tUrqvksa ds lkFk lEcU/kksa dks cuk;s j[kus] lk>k djus o ns[k&Hkky dh laLÑfr dks iksf"kr djrs gSaA lkekftd dY;k.k dks c<+kok nsus o mls LFkkbZ cuk;s j[kus gsrq fdlh Hkh ckgjh igy dks izksRlkfgr djus ls igys leqnk; dh ikjEifjd laLÑfr;ksa dks le>uk vko';d gksxkA

11 LFkkuh; uLyksa ds lkFk LFkkbZ nqX/k O;olk; fdlku Mk;jh 12 i'kq/ku % igkM+h vFkZO;oLFkk ds izk.k o izsj.kk vkj-ds- eS[kqjh] ,y-,l-jkor] ih-lh- QksUnkuh] vt; eysFkk ,oa okbZ-,e- cgqxq.kk

i'kq/ku % igkM+h vFkZO;oLFkk ds izk.k o izsj.kk vkj-ds- eS[kqjh] ,y-,l-jkor] ih-lh- QksUnkuh] vt; eysFkk ,oa okbZ-,e- cgqxq.kk

15 Hkwyh&fcljh Qlyksa dk okil vkuk % czkmu VkWi----vfurk jsM~Mh ,oa d`".k izlkn th

18 pjokgk tu&laln % ns[kus&lquus dk ,d eap eksfudk vxzoky ,oa tsfldk nqudu

ijEijkxr :i ls pjokgk leqnk;ksa dh lkeqnkf;d lalk/kuksa rd vklkuh ls igq¡p gksrh Fkh vkSj os [ksrh ,oa i'kq/ku nksukas dks ,d lkFk izcfU/kr djrs FksA ysfdu lkewfgd lalk/kuksa ij LokfeRo esa /khjs&/khjs gks jgs gzkl ds dkj.k] os cnyrh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls vuqdwyu LFkkfir dj jgs gSa vkSj vius i'kq/ku dh la[;k rFkk muds j[k&j[kko ds rjhdksa esa Qsj&cny dj jgs gSaA

pjokgk tu laln % ns[kus&lquus dk ,d eap eksfudk vxzoky ,oa tsfldk nqudu

Hkwyh&fcljh Qlyksa dk okil vkuk % czkmu VkWi cktjk vfurk jsM~Mh ,oa d`".k izlkn th dukZVd dk eq[; Hkkstu cktjk okil vk jgk gSA fdlku vc fQj ls cktjk dks mxkus yxs gSaA ;g NksVs nkuksa okyk eksVk vukt gksrk gS] tks de mitkÅ tehu o de ikuh esa mxk;h tk ldrh gSA tyok;q ifjorZu ls mRiUu ladV ls fuiVus ds vykok] viuh mPp iks"kd xq.koÙkk ds pyrs xzkeh.k Hkkjr esa xjhch ds dkj.k dqiks"k.k o 'kgjh ,oa v/kZ 'kgjh Hkkjr esa thou 'kSyh dh otg ls mRiUu chekjh ,oa dqiks"k.k ls fuiVus esa Hkh bldk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA

Hkkjr esa pjokgk leqnk; viuh ckrksa dks mfpr eap rd igq¡pkus gsrq yEcs le; ls la?k"kZ dj jgs gSaA lkaLÑfrd vkSj /kkfeZd Hksn&Hkkoksa ds pyrs ;g fLFkfr vkSj Hkh fodV gqbZ gSA ysfdu pjokgk laln ,d ubZ igy gS tks mUgsa viuh igpku cukus] lewg ds rkSj ij igpkus tkus rFkk jktuhfrd xfrfof/k;ksa ds lapkyu gsrq rS;kj dj jgh gSA pjokgk laln ,d ,slh txg gS] tgka jktuSfrd] /kkfeZd vFkok tkfrxr Hksn&Hkko ds cxSj pjokgk leqnk;ksa dks feyus] vius eqn~nksa ij ppkZ djus vkSj mudk lek/kku fudkyus gsrq ,d eap feyrk gSA

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ØãU ¥¢·¤... lEikndh;] oSf'od eanh vkSj Ñf"k ij eaMjkrs [krjksa ds chp ns'k ds dksus&dksus esa fdlku viuh [ksrh ds izfr lpsr gks jgs gSa vkSj ?kj&[ksr&?kkjh ds la;kstu dh egRrk dks le>rs gq, [ksrh o i'kqikyu nksuksa esa vius ns'kt Kku dk mi;ksx dj jgs gSaA gkaykfd budh la[;k vHkh cgqr de gS vkSj Ñf"k ,oa vkfFkZd ifjn`'; esa cM+k cnyko ykus gsrq bu iz;klksa ds O;kid foLrkj dh vko';drk gSA yht+k bf.M;k fofHkUu Hkk"kkvksa ds ek/;e ls bUgha iz;klksa dh ,d dM+h gS] tks fNV&iqV fdlkuksa ds lQy vuqHkoksa o Kku dks fdlkuksa ds ,d cM+s lewg ds chp izlkfjr djus gsrq izfrc) gSA if=dk dk igyk ys[k tyok;q ifjorZu ds dkj.k Ñf"k ds le{k mRiUu pqukSfr;ksa ls ikj ikus gsrq mRrjk[k.M ds fdlkuksa }kjk fd;s tk jgs iz;klksa ij vk/kkfjr gSA ysf[kdk lksukyh fc"V dk ekuuk gS fd LFkkuh; ifjfLFkfr;ksa ij vk/kkfjr uokpkj LFkkuh; Kku dh mit gksrs gSa vkSj bu iz;klksa dks viukdj tyok;q ifjorZu ls gks jgs cnykoksa ls vuqdwyu LFkkfir fd;k tk ldrk gSA Jh nsothr lkjaxh vkSj dkO;k pkS/kjh }kjk fyf[kr nwljk ys[k ^^eksVs vuktksa ls LokLF;ijd [kk| inkFkkZas rd % vkRefujh{k.k dk le;** LoLFk thou thus ds fy, eksVs vuktksa dh Hkwfedk dks js[kkafdr djrk gSA bl ys[k esa ;g Hkh crk;k x;k gS fd vksfM'kk ds dksa/k vkfnoklh leqnk;ksa esa eksVs vukt mudh laLd`fr ls tqM+s gq, gS tks vk/kqfudrk dh ped esa [kksrs tk jgs gSaA vkt vko';drk gS fd bu iz.kkfy;ksa dks iquthZfor dj LoLFk thou 'kSyh ds izfr yksxksa dks mRizsfjr fd;k tk;sA if=dk ds rhljs ik;nku ij ^^LFkkuh; uLyksa ds lkFk LFkkbZ nqX/k O;olk;** uked vkReys[k gS] tks dsjy ds fdlku Jh euh dksV~VsDdM dh dgkuh gSA blesa ;g n'kkZ;k x;k gS fd i'kqvksa dh LFkkuh; uLyksa dk ikyu ges'kk gh ykHkizn jgk gSA if=dk dk pkSFkk ys[k vkj-ds- eS[kqjh] ,y-,ljkor] ih-lh- QksUnkuh] vt; eysFkk ,oa okbZ-,e- cgqxq.kk }kjk fyf[kr ^^ i'kq/ku % igkM+h vFkZO;oLFkk ds izk.k o izsj.kk** gSA uke ls gh Li"V gS fd igkM+h {ks=ksa esa yksx viuh jksth&jksVh ds fy, i'kq/ku ij ges'kk ls gh vk/kkfjr jgs gSaA cM+s&cM+s cqX;kyksa ,oa pkjkxkgksa dh miyC/rk rFkk ouksa ij yksxksa dh vklkuh ls igqap ds ukrs budk ikyu&iks"k.k Hkh cgqr [kphZyk ugha FkkA ijUrq cnyrh tyok;qfod ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk jktuSfrd rFkk i'zkklfud gLr{kiskas us bl lkzrs dks dkQh ud q lku igp aq k;k gAS bls iuq% lgt s us dh vko';drk gAS if=dk dk ikapok ys[k iks"k.k ls Hkjiwj eksVs vuktksa dh LoLFk thou 'kSyh gsrq vko';drk dks js[kkafdr djrk gSA ys[kd}; vfurk jsM~Mh ,oa d`".k izlkn th us ^^Hkwyh&fcljh Qlyksa dk okil vkuk % czkmu VkWi cktjk** uked ys[k esa cktjk dh [ksrh ds lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd egÙkk dks crkrs gq, bl ckr ij tksj fn;k gS fd bu Qlyksa dks c<+kok nsus gsrq ewY; lao/kZu izfØ;kvksa dks vo'; izksRlkgu fn;k tkuk pkfg,A NBka o vfUre ys[k pjokgk leqnk;ksa dh jktuhfrd] lkekftd o lkaLÑfrd mis{kk dks /;ku esa j[kdj fy[kk x;k gSA eksfudk vxzoky o tsfldk nqudu }kjk fyf[kr ^^pjokgk laln % ns[kus&lquus dk ,d eap** uked ys[k esa pjokgk leqnk;ksa dh fofHkUu xfrfof/k;ksa dks izksRlkfgr o mRizsfjr djus gsrq pjokgk laln uked igy dk mYy[sk fd;k x;k g]S ftlus ijws xt q jkr ds pjokgk lenqk;kas dks ,d djus eas dkQh enn dh gAS vUr esa if=dk ds vUrxZr 'kkfey ys[kksa ,oa vuqHkoksa dh mi;ksfxrk ,oa egÙkk ij vkids cgqewY; lq>koksa dh izrh{kk jgsxhA uoo"kZ dh 'kqHkdkeukvksa ds lkFk------lEiknd e.My

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QksVks % ys[kd de ikuh pkgus okyh Jh i)fr dks vc pkoy] xsgw¡ ,oa vU; Qlyksa esa viuk;k tk jgk gSA

SÍæÙèØ ™ææÙ, SÍæÙèØ â×æÏæÙ Ñ ÁÜßæØé ÂçÚUßÌüÙ âð ¥Ùé·ê¤ÜÙ âæðÙæÜè çÕCïU tyok;q ifjorZu ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls vuqdwyu LFkkfir djus ds fy, fdlkuksa }kjk fd;s tkus okys uokpkj LFkkuh; Kku dh mit gksrs gSaA ;s Kku o tkudkfj;ka uokpkj fd;s tkus okys {ks=ksa ds lkFk gh mlds vkl&ikl ds {ks=ksa ds fy, Hkh izklafxd ,oa mi;ksxh gksrh gSaA tyok;q ifjorZu ds lkFk vuqdwyu LFkkfir djus esa Kku ds fodflr gksrs o`{k dh igpku o mldk mi;ksx djuk fdlkuksa ds fy, cgqr ykHkdkjh gksxkA

fo'o esa lcls u;h igkM+h J`¡[kyk ds :i esa izfl) fgeky;u igkM+h J`¡[kyk u dsoy HkkSxksfyd n`f"V ls vLFkkbZ J`¡[kyk gS] oju~ tyok;q ifjorZu ds izfr Hkh laosnu'khy gSA 2000 ls ysdj 6000 QhV dh Å¡pkbZ ij fgeky;u {ks= ds e/; esa jgus okys xk¡ookfl;ksa dks Å¡pkbZ] <yku] e`nk ,oa ty lzksrksa vkfn esa fHkUurk ds dkj.k lw{e tyok;qfod ,oa HkkSxksfyd mrkj&p<+koksa dks >syuk iM+rk gSA tkM+ksa esa gksus okyh ckfj'k u gksus vFkok de gksus ds dkj.k fdlku xsagwa ,oa ljlksa dh Qlyksa ds LFkku ij vylh¼rhlh½ dh [ksrh djus yxsA ÜèÊææ §ç‡ÇUØæ, çßàæðá çãU‹Îè â¢S·¤ÚU‡æ, çÎâ ÕÚU w®v} 5

