LEISA India - Tamil - December 2019 by LEISA India

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yP r h ,e; j pah jkpo; rpwg;gpjo; This issue in Tamil is a translated version of LEISA India magazine. This includes selected articles from LEISA India, originally published in English. Address : ame Foundation No. 204, 100 Feet Ring Road, 3rd Phase, Banashankari 2nd Block, 3rd Stage, Bangalore - 560 085, India Tel:

+91-080- 2669 9512, +91-080- 2669 9522

Fax:

+91-080- 2669 9410

E-mail: leisaindia@yahoo.co.in

Leisa India Chief Editor : K.V.S. Prasad Managing Editor : T.M. Radha

yPrh vd;gJ Fiwe;j ntspapL nghUs; kw;Wk; epiyj;j Ntshz;ik vd;gjd; RUf;fkhFk;. Rw;Wr;RoYf;F cfe;j topfspy; cw;gj;jpiaAk;> tUkhdj;ijAk; ngUf;f tpUk;Gk; coth;fSf;F njhopw;El;g kw;Wk; r%f hPjpapyhd tha;g;Gfis cs;slf;fpajhFk;. yPrh vd;gJ cs;@h; ts Mjhuq;fs; kw;Wk; ,aw;ifapd; Nghf;Ffis msTld; gad;gLj;jp Njitg;gLk; NghJ ghJfhg;ghd msT ntspaPL nghUl;fis jpwd;gl ifahs;tjhFk;. yPrh vd;gJ Mz; kw;Wk; ngz; coth;fis> me;j r%fj;ij Ragyk; kpf;fth;fshfTk;> rf;jp kpf;fth;fshfTk; khw;wp mjd;%yk; mth;fspd; vjph;fhyj;ij jq;fs; nrhe;j mwpT> jpwik>kjpg;gL P > fyhr;rhuk; kw;Wk; mikg;Gfis mikf;f cjTtjhFk;. yPrh vd;gJ khwptUk; #oy;fs; kw;Wk; NjitfSf;F Vw;g coth;fs; kw;Wk; ,ju gq;Fjhuh;fspd; jpwikfs;> gq;Nfw;G mZFKiwfs; %yk; gyg;gLj;JtjhFk;. yPrh vd;gJ ghuk;ghpa mwpitAk;> mwptpay; g+h;tkhd mwpitAk; ,izj;J mjd;%yk; nfhs;if cUthf;fj;jpy; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jp vjph;fhy tsh;r;rpf;F rhjfkhd #oiy cUthf;FtjhFk;. yPrh vd;gJ xU fUj;J> xU mZFKiw kw;Wk; tpNtfkhd nra;jp.

Translated by Suresh Kanna. K Translation coordination Veena Markande Administration Rukmini G. G. Design and Layout M.S. Vasanth Christopher Printing L.S. Graphic Prints, Chennai Cover photo Sindhi Majhi, a farmer from Odisha is happy with his harvest Photo Credit: Kulaswamy Jagannath Jena Different editions • Regional Editions Telugu, Hindi, Kannada, Marathi, Punjabi and Oriya • Farming Matters The Global edition in English • LEISA Revista de Agroecologia The Latin American edition in Spanish • LEISA India The Indian edition in English • AGRIDAPE The West African edition in French • Agriculturas, Experiencias em Agroecologia The Brazilian edition in Portuguese The editors have taken every care to ensure that the contents of this magazine are as accurate as possible. The authors have ultimate responsibility, however, for the content of individual articles. The editors encourage readers to photocopy and circulate magazine articles.

Supported by MISEREOR, Published by AME Foundation yPrh ,e;jpah • ,jo; 4 • brk;gh;; 2019

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kP d ; Fl; i lapy; cs; s kP d ; f Sf; F $Ljy; czthf nfhLf;fg;gLk;. rpwpa Fl; i lfSf; F mUfpy; > ,jpy; cs; s ePiu ePh;ghrdj;jpw;F gad;gLj;jp nfhs;Sk; tpjkhf fha; f wp rhFgbf; f hd gLf; i ffs; (600 kP 2) mikf; f g; g l; l d. Mz; L NjhWk; Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;l tifapd gy;NtW fha;fwpfs; gz; i zapy; tope; N jhLk; eP i u gad; g Lj; j p tsh; f ; f g; g l; L k; > mjd; fpilf; F k; tz; l y; cukhfTk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,e;j Kiwia Nkk;gLj;j tptrhap njhlh;r;rpahd Kaw;rpfis Nkw;nfhz;lhh;. mjpf mlh;jj ; pAld; ez;L tiffis nfhz;Lk;> Nfhop tsh;g;ig Kiwahf Nkyhz ; ik nra; J k; > mjpf kf#y; nfhLf; F k; fha; f wp tiffis gaphpl;Lk;> Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;l tsh;g;G Kiwfspdhy; xt; n thU a+dpl; gFjpapYk; tptrhap ntw;wpfukhf cw;gj;jpia $l;bdhh;. Fl;ilapd; mjpfgl;r tsj;ij Nfhopfspd; Vr; r q; f s; kw; W k; fhy; e ilfspd; fopTfs; nfhz; L tptrhap Nkyhz; i k nra; j hy; > mJ kP d ; f Sf; f hd czthf gpshq; l hd; tsh;r;rpia mjpfg;gLj;jp kPd; kf#iy NkYk; mjpfg;gLj;jpdhh;. jPtpu Nkyhz;ikapd; fPo>; tptrhap kPd; kf#iy xU Mz;Lf;F> xU n`f;NlUf;F 5.5 - 6.0 ld; ngw;whh;. Fl;ilahdJ xU KOikahd nfz; i l tsh; g ; i g cUthf; f p> me; j eP i u nfhz;L gy;tifahd fha;fwpfis tUlk; KOf; f tsh; f ; f cjtpaJ. kP d ; Fl; i lapy; ,Ue;J fpilj;j ePiu gad;gLj;jp 8-10 gy;NtW tifahd mjpf kf#y; jUk; fha;fwpfis (gpuQ;R gPd] ; >; kpsfha;> gl;lhzp> jf;fhsp kw;Wk; Ks;sq;fp) tptrhap tsh;f;f Kbe;jJ. 2007 kw;Wk; 2007 Mz;L> KOikahd nfz;il tsh; g ; g py; ,e; j nkhj; j a+dpl; b y; ,Ue; J tUlj;jpw;F> 56-60 fpNyh kPd;> 55-65 fpNyh Nfhop kw;Wk; 2500-3000 Kl;ilfs; fpilj;jJ. ,e;j %d;wpy; ,Ue;Jk; 50-60 tpOf;fhL nkhj;j tUkhdj;ij (&.29>938) ,e;j Kiw ngUf;fp nfhLj;jJ. Mz;Lfs; nry;yr; nry;y kPd;Nfhop- fha;fwp ,izj;j ,e;j xUq;fpize;j

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kPd; tsh;g;G KiwahdJ tptrhapf;F Mz;L tUkhdkhf &.30000-&.35000 tiu <l;bf; nfhLj; j J. mLj; j j; j Lj; j tUlq; f spy; njhlh; r ; r papy; y hj nrytpdq; f s; Fiwe; J > xl;L nkhj;j tUkhdk; mjpfhpj;jJ. 2016 Mk; Mz;by; ,e;j Kiwapd; thapyhf fpilj;j tUkhdk; &.30000 Mf ,Ue; j J. 2004 Mk; Mz;by; rhe;jp Njtpapd; gz;izapy; cUthf;fg;gl;l ,e;j Kiw> ,d;Wk; njhlh; r ; r pahf elj; j g; g l; L gadhspapd; FLk;gj;jpw;F epiyahd tUkhdj;ij mspj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. ,e;j xUq;fpize;j kPd; tsh;g;G KiwahdJ> ts Mjhuq;fis> xd;Wf;nfhz;L cjtf;$ba cl;$Wfis xUq;fpizj;J Nkyhz;ik nra;J> gz; i z cw; g j; j piaAk; > tUkhdj; i jAk; mjpfhpg;gjw;F ,l;Lr; nrd;wJ. ,e;j xUq; f pize; j KiwahdJ njhlh; r ; r pahd nghUshjhu gad;fis nfhLj;jNjhL kl;Lky;yhky;> tptrhaf; FLk;gj;jpd; czT kw; W k; Cl; l r; r j; J cj; j puthjj; i j fha;fwpfs;> Kl;ilfs;> Nfhopfs; kw;Wk; kPdf ; s; Nghd; w tw; i w njhlh; r ; r pahf mspj; j jd; thapyhf nfhLj;jJ. ,e;j fpuhkk; Rw;Wyh jsk; cs;s gpd;rhUf;F mUfpy; tdtpyq;F ruzhyak; mike;Js;s gFjpapy; ,Ug;gjhy;> jq;fsJ FLk;g Efh;tpw;F Nghf kw;w VQ;rpa kPd;fs;> Kl;ilfs;> Nfhopfs; kw;Wk; fha;fwpfis tpw;gJk; rhj;jpakhfpwJ. ,e;j nghUl;fs; cs;@h; re;ijfs; kw;Wk; tdtpyq;F ruzhyj;jpw;F mUfpy; cs;s N`hl;ly;fs; kw;Wk; jq;Fk; tpLjpfspy; $Ljy; tpiyapy; tpw; f g; g l; l d. nghUl; f s; ,urhadq; f spd; ,d;wp tpistpf;fg;gl;litahfTk;> GjpjhfTk; ,Ug; g jhy; > mtw; w pw; F ey; y tpiyAk; fpilj;jJ. tptrha FLk;gq;fSf;F Ntiytha;g;ig ngUf;fTk;> mjNdhL ghuk;ghpa gpiog;gpw;fhd mbg;gil Ntshz;ik Kiwf;F kjpg;Gf;$l;Ltjhd khjphpf;F ,e;j xUq;fpize;j kPd; tsh;g;G nghUj;jkhdjhf cs; s J. NkYk; > cw; g j; j p nra; a g; g l; ; l it> Efh;Nthiu vspjpy; nrd;wiltjhy;> mWtil nra;ag;gl;l kPdf ; s;> Nfhopfs; kw;Wk; fha;fwpfs;> Njitf; F k; > tpdpNahfj; j pw; F k; ,ilapy; Vw; g Lk; gpur; r idfs; kw; W k; tP z hFtij Fiwf;Fk; tifapy; rhp nra;ag;gLfpwJ.

