LEISA India - Hindi December 2019 by LEISA India

a ÜèÊææ §ç‡ÇUØæ

çßàæðá çãU‹Îè â¢S·¤ÚU‡æ çÎâ ÕÚUU w®v~, ¥¢·¤ y

ØãU ¥¢·¤ ÜèÊææ §ç‡ÇUØæ ÅUè× ·¤ð¤ âæÍ ç×Ü·¤ÚU Áè0§ü0°0Áè0 mæÚUæ Âý·¤æçàæÌ ç·¤Øæ Áæ ÚUãUæ ãñ, çÁâ×ð´ ÜèÊææ §ç‡ÇUØæ ×ð´ Âý·¤æçàæÌ ¥¢»ýðÁè Öæáæ ·ð¤ ·¤éÀU ×Ü ê Ü¹ ð æ´ð ·¤æ çãU‹Îè ×´ð ¥ÙßéæÎ °ß¢ â·¢¤ÜÙ ãÐñ »æðÚU¹ÂéÚU °ÙßæØÚU‹×ð‹ÅUÜ °€àæÙ »ýéÂ wwy, ÂéçÎüÜÂéÚU, °×0Áè0 ·¤æÜðÁ ÚUæðÇU, ÂæðSÅU Õæ€â {®, »æðÚU¹ÂéÚU- w|x®®v È¤æðÙ Ñ +~v-zzv-wwx®®®y, Èñ¤€â Ñ +~v-zzv-wwx®®®z §ü×ðÜ Ñ geagindia@gmail.com ßðÕâæ§ÅU Ñ www.geagindia.org °.°×.§ü. È¤æ©U‡ÇUðUàæÙ Ù¢0 w®y, v®® È¤èÅU çÚ¢U» ÚUæðÇU, 3rd Èð¤Êæ, 2nd ŽÜæ·¤, rd 3 SÅðUÁ, ÕÙàæ¢·¤ÚUè, Õñ´‚ÜæðÚU- z{®®}z, ÖæÚUÌ È¤æðÙ Ñ +~v-®}®-w{{~~zvw, +~v-®}®-w{{~~zww Èñ¤€â Ñ+~v-®}®-w{{~~yv®, §ü×ðÜ Ñ leisaindia@yahoo.co.in ÜèÊææ §ç‡ÇUØæ ÜèÊææ §ç‡ÇUØæ ¥¢»ýðÁè ×ð´ Âý·¤æçàæÌ ˜æñ×æçâ·¤ Âç˜æ·¤æ ãñU, Áæð §çÜØæ ·¤è âãUÖæç»Ìæ âð °.°×.§ü. È¤æ©U‡ÇUðUàæÙ Õñ´‚ÜæðÚU mæÚUæ Âý·¤æçàæÌ ãUæðÌè ãñUÐ ×é Ø â ÂæÎ·¤ ·ð¤.ßè.°â. ÂýâæÎ, °.°×.§ü. È¤æ©U‡ÇðUàæÙ ÂýÕ‹Ï â ÂæÎ·¤ ÅUè.°×.ÚUæÏæ., °.°×.§ü. È¤æ©U‡ÇðUàæÙ ¥ÙéßæÎ â×‹ßØ ¥¿üÙæ ŸæèßæSÌßU, Áè.§ü.°.Áè. ßè‡ææ, °.°×.§ü. È¤æ©U‡ÇðUàæÙ Ì·¤Ùè·¤è âãUØæð»¤ çßÁØ ·é¤×æÚU Âæ‡ÇUðUØ ÂýÕ‹ÏÙ M¤ç€×‡æè Áè.Áè., °.°×.§ü. È¤æ©U‡ÇðUàæÙ Üð¥æ©UÅU °ß¢ ÅUæ§üÂâðçÅ¢U» ÚUæÁ·¤æ‹Ìè »é#æ, Áè.§ü.°.Áè.