bu NksVh&NksVh ?kkfV;ksa esa [ksrh eq[; :i ls o"kkZ vk/kkfjr gksrh gS vkSj xq:Rokd"kZ.k izokg dk mi;ksx djrs gq, ufn;ksa ,oa /kkjkvksa ls ty ykdj flapkbZ dh tkrh gSA le; ij ckfj'k dh vfuf'prrk ges'kk ls gh ,d tksf[ke jgk gSA fdlkuksa us tksf[ke ls vuqdwyu LFkkfir djus okys ikjEikfjd Kku ,oa vH;klksa dk lap; fd;k gSA pqukSrhiw.kZ fLFkfr;ksa esa jgus ds ukrs] bl {ks= ds fdlku tyok;q ifjorZu ls fuiVus gsrq fujUrj uokpkj ,oa vuqdwyu dj jgs gSaA o"kZ 2012 esa bufg;j uked LoSfPNd laxBu us fets+fj;j lgk;frr ifj;kstuk ^^LFkkuh; uokpkj ,oa iz;ksx** ds vUrxZr ,d v/;;u fd;kA bl v/;;u dk mn~ns'; tyok;q ifjorZu ij fdlkuksa ds fopkjksa rFkk Ñf"k ij tyok;q ifjorZu ds iM+us okys izHkkoksa dks tkuuk FkkA ifj;kstuk ds vUrxZr vfuf'pr ekSleh fLFkfr;ksa ,oa pje ekSlfed ?kVukvksa ds rkSj ij lkeus vk jgs tyok;q ifjorZu ls vuqdwyu LFkkfir djus gsrq fdlkuksa }kjk fd;s tk jgs uokpkjksa dh igpku djuh FkhA mijksDr mn~ns';ksa dh izkfIr gsrq mÙkjk[k.M jkT; ds peksyh ,oa vYeksM+k ftys ds igkM+h xk¡okas esa fdlkuksa ds lkFk losZ{k.k fd;k x;kA lHkh fdlkuksa us ekSleh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa cnykoksa dks eglwl fd;k ,oa viuh Qlyksa ds lkFk gh izkÑfrd ouLifr;ksa ij Hkh bu cnykoksa ds dkj.k iM+us okys izHkkoksa dks ns[kkA bu cnykoksa esa lfnZ;ksa esa ckfj'k dk u gksuk] ekulwu iwoZ de ckfj'k dk gksuk] nsj ls gksus okyh ckfj'k] ,d ckfj'k ls nwljh ckfj'k ds chp esa yEck vUrjky] ckny QVus o ewlyk/kkj ckfj'k dh ?kVukvksa esa o`f) vkfn izeq[k rkSj ij ifjyf{kr gks jgs gSaA mUgksaus ;g Hkh eglwl fd;k fd vc lfnZ;ksa esa cQZ de fxj jgh gS vkSj 'khrygj dh vof/k c<+ x;h gS] ftlls Qlyksa vkSj ;gk¡ rd fd cM+s&cM+s Qynkj o`{k Hkh lekIr gksrs tk jgs gSaA cQZckjh esa fxjkoV vkus ls e`nk esa ueh dh deh gksrh tk jgh gS] tks lfnZ;ksa ds ckn Qlyksa dh tYn cqokbZ ds fy, t:jh gksrh gSA

tYn izkjEHk gksus okyh xfeZ;ksa ,oa xeZ gksrh lfnZ;ksa ls vuqdwyu LFkkfir djus gsrq dqN fdlkuksa us dqN lfCt+;ksa tSls & igkM+h ddM+h] fepZ] lse ,oa dn~nw dh dqN iztkfr;ksa dh cqokbZ le; ls igys dhA vFkkZr~ ekpZ esa cks;h tkus okyh bu lfCt+;ksa dh cqokbZ tuojh ds vUr esa dh x;h vkSj blds vPNs ifj.kke Hkh izkIr gq,A yEcs le; rd pyus okyh 'khrygj ls lcd ysrs gq, 'ks:Hkusfj;k xk¡o dh tkudh nsoh us yrknkj lfCt;ksa ds chtksa dks ,d fVu esa cks fn;k vkSj fVu dks xk; ds rkts xkscj ds <sj ij j[k fn;kA tc ekSle mi;qDr gqvk] rc mUgksaus fVu ls ikS/kksa dks fudkydj jksfir fd;k vkSj le; ls lfCt+;ka izkIr dhaA lfnZ;ksa esa ckfj'k u gksus ds dkj.k xsagwa o ljlksa tSlh ikjEifjd Qlyksa dh c<+r ij xEHkhj vlj iM+kA lkFk gh bu Qlyksa dks taxyh tkuojksa tSls & cUnjksa ,oa taxyh lwvjksa }kjk Hkh dkQh uqdlku igqapk;k tk jgk FkkA 'ks:Hkusfj;k xk¡o ds gh ghjkcYyHk us lfnZ;ksa esa xsagwa ,oa ljlksa dh Qlyksa ds ctk; iVqvk ;k vylh dh [ksrh dj bu nksuksa gh leL;kvksa ls lQyrkiwoZd eqfDr ik;hA Qnhdk xk¡o dh efgyk fdlkuksa ljyk nsoh] eksguh nsoh ,oa galk nsoh us cdqyk o Msu tSlh yEcs le; ls misf{kr LFkkuh; ikjEifjd Qlyksa dks iquthZfor fd;kA cdqyk ,d lseoxhZ; Qly gS] ftldh gjh ifÙk;ka lCth ds rkSj ij [kk;h tkrh gSaA Msu ,d frygu Qly gSA bldh Hkh gjh ifÙk;ka idkdj [kk;h tkrh gSaA ;s nksuksa gh Qlysa 'kq"d ekSleh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa vklkuh ls mxk;h tkrh gSaA

tyok;q ifjorZu ls vuqdwyu gsrq fdlkukas }kjk fd;s tk jgs uokpkj

e`nk ueh dks lajf{kr djus gsrq dqN fdlkuksa us [ksrksa esa rhu tqrkbZ ds LFkku ij ,d ;k nks tqrkbZ djuh izkjEHk dj nhA blls igyh ckfj'k ls [ksr esa mRiUu gqbZ ueh dks lajf{kr djus vkSj ,d ckfj'k ls nwljh ckfj'k ds chp ds yEcs vUrjky ls vuqdwyu LFkkfir djus esa enn feyhA dqN fdlku vius [ksrksa ds xgjs o nynyh {ks=ksa ls ikuh ,d= dj lajf{kr djus dk iz;kl dj jgs gSaA e`nk ueh dks lajf{kr djus gsrq efYpax djus dh izFkk bl {ks= esa rsth ls c<+rh tk jgh gSA ikuh dk de mi;ksx djus gsrq /kku] xsagw] eksVs vuktksa ,oa vU; Qlyksa dh cqokbZ esa Jh i)fr dk mi;ksx rsth ls fd;k tk jgk gSA

vfuf'pr ekSleh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ,oa tyok;q ifjorZu ls vuqdwyu LFkkfir djus gsrq fdlkuksa }kjk Lo;a rjhds ryk'k fd;s tk jgs gSaA blds vUrxZr Hkwfe dh rS;kjh] cqokbZ dh i)fr] [ksrh dh ns[k&Hkky] dVkbZ] dVkbZ ds ckn ns[k&Hkky o Hk.Mkj.k ls tqM+s uokpkj ,oa vuqdwyu vH;klksa dks viuk;k tk jgk gSA [ksrh djus ds rjhdksa ,oa Qlyksa dh ilUn esa ifjorZu gks jgs gSaA

ikyk ls Qlyksa dk fo'ks"k {kfr igq¡prh gSA cgqr rst ikyk iM+us ds lkFk gh bldh vof/k Hkh c<+rh tk jgh gSA lw;kZLr ds ckn ikyk iM+uk 'kq: gks tkrk gS vkSj lqcg lwjt mxus ds ckn Hkh nsj rd ikyk dk O;kid vlj jgrk gSA clUrh nsoh us ;g ns[kk fd ;fn ikyk iM+us okys fnuksa esa nksigj ds ckn [ksrksa esa ikuh fn;k tk;s rks ikS/kksa ij ikyk dk vlj cgqr de iM+rk gSA

ÜèÊææ §ç‡ÇUØæ, çßàæðá çãU‹Îè â¢S·¤ÚU‡æ, çÎâ ÕÚU w®v}

Qynkj o`{kksa esa Qwy vkus ds le; esa cnyko gks jgk gSA dhMs+ bu Qwyksa ij vkØe.k djrs gSa vkSj Qwyksa ds vUnj v.Ms ns nsrs gSa] tks Qy curs le; Hkh mlds vUnj gh jgrs gSa ftlls Qy [kjkc gks tkrs gSaA nlSFky xk¡o ds jktsUnz fc"V us ;g ns[kk fd ;fn Qwy cuus dh voLFkk esa o`{kksa ij xkSew= dk fNM+dko dj fn;k tk;s rks dhV Qwyksa ij ugha cSBrs vkSj bl izdkj Qwy bu dhVksa ds v.Mksa ls lqjf{kr jgrs gSaA fdlkuksa us Qly vif'k"Vksa rFkk vU; LFkkuh; lalk/kuksa ls cuus okys dEiksLV [kkn] rjy [kkn ,oa vU; of`) mRijzsdkas ds lkFk gh toS dhV fu;= a dkas dh [kkst dh] tks lw[kk ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds nkSjku fuf'pr rkSj ij jlk;uksa dh vis{kk vf/kd izHkkoh gksrs gSaA Qlyksa dh Hkwlh fudkyus] lq[kkus vkSj Hk.Mkj.k ds le; yEch vof/k rd gksus okyh ckfj'k vkSj ueh ls cgqr uqdlku gksrk gSA e/; fgeky;u {ks= esa uxnh Qly ds rkSj ij lkekU; :i ls gYnh mxkbZ tkrh gSA ikjEifjd :i ls] gYnh dh [kqnkbZ djus ds ckn mls /kksdj mcky fy;k tkrk gS vkSj NksVs&NksVs VqdM+ksa esa dkVdj 8&10 fnuksa rd /kwi esa lq[kk;k tkrk FkkA fQj Hkh] bu fnuksa i;kZIr /kwi u gksus ds dkj.k cgq/kk gYnh lM+ tkrh FkhA bl leL;k ls fuiVus gsrq] vkfnxzke xk¡o dh deyk nsoh us gYnh mckydj mls NksVs&NksVs VqdM+ksa esa dkVdj dqpy fn;kA bl izfØ;k ls gYnh 4&5 fnuksa dh /kwi esa gh lw[kus yxhA vnjd dks lq[kkus gsrq Hkh dqN efgykvksa us ;gh izfØ;k viuk;hA Qlyksa dh c<+r dh voLFkk esa ckj&ckj gksus okyh Hkkjh ckfj'k ls viuh Qlyksa dks cpkus ds fy, fdlku vkJ;ksa vkSj de ykxr ikWyh gkmlksa dks cuk jgs gSaA izrki flag uked ,d fdlku us viuh I;kt dh ulZjh dks cpkus ds fy, vif'k"V ck;ksekWl dk mi;ksx dj vkJ; cuk;k gSA