KbTiu xUq;fpize;j kPd; tsh;g;G tsMjhuq;fis gad;gLj;Jk; jpwid mjpfhpf;f> gy;tifahd gaph; f s; kw; W k; fhy; e ilfs; tsh; g ; g hy; mr;RWj;jy;fis Fiwf;f cjtpaJ. gz;izapy; ,Ue;J fpilf;fg; ngw;w gy; t ifahd nghUl; f s; > FLk; g q; f spd; Cl;lr;rj;J mstpid mjpfg;gLj;jp> tUlk; KOtJk; Ntiytha;gg ; pw;fhd re;jh;gq;fisAk;> tUkhdj;ijAk; ngUf;fpaJ. tsMjhuq;fs; kw;Wk; fopTfs; kWRow;rp nra;ag;gl;ljhy;> xUq;fpize;j kPd; tsh;g;gpd; cw;gj;jp nryit Fiwj;jJ. rpW mstpyhd xUq;fpize;j kPd; cw;gj;jp rpf;fdkhdJ kl;Lky;yhky rf;jpia Nrkpg; g jhfTk; cs; s J. ,J fopTfspd; kWRow; r pia Cf; f g; g Lj; j p caph; r ; # oy; rkepiyia guhkhpf;f cjtpaJ. mjpf nryT nfhz; l ,LnghUl; f Sf; F gjpyhf (kP d ; czT> ,urhad cuq;fs;) fhy;eil fopTfs; gad; g Lj; j g; g l; l jhy; ,J rhh; G j; j d; i k Fiwg;gjw;F ,l;Lr; nrd;W> xUq;fpize;j kPd; tsh;g;G vd;gJ Rarhh;G> Ra MjuT kw;Wk; epiyj;jj;jd;ik cilajhf cs;sJ. NkYk;> $Ljy; njhopy;fshd fhshd; tsh;g;G> kz;GO tsh;g;G> jPtd Gy; tsh;g;G kw;Wk; NjdP tsh; g ; G Nghd; w it xUq; f pizf; f g; g l; l hy; ,e;j Kiw NkYk; yhgfukhf ,Uf;Fk;.

ed;wpfs; fl;Liuapd; Mrphpah; [P.gp gz;l; `pkhyad; Rw; W r; # oy; kw; W k; epiyj; j tsh; r ; r pf; f hd Njjpa epWtdj;jpd; ,af;Feh; Nfhrp-fl;lh;ky;> my; N khuh> MfpNahUf; F mth; f s; mspj; j cw;rhrk; kw;Wk; mspj;j Njitahd trjpfSf;F ed;wp njhptpj;J nfhs;fpd;wdh;. mwptpay; kw;Wk; njhopw;El;g Jiw> ,e;jpa muR> GJnly;yp mth;fspd; epjpcjtpf;Fk; ed;wpfs;.  Deepa Bisht Scientist- DST G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development, Kosi-Katarmal, Almora, Uttarakhand, India. E-mail: deepabisht1234@rediffmail.com %yk;: yPrh ,e;jpah> khh;r; 2018> thy;a+k; 20> ,jo; 1

yPrh ,e;jpah • ,jo; 4 • brk;gh;; 2019

ghuk;ghpa czT kjpg;G rq;fpypia Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd filrp ,izg;G gahg; efhp vd;gJ goq;Fb ngz;fs; jiyikapy; ghuk;ghpa czT tpw;gidf;fhd ikaj;ij njw;F F[uhj;jpy; cs;s fpuhkq;fspy; gahg; %yk; ntw;wpfukhf mikf;fg;gl;l xU Kaw;rpahFk;. r%f chpikNahL elj;jg;gLk; efhp vd;Dk; fUj;Jthf;fk;> goq;Fb czTfis Rw;Wyh gazpfs; kw;Wk; njw;F F[uhj;jpy; cs;s efh;Gw r%fq;fs; kj;jpapy; gutyhf;fTk;> mjd; %yk; goq;Fb ngz;fspd; tho;thjhuj;jpw;F xU khw;W Gjpa Mjuhq;fis ngUf;Ftjw;fhd Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Kaw;rpahFk;. efhp]; vd; g J goq; F bapd ngz; f spd; FOf;fshy; kdepiwtspf;Fk; Nfo;tuF> gUg;G tiffs; kw;Wk; ghuk;ghpa kpsfha; kw;Wk; fhl;L fpoq;Ffs; kw;Wk; gUtfhy fhl;L czTfis g+h; t P f Kiwapy>; mNj FO ngz; f shy; ghuk; g hpa Kiwapy; jahhpj; J tpw; g id nra;tjw;fhf mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s filfshFk;. KjyhtJ efhp> 2006 Mk; Mz;by; ty;rhLf;F mUfpy; cs;s fpuhkj;jpy; epWtg;gl;lJ. ,e;j fUj;JUthf;fkhdJ> cs;@hpy; cs;s gahg; FO cWg;gpdh;fs; Rw;Wr;#oy; MNuhf;fpak; vd;W fUj;jpy; xU Ma;it Nkw;nfhz;lNghJ

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ghuk;ghpa czTfis gpugyg;gLj;Jtjw;F efhp cjtp Ghpfpd;wJ yPrh ,e;jpah • ,jo; 4 • brk;gh;; 2019

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efhpapd; cs;fl;Lkhd mikg;Gfs; goq;Fbapd myq;fhu Kiwapy; xU nghUj;jkhd #o;epiyia cUthf; F k; tifapy; tbtikf; f g; g l; l J. mjd; goik eyk;fdpe;j Gjpa cs;fl;Lkhd mikg;Gfs; %yg;gpujpahd fpuhk gpd;dzpapy; etPd kw;Wk; ghuk;ghpa ,zf;fpd; KOikahd mikg;ghf cUthf;fg;gl;L> ,e;j ngz;fspd; rikayiwj; njhlh;ghd jpwikfis giwrhw;Wk; tifapy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. fd;Gh; efhp> 17 ngz;fs; nfhz;l Racjtpf; FOthy; elj; j g; g l; l J. efhpapd; jpdrhp tpahghuk; ruhrhpahf &. 1000 Mf ,Ue;J jw; r hh; G epiyia mile; J s; s J. ,d; W > mth;fs; xU egUf;F xU ehisf;F mth;fspd; Ntiy kw; W k; yhgk; Nghf &. 50 mile; J mJ mth; f spd; xd; w pize; j Nrkpg; g py; Nrh;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mth;fs; jq;fSf;Fs; 6-65 vd 3 cg FOf;fis Vw;gLj;jp mth;fspd; Ntiyfis khw;wpaikj;Jf; nfhz;L mjd;%yk; xU egh; xU khjj;jpy; 10 ehl;fs; Ntiy ngWfpd; w dh; . xt; n thU egUk; > rikj;jy;> ghpkhWjy;> Rj;jk; nra;jy; Nghd;w gy;NtW nghWg;Gfis nra;fpd;wdh;. mth;fs; cg FOf;fshf gphpe;J xt;nthU FOTk; czT ikaj;jpw;F Njitahd Ntiyfis Kbg;gij cWjp nra; J nfhs; f pd; w dh; . cldbahf Gjpjhf fpilj;j nghUl;fspy; ,Ue;J czit ghpkhWtjw;F jahuhFtNjhL> ,e;j ngz;fs; ,d;W tRe;juh NfhMg;gNubg; nghUl;fis re;ijg;gLj;Jtjw;F tpw;gid Kidaj;ijAk; &. 5000 KjyPl;by; Vw;gLj;jpAs;sdh;. mth;fs; guhkhpf; F k; epjp NgNuLfis Mjhukhf itj;J ghh;f;Fk;NghJ efhp ,d;W RWRWg;ghd tpahghuj;ij nra;J tUfpd;wJ. fd;Gh; fpuhk 8

yPrh ,e;jpah • ,jo; 4 • brk;gh;; 2019

,jid khjphpahf nfhz;L 7-8 efhp]; njw;F F[uhj;jpd; neLQ;rhiyfSf;F mUfhikapy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. 2008 Mk; Mz;by; ‘fpuhkg;Gw kw;Wk; goq;Fbapd r%fq;fSf;F Gjpa tif tho;thjhuj;ij tsh;g;gjw;fhd tha;g;Gfis fpuhkg; G w gFjpfspy; tpUe; N jhk; g y; Nrit topahf Vw;gLj;Jjy;” vd;w gahg; fUg;nghUs; ikaj;jpd; topahf NkYk; ,e;j mZFKiwia gpujpgypg;Gf;Fk; tifapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. ,e; j fUj; j hf; f k; cs; @ h; kf; f shYk; > Rw;Wyh gazpfshYk; ey;y Kiwapy; vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. ,it> goq;Fbapd kf;fspd; Nkk;ghl;bw;F xU fUtpahf ghh;f;fg;gl;L> mNj Ntisapy; tUkhdj;ij ngUf;Fk; ,t;topapy; <LgLj; J k; NghJ goq; F bapd kf; f spd; gof; f q; f s; kw; W k; ghuk; g hpaq; f s; mope; J tplhky; ,Ug;gij cWjp nra;tJ.