yht+k de ckgjh ykxr ,oa LFkk;h Ñf"k ij vk/kkfjr yht+k mu lHkh fdlkuksa ds fy, ,d rduhd vkSj lkekftd fodYi gS] tks i;kZoj.k lEer fof/k ls viuh mit o vk; c<+kuk pkgrs gSa D;ksafd yht+k ds vUrxZr eq[;r% LFkkuh; lalk/kuksa vkSj izkÑfrd rjhdksa dks viuk;k tkrk gS vkSj vko';drkuqlkj gh ckg~; lalk/kuksa dk lqjf{kr mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA yht+k ikjEifjd vkSj oSKkfud Kku dk la;ksx gS] tks fodkl ds fy, vko”;d okrkoj.k rS;kj djrk gSA ;g Hkh eq[; gS fd blds }kjk fdlkuksa dh {kerk dks fofHkUu rduhdksa ls etcwr fd;k tkrk gS vkSj [ksrh dks cnyrh t:jrksa vkSj fLFkfr;ksa ds vuqdwy cuk;k tkrk gS] lkFk gh mu efgyk ,oa iq#"k fdlkuksa o leqnk;ksa dk l”kfDrdj.k gksrk gS] tks vius Kku] rjhdksa] ewY;ksa] laLÑfr vkSj laLFkkuksa ds vk/kkj ij viuk Hkfo"; cukuk pkgrs gaSA

,-,e-bZ- Qkm.Ms”ku] MDdu ds v}Z”kq’d {ks= ds y?kq lhekUr fdlkuksa ds chp fodkl ,tsfUl;ksa ds tqM+ko] vuqHko ds izlkj] Kkuo}Zu ,oa fofHkUu Ñf’k fodYiksa dh mRifRr }kjk i;kZoj.kh; Ñf’k dks izksRlkfgr djrk gSA ;g de ykxr izkÑfrd lalk/ku izcU/ku ds fy, ikjEifjd Kku o uohu rduhdksa ds lfEeJ.k ls vkthfodk LFkkbZRo dks c<+kok nsrk gSA ,-,e-bZ- Qkm.Ms”ku xkao esa bPNqd fdlkuksa ds lewg dks oSdfYid Ñf"k i)fr rS;kj djus o viukus esa l{ke cukus gsrq muds lkFk tqM+dj l?ku :i ls dke dj jgh gSA ;g LFkku vH;kldrkZvksa o izksRlkgdksa ds fy, mudh ns[kus&le>us dh {kerk esa o`f) djus gsrq lh[kus dh ifjfLFkfr ds rkSj ij gSA blls tqM+h Lo;a lsoh laLFkkvksa vkSj muds usVodZ dks tkuus ds fy, bldh osclkbZV ns[ksa&(www.amefound.org) xksj[kiqj ,uok;jUesUVy ,D'ku xzqi ,d LoSfPNd laxBu gS] tks LFkkbZ fodkl vkSj i;kZoj.k ls tqM+s eqn~nksa ij lu~ 1975 ls dke dj jgk gSA laLFkk y?kq ,oa lhekUr fdlkuksa] vkthfodk ls tqM+s lokyksa] i;kZoj.kh; larqyu] ySafxd lekurk rFkk lgHkkxh iz;kl ds fl}kUrksa ij lQyrkiwoZd dk;Z dj jgh gSA laLFkk us vius 40 lky ds yEcs lQj ds nkSjku vusd ewY;kaduksa] v/;;uksa rFkk egRoiw.kZ 'kks/kksa dks lapkfyr fd;k gSA blds vykok vusd laLFkkvksa] efgyk fdlkuksa rFkk ljdkjh foHkkxksa dk vkthfodk vkSj LFkkbZ fodkl ls lEcfU/kr eqn~nksa ij {kerko/kZu Hkh fd;k gSA vkt th0bZ0,0th0 us LFkkbZ Ñf"k] lgHkkxh iz;kl rFkk ts.Mj tSls fo"k;ksa ij iwjs mÙkj Hkkjr esa viuh fof'k"V igpku cukbZ gSA bldh osclkbZV ns[ksa&(www.geagindia.org) ekbtsfj;j o"kZ 1958 esa LFkkfir teZu dSFkksfyd fc”ki dh laLFkk gS] ftldk xBu fodklkRed lg;ksx ds fy, gqvk FkkA fiNys 50 o"kksZa ls ekbtsfj;j vQzhdk] ,f”k;k vkSj ykfru vesfjdk esa xjhch ds fo:) yM+us ds fy, izfrc) gSA tkfr] /keZ o fyax Hksn ls ijs fdlh Hkh ekuoh; vko”;drkvksa dh iwfrZ ds fy, ;g ges”kk rRij gSA ekbtsfj;j xjhch vkSj gkfu;ksa ds fo:) igy djus ds fy, izsfjr djus esa fo”okl j[krk gSA ;g vius LFkkuh; lg;ksfx;ksa] ppZ vk/kkfjr laxBuksa] xSj ljdkjh laxBuksa] lkekftd vkUnksyuksa vkSj “kks/k laLFkkuksa ds lkFk dke djus dks izkFkfedrk nsrk gSA ykHkkfFkZ;ksa vkSj lg;ksxh laLFkkvksa dks ,d lkFk ysdj ;g LFkkuh; fodklkRed fØ;kvksa dks lkdkj djus vkSj ifj;kstukvksa dks fØ;kfUor djus esa lg;ksx djrk gSA ;g tkuus ds fy, fd fLFkj pqukSfr;ksa dh izfrfØ;k esa ekbtsfj;j fdl izdkj viuh lg;ksxh laLFkkvksa ds lkFk dke dj jgk gSA bldh osclkbV ns[ksa (www.misereor.de; www.misereor.org)