QksVks % ys[kd

tyok;q esa ifjorZu ds dkj.k] Qlyksa esa lQsn eD[kh ds vkØe.k dh ?kVuk,a c<+ jgh gSa] ftUgsa LFkkuh; rkSj ij dqjeqyk dgrs gSaA ;g dhV e`nk esa iuirk gS vkSj ikS/kksa dh tM+ksa ls Hkkstu ysrk gS] urhtru ikS/ks lw[kdj ej tkrs gSaA clksjk xk¡o ds ,d fdlku /kjeiky flag us ;g ns[kk fd vdjdjk ¼okuLifrd uke& ,uklkbDyl isfjFkzhe½ uked ikS/ks ij bu dqjeqyk dhVksa dk vkØe.k cgqr de gksrk gSA blfy, bUgksaus vdjdjk ds ikS/kksa dks vius [ksrksa ds pkjksa rjQ ckM+ ds rkSj ij mi;ksx fd;kA blh izdkj ukSxk¡o cSfj;k xk¡o dh y{eh nsoh us lfCt+;ksa dh Qlyksa ds lkFk vdjdjk ds ikS/kksa dh vUr%[ksrh dh vkSj dqjeqyk dhVksa ds vkØe.kksa dks lQyrkiwoZd de fd;kA bl fof/k dh mi;ksfxrk dks n[skrs g,q vU; fdlku Hkh bls viukus dk i;zkl dj jgs gAaS

vadqj.k c<+kus ds fy, jksfgnk xk¡o ds fdlku I;kt dh ulZjh dks <+dus gsrq IykfLVd cksjh dk mi;ksx dj jgs gSaA

LFkkuh; uokpkj] 'kks/k ,oa foKku [ksrh ls lEcfU/kr leL;kvksa dk lek/kku djus vFkok dk;ksZa dks djus gsrq u;s jkLrksa@rjhdksa dk bZt+kn djus ds uokpkjh fdlku (efgyk o iq:"k nksuksa) viuh jpukRedrk ,oa Kku dk mi;ksx dj jgs gSaA ,d fo'kky {ks= esa blh izdkj dh pqukSfr;ksa ls tw> jgs cgqr ls fdlkuksa ds fy, ;s Kku cgqr mi;ksxh o ewY;oku gSaA LFkkuh; ifjfLFkfr;ksa] {ks=ksa ,oa i;kZoj.k ds lUnHkZ esa izklafxd ckgjh {ks=ksa ls vk;s uokpkjksa dks Hkh viuk;k tk ldrk gSA ,d {ks= dk lkekU; Kku fdlh vU; {ks= ds fy, uokpkj gks ldrk gSA iqjkru dks lgstus o mls O;ofLFkr djus gsrq uokpkj ,d u;s fopkj fcUnq vFkok ,d u;s rjhds ds rkSj ij gks ldrk gSA blds fy, [kqykiu ,oa fujUrj [kkst djus dh vko';drk gSA fdlh Hkh uokpkj ds iz;ksx ,oa izlkj dh laHkkouksa dks le>us ds fy, O;fDrxr fdlku dh lQyrkvksa dk ekU; gksuk vko';d gSA gkykafd lh[kus gsrq dksbZ mfpr ra= u gksus dh n'kk esa fdlkuksa }kjk fd;s tkus okys vf/kdka'k uokpkjksa dks leqnk; tku gh ugha ikrk gSA LFkkuh; yksxksa dh igy ,oa jpukRedrk ds vk/kkj ij fd;s tkus okys Ñf"kxr 'kks/k ds ifj.kkeLo:i LFkku fof'k"V lek/kku feysaxs] tks Ñf"k dks tyok;q lqjf{kr cuk ldrs gSaA fdlkuksa ds uokpkjksa] fdlkuksa ds usr`Ro esa fd;s x;s 'kks/k o lgHkkxh uokpkj fodkl dks izksRlkfgr djus okys vH;kldrkZvksa dk oSf'od usVodZ izksyhuksok (PROLINNOVA) ,d mnkgj.k gS] tgka Kku ,oa 'kks/k ds dsUnz esa fdlku gSaA âæðÙæÜè çÕCïU §ÙçãUØÚU ©UžæÚUæ¹‡Ç ßðÕâæ§ÅU Ñ www.inhereindia.org §ü×ðÜ Ñ U sonalibisht@yahoo.co.in Climate Change and Ecological approaches LEISA INDIA, Vol. 19, No.2, June. 2017

ÜèÊææ §ç‡ÇUØæ, çßàæðá çãU‹Îè â¢S·¤ÚU‡æ, çÎâ ÕÚU w®v} 7

×æðÅðU ¥ÙæÁæð´ âð SßæS‰ØÂÚU·¤ ¹æl ÂÎæÍæðZ Ì·¤ Ñ ¥æˆ×çÙÚUèÿæ‡æ ·¤æ â×Ø ÎðÕÁèÌ âæÚ¢U»è ¥æñÚU ·¤æÃØæ ¿æñÏÚUè vksfM'kk esa dksa/k tutkrh; leqnk;ksa ds fy, eksVs vukt ges'kk ls ,d ikfjfLFkfrd&lkaLÑfrd iz.kkyh dk ,d fgLlk jgs gSaA dksa/k leqnk; thou dks LFkkbZRo iznku djus gsrq i`Foh ,oa lHkh tho&tUrqvksa ds lkFk lEcU/kksa dks cuk;s j[kus] lk>k djus o ns[k&Hkky dh laLÑfr dks iksf"kr djrs gSaA lkekftd dY;k.k dks c<+kok nsus o mls LFkkbZ cuk;s j[kus gsrq fdlh Hkh ckgjh igy dks izksRlkfgr djus ls igys leqnk; dh ikjEifjd laLÑfr;ksa dks le>uk vko';d gksxkA [ksrh dh dksa/k iz.kkyh mudh ijEijk ls xgjs rd tqM+h gSA

mM+hlk ds e/; {ks= ds e/; esa tgka ij flQZ ;wdsfyIVl ds isM+ yxk;s x;s] chVh dkVu dh [ksrh gks jgh gS vkSj ckgjh fuos'kksa ij vk/kkfjr egaxh [ksrh gks jgh gS] ogha ij ,d xk¡o dka/kqxqnk gS] tks Ñf"k&ikfjfLFkfrd Kku dks lgstus dk dke dj jgk gSA dka/kqxqnk ds ,d dksa/k fdlku vkfn dqe:dk dgrs gSa fd&^^eSa vius [ksr ls tks Hkh izkIr djrk gwa] og esjs fy, i;kZIr ls vf/kd gSA ;g esjs ifjokj] gekjs leqnk;] [ksr esa vkus okyh fpfM+;ksa] dhVksa ,oa tkuojksa dks Hkkstu miyC/k djkrk gSA lHkh iw.kZ ,oa izlUu gSaA**

[ksrh dk dksa/k rjhdk [ksrh ds dksa/k rjhds esa lHkh dh igq¡p tehu rd lqfuf'pr dh tkrh gSA blds vUrxZr ifjokj ds vkdkj ds vuqlkj Hkwfe dk vkaoVu gksrk gSA vFkkZr~ ;fn ,d ifjokj esa lnL;ksa dh la[;k vf/kd gS rks ogk¡ ij vf/kd Hkkstu dh vko';drk dks ns[krs gq, vf/kd tehu dk vkoaVu fd;k tkrk gSA lHkh ifjokj fiNyh _rq esa dh x;h [ksrh ls lko/kkuhiwoZd chtksa dks ,d= djrs gSaA ,d= fd;s x;s chtksa dks xkao ds e/; esa j[k fn;k tkrk gS vkSj lHkh ifjokjksa dks cqokbZ ds fy, cjkcj chtksa dk forj.k fd;k tkrk gSA ,slk blfy, fd;k tkrk gS fd ;fn dksbZ ifjokj cht lqjf{kr u j[k ik;k gks rks mls Hkh cqokbZ ds fy, cht fey tk;sA thou thus ds bl rjhds esa] bl leqnk; ds lHkh ifjokjksa dh igq¡p tehu ,oa cht 8

ÜèÊææ §ç‡ÇUØæ, çßàæðá çãU‹Îè â¢S·¤ÚU‡æ, çÎâ ÕÚU w®v}

rd gks tkrh gSA ;gka ij cqokbZ ,oa dVkbZ lkewfgd :i ls dh tkrh gSA dkas/k leqnk; }kjk xk¡o esa ,d lkekU; dks"k cuk;k x;k gSA vko';drk iM+us ij bl dks"k dk mi;ksx dksbZ Hkh dj ldrk gSA leqnk; }kjk Lo;a gh rS;kj fd;s x;s bl xk¡o dks"k esa yksx vukt ;k iSlk] tks Hkh miyC/k gksrk gS] mls nsrs gSa vkSj vko';drk ds le; mldk mi;ksx Hkh djrs gSaA ;g ns[kk tk ldrk gS fd dksa/k leqnk; ,d&nwljs ds lkFk fpUrkvksa dks lk>k djus] ,d&nwljs dh csgrjh dk [;ky djus vkfn ls tM q s+ ykd s kpkjkas ds lkFk thrs gAaS eksVs vuktksa ls LokLF;dkjh [kk| inkFkksZa rd ,sfrgkfld :i ls ;gka ij ikWyh&Qly iz.kkyh esa Ñf"k&ikfjfLFkfrd i)fr;ksa dk mi;ksx dj eksVs vukt mxk;s tkrs jgs gSaA dksa/k vkfnoklh tSls leqnk;ksa esa eksVs vukt dsoy vukt ugha gSaA oju~ ;g ihf<+;ksa ls pys vk jgs lkewfgd lkeqnkf;d Kku ds Hk.Mkj dks n'kkZrs gSaA os dksa/k vkfnoklh tSls leqnk;ksa eksVs vukt dsoy vukt ugha oju~ ;g ihf<+;ksa ls pys vk lkewfgd lkeqnkf;d Kku Hk.Mkj dks n'kkZrs

esa gSaA jgs ds gaSA

igkM+ksa] Hkwfe] vkdk'k ,oa taxyksa dh iwtk djrs gSa vkSj muds Ñf"kxr vH;kl /kkfj.kh isuq vFkkZr~ i`Foh dks ekrk ekurs gq, iwjs vknj o lEeku ds lkFk lEikfnr fd;s tkrs gSaA muds fy,] eksVs vukt ,d fofo/khÑr Ñf"k ds rkSj ij gSa] tks mudh vUrjkRek ls tqM+s gq, gSa vkSj mUgsa LFkkbZRo iznku djrs gSA o"kZ 1960 esa] tc Hkkjrh; Ñf"kxr ifjn`'; ij gfjr ØkfUr cgrq rt s h ls mHkjk Fkk] ml le; lHkh df`"k uhfr;ka /kku ,oa xsagw dh [ksrh djus okyksa ds i{k esa gks tkus ls eksVs vuktksa dh [ksrh esa mYys[kuh; deh vk;hA gkbfczM chtksa ds lkFk gh [ksrksa dks dhVksa ls cpkus ds fy, jlk;fud dhVuk'kdkas ,oa mojZdkas dks c<k+ok fn;k x;kA ml le; dgk x;k fd eksVs vukt vifj"Ñr vukt gSa] ftls flQZ ^^xjhc** gh [kkrs gSaA vc bUgha vuktksa dks LokLF;ijd vuktksa ds :i esa ns[kk tk jgk gS vkSj [kk| lqj{kk ij tyok;q ifjorZu ds iM+us okys izHkkoksa ls fuiVus gsrq pk¡nh dh xksyh ds rkSj ij ns[kk tkrk gSA bl leqnk; ds ikfjfLFkfrd Ñf"k Kku ds oSf'od n`f"Vdks.k ds foijhr vc Ñf"kxr izfreku cny jgs gSa vkSj O;kikj ds lkFk ^^[ksrh** dh laLÑfr dk LFkku ^^d`f"k O;kikj** us ys fy;k gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa vko';drkvksa dks ns[krs gq, xzkeh.k {ks=kssa ls 'kgjh {ks=ksa dks eksVk vukt dh vkiwfrZ dks c<+kok nsus ds ek/;e ls eksVs vuktksa ij vk/kkfjr Ñf"k&O;kikj ekWMy rS;kj fd;k tk jgk gSA vkt vlapkjh jksxksa tSls & e/kqesg] g`n; jksx ,oa eksVkik tSls jksxksa ls xzLr e/;e oxhZ; miHkksDrkvksa dh mPp ek¡x ds QyLo:i ;g vkiwfrZ dh tk jgh gS vkSj yksx larq"V gSa fd os eksVs vuktksa dks ,d ^^LokLF;dj Hkkstu** ds :i esa izkIr dj jgs gSaA eksVs vuktksa esa Hkh mUgha iztkfr;ksa dks izksRlkfgr fd;k tk jgk gS] ftudh 'kgjh cktkjksa esa mPp ekax gSA eksVs vuktksa dh fofo/krk dks de djus vkSj lqjf{kr [ksrh dh /kkj.kk dks detksj djus ds ihNs ;g ,d vUrfuZfgr tksf[ke gS] ftlls fo'ks"kdj tyok;q ifjorZu ds lUnHkZ esa eksVs vuktksa dh [ksrh djus okys fdlkuksa dh uktqdrk c<+ jgh gSA dqN xEHkhj foe'kZ dksa/k leqnk; bl ckr dks ysdj fpfUrr gS fd thou dk mudk ;g rjhdk vc muds fy, xEHkhj pqukSrh cu x;k gSA eksVs vuktksa dh [ksrh dksa/k leqnk; dh igpku dk ,d Hkkx gSA bldh [ksrh ds nkSjku lkewfgd rkSj ij cqokbZ] dVkbZ ,oa cht vknku&iznku dks ,d mRlo ds rkSj ij euk;k tkrk Fkk] ftlds nkSjku leqnk; ds yksx vkil esa feyrs Fks] ukprs&xkrs Fks vkSj viuh Lok;Ùkrk o viuh ikfjfLFkfrdh dk vkuUn ysrs FksA muds thou thus ds rjhds ds lkeus vkus okyh cgqr lh pqukSfr;ksa