khjphpahf cUthfpte;jJ goq;Fbapd kf;fspy; ngz;fs; jiyikapy; FOthf njhopy; KidNthuhf efhp xU Kd; k hjphpahf cUthfpaJ. mjpy; > rpy gpur; r idfis vjph; n fhz; L > Fwpg; g hf tsh;r;rpailahky; cs;s gFjpfspy;

efhpapd; ntw;wpahdJ> cs;@h; r%fq;fSf;F mth;fs; ghuk;ghpa czit mbg;gilahf nfhz;l mwpT kw;Wk; jpwikfis ghJfhg;gjw;fhd mq;ff P huk; kw;Wk; ghprhfTk; ghh;ff ; g;gl;lJ.

xU gf; f k; gad; g Lj; j g; g lhj Mjhuq; f s; kw;nwhU gf;fk; tsh;r;rp ngwhjh r%fq;fs; tho; t jw; N f NghuhLk; epiyapy; ,Ug; g Jk; vd;w epiyapy;yhky; ghh;j;Jf; nfhs;tJ cWjp nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,e;j gFjpahdJ gpd;jq;fpa kw;Wk; ngUk;ghd;ikahf kf;fs; Ffdh> Nfhyp> thh;yp> Nfhl;thypah> Nfhy;rh> eafh vd;fpw goq;Fbapdj;ij Nrh;e;jth;fs;. ,e;j gFjpia Nrh;e;j goq;Fbapd r%fq;fs; mth;fSf;fhd tho;thjhu tha;g;Gfs; kw;Wk; gpiog;gpw;fhf njhlh;e;J Nghuhb tUfpd;wdh;. goq;Fbapd ngz;fSf;F mth;fs; trpf;Fk; ,lj;jpw;F mUfpNyNa Ra Ntiy tha;g;ig cUthf;Ftij jtpu> efhp ghuk;ghpa czit mbg;gilahf nfhz;l czT gjhh;j;jq;fis me; j g; gFjpapy; cs; s goq; F bapd kf; f s; kw;Wk; goq;Fbapd my;yhj kf;fs; kj;jpapy; gpugyg; g Lj; J tjw; F k; cjtpaJ. filf; F tUgth; f s; goq; F bapdhpd; Cl; l r; r j; J kw;Wk; Urpahd czT Fwpj;j tpog;Gzh;T ngWtNjhL> ,e;j mDgtk; mth;fSf;F ngUk; kfpo;r;rpia mspf;fpwJ. efhpapd; ntw;wpahdJ> cs;@h; r%fq;fSf;F mth; f s; ghuk; g hpa czit mbg; g ilahf nfhz;l mwpT kw;Wk; jpwikfis ghJfhg;gjw;fhd mq;fPfhuk; kw;Wk; ghprhfTk; ghh; f ; f g; g l; l J. cs; @ h; fhl; L czTfspd; Mjhuq; f Sf; F Njitfis cUthf;FtJk;> me;j Mjhuq;fis ghJfhf;Fk; nray; g hLfSf; F ,l; L r; nry; Y k; vd vjph; g hh; f ; f g; g LfpwJ. ,e; j Kaw; r pahdJ> Njitg;gLk; epjp cjtpfis cUthf;Ftjw;Fk; kw;Wk; goq;Fbapd ngz;fs; ,lk; ngauhky;> mth; f spd; nrhe; j fpuhkq; f spNy yhgk;

juf; $ ba Ntiytha; g ; i g mspf; f f; $ ba tha;g;ig ngw;Wj;je;jJ. fpuhkg;Gw gFjpfspy; cs;s gpur;rid vd;gJ Ntiytha;g;gpd;ik vd;gij fhl;bYk; Ntiy gw;whf;Fiwjhd;. Ntiy gw;whf;Fiw vd;gJ nfhQ;rk; fLikahdJ vndd; w hy; mJ fpuhkg; G w ngz;fs; mth;fSf;F FLk;g hPjpahd Ntiyg;gS ,Uf;Fk; NghJ xU ehspy; xU gFjp kl;LNk mth;fs; <Lgl KbAk;. me;j tifapy; gzpia Nkw;nfhs;tjpy; tise;J nfhLf;Fk; jd; i k goq; F bapd ngz; f Sf; F kpfTk; gad;jf;fjhf cs;sJ vd ep&gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,y; i ynad; w hy; mth; f Sf; F mth; f spd; nrhe; j ,Ug; g plj; j pNy gy; N tW tha; g ; G fs; fpilf;fhJ. rhjhuz FLk;g ngz;fshf ,Ue;J jq;fs; gzj;ij nfhz;L cztfq;fis ntw;wpfukhf elj;Jk; njhopy;KidNthuhf jpwik ngw;W Kd; N dw; w k; ngw; w pUf; F k; ,e; j cWjpahd ngz;fSf;F ,dp gpd;dilT vd;gNj ,y;iy.  BAIF BAIF Bhawan, Dr.Manibhai Desai Nagar, Warje, Pune, Maharashtra- 411058 E-mail: baif@baif.org.in

,e; j fl; L iuahdJ ‘efh; G w r%fq; f spd; kj;jpapy; goq;Fbapd czit Cf;Ftpj;jy;” vd;w jiyg;gpy; 2014 Mk; Mz;by; v];. vg;. V. rp apd; fpup\p #j;uh 2 - tptrha cw;gj;jp epWtdq; f spd; ntw; w pf; f ijfs; vd; g jpy; ntspaplg;gl;lJ. %yk;: yPrh ,e;jpah> khh;r; 2018> thy;a+k; 20> ,jo; 1

yPrh ,e;jpah • ,jo; 4 • brk;gh;; 2019

fhshd; tpw;gid mjpfhugyj;ij Nehf;fp xU $l;L Kaw;rp v];. nkshpah> gp.Mh;. Fkhh;> Mh;. v];. ghd;> V.Nf. rpq;> gpfh]; jh]; kw;Wk; gP.gp. gl; ,e;j fijahdJ xU goq;Fbapd r%fj;jpd; fLk;Jd;g tho;f;ifapypUe;J tsikahd tho;tpw;Fk;> jhpj;jpuj;jpypUe;J nghUshjhu mjpfhuk; ngw;w xU gazj;jpd; Njhw;w khw;wL P Fwpj;jjhFk;. mwpit rf;jpahfTk;> $l;Lr; nray;ghl;il mth;fspd; gykhfTk; nfhz;L ,e;jg; goq;Fbapd ngz;fs; tskhd kw;Wk; mjpfhuk; ngw;w tho;it jq;fspd; nrhe;j topia nfhz;Ls;sdh;. Jk; f h khtl; l j; j pd; [kh kw; W k; Jk; f h tl;lj;jpd; mlh;e;j kw;Wk; neLe;njhiytpy; cs;s fhLfSf;F nrhe;jkhd 8 fpuhkq;fis Nrh; e ; j goq; F bapd r%fq; f s; > jq; f spd; tho; t hjhuj; j pw; f hf gaph; rhFgb kw; W k; tUkhdj;ij ngUf;ff; $ba nray;ghLfis ek; g pAs; s dh; . jho; t hd gFjpapy; cs; s khdhthhp epyq;fspy; ney; rhFgb czTf;fhd mhprpf;Fk;> mjpypUe;J `d;hpah - cs;@hpy; kpFe;jpUf;Fk; mhprp xapDf;F %yg;nghUshfTk; tpsq;FfpwJ.

gaW tif gaph;fshd gr;ir gaW> cSe;J> jl; i lg; gaW> Jtiu> nfhs; S kw; W k; rpy fbdkhd vz;iztpj;Jg; gaph;fshd vs;S> Nghpad; kw;Wk; fLF tpij Nghd;wit ney; kw;Wk; fha;fwp gaph;fNshL ,aw;ifahfNt $l;lhsp gaph;fshf gaphplg;gLfpd;wd. ghuk;ghpa fyg;Gg; gaph; rhFgb Kiw FLk;g mstpy; Cl;lr;rj;J cj;jputhjj;ij cWjpg;gLj;JfpwJ. fha;fwpfs; tpw; g jpYk; > kNfh g+f; f s; kw; W k; fhLfspy; ,Ue; J Nrfhpf; f g; g Lk; muf; F tpw; g jpYk; tUkhdk; fpilf;fpwJ. nlz;L> gyh]; kw;Wk;

fhshd;fis $l;lhf cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; tpw;gid nra;tij r%fq;fs; vLj;Jr; nra;fpd;wd 10

yPrh ,e;jpah • ,jo; 4 • brk;gh;; 2019

kNfh ,iyfspy; ,Ue;J jl;Lfs; jahhpj;J tpw; g J mth; f spd; Kf; f pa nghUshjhu nray;ghlhFk;. cs;@h; r%fq;fs; cs;@h; ghuk;ghpa ney; tiffs; kw;Wk; rpy Fwpaplg;glhj nfhb tif fha; f wpfshd g+rzp> guq; f p> gP h ; f ; f q; f ha; > Glyq;fha; Nghd;wtw;iw kl;LNk tsh;j;jdh;. ,e;j gFjpAk; tphpthf;f epWtdq;fs; te; j puhjjhy; > cs; @ h; r%fq; f s; gaph; rhFgbapy; Njhd;W njhl;L gioa KiwiaNa gpd;gw;wp te;jdh;. 2009-10 Mk; Mz;by;> Njrpa Ntshz; Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;Gfs; jpl;lj;jpy; ( vd;. V. I.gp) ,e;j cs;@h; goq;Fbapd r%fq;fspd; tho; t hjhuj; i j Ntshz; nray; g hLfs; %ykhf Nkk; g Lj; J tjw; f hf xU jpl; l k; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ.