ÀUÂæ§ü ·¤SÌêÚUè ¥æòÈ¤âðÅU, »æðÚU¹ÂéÚU ¥æßÚU‡æ È¤æðÅUæð Áè0§ü0°0Áè0 ÜèÊææ Âç˜æ·¤æ ·ð¤ ¥‹Ø â ÂæÎÙ ÜñçÅUÙ, ¥×ðçÚU·¤Ù, Âçà¿×è ¥Èý¤è·¤Ù °ß¢ ÕýæÊæèçÜØÙ â¢S·¤ÚU‡æ ÜèÁ¸æ §ç‡ÇUØæ Âç˜æ·¤æ ·ð¤ ¥‹Ø ÿæð˜æèØ â ÂæÎÙ Ìç×Ü, ·¤‹ÙÇ¸U, ©UçÇ¸UØæ, ÌðÜ»ê, ×ÚUæÆUè °ß¢ Â¢ÁæÕè â ÂæÎ·¤ ·¤è ¥æðÚU âð Üð¹æð´ ×ð´ Âý·¤æçàæÌ ÁæÙ·¤æÚUè ·¤ð¤ÂýçÌ ÂêÚUè âæßÏæÙè ÕÚUÌè »§ü ãñÐ çÈ¤ÚU Öè Îè »§ü ÁæÙ·¤æÚUè âð â Õç‹ÏÌ ç·¤âè Öè ˜æéçÅU ·¤è çÁ ×ðÎæÚUè ©UUâ Üð¹ ·ð¤ Üð¹·¤ ·¤è ãUæð»èÐ ×æ§ÁðçÚUØÚU ·ð¤ âãUØæð» °ß¢ Áè0§ü0°0Áè0 ·ð¤ â×‹ßØÙ ×ð´ °0°×0§ü0 mæÚUæ Âý·¤æçàæÌ

ÜèÊææ §ç‡ÇUØæ, çßàæðá çãU‹Îè â¢S·¤ÚU‡æ, çÎâ ÕÚUU w®v~

lkefwgd foi.ku % eYw;o/kuZ djus dh fn'kk ea s ,d dne uohu deqkj 'kDqyk ,oa dey'sk x# q jkuh mÙkj dk'kh ftys ds fdlkuksa us [ksr Lrj ij ,d NksVh lh izfØ;k tSls& xzsfMaax ,oa NVkbZ djds vf/kd ykHk izkIr fd;k gSA lkFk gh lkFk ewY;o/kZu ds vykok lkewfgd iz;kl ls cktkj esa eksy&Hkko djus dh fdlkuksa dh {kerk dk Hkh fodkl fd;k gSA