tSls & ouksa dk de gksuk] tcjnLrh foLFkkiu] ;qokvksa dk iyk;u ,oa vU; cgqr lh leL;kvksa ls tw>us gsrq ;gh Lok;Ùkrk mudh etcwrh Hkh jgh gSA ;fn mudh Ñf"k muls nwj gks tkrh gS] rks bldk ifj.kke ;g gksxk fd os ,d&nwljs dks lg;ksx nsus dh viuh izFkk ls nwj gks tk;saxs vkSj mudk leqnk; fNUu&fHkUu gks tk;sxk lkFk gh leqnk; dh ihf<+;ksa ls pyh vk jgh [kk| mRiknu] Hk.Mkj.k vkSj ,d&nwljs ds lkFk lk>k djus dh n{krk o Kku dks muds cPps ugha lh[k ik;saxsA miHkksDrkoknh laLÑfr dks /;ku esa j[kdj eksVs vuktksa dh [krsh djuk lkLaÑfrd v[k.Mrk ds fy, vlEekutud gS vkSj eksVs vuktksa dh [ksrh dks iquthZfor djus esa bldk dksbZ ;ksxnku ugha gSA ;gka vusd ,sls izklafxd iz'u gSa] ftudk lek/kku [kkstk tkuk t:jh gSA tSls & D;k ikWfy'k fd;s gq, pkoy] xsagw o eDdk ds cnys eksVs vuktksa esa ;g {kerk gS fd os Ñf"k&laLÑfr dks Ñf"k&O;kikj esa cny ldsa\ D;k ;g Kku] cht vkSj Hkwfe ij fdlkuksa ds fu;a=.k ds uqdlku ds eqn~ns dks lkeus ykdj muds lek/kku dh fn'kk esa lg;ksx iznku dj ldrk gS\ vius gkfy;k Nis ,d ys[k esa ih- lkbaZukFk us bf.M;k okVj iksVZy] 2017 dk m)j.k nsrs gq, iwNk D;k xk¡oksa esa yksxksa dks de I;kl yxrh gS\ bls Li"V djrs gq, mUgksaus dgk fd egkjk"Vª esa lw[kk izHkkfor {ks=ksa ds fdlku vkRegR;k dj jgs gSa vkSj ogha ij ,d ,slh bekjr Hkh cu jgh gS] ftlds izR;sd ry ij ugkus dk rkykc gS vkSj ;s lHkh tehusa mu fdlkuksa dh gS ftUgksaus [ksrh NksM+ nhA ikuh dk ladV mRiUu gksus ds dkj.k fdlkuksa }kjk NksM+h x;h gSaA Hkkjr ds fdlh Hkh cM+s 'kgj esa jgus okys yksxksa dh thou'kSyh bl rjg dh gksrh gS] fd mlesa ty dh [kir cgqr T;knk gksrh gS] cgqr cM+h ek=k esa Bksl vif'k"Vksa dk mRltZu gksrk gS vkSj vkS|ksfxd mRiknksa dk vR;f/kd mi;ksx gksrk gS] ftlls i;kZoj.k dks nwf"kr djus okyh xSlksa dk mRltZu vf/kd gksrk gSA yksxksa dk ;g ekuuk cgqr gh xyr gS fd eksVs vuktksa dk vf/kd ls vf/kd miHkksx dj ge csgrj thou ik ldrs gSaA gekjk mPp ikfjfLFkfrdh jgu&lgu lalk/kuksa ds vleku forj.k dks n'kkZrk gSA ysfdu lcls vf/kd egRoiw.kZ ckr rks ;g gS fd blls ;g iznf'kZr gksrk gS fd fdl izdkj gekjk thou gekjs fdlkuksa ds vfLrRo ds fy, [krjk cu x;k gSA vkt gesa vius fodYiksa@p;uksa ds xq.k&nks"kksa dk fujh{k.k djus vkSj lkekftd dY;k.k esa fufgr Ñf"k dh laLÑfr dks iquthZfor djus dh vko';drk gS] vkSj ;gh lkekftd dY;k.k ds LFkkbZRo dk ewy&ea= gSA

ÜèÊææ §ç‡ÇUØæ, çßàæðá çãU‹Îè â¢S·¤ÚU‡æ, çÎâ ÕÚU w®v} 9

fu"d"kZ ,d lkFk [kkus vkSj ,d&nwljs dks cht forj.k djus ds mRlo dks eukus dh bl laLÑfr ds ihNs lejlrk dh xgjh Hkkouk Nqih gqbZ gSA vlekurk dks c<+kok nsrh vkt dh xfrfof/k;k@ as fopkj/kkjk ds foijhr bl fopkj/kkjk esa ;g lqfuf'pr fd;k tkrk gS fd leqnk; esa dksbZ Hkh O;fDr xjhch ds dkj.k Hkw[kk ugha lks;sxkA blesa ;g fo'okl Nqik gqvk fd ,d dk dY;k.k nwljksa ds dY;k.k ls xgjkbZ ls tqM+k gqvk gSA blds vUrxZr fpfM+;ka] dhV&iraxs] ikfjfLFkfrdh ,oa lekt esa jgus okyk izR;sd O;fDr 'kkfey gSA vr% fcuk lkekftd dY;k.k dh Hkkouk ds ge eksVs vuktksa dks yEcs le; rd ds fy, iquthZfor ugha dj ldrsA ;fn ge ,slk fujUrj djrs gSa rks ge vius fdlkuksa o ikfjfLFkfrdh ds izfr bZekunkj ugha gks ldrs vkSj u gh uqdlku dks ges'kk de djus dh viuh Hkkouk ds lkFk bZekunkjh cjr ldrs gSaA tc geus [kkYiknj dh o`) efgykvksa ls iwNk fd D;k os dHkh Hkh 20 ,dM+ Hkwfe ij [ksrh dj ik;saxh] rc os efgyk,a cgqr tksj ls galh vkSj gekjs fopkj dks fljs ls [kkfjt djrs gq, dgus yxha & ;fn gekjs ikl 'kfDr gS] rks vkSj dksbZ Hkh dkj.k ugha gS fd ge blds fy, uk dgsaA mUgksaus dgk fd fdlh Hkh ifjfLFkfr esa& ^^ge tkurs gSa fd vUr esa ge lHkh ,d lkFk feydj Hkkstu djsaxsA** ge dksa/k tSlh ikjEifjd tutkrh; leqnk;ksa dk vkHkkj O;Dr djrs gSa] ftUgksaus >wBh vk/kqfudrk dks Hkxoku ekuus vkSj mlds lkeus >qdus ls budkj dj fn;kA os i`Foh iznÙk cgqvk;keh migkjksa dk ges'kk lEeku djrs gq, mi;ksx djrs gSaA os vius [ksrksa ls xqtjus okyh NksVh lh phaVh dk Hkh ,d euq"; ds leku gh lEeku djrs gSa vkSj mUgsa izÑfr iznÙk migkjksa dk vkuUn ysus nsrs gSaA ÎðÕÁèÌ âæÚ¢U»è ¥æñÚU ·¤æÃØæ ¿æñÏÚUè çÜçß¢» È¤æ âü ŒÜæÅU Ù¢0 vv}v/wvy{, ÚUˆÙæ·¤ÚU Õæ»- w ÅUæ¢·¤æÂæÙè ×æ»ü, ÖéßÙðàßÚU - |zv®v}, ¥æðçÇUàææ, ÖæÚUÌ §ü×ðÜ Ñ livingfarms@gmail.com Millet Farming Systems LEISA INDIA, Vol. 19, No.4, Dec. 2017

Ÿæfæ¢ÁçÜ Âýçâf Áñçß·¤ ç·¤âæÙ Ÿæè °Ü. ÙæÚUæØ‡æ ÚðUÇU÷ÇUè ¥Õ ãU×æÚðU Õè¿ ÙãUè´ ÚUãðUÐ ©UÙ·¤æ çÙÏÙ vy ÁÙßÚUè, w®v~ ·¤æð ãUæð »ØæÐ °·¤ ¹ðçÌãUÚU ÂçÚUßæÚU ×ð´ Á‹×ð Ÿæè ÚðUÇUï÷ÇUè Ùðð ¥ÂÙð ·¤çÆUÙ ÂçÚUŸæ× ÌÍæ â×Âü‡æ âð ¹ðÌè ·¤æð ÜæÖÂýÎ ÕÙæØæÐ ¹ðÌè ·¤è Áñçß·¤ çßÏæ¥æð´ ·ð¤ ÂýçÌU §Ù·¤è »ãUÚUè â×Ûæ Íè ÁæðU §‹ãUæð´Ùð SßØ¢ ·¤ÚU·ð¤ ¥çÁüÌ ç·¤Øæ ÍæÐ ÜèÊææ §ç‡ÇUØæ Âç˜æ·¤æ ·ð¤ âæÍ §‹ãUæð¢Ùð ¥ÂÙð ¥ÙéÖßæð´ ·¤æð çÙØç×Ì M¤Â âð âæÛææ ç·¤Øæ, çÁââð Îðàæ-çßÎðàæ ·ð¤ ç·¤âæÙæð¢ ·¤æð ÜæÖ ç×ÜæÐ