ngl;br; nra;jp 1 $l;lhf fhshd; cw;gj;jp Xa; ] ; l h; fhshd; cw; g j; j pia rf; n ghp vd;Dk; fpuhkj;jpy; cs;s yPy;Kdp Nrhud; vd; g tuJ jiyikapy; 9 Ngh; nfhz; l FOthdJ cw;gj;jp nra;jJ. 500 rJu mb msTila Fbir ,lj;jpy; fhshd; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;lJ. khh;r; khjk; Kjy; thuj;jpy; Kjy; njhFjp Nghlg; g l; L > mLj; j Lj; j njhFjpfs; 20 ehl; f s; ,ilntspapy; njhlh; r ; r pahf nrg; l k; g h; tiu Nghlg; g l; l J. xt; n thU njhFjpAk; 40 ehl; f spy; mWtilf; F jahuhfptpLk;. xt;nthU njhFjpf;Fk; 600 igfs; vd 10 njhFjpfspy; tsh; f ; f g; g l; l J. xt; n thU njhFjpapYk; 400 fpNyh mWtil nra; a g; g l; l J. xU fpNyh &. 140 tP j k; xt;nthU njhFjpAk; nkhj;jkhf &. 63000 tUkhdk; vLj;jJ. 600 igfis nfhz;l xU njhFjpf;fhd rhFgb nryT &. 25500 (,jpy; ,LnghUl;fs;> ,lj;jpw;fhd thlif kjpg;G> cWg;gpdh;fspd; fzf;fplg;gl;l kjpg;G> $yp kw;Wk; kpd;rhu fl;lzk; Nghd;wit mlq;Fk;) Nghf epfu tUkhdk; &. 37500 fpilj; j J. $l; L tpahghuj; j pd; %yk; xt;nthU cWg;gpdUk; &. 4167 rk;ghjpj;jdh;. ,jpy; 40 tpOf; f hL FOtpd; Nrkpg; g pw; F gq;fspf;fg;gLfpwJ.

fpuhk rigapd; %yk; tptrhapfs; Kjypy; mZfg;gl;ldh;. fha;fwp ehw;wq;fhy; tsh;g;gpy; tptrhapfSf;F ve;j xU mDgtKk; ,y;iy vd;gJ fz;lwpag;gl;lJ. kiyg;gFjpapy; mth;fs; rpy cs;@h; tiffs; Neubahf gaphplg;gl;ld. mg;gb nra;Ak; NghJ mth;fs; Kf;fpa gUtj;jpy; kl; L k; gaphpLtNjhL RUf; f p nfhs; t jhy; > gaph;fs; mjpf kioahYk;> twz;l fhyj;jpYk;> gdpapYk; kw; W k; FsphpYk; ghjpf; f g; g l; L te;jJ. mth;fs; gUtkw;w fhyq;fspy; gaphpl Ntz;ba gaph;fs; kw;Wk; gUtkw;w fhyq;fspy; ehw; w q; f s; tsh; g ; G Nghd; w tw; i w gw; w p mwpahjth;fshf ,Ue;jdh;. vdNt> gapw;rpapd; Nehf;fkhf> xt;nthU fpuhkj;jpYk; xU r%f ehw; w q; f hy; tsh; f ; f g; g l; l J. fpl; l j; j l; l rk;ke;jg;gl;l fpuhkq;fspy; cs;s midj;J tptrhapfSk; gapw; r papYk; > ehw; w q; f hy; tsh;f;Fk; nray;ghLfspYk; gq;nfLj;jdh;. r%f ehw;wq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;lJ mth;fSf;F Ntshz;ikia $l;lhf Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd xU gapw;rpahf cjtpaJ. $Ljyhf xU nghpa mstpyhd ehw;wq;fis tbtikg;gJ kw;Wk; guhkhpg;gJ Nghd;wtw;iw fw;gjw;Fk;> mtuthpd; epyq;fspy; eLtjw;fhd ehw;Wfis vLj;J gadiltjw;Fk; cjtpahf mike;jJ. Gjpa Kiwfis fw;Wf;nfhz;ljdhy;> tptrhapfs; gUtkw;w fhyq;fspy; fha;fwpfs; cw;gj;jp nra;a cjtpaJ.

fhshd; rhFgb

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fpuhkg;Gw kf;fs; fhLfspy; tsUk; cz;zf;$ba fhshd;fs; gw;wp ed;F mwpe;jth;fs;. tPl;L cgNahfj; j pw; f hfTk; > mUfpy; cs; s thur; re;ijfspy; (F`paN[hhp> lk;fh> ghlhgodp kw;W fhpyh re;ijfs;) fpNyh xd;Wf;F &. 80-100 tpw;gjw;fhfTk; mtw;iw mth;fs; Nrfhpg;ghh;fs;.

yP y ; K dp Nrhud; ,g; N ghJ kw; w th; f Sf; F gapw; r paspf; F k; gapw; W euhf milahsk; fhzg;gl;Ls;shh;. gapw;rp nfhLg;gjpy; ,Ue;J mth; khjk; &. 4000 tUkhdk; <l;Lfpwhh;. fd; W fis tpw; g id nra; j dh; . ,Jjhd; mth;fspd; Kjy; tzpf hPjpahd Kaw;rpahFk;. rpwpa mstpy; ,Ue; j hYk; > mJ cw; r hfk; mspj; j mDgtkhf ,Ue; j J. tUkhdk; mjpfhpj;jjhy; cw;rhfkile;j r%fq;fs; NkYk; gy Kaw;rpfSf;F jahuhdhh;fs;.

yPrh ,e;jpah • ,jo; 4 • brk;gh;; 2019

,Ue;jNghjpYk;> fhshd;fis tsh;g;gJ vd;w Nahrid mth; f Sf; F GjpaJ. vd; . V.I.gp -apd; cjtpAld; > mth; f s; Mh; t j; J ld; fhshd; tsh;f;Fk; jpwikia fw;Wf; nfhz;L> jq; f spd; tP L fspNyNa Kjy; ghpNrhjid nra;J ghh;j;jdh;. Kjy; KiwapNyNa tl;lhu mstpy; cs;s re;ijfshd lk;fh> F`paN[hhp> [hk;lhuh gFjpfspy; vspjhf tpw;gid nra;a Kbe;jJ. fhshd;fs; xU fpNyhtpw;F &. 120140 tiu tpw;gid nra;ag;gl;lJ. jq;fspd; Kjy; mDgtj;jpypUe;J mth;fspd; cw;rhfk; ngUf;fLj;J> ,jid NkYk; cah;j;Jtjw;fhd tpUg;gij mth;fs; ntspg;gLj;jpdh;. mjd; tpisthf> 10 fpuhkq; f is Nrh; e ; j 700-800 gz;iz ngz;fs; fhshd; tsh;g;gpy; gapw;Wtpf;fg;gl;ldh;. xt;nthU fpuhkj;jpYk; xU ehs; KOf; f gapw; r pfs; elj; j g; g l; l d. gapw; r pf; F gpwF mNj tUlk; (2009-2010) fpl;lj;jl;l 100-200 ngz;fs; fhshd; gaphpl Muk; g pj; j dh; . ngUk; g hd; i kahd tptrhapfs; epykw;wth;fs; my;yJ Fiwe;j epyg; g ug; i g nfhz; l th; f shf ,Ue; j jhy; mth; f shy; Njitg; g Lk; ,LnghUl; f is thq;Ftjw;F nrytspf;f Kbahky; ghjpapNy tpl;Ltpl;ljhy;> me;j xU gUtj;jpw;F gpwF> 50 ngz;fs; kl;LNk ,jid njhlh;;r;rpahf nra;J te;jdh.; nghJthf ,e;j FLk;gq;fs; ney; rhFgb gUtk; Kbe;jgpd; Ntiy Njb ,lk;ngah;e;J tpLthh;fs;. Vwf;Fiwa 2025 FLk; g q; f s; kl; L k; fpuhkj; j pNy jq; f p> mth;fSf;F fhshd; tsh;g;Gf;Fj; Njitahd ,LnghUl; f is jpl; l j; j py; ,Ue; J thq; f p nfhLj;J Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl;lJ. Muk; g f; f l; l j; j py; > ngz; f s; jdpj; j dpahf mth;fspd; tPLfspy; cw;gj;jpAk;> tpw;gidiaAk; ghh;j;Jf; nfhz;ldh;. 1-2 cw;gj;jp Row;rpf;Fg; gpd; > mth; f s; jdpj; j dpahf cw; g j; j pia njhlh;e;jdh;. Mdhy; tpw;gid nra;Ak;NghJ nghUl;fis Nrfhpj;J $l;lhf Nkw;nfhz;ldh;.