[ksrh dk u;k Lo:i nsuk % tyok;q ifjorZu dh ,d izfrfØ;k lqjs'k dUuk ds-

çßàæðá çãU‹Îè â¢S·¤ÚU‡æ, çÎâ ÕÚU w®v~

5 lkewfgd foi.ku % ewY;o/kZu djus dh fn'kk esa ,d dne uohu dqekj 'kqDyk ,oa deys'k xq:jkuh

9 [krsh dks u;k Lo:i nusk % tyok;q ifjoruZ dh ,d ifzrfØ;k lqjs'k dUuk ds-

Ñf"kxr iz.kkfy;ksa esa cnyko djds uoksUos"kh fdlku cnyrh tyok;qfod ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa [ksrh ls vuqdwyu cukus rFkk [kk| lqj{kk lqfuf'pr djus esa l{ke gks jgs gSaA laLFkkxr vkSj uhfrxr Lrj ij mfpr lg;ksx iznku djus okys dqN tehuh Lrj ds uokpkjksa dks mUur cukus dh vko';drk gSA

11 e'k:e m|e % l'kDrrk dh vksj ,d lkewfgd iz;kl ,l- ekS;kZ] ih-vkj- dqekj] vkl-,l-iku] ,-ds- flag] fcdk'k nkl ,oa ch-ih- HkV~V

14 rduhd uokpkj ls [ksrh gqbZ ljy vpZuk JhokLro ,oa vt; dqekj flag

e'k:e m|e % l'kDrrk dh vksj ,d lkewfgd iz;kl ,l- ekS;kZ] ih-vkj- dqekj] vkj-,l- iku] ,-ds- flag] fcdk'k nkl ,oa ch-ih- HkV~V ;g ,d vkfnoklh leqnk; ds O;fFkr thou ls le`) thou esa ifjorZu dh dgkuh gSA vHkko ls vkfFkZd l'kDrhdj.k rd dh ;k=k] lkFk gh Kku o l'kDrrk ds :i esa lkewfgd iz;kl ls bu vkfnoklh efgykvksa us le`f) o l'kDrhdj.k dh fn'kk esa viuk ekxZ iz'kLr fd;k gSA

rduhd uokpkj ls [ksrh gqbZ ljy vpZuk JhokLro ,oa vt; dqekj flag

ck<+ ,oa ty&teko okys {ks=ksa esa y?kq] lhekUr ,oa efgyk fdlkuksa dh [ksrh lEcfU/kr cM+s ;a=ksa rd igqap eqf'dy gS vkSj [ksrh dh ykxr Hkh c<+krh gSA lkFk gh ikjEifjd ;a=ksa tSls dqnky] [kqjih vkfn ls [ksrksa esa dke djuk Jelk/; ,oa le; yxus okyk gksrk gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa xksj[kiqj ,oa if'peh pEikj.k ds fdlkuksa us LFkkuh; Lrj ij NksVs&NksVs ;a=ksa esa uokpkj fodflr dj viuh [ksrh dks vklku cuk;k gSA

17 y?kq fdlkuksa }kjk /;ku nsus ;ksX; ljy uokpkj izrki eq[kksik/;k;

y?kq fdlkuksa }kjk /;ku nsus ;ksX; ljy uokpkj izrki eq[kksik/;k;

tyh; [ksrh dks i'kq mRiknu iz.kkyh ds ,d cgqr gh mfpr rjhds ds rkSj ij ekuk tkrk gSA mfpr i'kqikyu vH;klksa dks viukdj izkÑfrd lalk/kuksa dh fujUrjrk cuk;s j[krs gq, eNyh mRiknu esa lq/kkj fd;k tk ldrk gSA