ÜèÊææ §ç‡ÇUØæ, çßàæðá çãU‹Îè â¢S·¤ÚU‡æ, çÎâ ÕÚU w®v}

Issues and Themes of LEISA INDIA Published in English 2001-2017 V.3, No. 1, 2001 - Coping with disaster V.3, No. 2, 2001 - Go global stay local V.3, No. 3, 2001 - Lessons in scaling up V.3, No. 4, 2001 - Biotechnology V.4, No. 1, 2002 Managing Livestock V.4, No. 2, 2002 - Rural Communication V.4, No. 3, 2002 - Recreating living soil V.4, No. 4, 2002 - Women in agriculture V.5, No. 1, 2003 - Farmers Field School V.5, No. 2, 2003 - Ways of water harvesting V.5, No. 3, 2003 - Access to resources V.5, No. 4, 2003 - Reversing Degradation V.6, No. 1, 2004 - Valuing crop diversity V.6, No. 2, 2004 - New generation of farmers V.6, No. 3, 2004 - Post harvest Management V.6, No. 4, 2004 - Farming with nature V.7, No. 1, 2005 - On Farm Energy V.7, No. 2, 2005 - More than Money V.7, No. 3, 2005 - Contribution of Small Animals V.7, No. 4, 2005 - Towards Policy Change V.8, No. 1, 2006 - Documentation for Change V.8, No. 2, 2006 - Changing Farming Practices V.8, No. 3, 2006 - Knowledge Building Processes V.8, No. 4, 2006 - Nurturing Ecological Processes V.9, No. 1, 2007 - Farmers Coming together V.9, No. 2, 2007 - Securing Seed Supply V.9, No. 3, 2007 - Healthy Produce, People and Environment V.9, No. 4, 2007 - Ecological Pest Management V.10, No. 1, 2008 -Towards Fairer Trade V.10. No. 2, 2008 - Living soils V.10, No. 3, 2008 - Farming and Social Inclusion V.10, No. 4, 2008 - Dealing with Climate Change V.11, No. 1, 2009 - Farming Diversity V.11, No. 2, 2009 - Farmers as Entrepreneurs V.11, No. 3, 2009 - Women and Food Sovereignty V.11, No. 4, 2009 - Scaling up and sustaining the gains V.12, No.1, 2010 - Livestock for sustainable livelihoods V.12, No.2, 2010 - Finance for farming V.12, No.3, 2010 - Managing water for sustainable farming V.13, No.1, 2011 - Youth in farming V.13, No.2, 2011 - Trees and farming V.13, No.3, 2011 - Regional Food System V.13, No.4, 2011 - Securing Land Rights V.14, No.1, 2012 - Insects as Allies V.14, No.2, 2012 - Greening the Economy V.14, No.3, 2012- Farmer Organisations V. 14, No.4, 2012- Combating Desertification V. 15, No.1, 2013- SRI: A scaling up success V. 15, No.2, 2013- Farmers and market V. 15, No.3, 2013- Education for change V. 15, No.4, 2013- Strengthening family farming V. 16, No. 1, 2014- Cultivating farm biodiversity V. 16, No. 2, 2014- Family farmers breaking out of poverty V. 16, No. 3, 2014- Family farmers and sustainable landscapes V. 16, No. 4, 2014- Family farming and nutrition V. 17, No. 1, 2015- Soils for life V. 17, No. 2, 2015- Rural-urban linkages V. 17, No. 3, 2015- Water-lifeline for livelihoods V. 17, No. 4, 2015- Women forging change V. 18, No. 1, 2016- Co-creation to knowledge V. 18, No. 2, 2016- Valuing underutilised crops V. 18, No. 3, 2016- Agroecology-Measurable and sustainable V. 18, No. 4, 2016- Stakeholders in agroecology V. 19, No. 1, 2017- Food Sovereignty V. 19, No. 2, 2017- Climate Change and Ecological appraches V. 19, No. 3, 2017- Ecological Livestock V. 19, No. 4, 2017- Millet Farming Systems

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dsjy ds ikyDdM ftys ds dksV~VsDdM xk¡o ds Jh euh dksV~VsDdM ,d izxfr'khy nqX/k O;olk;h gSaA o"kZ 2011 rd mUgksaus ladj xk;ksa ls nqX/k O;olk; fd;k FkkA j[k& j[kko] fo'ks"kdj tkuojksa ds nkus dh c<+rh dherksa us mUgsa viuh mRiknu iz.kkyh esa cnyko djus gsrq mRizsfjr fd;k vkjS LFkkuh; uLykas ds i'kv q kas ds j[k&j[kko eas vklkuh] de mRiknu rFkk 'kgjh miHkksDrkvksa esa LFkkuh; uLyksa ds nw/k dh c<+rh ekax dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, mUgksaus ns'kh iztkfr ds i'kqvksa dks ikyus dk fu'p; fd;kA vius dqN fdlku fe=ksa ls Jh euh us mEcykpsjh iztkfr ds ckjs esa tkudkjh izkIr dhA o"kZ 2012 esa mUgksaus ladj iztkfr dh xk;ksa dks gVkdj LFkkuh; iztkfr dh nks xk;ksa dks j[kk vkSj vkt muds ikl LFkkuh; iztkfr dh 16 xk;sa gSaA blds lkFk gh mUgksaus bu xk;ksa ls izkIr xkscj o xkS&ew= dk mi;ksx djrs gq, de ykxr ds lkFk tSfod Ñf"k iz.kkyh dks Hkh iz;ksx ds rkSj ij fd;kA Jh euh us /kku dh dqN fof'k"V iztkfr;ksa tSls utkojk] Js;l vkfn dh [ksrh vius [ksrksa esa dhA /kku dh [ksrksa ls izkIr iqvky ls muds QkeZ dh xk;ksa ds pkjk dh iwfrZ gks x;hA blds lkFk gh os vius [ksrksa esa Hkh tkuojksa dks pjkrs gSaA fcuk fdlh ckgjh fuos'k ij fuHkZjrk ds mudh nqX/k mRiknu izfr bdkbZ c<+hA mUgksaus vius QkeZ eas nks cy S kas dk Hkh ikyu fd;k] ftlls os djsy dh LFkkuh; iztkfr mEcykpsjh o ospwj xk;ksa dk xHkZ/kkj.k djkrs gSaA ;|fi vU; xk;ksa dh rqyuk esa bu iztkfr dh xk;ksa ls cgqr de nw/k izkIr gksrk gSA ,d xk; ls ,d fnu esa 3 yhVj nw/k gh feyrk gS] ijUrq 'kgjh miHkksDrkvksa ls :0 100 izfr yhVj dh nj ls dkQh vPNk ewY; feyus ds dkj.k uqdlku de gksrk gSA fdlku 'kgjh miHkksDrkvksa dks nw/k dh vkiwfrZ Lo;a djrs gSaA nw/k ds vykok] os vU; nwljh ewY; loaf/kZr mRiknksa tSls& ?kh] ngh ,oa eD[ku dh fu;fer vkiwfrZ LFkkuh; miHkksDrkvksa ,oa gksVyksa dks djrs gSaA blds fy, mUgksaus vko';d midj.kksa ds lkFk ,d NksVh mRiknu bdkbZ yxk j[kh gSA blds lkFk gh] bUgksus tkuojksa ds vif'k"Vksa tSls xk; ds xkscj ,oa ew= ls iapxO; ¼,d tSfod dhVuk'kd½] ugkus dk lkcqu] nareatu ¼bu nksuksa mRiknksa ds fy, xk; ds

QksVks % ys[kd

USÍæÙèØ ÙSÜæð´ ·ð¤ âæÍ SÍæ§ü Îé‚Ï ÃØßâæØ

rS;kj iapxO; ds lkFk euh dksV~VsDdM

ckDl 1 % mEcykpsjh iztkfr ;g rfeyukMq dh LFkkuh; iztkfr gS ftls tFkh ekMw] eksV~VkbZ ekMw] nf{k.kh ratksj ,oa rsjdqFkh ekMw tSls LFkkuh; ukeksa ls Hkh tkurs gSaA viuh rkdr ,oa etcwrh ds fy, tkuh tkus okyh ;g ,d mEnk 'kq"d tkuoj gSA ;g viuh izR;sd C;kar ij vkSlru 494 fdxzk nw/k nsrh gS ftlesa 4-94 izfr'kr olk vkSj 8 izfr'kr ,l,u,Q gksrh gSA ladj uLy ds vU; tkuojksa dh vis{kk blesa laØked chekfj;ksa dk izdksi de gksrk gSA

xkscj dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k gS½ ,oa vdZ ¼xkSew= ls rS;kj mRikn] ftldk mi;ksx vk;qosZfnd nokbZ;ksa esa fd;k tkrk gS½ tSls cgqr ls mRikn rS;kj fd;s gSaA Jh euh ;s lHkh mRikn ^^deZ** czk.M ls csprs gSaA bu fofHkUu mRiknkas dks cp s us ls mUgsa izfrekg yxHkx :0 35]000 dh vkenuh gksrh gSA ;|fi Jh euh tSfod nqX/k O;olk; ds fy, r; lHkh ekudksa dk ikyu djrs gSa ] fQj Hkh mUgksaus vHkh rd vius mRiknksa dk tSfod lR;kiu djkus dh vko';drk eglwl ugha dh gSA ;fn og vius Lo;a ds tSfod yscy ds lkFk vius mRiknksa dks csp ldsa rks fuf'pr rkSj ij mUgsas vius mRiknksa dk csgrj ykHk fey ldrk gSA bl dgkuh dk ladyu vkbZlh,vkj&,uMhvkjvkbZ] djuky] gfj;kuk esa nqX/k O;olk; foLrkj fMohtu ds ih ,p Mh LdkylZ oh Jhjke] vpZuk HkV~V vkSj ,l fLeFkk }kjk fd;k x;k gSA vf/kd tkudkjh ds fy, lEidZ djsa srieeram@gmail.com Climate Change and Ecological approaches LEISA INDIA, Vol. 19, No.2,June. 2017

ÜèÊææ §ç‡ÇUØæ, çßàæðá çãU‹Îè â¢S·¤ÚU‡æ, çÎâ ÕÚU w®v} 11

UÂàæéÏÙ Ñ ÂãUæÇ¸Uè ¥ÍüÃØßSÍæ ·ð¤ Âýæ‡æ ß ÂýðÚU‡ææ ¥æÚU.·ð¤. ×ñ¹éÚUè, °Ü.°â.ÚUæßÌ, Âè.âè. È¤æð‹ÎæÙè, ¥ÁØ ×ÜðÍæ °ß¢ ßæ§ü.°×. ÕãéU»é‡ææ ijEijkxr :i ls pjokgk leqnk;ksa dh lkeqnkf;d lalk/kuksa rd vklkuh ls igq¡p gksrh Fkh vkSj os [ksrh ,oa i'kq/ku nksukas dks ,d lkFk izcfU/kr djrs FksA ysfdu lkewfgd lalk/kuksa ij LokfeRo esa /khjs&/khjs gks jgs gzkl ds dkj.k] os cnyrh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls vuqdwyu LFkkfir dj jgs gSa vkSj vius i'kq/ku dh la[;k rFkk muds j[k&j[kko ds rjhdksa esa Qsj&cny dj jgs gSaA Hkkjrh; fgeky;u {ks= esa fuokl djus okys pjokgk leqnk;ksa ds fy, vkthfodk dk ewy lzksr i'kq/ku gSaA nw/k vkSj ekal ds :i esa [kk| lqj{kk ds ,d lzksr ds rkSj ij i'kq/ku dks igkM+h vFkZO;oLFkk dk ^^izk.k vkSj izsj.kk** ds :i esa le>k tkrk gS] tks xzkeh.k ifjokjksa dks iwjd vkenuh iznku djrk gS vkSj vkthfodk dh uktqdrk dks de djrk gsA blds vykok [ksrksa dks moZj cukus ds fy, i'kq/ku ls izkIr [kkn dks ,d egRoiw.kZ vkSj ewY;oku lalk/ku ds rkSj ij mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA e/; fgeky; ds Qly&i'kq/ku fefJr [ksrh iz.kkfy;ksa esa i'kq/ku vkSj [kk| mRiknu iz.kkyh dk vkil esa cgqr xgjk lEcU/k gSA fp= 1 % e/; fgeky; esa taxy] Ñf"k vkSj i'kq/ku iz.kkyh ds chp vUrlZEcU/k vkSj vUrfuZHkjrk