$l;L Kaw;rpia Nehf;fp efh;e;jJ 2011 y; ,Ue;J tzpf hPjpahf fhshd;fis cw;gj;jp nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhy;> jq;fsplk; cs;s Mjhuq;fis xd;wpizj;J nra;tnjd mth;fs; KbT nra;jdh;. $l;L Kaw;rpapy; nra; A k; NghJ nrytpdq; f is Fiwf; f KbAk; vd czug;gl;lJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;bw;F> fhshd; f s; cw; g j; j p nra; t jw; F mbg; g il %yf; $ whd ]; g hd; ngWtjw; F > %yf; $ W

yPrh ,e;jpah • ,jo; 4 • brk;gh;; 2019

jahhpg;G jsq;fis guhkhpg;gJ kw;Wk; fhshd;fis re;ijf;F vLj;J nry;tJ kw;Wk; mtw;iw ,Wjp tpw;gidf;F Vw;ghL nra;tJ Nghd; w tw; w py; Fiwf; f KbAk; . eilKiw nrytpdq;fSk; $l ,e;j fUtpfs; kw;Wk; $ypahl;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw $l;lhf Vw;ghL nra; t jd; %yk; Fiwf; f KbAk; . ,e; j tpraj; j py; > vy; y h tptrhapfSk; fhshd; tsh;g;gpw;fhd miwia mikg;gjw;F gjpyhf> xU nghJthd tsh;g;G miw FOtpy; cs;s midj;J cWg;gpdh;fSk; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F NghJkhdjhf ,Ue;jJ. mNj Nghy;> midtUk; Nrkpg;G kw;Wk; ig epug;Gk; fsk; Njitapy;iy> xU nghJ fsk; ,Ue;jhy; mjid $l;lhf midtUilaijAk; guhkhpf;f KbAk;. ,J ,lk; > KjyP L kw; W k; $yp Nghd; w tw; i w kpr;rg;gLj;jpaJ. ,th;fis rpwpa FOf;fs; (4-5 cWg;gpdh;fs;) kw;Wk; nghpa FOf;fs; (16-20 cWg;gpdh;fs;) ngUk; g hYk; xU fpuhkj; j pw; F xd; W f; F k; Nkw;gl;l FOf;fs; vd mth;fNs jq;fSf;Fk; $l;L cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; tpw;gidia vLj;Jf; nfhz; l dh; . Kjy; Ra cjtpf; FOthdJ vd;.V.I.gp MjuTld; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. mjd; gpwF epiwa Ra cjtpf; FOf; f s; $l; L r; nray; g hLfSf; f hf vLj; J f; nfhz; l dh; . xt; n thU jdpg; g l; l cWg; g pdUk; > cs; @ hpy; fpilf;Fk; itf;Nfhy;fis gad;gLj;jp %yf;$W jahhpg;gJ> cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; tpw; g id vd gy; N tW nray; g hLfSf; F nghWg;ghf;fg;gl;ldh;. FO Nkyhz;ik Fwpj;j gapw;rpfSk; mth;fSf;F mspf;fg;gl;lJ. vd; . V.I.gp. jpl; l khdJ mth; f spd; ,e; j Kaw;rpf;F ,LnghUl;fshd ];ghd;> ghh; k hy; b i`L kw; W k; fhh; n gd; n lrpak; (%yf;$Wfis J}a;ikg;gLj;j) %y jl;Lfs;> gpsh];bf; fapWfs; kw;Wk; ghypg;Nuhigypd; igfs; (fhshd; igfs; jahhpf;f) Nghd;wit njhlh; r ; r pahf fpilf; f MjuT mspj; j J. Njitg; g Lk; NghJ fhy; r pak; fhh; g Ndl; L k; mspf; f g; g l; l J. ,e; j nray; g hLfs; kz;

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epiyahd tzpf epWtdkhf tsh;tjw;F tzpf epWtdkhf> fhshd; cw;gj;jpahdJ FLk; g mstpy; Cl; l r; r j; J cj; j puthj; i j Nkk;gLj;jp> gyd;juf; $ba Ntiytha;g;ig tUkhdj;Jld; nfhLj;J> ,lk; ngah; i t jLj; j J. $l; L cw; g j; j p kw; W k; re;ijg;gLj;Jjyhy;> goq;Fbapd r%fq;fs; gy; t ifahd gyd; f is mDgtpf; f Tk; > midtUf; F k; ntw; w p vd; D k; epiyiaAk; cUthf;fpaJ. ,e; j ngz; tptrhapfis fth; e ; j pOf; F k; tpjkhf> fy;tp Rw;Wyh> nra;Kiw tpsf;fq;fs;> gapw; r pfs; > gpur; r idfis re; j pf; F k; NghJ Njitg; g Lk; ce; j pj; js; S k; MjuTfis mspg; g J vd gy Kf; f pa gq; i f vd; . V. I. gp Mw; w paJ. Njrpa Ntshz; i k Gjpa fz; L gpbg; G fs; jpl; l k; 2011 Mk; Mz; L Kbtile;jTld;> gapw;rpfs;> if nfhLf;Fk; kw;Wk; ce;jpj; js;Sk; MjuTfs; Nghd;wit 2014-2015 tiu njhlh;e;jd. rpy Njitapd; mbg;gilapyhd MjuTfs; 2016-2017 tiu njhlh;ej ; d. jw;NghJ> cw;gj;jpahdJ KOtJk; Ra rhh;G mile;jpUf;fpwJ. ey;y tUkhdj;ij ngWtNjhL> FO cWg; g pdh; f s; gzpr; #oYf; F Vw; w thW khwpAs; s dh; . mth; f spd; fl; l ikg; G fis rP u ; g Lj; j p> %yf; $ W jahhpf; F k; ,lq; f s; kw; W k; fhshd; f s; tsh; f ; F k; miwfspy; cs; s Nrkpf; F k; trjpfis GJg; g pj; J f; nfhz;Ls;sdh;. fhshd; tpw;gidapy; fpilj;j gzj; i jf; nfhz; L > Ra cjtpf; FOf; f s; itf; N fhiy ntl; L jw; f hd Gy; ntl; L k; fUtpia thq;fpdh;. ,d;W gj;J fpuhkq;fspy; gj;J Gy;ntl;Lk; fUtpfs; cs;sd. jdpj; j dpahf jq; f spd; tP L fspy; fhshd; tsh;jJ ; cs;@h; filfspy; tpw;Wf; nfhz;bUe;j ,e;j r%fq;fs; Kiwahf Ra cjtpf;FOf;fshf tsh; e ; J s; s dh; . FbapUg; g jw; F fhd; f P h pl; Nkw; $ iufs; kw; W k; rpy tP L fspy; cs; s njhiyf;fhl;rp ngl;bfs;> mth;fspd; nry;tk; mjpfhpj;jpUg;gjw;fhd rpy vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;.  Priya Ranjan Kumar Principal Scientist (Plant Breeding) ICAR - RCER Research Centre P O: Rajaulatu Plandu, Ranchi- 834010, Jharkhand. E-mail: ourprk@gmail.com

%yk;: yPrh ,e;jpah> nrg;lk;gh; 2018> thy;a+k; 20> ,jo; 3 yPrh ,e;jpah • ,jo; 4 • brk;gh;; 2019

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yPrh ,e;jpah • ,jo; 4 • brk;gh;; 2019

gaWtiffshd Nfo;tuF> rhik> nfhs;S> nkhr; i r kw; W k; Jtiu Nghd; w gaph; f is kio nga; A k; gUtq; f spy; gaphpLfpd; w dh; . Nrhsk; kw;Wk; rhik Nghd;w rpWjhdpaq;fs; fhhpg; kw;Wk; ugp gUtj;jpy; khdhthhp gapuhf gaphplg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j gFjpapy; cs;s tptrhapfs; epr;rakw;w kw;Wk; rPuw;w kio nghopit re;jpj;J tUfpd; w dh; . NkYk; > Fiwe; j msT fhpk nghUl;fs; nfhz;l tsk;Fd;wpa epyk;> Fiwe;J tUk; epyj;jb ePh; kl;lk;> mjpfsT mhpj;NjhLk;

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epyf;fliy tpijfs; caph; cuq;fNshL tpij Neh;j;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ.

kio ePhpdhy; Vw;gLk; ePh; kw;Wk; kz; mhpkhdk;> Xhpdr;rhFgb Nghd;w nghUj;jkw;w cw;gj;jp Kiwfs;> msTf;fjpfkhf gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ,urhadq; f s; > mjpf tsq; f is Nfl; L k; gaph;fs; Nghd;wit epiyaw;w Ntshz;Kiwf;F ,l;Lr; nry;fpwJ. V.Vk;., gTz;Nl\d; vd;Dk; xU tsh;r;rpf;fhd epWtdk; 2011-12 y; ,Ue;J ngz;zhfuk; tl;lj;jpy; cs;s tptrhapfs; kj;jpapy; mth;fSf;F caph;r;#oYf;F cfe;j Kiwapy; mth;fs; kPsj ; pwd; Ntshz; Kiwfis Nehf;fp efh;tjw;F cjtp nra;Ak; Nehf;fj;NjhL gzpahw;wp tUfpwJ.