ÜèÊææ §ç‡ÇUØæ, çßàæðá çãU‹Îè â¢S·¤ÚU‡æ, çÎâ ÕÚU w®v~

ØãU ¥¢·¤... lEikndh;] yht+k bf.M;k fgUnh dk fnlEcj] 2019 vad vkids le{k izLrqr gSA [ksr dh rS;kjh ls ysdj mRikn rS;kj gksus o foi.ku rd izR;sd Lrj ij NksVs&e>ksys fdlkuksa ds le{k pqukSfr;ka gh pqukSfr;ka gSaA dgha ekSle dh ekj ls fuiVus dh pqukSrh rks dgha ij vius mRiknksa dks mfpr ewY; ij cspus dh pqukSrh gSA blds lkFk gh fdlkuksa ds vUnj vius mRiknksa ds ewY; lao/kZu gsrq izfØ;kvksa dh tkudkjh esa Hkh deh gSA bu lHkh fLFkfr;ksa ls fuiVus gsrq yht+k bf.M;k esa NksVs o lhekUr fdlkuksa dh lQyrk,a izLrqr dh tkrh gSa rkfd cM+s iSekus ij yksx bu xfrfof/k;ksa ls ykHk mBk ldsaA if=dk dk igyk ys[k uohu dqekj 'kqDy o deys'k xq:jkuh }kjk fyf[kr ^^lkewfgd foi.ku % ewY;o/kZu djus dh fn'kk esa ,d dne** gSA bl ys[k esa ys[kd}; us mÙkjk[k.M ds igkM+h {ks=ksa esa fdlkuksa ds le{k foi.ku dh leL;kvksa rFkk mlds fy, xzke la?k }kjk fd;s tk jgs iz;klksa dks crk;k gSA lkFk gh ;g Hkh crk;k gS fd ewY;o/kZu dh fofo/k izfØ;kvksa ij fdlkuksa dk {kerko/kZu Hkh fd;k tk jgk gSA if=dk ds nwljs ys[k ^^[ksrh dks u;k Lo:i nsuk % tyok;q ifjorZu dh ,d izfrfØ;k** esa ys[kd lqjs'k dUuk ds- us ,d NksVs fdlku ckldju dh dgkuh dks crk;k gSA bl ys[k esa ;g n'kkZ;k x;k gS fd rfeyukMq ds fdlku ckldju tyok;q ifjorZu ,oa mlds izHkkoksa ls fuiVus gsrq ekSle dh vfuf'prrkvksa ds vuq:i viuh [ksrh esa ifjorZu dj csgrj ykHk izkIr dj jgs gSaA ,l- ekS;kZ] ih-vkj- dqekj] vkj-,l- iku] ,-ds- flag] fcdk'k nkl ,oa ch-ih- HkV~V }kjk fyf[kr if=dk ds rhljs ys[k ^^e'k:e m|e % l'kDrrk dh vksj ,d lkewfgd iz;kl** esa ys[kdksa us e/;izns'k ds nqedk ftys ds ?kus taxyh bykdksa esa vkfnokfl;ksa dh vkthfodk dks lqfuf'pr djus gsrq Ñf=e rjhds ls e'k:e mxkus dks m|e ds rkSj ij LFkkfir djus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA tcfd pkSFkk ys[k r[krflag jktiqjksfgr }kjk fyf[kr ^^ewaxQyh esa uokpkj us c<+kbZ vkenuh** gSA bl ys[k esa ys[kd us ,d e>ksys fdlku ekaxhyky }kjk ewaxQyh dh [ksrh esa cht 'kks/ku] Hkwfe 'kks/ku vkfn fØ;kvksa dks djrs gq, csgrj ykHk izkIr djus dh dgkuh izLrqr dh gSA if=dk dk vfUre vkSj ikapoka ys[k ^^y?kq fdlkuksa }kjk /;ku nsus ;ksX; ljy uokpkj** gS] ftls izrki eq[kksik/;k; us fy[kk gSA bl ys[k ds ek/;e ls tyh; [ksrh ,oa mldh fo'ks"krkvksa ij izdk'k Mkyrs gq, mlds ,sls egRoiw.kZ fcUnqvksa dks crk;k x;k gS ftls viukdj fdlku viuh vkthfodk lqn`<+ dj ldrk gSA eNyh ikyu rks lkekU; rkSj ij gksrk gS] ijUrq blds vUnj dqN uokpkjksa dks viukdj fdlkuksa dks ykHkkfUor gksus dh dgkuh bl ys[k esa n'kkZ;h x;h gSA vUr esa] fiNys vad ds lkFk fn;s x;s losZ{k.k izi= dks Hkjdj Hkstus gsrq vki lHkh dk /kU;oknA ges'kk dh Hkkafr vkids lq>koksa dh vk'kk esa--lEiknd e.My