tkuojksa ds fy, taxy ls pkjk ,d= dj ys tkrh efgyk

ikjEifjd :i ls igkM+h leqnk;ksa us pkjkxkgksa ,oa ouksa nksuksa dks ,d lkFk izcfU/kr fd;k gSA vf/kdka'k ifjokj cgqr de Hkwfe gksus ds ckotwn vius tkuojksa dks LFkkbZ rkSj ij ikyus ds fy, vius futh lalk/kuksa ds iwjd ds rkSj ij lkewfgd lalk/kuksa dk vklkuh ls mi;ksx djrs FksA ouksa] ?kkl;qDr tehuksa vkSj Qly vo'ks"kksa ls iks"k.k ysdj i'kqvksa dks f[kykrs Fks vkSj iqu% i'kqvksa ls izkIr xkscj dks [kkn ds :i esa Ñf"kxr tehuksa esa mi;ksx djrs FksA igkM+h [ksrh iz.kkyh esa ouksa] ?kkl;qDr tehuksa] i'kq/ku vkSj Qlyksa ds chp ds bl tfVy vUrZ&lEcU/kksa us ihf<+;ksa ls igkM+h [ksrh dks LFkkbZRo iznku djus esa viuk ;ksxnku fn;k gSA ¼fp=&1½ i'kq/ku izcU/ku

taxy Ñf"k

i'kq/ku ?kjsyw iz.kkyh

ÜèÊææ §ç‡ÇUØæ, çßàæðá çãU‹Îè â¢S·¤ÚU‡æ, çÎâ ÕÚU w®v}

fgeky; ds vR;f/kd m¡pkbZ okys {ks=ksa esa fuokl djus okys HkksfV;k] cdjoky] ou xqTtj] xn~nh] ysipk ,oa eksuikl tSls pjokgk leqnk; ijEijkxr :i ls ?kweUrq i'kq ikyd dk dke djrs gSaA os _rqvksa ds vk/kkj ij ,d ikfjfLFkfrdh {ks= ls nwljs ikfjfLFkfrdh {ks= ds vf/kd mi;qDr pjkbZ {ks=ksa esa vius i'kqvksa dks ysdj ?kwers jgrs gSaA mÙkjk[k.M {ks= esa HksM+ o cdjh ikyus okys HkksfV;k vkfnoklh leqnk; ds lkFk gh ouksa esa jgus okys HkSal ikyd ou xqTtj m¡pkbZ ds ouksa ls vYikbu pkjkxkgksa esa iyk;u dj

tkrs gSaA bu {ks=ksa esa vU; fdlh mi;ksx esa u vk ldus okyh lhekUr tehuksa ij izkÑfrd :i ls miyC/k pkjk lalk/kuksa ij i'kqvksa dks pjkus dh vuqefr gksrh gSA mPp fgeky;u {ks= ds xk¡oksa esa ijEijkxr vH;klksa ds vk/kkj ij okf"kZd i'kq/ku izcU/ku fd;k tkrk gSA HksM+ksa o cdfj;ksa dks [kqys {ks=ksa o ouksa esa NksM+ fn;k tkrk gS] tgk¡ os iwjs o"kZ vius ekfydksa dh ns[k&js[k esa pjrh jgrh gSaA HksM+&cdjh ikyd tkM+ksa esa vius tkuojksa ds lkFk igkM+ksa ls uhps vk tkrs gSa vkSj xfeZ;ksa esa iqu% okil igkM+kas ij pys tkrs gSaA HksM+ikydksa us ;g eglwl fd;k gS fd uhps ds {ks=ksa esa ik;h tkus okyh pkjk Qlykas ,oa ?kklksa dh ek=k ,oa xq.koÙkk nksuksa esa vc gzkl gks jgk gS vkSj tkM+ksa esa tc os uhps ds {ks=ksa esa Bgjrs gSa] ml le; muds i'kqvksa dh e`R;q nj esa o`f) Hkh gks jgh gSA lgh ls iks"k.k u feyus ds dkj.k ekpZ ds le; muls izkIr gksus okyh Åu dh ek=k esa deh gksrh gS ,oa mudh xq.koÙkk Hkh csgrj ugha gkrshA xko¡kas eas jgus okys i'kv q kas ,oa ?kkM s k+as dks clUr] xhz"e ,oa o"kkZ _rq eas pjkbZ grsq lhoku ¼xkoa ds ckgj dh lkot Z fud Hkwfe½ esa ys tkrs gSa] tcfd lfnZ;ksa vFkkZr~ fnlEcj ls ysdj Qjojh rd mudks ukn esa gh f[kykrs gSaA i'kqvkas dk dke djus esa fyax o mez nksuksa gh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA lkekU;r%] gjk pkjk ,d= djus] i'kqvksa dks f[kykus] i'kqvksa ds jgus ds LFkku dh lkQ& lQkbZ] pkjk dks bdV~Bk djus] mUgsa ?kj rd ykus o i'kv q kas ds vif'k"Vkas ls [kkn cukus dk lkjk dk;Z efgykvksa }kjk eq[; :i ls fd;k tkrk gSA ?kj dh cqtqxZ efgyk,a tkuojksa ls nw/k fudkyus ,oa muls ?kh&eD[ku rS;kj djus dk dke djrh gSaA tcfd ?kj ds cM+s&cqtqxZ iq:"k tkuojksa ds iztuu vkSj i'kq mRiknksa dks cktkj esa cspus lEcU/kh dk;ksZa dks djrs gSaA efgyk,a i'kqvksa dks f[kykus o pkjk ,d= djus dk 60 izfr'kr ls vf/kd dk;Z djrh gSa tcfd dwM+k ,d= djus] i'kqvksa ds jgus ds LFkku dh lkQ&lQkb]Z [kkn cukus vkfn ds dkekas esa mudh Hkkxhnkjh 88 izfr'kr ls Hkh vf/kd gksrh gSA ekSleh vk/kkj ij pjkbZ djkus gsrq LFkku ifjorZu djus okys pjokgk leqnk;ksa esa i'kqvksa ls lEcfU/kr 90 ifzr'kr dk;kaZs dks i: q "kkas }kjk fd;k tkrk gAS HksM+ksa ,oa cdfj;ksa dh la[;k dks izcfU/kr djuk vko';d gksrk gSA LFkkuh; yksx i'kqvksa dh la[;k ?kVkdj vFkok ekal ds fy, vU; miHkksDrkvksa dks cspdj ;k Lo;a ekal laj{k.k uhfr;ksa dks viukus vkSj ou foHkkx }kjk ouksa esa pjkbZ ij jksd yxkus ds dkj.k fiNys nks n'kdksa esa HksM+ksa o cdfj;ksa dh la[;k esa mYys[kuh; fxjkoV ntZ dh x;h gSA

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ds :i esa mudk mi;ksx dj mudk izcU/ku djrs gSaA xkaoksa esa yksx vius i'kqvksa dh ewy la[;k esa ls izfr o"kZ yxHkx 35 izfr'kr ?kVk nsrs gSa gkykafd csps tkus okys tkuojksa dh la[;k ek= 20 izfr'kr gh gksrh gSA LFkkuh; fuokfl;ksa us ;g ns[kk gS fd 200 cdfj;kas ,oa 200 HkM s k+as rFkk 4&6 ?kkM s k+as ;k [kPpjkas ds >.qM dks izcfU/kr djus ds fy, 2 yksxksa dh vko';drk gksrh gSA ;fn ge vfuf'pr la[;k esa i'kqvksa dks ikyuk izkjEHk dj nsa rks izR;sd HksM+ ;k cdjh ls :0 1300 dh 'k) q vkenuh gkrsh gS ¼n[skas rkfydk l0a 1½A HkM s k+as o cdfj;ksa esa ykHk& ykxr dk vuqikr vf/kd gksrk gS] ?kksM+ksa ;k [kPpjksa esa ykxr&ykHk dk vuqikr blls de gksrk gS tcfd cSy vkfn dk ykxr&ykHk vuqikr lcls de gksrk gSA

pqukSfr;ka ,oa vH;klksa esa cnyko fujUrj c<+rh ekuoh; xfrfof/k;ksa ds dkj.k pjokgk leqnk;ksa dk LFkkbZRo ladVksa ls tw> jgk gSA cgqr ls taxyksa esa i'kqvksa dks pjkuk foo'krk gSA ^^fo'ks"k laj{k.k** pkgus okys rFkkdfFkr ^^lja{kd** ykx s kas ds ncko ds pyrs pjokgk leqnk; vfuf'pr Hkfo"; dk lkeuk dj jgs gSaA pjkbZ {ks=kas esa gzkl] lajf{kr {ks=ksa ij ikjEifjd vf/kdkjksa rFkk pkjk dh deh ds dkj.k cM+h la[;k esa i'kqvksa dh mRikndrk dks cuk;s j[kuk eqf'dy gksrk tk jgk gSA ÜèÊææ §ç‡ÇUØæ, çßàæðá çãU‹Îè â¢S·¤ÚU‡æ, çÎâ ÕÚU w®v} 13

ÌæçÜ·¤æ w Ñ çÂÀUÜð ÌèÙ Îàæ·¤æð´ (v~}®-}z âð w®v®-vz) ×ð´ ©UžæÚUæ¹‡ÇU ·ð¤ ·é¤ÀU ¿ØçÙÌ ÿæð˜ææð´ ×ð´ ÂàæéÏÙ â¢ Øæ ×ð´ ÕÎÜæß ÂàæéÏÙ ·ð¤ Âý·¤æÚU »æØ Öñ´â ƒææðÇ¸ðU/¹“æÚU ÖðÇ¸U/Õ·¤ÚUè

ÙèçÌ ƒææÅUè (v® »æ¢ß) v~}®-}z w®v®-vz vw{® xv} yx® v{® v|®~® zxv®

ƒææçÅUØæð´ ·ð¤ Ùæ× ÁæðãUÚU ƒææÅUè (vx »æ¢ß) ©UÂÚUè ×‹Îæç·¤Ùè ƒææÅUè (v® »æ¢ß) v~}®-}z w®v®-vz v~}®-}z w®v®-vz ~x~ wvz w}{® v}{® xv} w®v z~® v}} yx{ yvz vzx~® wxv~ y{zz v{v®

laj{k.k uhfr;ksa dks viukus vkSj ou foHkkx }kjk ouksa esa pjkbZ ij jksd yxkus ds dkj.k fiNys nks n'kdksa esa HksM+ksa o cdfj;ksa dh la[;k esa mYys[kuh; fxjkoV vk;h gSA fiNys 30 o"kksZa esa HksM+ ,oa cdfj;ksa dh tula[;k esa vkl S ru 75-11 ifzr'kr dh fxjkoV vk;h gS ¼rkfydk 2½A rhu ?kkfV;ksa ds xk¡oksa esa cSy ikyus okys ifjokjksa dh l[a;k eas deh ds dkj.k ykx s [krsh NkM s u+s yxs gAaS fgeky; dh m¡ph igkfM+;ksa ij cls xk¡oksa esa i'kqvksa dh la[;k u c<+us ds ihNs fo'ks"kdj tkM+ksa ds fnuksa esa pkjk dk ladV rFkk ifzr O;fDr df`"k ;kXs; Hkfwe dk ?kVrs tkuk e[q; dkj.k gSaA blds lkFk gh vk/kqfudhdj.k ds lkFk] lkekftd& vkfFkZd fLFkfr esa cnyko] f'k{kk ds rhoz izlkj rFkk ljdkjh lqfo/kk,a ikus ds ykyp ds ckotwn u;h ih<+h bl rjg ds O;olk;ksa dks vkxs c<+kus gsrq bPNqd ugha gSA i'kqvksa dh ?kVrh la[;k ds lkFk i'kq/ku izcU/ku vH;klksa esa Hkh ifjorZu gq, gSaA dqN {ks=ksa esa fo'ks"kdj eosf'k;ksa dh uLy dks mUur djus dh n`f"V ls LFkku ij cka/kdj pkjk f[kykus okys i'kqikydksa dh la[;k esa o`f) gqbZ gSA blls ,d rjQ rks ?kVrs pkjkxkg {ks=ksa dh leL;k dk lek/kku gks jgk gS rks nwljh rjQ mPp mRiknd i'kq/ku tSls mUur HkSalksa vkSj xk;ksa ds ikyus ij izksRlkgu Hkh fey jgk gSA bu mUur o ladj tkuojksa dks csgrj izcU/ku vkSj iks"k.k ds lkFk gh LFkku ij pkjk o Hkwlk f[kykuk vko';d gSA uLy dh xq.koÙkk cuk;s j[kus ds fy, xk¡okas eas Ñf=e xHkk/Zkku dUsnkz@ as lfqo/kkvkas dh deh gAS

fu"d"kZ fgeky;u {ks= ds ikjEifjd leqnk;ksa rFkk fo'ks"kdj ?kweUrw pjokgk leqnk;ksa dh thou'kSyh esa cnyko gks jgs gSaA {ks= esa miyC/k lalk/kuksa ds izHkkoh izcU/ku ds fy,] xkaoksa }kjk oguh; {kerk dh lhek ds vUnj ekSleh pkjkxkg ifjorZu dh fujUrjrk cuk;s j[kuk vko';d gSA mRiknu iz.kkyh dks iquthZfor djus vkSj pjkbZ ds nckoksa dks de djds mPp fgeky;u {ks=ksa rFkk lqjf{kr ou {ks=ksa ds vkl&ikl cls xk¡oksa esa jgus okys yksxksa ds lkFk&lkFk ?kweUrw pjokgk leqnk;ksa dh vkthfodk dks