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xt;nthU fpuhkj;jpYk;> Mh;tKila tptrhapfs; fz;lwpag;gl;L mth;fs; ,aw;if tptrha FOf;fshf xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;ldh;. midj;J fpuhkq;fspYk; ,UgJ cWg;gpdh;fis nfhz; l FOf; f s; mikf; f g; g l; L s; s J. xt;nthU fpuhkj;jpYk; $l;lq;fs; elj;jg;gl;L mjpy; gaph; f Sf; f hd jpl; l k; > Njitg; g Lk; ,LnghUl;fs;> FO Nkyhz;ik Nghd;wit tpthjpf; f g; g l; l d. Kjy; Kiwahf ,e; j tptrhaf; FOf;fs; jw;Nghija #oiy Ma;T nra; J > ,ilntspfis fz; l wpe; J kw; W k; rhjfkhd tha;gG ; fis gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tJ Fwpj;J tpthjpf;fg;gl;lJ. cjhuzkhf> 2013-14 y;; ,e;jf; FOf;fs; rhpahd Neuj;jpy; kio nga;Ak; Neuj;jpy; epyf;fliyia gpujhd gapuhfTk; Jtiu> mtiu Nghd;wtw;iw CLgapuhfTk;> Nrhsj;ij tug;Gg; gaph; my;yJ jLg;Gg;gaph; kw;Wk; Mkzf;if nghwpg; gapuhfTk; rhFgb nra;tjw;F KbntLj;jd. 2014-15 y; kionghopT FiwthfNt ,Ue;jJ. 13 fpuhkq; f spy; tptrhapfs; Kd; $ l; b Na fpilf;Fk; gUtkioia gad;gLj;jp epyf;fliy tpijf;f KbT nra;jdh;. gpujhd gaphpy; Vw;gLk; kf#y; ,og;ig <Lfl;l> ,e;j 13 fpuhkq;fisr; Nrh; e ; j midj; J tptrhapfSk; > Fiwe; j fhyg; gapuhd cSe;J gaphpl;ldh;. kPjKs;s 7 fpuhkq;fspYk;> jhkjkhd tpijg;ghf gy;NtW gaph; f s; - 3 fpuhkq; f spy; kf; f hr; Nrhsk; > 2 fpuhkq;fspy; rhik kw;Wk; 2 fpuhkq;fspy; Nfo;tuFk; nrg;lk;gh; khj ,Wjpapy; gaphpl;ldh;.

yPrh ,e;jpah • ,jo; 4 • brk;gh;; 2019

nra;J nfhz;Nl fw;wy; tptrhapfs; tay;ntspg; gs;sp mZFKiwia gad;gLj;jp caph;r;#oYf;F cfe;j Ntshz; Kiwfs; fw; W f; n fhLf; f g; g l; l d. tay;ntspg;gs;sp vd;gJ gaphpd; gUtk; KOtJk; eilngWk; xU gapw; r p. ,jpy; tptrhapfs; jq;fspd; gaph; caph;r;#oy; Kiwfis Ghpe;J nfhz;L> mjw;Nfw;g gaph; njhlh;ghd KbTfis FOthf vLf; f fw; W f; nfhs; f pd; w dh; . fpuhkq;fs; NjhWk; eilngw;w tay;ntspg;gs;sp gapw; r pfspy; cs; @ h; ,isQh; f s; kw; W k; ngz; f s; tay; n tspg; g s; s pia vt; t hW top elj; J tJ vd; g J Fwpj; J KOtJkhf fw; g pf; f g; g l; l dh; . tay; n tspg; g s; s pahdJ kz; kw;Wk; ePh; Nkyhz;ik> kz; tsk; gaph; caphpdg; g d; k ak; > xUq; f pize; j g+r; r p Nkyhz;ik> ufq;fs; Njh;T> gaph; Nkyhz;ik> mWtil Nghd; w gy; N tW jiyg; G fis cs;slf;fp elj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j fl;Liuapy; Fwpg;ghf> m) kz; tsj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jjy;> M) gaph; caphpdg; gd;kaj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jjy;> ,) xUq;fpize;j g+r;rp Nkyhz;ik Mfpa %d;W mk;rq;fis gw;wp nfhLj;Js;Nshk;.

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yPrh ,e;jpah • ,jo; 4 • brk;gh;; 2019

Rw;Wr;#oy; epiyfshd gw;whf;Fiw kw;Wk; Cl;lr;rj;Jf;fs; Fiwthd kz; Nghd;wtw;iw ntw;wpfukhf rkhspf;fpd;wdh;. tay; n tspg; g s; s p thapyhf tptrhapfs; fw;Wf;nfhz;l kw;WnkhU nray;ghL gRe;jhs; cuk; MFk;. gpujhd gapUf;F Kd;djhf ngz; tptrhapfs; rzg;ig gRe;jhs; cukhf vLj;Jf; nfhs;thh;fs;. 2012-13 Mk; Mz;by;> ,e;j fpuhkq;fspy; Kjd; Kiwahf tptrhapfs; 1 Kjy; 1.5 ld; tiuapyhd rzg;ig jq;fspd; epyq; f spy; gad; g Lj; j pdhh; f s; . NkYk; > rzg; G gad; g Lj; j pajd; %yk; vt; t sT msT jior;rj;ij mth;fs; kz; z p y ; epiyepWj;jpdhh;fs; vd;gij mth;fs; kjpg;gpLk;gb topfhl;lg;gl;ldh;. tptrhapfs; jq;fSf;F rzg;G tpijg;gJ ey;y Fiwe;j nrytpyhd khw; W Kiwahf fz; l wpe; j dh; . ntspapy; ,Ue;J mth;fs; thq;Fk; 1 NyhL buhf;lh; njhOcuk; &. 2500. mNj Neuj;jpy; 2 Kjy; 4 ld; tiuapyhd rzg;ig Vf;fUf;F &. 300-400 vd;w nrytpNy Kbe;JtpLfpwJ. kz; z py; njhOcuj; i j Nrh; g ; g jdhy; mJ kz;zpd; ePhg ; g ; pbg;Gj;jd;ikia Nkk;gLj;JfpwJ vd;gij tptrhapfs; fw;Wf;nfhz;ldh;. ,e;j $w; i w cWjpg; g Lj; j rpW ghpNrhjidfs; elj;jg;gl;ld. njhOcuj;jpw;F Cl;lNkw;WtJ

kz;zpy; <ug;gjk; ntspNaWtij jLf;f %lhf;F gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ

vd;gJ kz;zpy; Cl;lr;rj;Jf;fspd; msit mjpfhpf;Fk; vd;gJk; tptrhapfs; fw;Wf;nfhz;l kw;WnkhU nray;ghlhFk;. 300 fpNyh njhOcukhdJ> 50 fpNyh uhf; gh];Ngl; kw;Wk; iuNrhgpak;> mNrh];ighpy;yk;> biuf;Nfhnlh;kh kw; W k; gh]; N gh ghf; B hpah xt; n thd; w pYk; 1 fpNyh tPjk; Nrh;j;J Cl;lNkw;wg;gl;lJ. kz;zpy; ,Ue;J <ug;gjk; ,og;ig Fiwg;gjw;F %lhf;F fw;Wf;nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. cjhuzkhf> 2013-14 Mk; Mz; b y; epyf; f liy rhFgb epyj;jpy; gpujhd CLgapuhf Jtiu ,Ue;jNghJ> epyf;fliy mWtil nra;ag;gl;l gpd;> Jtiu g+f; F k; jUzj; j py; <ug; g j gw; w hf; F iwia re; j pj; j J. g+f; F k; jUzj; j py; nghJthf vjph;ghh;fF ; k; xhpU kio ngha;jj ; jhy;> mg;NghJ mbj;j mdy; fhw;W> kw;Wk; <ug;gj ,og;G 3045 tpOf;fhL g+f;fs; cjph;tjw;F fhuzkhf mike; j J. ,J vjph; g hh; f ; f hjjhy; > cldb eltbf; i fahd gaph; f ; f opTfs; Jtiur; nrbfSf;F mbapy; %lhf;fhf Nghlg;gl;lJ. ,e;j eltbf;ifapy; fhuzkhf g+f;fs; NkYk; cjph;tJ fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;L> %lhf;F Nghlg;gl;l gFjpapy; tpise;j Jtiu> %lhf;F Nghlhj gFjpapy; tpise; j Jtiuiaf; fhl; b Yk; 0.5 fpNyh Kjy; 1 fpNyh tiu mjpf kf#y; nfhLj;jJ.