ÜèÊææ §ç‡ÇUØæ, çßàæðá çãU‹Îè â¢S·¤ÚU‡æ, çÎâ ÕÚU w®v~

QksVks % fjyk;Ul Qkm.Ms'ku

csgrj ewY; izkIr djus ds fy, vkyqvksa dk Js.khdj.k djrs cUnzkuh ds fdlku

âæ×êçãU·¤ çßÂ‡æÙ ×êËØßÏüÙ ·¤ÚUÙð ·¤è çÎàææ ×ð´ °·¤ ·¤Î× ÙßèÙ ·é¤×æÚU àæé€Üæ °ß¢ ·¤×Üðàæ »éL¤ÚUUæÙèU mÙkjdk'kh ftys ds fdlkuksa us [ksr Lrj ij ,d NksVh lh izfØ;k tSls& xzsfMaax ,oa NVkbZ djds vf/kd ykHk izkIr fd;k gSA lkFk gh lkFk ewY;o/kZu ds vykok lkewfgd iz;kl ls cktkj esa eksy&Hkko djus dh fdlkuksa dh {kerk dk Hkh fodkl fd;k x;k gSA fgeky; {ks= dh vf/kdka”k% xzkeh.k tula[;k dh vkthfodk Ñf"k vk/kkfjr xfrfof/k;ksa ij fuHkZj jgrh gSA ;gk¡ ds fdlku fo”ks"kdj Qlysa tSls /kku] lks;kchu]

cktjk] vkyw] xsgw¡] gjh eVj ,oa nkysa vkfn mxkrs gSaA lkFk gh mÙkjk[k.M dh viuh ,d vuwBh HkkSxksfyd ,oa tyok;qfod egRo gS] tks vkWQ&lhtu ¼csekSle½ lfCt;k¡ ysus esa Hkh enn djrk gSA mÙkj dk”kh dk HkVokM+h fodkl [k.M ,d bdks laosnu”khy {ks= gSA tgk¡ izR;sd o"kZ Hkkjh o"kkZ gksrh gSA twu 2013 esa Hkkjh o"kkZ vkSj ¶yS”k ck<+ us bl {ks= esa ,slk dgj cjik;k fd ;gk¡ ds yksxksa dk ?kj ,oa thou rckg gks x;kA

ÜèÊææ §ç‡ÇUØæ, çßàæðá çãU‹Îè â¢S·¤ÚU‡æ, çÎâ ÕÚUU w®v~

xzke la?k

xk¡oksa dks vkRefuHkZj cukus ds fy, lu~ 2014 esa fjyk;al QkmUMs”ku us mÙkjdk”kh ftys esa HkVokM+h {ks= ds lcls vf/kd laosnu”khy ikap xk¡oksa jk;Fky] ukfru] }kjh] xksjlkyh ,oa cUnzkuh esa Ñ"kd leqnk;ksa ds lkFk dke dh “kq#vkr dhA QkmUMs”ku us bu xk¡oksa esa fdlkuksa ds lkFk feydj mudks xzke la?kksa ds #i esa laxfBr djds mUgsa fodkl dh igy djus gsrq mRizsfjr fd;kA