LFkkbZRo iznku fd;k tk ldrk gSA igkM+h vkSj ioZrh; {ks=ksa esa] tgk¡ ij Ñf"k&i'kq/ku mRiknu iz.kkfy;ka lapkfyr gksrh gSa] ogk¡ ij iks"k.k iqupZØhdj.k ,oa e`nk moZjrk ds izcU/ku esa csgrj Hkwfedk fuHkkdj tkuoj@ eos'kh ,d ldkjkRed ;ksxnku nsrs gq, Ñf"k dks LFkkbZRo iznku dj ldrs gSaA [kqys {ks=ksa esa mfpr o`{kksa dk jksi.k djds pkjk dh deh dh leL;k ls fuiVk tk ldrk gSA blds lkFk gh {ks= esa LFkkbZ i'kq/ku izcU/ku ,oa fodkl dks izksRlkfgr djus gsrq 'kks/k ,oa izlkj lEcU/kksa dks Hkh l'kDr djuk gksxkA i'kq/ku mRiknu esa efgykvksa dh mYys[kuh; Hkwfedk dks ns[krs gq, ;g vko';d gS fd Ñf"k&i'kq/ku fefJr Ñf"k iz.kkfy;ksa ,oa foi.ku esa i'kq/ku ds LFkkbZ izcU/ku gsrq efgykvksa dks tksM+k tk;sA ikfjfLFkfrdh vuqdwyu ij tksj nsrs gq, i'kq/ku ikyu ij ,d mfpr uhfr dh rRdky esa vko';drk gSA vkHkkj ys[kdx.k lqfo/kk,a iznku djus ds fy, funs'kd] th0ch0 iUr us'kuy bULVhP;wV vkWQ fgeky;u ,uok;jUes.V ,.M lLVsuscy Msoyies.V] dkslh&drjeky] vYeksM+k dk vkHkkj O;Dr djrs gSaA lUnHkZ eS[kqjh vkj0ds0] jko ds0,l0] lseoky vkj0vkbZ }kjk fyf[kr psfUtx flusfj;ks vkWQ fgeky;u ,xzksbdksflLVe % ykWl vkWQ ,xzksck;ksMkboflZlh] ,u b.MhdsVj vkWQ ,uok;jUes.Vy ps.t bu ls.Vªy fgeky;k] bf.M;k] 2001] i;kZoj.kfon] 20] 23&29A ukSfV;ky ,l0] jko ds0,l0] eS[kqjh vkj0ds0 ,oa lDlsuk ds0th0 }kjk fyf[kr VªkUlg~;wes.V ik'pjfyTe bu n uUnk nsoh ck;ksLQh;j fjtoZ] bf.M;k 2001] ,eVh] fjlpZ 23¼3½] 255&262 ¥æÚU0·ð0¤ ×ñ¹éÚUè, °Ü0°â0 ÚUæßÌ, Âè0âè0 È¤æð‹ÎæÙè ¥ÁØ ×ÜðÍæ °ß¢ ßæ§ü0°×0 ÕãéU»é‡ææ Áè0Õè0 Â‹Ì ÙðàæÙÜ §‹SÅUè‘ØêÅU ¥æòÈ¤ çãU×æÜØÙ °ÙßæØÚU‹×ð‡ÅU °‡ÇU âSÅðUÙðÕÜ ÇðUßÜÂ×ð‡ÅU, »É¸UßæÜ §·¤æ§ü ŸæèÙ»ÚU (»É¸UßæÜ)- wy{v|y Ecological Livestock LEISA INDIA, Vol. 19, No.3, Sept. 2017

ÜèÊææ §ç‡ÇUØæ, çßàæðá çãU‹Îè â¢S·¤ÚU‡æ, çÎâ ÕÚU w®v}

czkmu VkWi cktjk ds lkFk ^dksjkys j?kq* ds uke ls izpfyr ;g fdlku

ÖêÜè-çÕâÚUè È¤âÜæð´ ·¤æ ßæÂâ ¥æÙæ Õýæ©UÙ ÅUæòÂ ÕæÁÚUæ ¥çÙÌæ ÚðUÇ÷ÇUè °ß¢ ·ë¤c‡æ ÂýâæÎ Áè dukZVd dk eq[; Hkkstu cktjk okil vk jgk gSA fdlku vc fQj ls cktjk dks mxkus yxs gSaA ;g NksVs nkuksa okyk eksVk vukt gksrk gS] tks de mitkÅ tehu o de ikuh esa mxk;h tk ldrh gSA tyok;q ifjorZu ls mRiUu ladV ls fuiVus ds vykok] viuh mPp iks"kd xq.koÙkk ds pyrs xzkeh.k Hkkjr esa xjhch ds dkj.k dqiks"k.k o 'kgjh ,oa v/kZ 'kgjh Hkkjr esa thou 'kSyh dh otg ls mRiUu chekjh ,oa dqiks"k.k ls fuiVus esa Hkh bldk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA czkmu VkWi cktjk] ftls lkekU;r% flxuyxzkl ds uke ls tkurs gSa] og eksVs vuktksa esa lcls nqyZHk gSA ;g ewyr% Hkkjr dh Qly gS] ftldh [ksrh dukZVd&vka/kz izns'k ds lhekorhZ bykdksa & dukZVd ds rqedqj] fp=nqxZ ,oa fpDdkcYykiqj rFkk vka/kz izns'k ds vuUriqj ftyksa ds 'kq"d {ks=ksa esa vPNh rjg dh tkrh gSA dUuM+ esa dksjkys ,oa rsyxq esa v.MdksjkZ ds uke ls izpfyr czkmu VkWi

cktjk dks iwohZ e/; Hkkjr esa Hkh dqN lhfer ek=k esa mxk;k o mi;kx s fd;k tkrk gAS iowhZ e/; Hkkjr ds bl {k= s dks lkekU; rkSj ij ge cqUnsy[k.M ds uke ls tkurs gSaA czkmu VkWi cktjk 'kq"d {ks=ksa esa mxk;h tkus okyh vkSj rkijks/kh Qly gS] ysfdu bls ck<+xzLr fuEu Hkwfe ij Hkh yxk;k tk ldrk gSA Nk;k ds uhps Hkh mxus dh izÑfr bls vU; Qlyksa ls fHkUu djrh gSA lkekU;r% bl Qly dh c<+r beyh ds isM+ksa dh Nk;k esa dkQh vPNh gksrh gSA blfy,] dukZVd ds ikokx<+] e/kqfxjh ,oa fljk {ks=ksa esa bl Qly dks beyh ds isM+ksa ds uhps dh tehuksa ij mxkus dk izpyu gSA ;g Qly 'kq"d ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa mx tkrh gS vkSj viuh mPp iks"k.k ewY; ds lkFk gh tyok;q ifjorZu ls vuqdwyu LFkkfir djus dh {kerk gksus ds dkj.k blds izlkj dh {kerk vf/kd gSA vf/kdrj LFkkuksa ij bls e/; vizSy ls ysdj e/; vxLr rd yxkrs gSaA blds ckn cqokbZ djus ls bldh iSnkokj ÜèÊææ §ç‡ÇUØæ, çßàæðá çãU‹Îè â¢S·¤ÚU‡æ, çÎâ ÕÚU w®v} 15

de gksrh gSA bl Qly dks vdsys Hkh yxk;k tk ldrk gS vkSj vU; ekSleh Qlyksa ds lkFk Hkh bldk la;kstu LFkkfir fd;k tk ldrk gSA bldh ,d mYys[kuh; fo'ks"krk ;g Hkh gS fd ;g de fnuksa esa rS;kj gksus okyh Qly gSA ;g Qly 75&80 fnuksa esa rS;kj gks tkrh gSA dqN ,sls fdlku] tks flQZ pkjk ds fy, bl Qly dks mxkrs gSa] os 50 fnuksa esa gh bls dkV ysrs gSaA bls cqokbZ ds nkSjku gYdh ueh dh vko';drk gksrh gS vkSj ckn esa Qly dks c<+us vkSj idus ds fy, ,d ;k nks ckfj'k pkfg, gksrh gSA fNVdok fof/k ls bldh [ksrh djus ij izfr ,dM+ 7&8 dqUry vukt ,oa pkj VªSDVj Hkj vPNh xq.koÙkk okyk pkjk gksrk gSA cktjk u flQZ iks"kd gksrk gS] oju~ cgqr Lokfn"V Hkh gksrk gSA vU; vuktksa dh rqyuk esa ;g izkÑfrd Qkbcj dh iwfrZ dk ,d le`) lzksr gksrk gSA dksjkys esa yxHkx 12-5 izfr'kr Qkbcj ik;k tkrk gS] tks thou'kSyh ds dkj.k mRiUu chekfj;ksa ls fuiVus gsrq nok ds rkSj ij dke djrk gSA tks yksx fu;fer :i ls cktjk dk lsou djrs gSa] muesa g`n;jksx] vYlj ,oa e/kqesg dh chekfj;ka de ik;h tkrh gSaA czkmu VkWi cktjk dks rsth ls pkjk mRiknu ds fy, Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA bls ukfj;y vkSj lqikjh ds ckxhpksa esa [kkyh LFkku dk mi;ksx djus ds

fy,] e`nk dVko dks fu;af=r djus ds fy, vkSj vf/kd Hkwlk mRiknu tSls vU; fofHkUu mn~ns';ksa ds fy, Hkh mxk;k tkrk gSA bldh tM+ksa esa iM+us okyh xkaBsa e`nk esa iuius okyh xksy Ñfe;ksa dks nck nsrh gSaA bldh ifÙk;ksa dh cukoV /kkjnkj gksus ds dkj.k ifÙk;ka Qlyksa dks pwgksa ds vkrad ls cpkrh gSaA blfy,] fdlku viuh ukfj;y ,oa liqkjh ds ckxhpkas eas bl Qly dks mxkrs gAaS

eksVs vuktksa dh okilh eSlwj vkSj ekaM~;k ftys esa fiNys rhu o"kksaZ ls yxkrkj iM+ jgs lw[kk ds dkj.k bu {ks=ksa esa fdlku iqu% eksVs vuktksa dh [ksrh djus yxs gSaA ekaM~;k ds fdlkuksa dks [kjhQ ,oa jch nksuksa _rqvksa esa Ñ".kk jktk lkxj cka/k ls i;kZIr ek=k esa ikuh feyrk FkkA ysfdu fiNys dqN o"kksaZ esa ty dh deh ds dkj.k os viuh fu;fer cks;h tkus okyh Qlyksa esa cnyko djus dh laHkkoukvksa ij Hkh fopkj djus yxs gSaA o"kZ 2015 esa] lgt leqz)k }kjk vk;ksftr eksVs vuktksa ij esyk vkSj dk;Z'kkyk us fdlkuksa dks /kku vkSj xUuk tSlh Qlyksa dh [ksrh ls vkxs tkdj lkspus ij etcwj fd;kA dk;Z'kkyk esa jch _rq ds nkSjku ,d oSdfYid Qly ds :i esa eksVs vuktksa ls fdlkuksa dks ifjfpr djk;k x;kA pwafd eksVs vuktksa dh vf/kdka'k iztkfr;ka] fo'ks"kdj czkmu VkWi cktjk lw[kk izfrjks/kh LoLFk [kk| inkFkZ ds rkSj ij dksjkys izkÑfrd QkbZcj dk ,d le`) lzksr gSA