M) gaph; caphpd gd;kaj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jjy; gz;izapd; vjph;j;jbg;G Nkk;gLj;Jjy;> g+r;rp Nkyhz; i k> ey; y Cl; l r; r j; i j mspj; j y; > $Ljy; czT kw; W k; tUkhdj; j pw; f hd Mjhuk; kw;Wk; twl;rp Nkyhz;ik vd gy;tif gad;fis mWtil nra;a> gz;izapy; gy;NtW gaph;fis ,izj;J> gaph; caphpd gd;kaj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jtjpy; xU mZFKiwahf eilKiwg;g ; Lj;jg;gl;lJ. fhe;jpefh;> jpz;Z}h;> mDke;jGuk;> ml;lgs;sk; fpuhkq;fspy; cs;s tptrhapfs; gy;NtW gaph; tiffis ,izj;J gaphpl;L Kaw;rpj;Js;sdh;. epyf;fliyia mbg;gilahf nfhz;l gaph; rhFgb Kiwapy;> nghwpg; g apuhf Mkzf; F k; > tug; G g; g apuhf Nrhsk;> Kf;fpa CLgapuhf JtiuAk; > kw; W nkhU CLgapuhf jl; i lg; g apUk; 280 tptrhapfs; Nkw; n fhz; l dh; . gygaph; f is cs;slf;fpa rhFgb KiwahdJ g+r;rp jhf;Fjiy rkhspg;gjw;fhd xU topKiwahf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. tptrhapfs; njhlh; gaph;fis rhFgb nra; t jw; F topfhl; l g; g l; L cSe; J gaph; rhFgb nra;ag;gl;L gaph; cw;gj;jp fhy msit

NkYk; 40 ehl;fSf;F ePl;bf;fr; nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,J gpujhd gapuhd epyf; f liy mWtil nra;ag;gl;l gpwF> me;j epyj;jpy; cs;s vQ;rpa <ug;gjj;ij gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sk; tifapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. fpl;lj;jl;l 300 tptrhapfs; 150 Vf;fhpy; njhlh;gapuhf nfhs;Sg;gapiu rhFgb nra;jdh;. gpypaD}iu jtpu midj;J fpuhkq;fspYk; tptrhapfs; ,uz;lhk; gapuhf nfhs; S gaph; rhFgb nra; J > epyj; j py; ,Ue; j vQ; r pa <ug; g jj; i jAk; > epyf; f liy gapuhy; epiyepWj;jg;gl;bUe;j rj;Jf;fisAk; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;ldh;. ,J mth;fSf;F $Ljy; tUkhdj;ij nfhLj;jNjhL kl;Lky;yhky;> mth;fspd; fhy;eilfSf;fhd jPtdj;jpw;fhd MjhukhfTk; mike;jJ.

,) xUq;fpize;j g+r;rp Nkyhz;ik caphpay; kw;Wk; g+r;rpf;nfhy;yp gad;gLj;jhj topfspy; gaph;fis Nkyhz;ik nra;aKbAk; vd;gJ Fwpj;J tptrhapfs; Ghpe;J nfhs;tjw;fhf> tay;ntspg;gs;spfspy; epiwa ghpNrhjidfs; kw;Wk; Ma;Tfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. gz; i zapy; cs; s caph; r ; # oypy; cs; s caphpay; kw;Wk; capuw;w mOj;jq;fs; Fwpj;j kjpg;gPLfis nra;J ghh;j;J> mjw;Nfw;thW g+r;rp Nkyhz;ik Kiwfis KbT vLf;Fk; tifapy; tptrhapfs; cw;rhfg;gLj;jg;gl;ldh;. cjhuzj;jpw;F> ,iy ntl;Lr; Nrhjidfs; mth;fs; g+r;rpf; nfhy;ypfis gad;gLj;Jtij jtph; g ; g jw; F cjtpaJ. nghwpg; gaph; kw; W k; tug; G g; gaph; Nghd; w tw; w pd; Kf; f paj; J tk; ghpNrhjpf;fg;gl;lJ. rpy tay;ntspg;gs;spfspy; eilngw;w gapw;rp tFg;Gfspy;> tptrhapfs; epyf; f liyNahL Jtiu kw; W k; mtiuia CLgapuhfTk; > rhW cwpQ; R k; g+r; r pfis fth; e ; j pOf; f Nrhsk; tug; G g; g apuhfTk; > jl;ilg;gaph; kw;Wk; Mkzf;F nghwpg;gapuhfTk; nra; J ghh; f ; f g; g l; l J. rhikapy; > mth; f s; Nrhsj; i j tug; G g; gapuhfTk; > Jtiuia CLgapuhfTk; gaphpl;bUe;jdh;. n[h; k yhk; g l; b > muq; f Guk; > gp. mf; u fhuk; > fhl;Lehaf;fd`s;sp kw;Wk; nfshpnrl;bg;gl;b Nghd;w 5 fpuhkq;fspy; ,Ue;j tay;ntspg;gs;sp jply; f spy; ,df; f th; r ; r pg; nghwp> kQ; r s; xl; L g; nghwp> kw; W k; tpsf; F g; nghwpfs; mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. kQ;rs; xl;Lg; nghwpahdJ gioa kz; ghid> gad;gLj;jg;gl;l jz;zPh; ghl; b y; f s; kw; W k; gpsh]; b f; Ftisfs; Nghd; w tw; i w gad; g Lj; j p> mitfs; rhW cwpQ;Rk; g+r;rpfis gpbg;gjw;F kl;Lky;yhJ> kw;w tptrhapfspd; ftdj;ij fth;ej ; pOg;gjw;fhfTk; yPrh ,e;jpah • ,jo; 4 • brk;gh;; 2019

mikf; f g; g l; b Ue; j J. Mapuf; f zf; f py; gpbgl;bUe;j rhW cWQ;Rk; g+r;rpfis fz;L mth; f s; kpfTk; cw; r hfkile; j dh; . xU nghwpapy; 267 tifahd gy;NtW rhW cwpQ;Rk; g+r; r pfs; gpbgl; b Ue; j ij gq; N fw; g hsh; f s; vz;zp Mr;rhpakile;jdh; (ghh;f;f : ngl;b nra;jp 1) ,jidf; fz;L cw;rhfkile;J> Fz; l Nfl; L Fsp> kQ; r ehaf; f d; ` s; s p> eyk; g l; b > rpd; d g+k; g s; s k; > thdjpg; g l; b tptrhapfSk; mth;fshfNt kQ;rs; xl;Lg; nghwpia cs; @ hpy; fpilj; j nghUl; f is nfhz; L jahhpj; J mikj; j dh; . gpsh]; b f; ghl;by;fs;> Njq;fha; kl;ilfs;> cile;j kz; ghidfs; Nghd;wtw;iw gad;gLj;jp mth;fs; kQ;rs; xl;Lg; nghwpia cUthf;fpdh;. xU jplypy; mth;fs; 15 kQ;rs; xl;Lg; nghwpia mikj;jdh;. ,e;j xl;Lg; nghwp mjpf mstpy; rhW cwpQ;Rk; g+r;rpfis fth;ej ; pOg;gijAk;> mjd; fhuzkhf epyf;filapy; g+r;rpj; jhf;Fjy;fs; Fiwe;J gaph; ghJfhf;fg;gLtijAk; tptrhapfs; czh;e;J nfhz;ldh;. NkYk;> xl;Lg; nghwpfspNy kQ;rs; tz;zk; jhd; rpwe;jJ vd;gijAk;> kQ;rs; xl;Lg; nghwpjhd; rhW cwpQ;Rk; g+r;rpfis fl; L g; g Lj; J tjw; f hd rpwe; j caph; r ; # oy; khw;Wtop vd;gijAk; fw;wwpe;J nfhz;ldh;.

rpy jhf;fq;fs; caph; cuq;fis nfhz;L nra;ag;gl;l tpij Neh; j ; j p Kiwfs; Nth; tsh; r ; r p Kiwfis Nkk; g Lj; j paJ. ,J jior; r j; i j kz; z py; epiyepWj;JtijAk; jhz;b> kz;zpy; <ug;gj gw;whf;Fiw Nghd;w mOj;jq;fis jhq;Fk; jpwd; ngw;wpUg;gijAk; fhl;baJ. mhprp fQ; r p njspg; G Nghd; w cldbahf Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;bait twl;rp Nkyhz;ik eltbf;iffshf epyf;fliy gapiu <ug;gj ,og;G Nghd;w mOj;jq;fspy; ,Ue;J ghJfhf;Fk; eltbf;iffshf vLf;fg;gl;lJ. mhprp fQ;rp njspg;ghdJ (nfhs;S gaphpd; kPJ) gaphpd; tsh;r;rp gUtj;jpd; NghJ mbf;Fk; NghJ mJ ,iy Jisfs; jpwg;gij fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjdhy;> mjd; %yk; ePuhtpg; Nghf;fpdhy; eilngWk; <ug;gj ,og;ig Fiwf;f cjtpaJ. gy ,lq;fspy;> rzg;G Nghd;w mjpf msT gNahkh]; gad; g Lj; j paJ> Cl; l Nkw; w pa njhOcuk;> caph; cuq;fs; Nghd;wtw;NwhL> mNj ,lj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l kz; <ug;gj ghJfhg; G eltbf; i ffs; gaph; f is mjpf <ug;gj mOj;j epiyfspy; ,Ue;J ghJfhj;jJ. 18