ÜèÊææ §ç‡ÇUØæ, çßàæðá çãU‹Îè â¢S·¤ÚU‡æ, çÎâ ÕÚU w®v}

dksjkys dh fofo/k mi;ksfxrk dks ns[krs gq, iwjs dukZVd esa 2000 ls vf/kd fdlku dksjkys dh [ksrh djrs gSaA iztkfr gS] blfy, fdlkuksa us iz;ksx ds rkSj ij bls yxk;k vkSj os bldk csgrj mRiknu ysus esa lQy jgsA gyscqnkuw: ds ,d fdlku iqV~VkLokeh dgrs gSa] ^^eksVs vuktksa dks vf/kd ikuh dh vko';drk ugha gksrh gS vkSj /kku dh rqyuk esa budh [ksrh djuk ljy gSA eSaus czkmu VkWi cktjk dh [ksrh dh Fkh vkSj Hk;adj xehZ rFkk [ksr esa ueh dh dkQh deh ds dkj.k vf/kd mRiknu dh mEehn ugha dh FkhA ysfdu esjs fy, vk'p;Ztud Fkk fd bruh Hk;adj o dfBu xehZ o lw[kk ds ckotwn gesa vPNh mit feyhA blds lkFk gh ftl [ksr esa geus bls cks;k Fkk] ogka dhVksa ,oa chekfj;ksa dk izdksi Hkh ugha FkkA** og ;kn djrs gSa fd dHkh bl {ks= esa eksVs vukt yksxksa dk eq[; Hkkstu gqvk djrs Fks] ij fiNys rhu&pkj n'kdksa eas yksx blds ctk; /kku o xsagwa dh [ksrh djus yxsA eksVs vuktksa dh Hkjiwj Qly ysus okys ekaM~;k ftys ds xqyq:MksM~Mh ds fdlku lh0ih0 Ñ".k dk vuqHko Hkh dqN ,slk gh FkkA os dgrs gSa ^^bu Qlyksa dks yxkus esa dksbZ fuos'k ugha gSA gesa dsoy cht gh [kjhnuk iM+k vkSj jlk;fud moZjd ;k dhVuk'kd dk mi;ksx ugha fd;kA fQj Hkh] [ksr esa igys dh gh ueh esa ;g Qly vPNh rjg mxh vkSj csgrj mit izkIr gqbZA vc ge bl ckr ls lger gSa fd ;fn fdlku ikuh ds ladV ls fuiVus gsrq lw[kk {ks= esa bls yxk;sa rks ykHkkfUor gksaxsA**rqedqj ftys ds fljk rkyqd esa gsUMksj xkao ds j?kq us bl Qly dks izpfyr djus esa vFkd iz;kl fd;k vkSj vkt og ^^dksjkys j?kq** ds rkSj ij tkus tkrs gSaA dksjkys dh [ksrh djus ds vfrfjDr] j?kq] chtksa dh vkiwfrZ] ewY; lao/kZu vkjS foi.ku ds dkekas eas Hkh ly a Xu gAaS og dgrs gaS ^^dkjskys dh [ksrh esa de ykxr yxrh gSA U;wure fuos'k djrs gq, fdlku bldh [ksrh ls csgrj mit izkIr dj ldrs gSaA** mÙkj dukZVd ds dqN fgLlksa eas Hkh dksjkys dks ykd s fi;zrk fey jgh gAS /kkjokM+ ftys ds dUqnxky s rkyd q esa guqekugYyh ,oa efFk?kV~Vk xkaoksa ds cgqr ls fdlkuksa us dkjskys dh [krsh djuk ikzjEHk dj fn;k gAS bldh Nk;k lfg".kq izÑfr gksus ds dkj.k dksIiy {ks= ds dqN fdlku Hkh fiNys rhu o"kksZa ls bl Qly dks yxkus yxs gSaA

mUufr esa pqukSfr;ka tyok;q esa ifjorZu ds lkFk] czkmu VkWi cktjk fdlkuksa ds fy, ,d oSdfYid Qly gks ldrh gSA fQj Hkh]

lqikjh ds isM+ksa ds chp mxk dksjkys

dksjkys dh [ksrh djuk ljy gksus ds ckotwn] bldh ckgjh ijr dkQh dBksj gksus ds dkj.k bldk izlaLdj.k dkQh eqf'dy gksrk gSA ifj.kkeLo:i] fdlku ,d dqUry dksjkys cht ls ek= 40&50 fdxzk0 vukt gh izkIr dj ikrs gSaA igys vukt dks cht ls vyx djus gsrq tkark ¼vkVk ihlus gsrq iRFkj dh pDdh½ dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk FkkA vkt] tkark yxHkx foyqIr gks x;k gS vkSj dksjkys chtksa dks eM+qvk dh rjg vkVk pDdh esa izlaLÑr fd;k tkrk gSA pwafd bldk vkdkj dkQh NksVk gksrk gSA vr% bldk izlaLdj.k dkQh dfBu gksrk gSA blds fy, mi;qDr fMtkbZu ds izlaLdj.k e'khuksa dks cukus dk iz;kl djuk gksxkA rhl o"kksZa igys] tc czkmu VkWi cktjk ds LFkku ij ewaxQyh yxk;k tkus yxk Fkk] bldk foLrkj cgqr rsth ls gqvk] D;ksafd dksjkys dh vis{kk bldk izlaLdj.k djuk dkQh vklku Fkk vkSj blfy, csgrj vkenuh Hkh gksus yxhA lHkh ykHkksa ds ckotwn vkSj vPNh&[kklh yksdfiz;rk gkfly djus ds ckn Hkh vHkh Hkh dksjkys dh [ksrh dqN fuf'pr {ks=ksa eas gh dh tkrh gSA ;g de [ksrh okyh Qly gS vkSj yxHkx lekIr gksus ds dxkj ij gSA laj{k.k] yksdfiz; cukuk ,oa dksjkys ds fy, mfpr o vklku izlaLdj.k midj.k dks yxk dj fdlkuksa dh vkthfodk dks lqj{kk iznku djus ds lkFk [kk| lqj{kk] dqiks"k.k ,oa tyok;q ifjorZu ds eqn~nksa ls fuiVus dk ,d nh?kZdkfyd rjhdk gks ldrk gSA ·ë¤c‡æ ÂýâæÎ Áè âãUÁ â×éýfæ Ù¢0 |, ÎêâÚUæ ·ý¤æâ, |ßæ¢ ×é Ø, âéËÌæÙæÂæËØæ Õð´»æÜéM¤- z{®®xw §ü×ðÜ Ñ sahajaindia@gmail.com Millet Farming Systems LEISA INDIA, Vol. 19, No.4, June 2017

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¿ÚUßæãUæ ÁÙ â¢âÎ Îð¹Ùð-âéÙÙð ·¤æ °·¤ ×¢¿ ×æðçÙ·¤æ ¥»ýßæÜ °ß¢ Áðçâ·¤æ ÎéÙ·¤Ù

fo'o ds vU; ns'kksa dh rjg gh Hkkjr ds pjokgk leqnk;ksa esa Hkh fofHkUu lkekftd lewgksa dk izfrfuf/kRo jgrk gS] tks i'kqikyu ls tqM+s vius vuqHkoksa ,oa fo'ks"kKrk dks lk>k djrs gSaA blesa i'kqiztud] i'kqikyd ,oa nqX/k mRiknd vkfn 'kkfey gSaA gkykafd os LFkkuh;] jkT; ,oa jk"Vªh; Lrj ij i'kqikyu ls lEcfU/kr fodkl uhfr;ksa ds ckjs esa lquus o mls ns[kus ls vNwrs jgrs gSaA o"kZ 2008 esa] pjokgk leqnk;ksa dh jktuhfrd mis{kk ds eqn~ns dks lUnfHkZr djrs gq,] xqtjkr dh ,d LoSfPNd laxBu ekxZ us iz'kklfud izfØ;kvksa ds vUnj pjokgk leqnk;ksa dh fLFkfr ,oa vkokt dks etcwrh iznku djus ds fy, pjokgk laln uke ls ,d eap dks LFkkfir fd;kA

lekurk ij dsfUnzr ;g pjokgk laln pkj eq[; ewY;ksa@fl)kUrksa ls funsZf'kr gksrh gS] igyk] fdlh Hkh Li"V /kkfeZd] tkfr] lEiznk;] HkkSxksfyd vFkok jktuhfrd lEc)rk ;k n`f"Vdks.k dks c<+kok ugha fn;k tkuk pkfg,A nwljk ewY;@fl)kUr dqN bl rjg ls ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k & ^^Lo;a thrks vkSj nwljksa dks thrus esa enn djks**A rhljk] laln dh xfrfof/k;ksa esa lgHkkfxrk fuHkkus gsrq lHkh pjokgksa dks leku :i ls volj iznku fd;k tkuk pkfg, vkSj pkSFkk] laln ds lHkh igyqvksa dks 'kkfey fd;k tkuk gSA ;g pkSFkk ewY; bl fl)kUr ls

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QksVks % tsfldk nqudu

lEcfU/kr gS fd laln ds nkSjku izR;sd dks cjkcjh dk vf/kdkj fn;k tk;s vkSj blh fy, yksx ;gka iksfM;e ds ctk; xksykbZ esa cSBdj ppkZ djrs gSaA

LokfHkeku ,oa lkeatL; ij dsfUnzr lfn;ksa ls vlaxfBr pjokgk leqnk;ksa ds chp ,d lkekftd vkanksyu vkSj lkewfgdrk dh Hkkouk dks tkx`r djus gsrq pjokgk laln us ,d eap iznku fd;k gSA dPN ds ,d pjokgk t;flag HkkbZ ds 'kCnksa esa ^^pjokgk laln us pjokgksa dks ,dtqV fd;k gSA ;g gekjh ,drk dks LFkkbZ cuk;s j[kus ds fy, jkLrs ryk'kus esa Hkh enn djsxkA** Hkkjr esa vius okguksa ij tkfr vFkok lEiznk; dks mfYyf[kr djuk yksxksa ds fy, ,d lkekU; lh ckr gSA fiNys dqN o"kksZa esa xqtjkr esa pjokgk leqnk; ds ;qokvksa esa vius okguksa ds ihNs ^^eky/kkjh** fy[kokus dk izpyu rsth ls izkjEHk gqvk gSA pjokgk laln ds dkj.k ,d vkSj mYys[kuh; ckr ;g gqbZ fd bl leqnk; dh iqjkuh izFkk,a ,oa ijEijk,a fQj ls thfor gks x;ha tSls& nw/k dk vknku&iznkuA blls lkekftd lEcU/kksa dks etcwrh iznku djus esa dkQh enn feyrh gSA rhljs pjokgk laln ds nkSjku 80 xk¡oksa ls yxHkx 2500 ifjokjksa us 2500 yhVj nw/k] 150 fdxzk0 ?kh ,oa vU; [kk| lkefxz;ksa dk ;ksxnku tu laln dks