yPrh ,e;jpah • ,jo; 4 • brk;gh;; 2019

ngl;br; nra;jp 1 : ‘kQ;rs; xl;Lg; nghwp” gw;wpa tay; jpd tpoh 2012-13 Mk; Mz;by; ey;yk;gl;b fpuhkj;jpy; xU fs jpdk; ; 5 fpuhkq; f spy; ,Ue; J tptrhapfs; kw;Wk; gs;sp khzth;fs; mjpf vz;zpf;ifapy; fye;J nfhs;s kpfg; nghpa mstpy; elj;jg;gl;lJ. kQ;rs; xl;Lg; nghwpia ikag;gLj;jp mjid tptrha r%fq;fspd; kj;jpapy; gutyhf;Fk; tifapy; Kjy; Kiwahf elj;jg;gl;lJ. fw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; Mh;tj;ij cUthf;Fk; tifapy; elj;jg;gl;lNj ‘kQ;rs; xl;Lg;nghwp jpdk;” MFk;. cgNahfkw;w ghl;by;fs;> Njq;fha; XLfs;> gpsh];bf; Ftisfs; kw;Wk; cgNahfkw;w kug; nghUl;fs; Nghd;w gy;NtW tifapyhd nghUl;fis kQ;rs; tz;z th;zq;fs;; kw;Wk; J}hpiffis gad;gLj;jp> tptrhapfs; kw;Wk;; gs;sp Foe;ijfs; kQ;rs; xl;Lg; nghwpia jahhpj;jdh;. xt;nthUtUk; kQ;rs; xl;Lg; nghwpia nfhLf;fg;gl;l nghUl;fis nfhz;L jahhpj; J > mjd; N ky; xl; L k; nghUshf Mkzf;F vz;izia g+rpdh;. jd;dhh;tyh;fs; kQ;rs; xl;L nghwpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij Fwpj;Jk;> tay;ntspg;gs;spfs; elj;Jk; NghJ mit gadspj; j KbTfisAk; gfph; e ; J nfhz;ldh;. epiwthf> xt;nthUtUk; xl;Lk; nghwpia jq;fspd; epyq;fspy; mikg;gjw;fhf vLj;Jr; nrd;wdh;. nkhj;jkhf 5 fpuhkq;fspy; 765 kQ;rs; xl;Lg; nghwpfs; tptrhapfshy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. epiyj;j tptrha Kiwfs; Fwpj;j fw;wy;fis gfph;e;J nfhs;s tay; jpd tpoh Nghd;w epfo;Tfs; xU jskhf gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. kz; rP h ; j pUj; j eltbf; i ffshf njhO cuk; kw;Wk; Cl;lNkw;wpa njhO cuk;> caph; cuq;fs;> uhf; gh];Ngl; Nghd;wit kz;zpd; fl;likg;ig jf;fitf;fTk;> twl;rp fhyq;fspy; Nth; kz;lyq;fspy; ntg;gj;ij Fiwf;fTk; gad;gl;lJ. 30 jhtuq;fspy; ,Ue;J vLf;fg;gl;l rpwpa mstpyhd khjphpfs; tay;ntspg;gs;sp jplYf;Fk;> tptrhapfspd; epyj;jpw;Fk;> xU jhtuj; j py; cUthfpapUe; j fliyfspd; vz; z pf; i f> jhtuq; f spd; vz; z pf; i f> fpisfspd; vz;zpf;if> Kbr;Rfs; kw;Wk; xU jhtuj; j py; fhzg; g l; l xl; L nkhj; j ,iyfs; Nghd;wtw;wpy; cs;s Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tpj;jpahrq;fis fhl;baJ.

tay;ntspg;gs;spapd; NghJ ngz;fs; ,df;fth;r;rp nghwpfis mikg;gJ Fwpj;J fw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;wdh;

nghUj; j khd ufq; f is gad; g Lj; j paJk; <ug;gj ,og;G mOj;jq;fspy; ,Ue;J jg;gpj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhd rpwe;j jLg;G eltbf;ifahf cjtpaJ. tptrhapfs; tp.Mh;.I 2 vd;w twl;rpia jhq;fp tsuf; $ba ufj;ij gaphpl;bUe;jjhy;> mJ tpiuthf fpisabj;J> ,iyfs; tpl;L kz; gug;gpy; gutp Ra %lhf;fhf gad;gl;lJ. mNjhL $l> tp. Mh;.I.2 ufj;jpw;F tpij tPhpak; kw;Wk; kz;zpy; ed;F Nth; CLUtf;$ba jd;ik nfhz;bUe;jJ. ,aw;iff;F cfe;j nray;ghLfis filgpbf;Fk; NghJ ,J twl; r papdhy; Vw; g Lk; xl; L nkhj;j gaph; ,og;gpy; ,Ue;J ghJfhf;fpwJ. cjhuzj;jpw;F 2015-16 Mk; Mz;by; mWtilf;F 10 -15 ehl;fSf;F Kd;ghf rpy ,lq;fspy; kio FiwthfTk;> rpy ,lq;fspy; mjpfkhfTk; nga;jJ. ,J epyf;fliy> Jtiu kw;Wk; jl;ilg;gapiu ghjpj;jJ. ,Ug;gpDk; yPrh mZFKiwia eilKiwg;gLj;jpa epyq;fspy; gaph;fspy; ghjpg;Gfs; ,y;iy. mjpf mstpy; njhOcuq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ> kz;zpd; <ug;gj gpbg;G jd;ikia mjpfhpf;f cjtpaJ. gaph;fspy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l caphpay; eltbf;iffs; tptrha r%fq;fSf;F gaph; kf#iy mjpfhpj;Jk;> gy;tifahd czTfis nfhLf;fTk; cjtpaJ. gy;tif gaph;fs; gaphpLk; Kiwapy;> gpujhd gapNuhL> tptrhapfs; epiwa

gyid CLgaph; f s; > tug; G gaph; f s; kw; W k; njhlh;gaph;fspy; ,Ue;J ngWfpd;wdh;. gpujhd gaph;fshf epyf;fliy kw;Wk; Nfo;tuNfhL> tptrhapfs; ruhrhpahf epyf; f liyapy; CLgapuhf NghLk; jl;ilg;gaphpy; 8-10 fpNyh ngWfpd; w dh; . nghwpg; g apuhf gaphplg; g Lk; Mkzf;fpy; 80-100 fpNyhTk;> tug;Gg;gapuhf gaphplg; g Lk; Nrhsj; j py; 10-25 fpNyhTk; $Ljy; kf#yhf fpilj;jJ. tptrhapfs; 500 fpNyhtpw; f hd Nrhsj; j l; i lia jq; f spd; fhy; e ilfSf; F jP t dkhf ngw Kbe; j J. vQ;rpa <ug;gjj;jpy; njhlh;gapuhf Nghlg;gl;l nfhs;S> tptrhapfSf;F kw;WnkhU czthf fpilj;jJ. 2014-15 Mk; Mz;by; tptrhapfs; xU Vf;fUf;F nfhs;S gaphpy; ,Ue;J 300-350 fpNyh kf#y; ngw;wdh;. mjpy; 100-150 fpNyh jq;fspd; FLk;g Efh;Tf;F Nghf vQ;rpa 200 fpNyhit tpw;Wg; gadile;jdh;. khw;W top Kiwfis filgpbj;jjhy;> mJ ,urhad cuq;fs; kw;Wk; g+r;rpf; nfhy;ypfSf;fhd nrytpdq;fis Fiwj;J> mjd; %yk; xl;Lnkhj;j rhFgb nrytpdq; f isAk; Fiwj; j J. kz; ts Nkyhz; i k Kiwfis gad; g Lj; j pajhy; Fiwe;j cuq;fisNa tptrhapfs; gad; g Lj; J fpd; w dh; . xUq; f pize; j g+r; r p Nkyhz;ik Kiwfis gad;gLj;jpaJ> Fwpg; g hf kQ; r s; xl; L g; nghwp gad; g hL> yPrh ,e;jpah • ,jo; 4 • brk;gh;; 2019

cs;@hpy; fpilf;Fk; nghUl;fis nfhz;L ngz;fs; kQ;rs; tz;z xl;Lk; nghwpfis jahhpf;fpd;wdh;

g+r;rpf;nfhy;yp njspg;Gfspd; vz;zpf;ifAk;> mjd; tpisthf ePh; gad;ghl;ilAk; Fiwj;jJ. rhFgb nrytpdq; f s; epyf; f liyapy; 24 tpOf; f hLk; > Nfo; t ufpy; 20 tpOf; f hLk; > rhikapy; 3 tpOf;fhLk; Fiwe;jJ. rhFgb nrytpdq;fs; Fiwe;jjhy;> epfu tUkhdj;jpy; mjpf yhgk; fpilj; j J mwpag; g l; l J. epfu tUkhdk; epyf; f liyapy; 82 tpOf; f hLk; > Nfo; t ufpy; 42 tpOf; f hLk; > rhikapy; 71 tpOf;fhLk; mjpfhpj;jJ.

KbTiu tptrhaj;ij kpFe;j mstpy; yhgk;; juf;$bajhf Mf; F tjw; F k; > ,aw; i f ts Mjhuq; f is ghJfhf;fTk; kw;Wk; Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; xU xl;L nkhj;j gaph; Nkyhz;ik mZFKiw

yPrh ,e;jpah • ,jo; 4 • brk;gh;; 2019

Njitg;gLfpwJ. tptrhapfs; tay; ntspg;gs;sp Nghd;w gUtk; KOf;f Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba mZFKiw tptrhapfSf;F Ma;eJ ; ghh;ff ; Tk;> gz;izapNy fw;Wk;> fz;Lgpbj;J mwpe;Jk;> caph;r;#oiy kw;Wk; Ntshz;ikapd; caphpay; mwptpaiy Ghpe;J nfhs;sTk; xU kpfg; nghpa tha;g;ghf mikfpwJ.  T M Radha AME Foundation #204, 100 Ft. Ring Road, Banashanakari 2nd Block, 3rd Stage Bangalore - 560085 E-mail: amefprog@yahoo.com; amefbang@yahoo.co.in %yk;: yPrh ,e;jpah> [_d; 2018> thy;a+k; 20> ,jo; 2