igy HkVokM+h fodkl [k.M esa vkyw vkSj eVj dh Qly bl {ks= dh izeq[k udnh Qly gSA tyok;q pqukSfr;ksa ds lkFk gh fdlkuksa dks viuh mit dk foi.ku djus esa dfBu leL;kvksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA orZeku foi.ku iz.kkyh esa xzke esa fcpkSfy, vf/kd lfØ; gSa vkSj fdlku viuh Qly dks fcuk xzsfMax ,oa NVkbZ ds csp nsrs gSaA os xzsfMax ,oa NVkbZ djus ls Mjrs gaSA mudk ekuuk gS fd muds de xq.koÙkk okys mRiknksa dks [kjhnus gsrq dksbZ [kjhnnkj ugha feysxkA igkM+h bykdk gksus ds dkj.k fdlkuksa dks viuk mit cktkj rd xzke fodkl dks"k xzke la?k lnL;ksa }kjk ,d= fd;k x;k va”knku lkekU;r% foÙkh; lalk/kuksa dks tqVkus gsrq ,d iqy dh rjg dk;Z djrk gSA ;g Q.M+ xzke la?k dks foÙkh; #i ls vkRefuHkZj cukus esa enn djrk gSA bl Q.M esa xzke ds fodkl ds fy, ,d cM+h /kujkf”k gksus ls lnL;ksa dks dk;Z djus esa lqxerk gksrh gSA

ÜèÊææ §ç‡ÇUØæ, çßàæðá çãU‹Îè â¢S·¤ÚU‡æ, çÎâ ÕÚUU w®v~

QksVks % fjyk;Ul Qkm.Ms'ku

xzke la?k ,d ,slk laxBu gS] tks etcwr ,oa thoar leqnk; dk izcU/ku djus ,oa [kqn LokfeRo ysus gsrq rRij gSA bls fjyk;al QkmUMs”ku us vke yksxksa dk dY;k.k djus ds fy, leqnk; dks laxfBr dj cuk;k gS rkfd lkewfgd LokfeRo o fu.kZ; ysus dh {kerk dk Hkh fodkl fd;k tk ldssA vius y{;ksa dh iwfrZ ds fy, lHkh xzke la?k ,d lkFk feydj dk;Z dj jgs gSaA xzke la?k dh lnL;rk ml xzke lHkk esa jgus okys lHkh ifjokj ys ldrs gSaA xzke la?k ds lHkh lnL; lnL;rk “kqYd r; djus dk fu.kZ; ysus ds fy, LorU= gSa vkSj ;gk¡ izR;sd lnL; fu.kZ; dh izfØ;k esa Hkkxhnkj gSA miyC/k lalk/kuksa dh lgk;rk ls xzke la?k viuh ;kstuk] rduhdh lgk;rk] lkekftd ,oa foÙkh; vkfn igyqvksa ij dk;Z djrk gSA lkFk gh xzke la?k ,d lalk/ku dsUnz ds #i esa Hkh dk;Z djrk gS vkSj ekSle dh tkudkjh] cktkj Hkko] cht] Ñf"k vH;kl] ljdkjh ;kstuk;sa ,oa rduhd vkfn dh tkudkjh rd viuh igq¡p cukrk gSA

laxfBr foi.ku ds vHkko eas fdlkuksa dks vkyw ds de nke fey jgs gSa

igq¡pkuk Hkh ,d cM+h leL;k gksrh gSA D;ksafd ,d rks bu bykdksa esa leqfpr ifjogu dk vHkko gksrk gS] rks nwljh rjQ fdlkuksa dks vkl&ikl ds cktkj tSls nsgjknwu] gfj}kj vkfn laxfBr cktkj O;oLFkk ds ckjs esa tkudkjh ugha gksrh gSA ftl dkj.k mUgsa xk¡o esa fcpkSfy;ksa ds Åij fuHkZj jguk iM+rk gSS vkSj vkSus&ikSus nkeksa ij viuk mRikn cspuk iM+rk gSA bl eqn~ns ij fjyk;al QkmUMs”ku us fdlkuksa dh enn djus dk fu'p; fd;k rkfd fdlkuksa dks muds mRiknksa dk mfpr ykHk feysA bl gsrq QkmUMs”ku us fdlkuksa ds lkFk ;kstuk cukdj fØ;kUo;u fd;kA ftlds vUrxZr o"kZ 2016&17 esa Qkm.Ms'ku us xzke la?k ds lkFk feydj tkx#drk] {kerk fodkl] ewY;o/kZu] cktkj ls tqM+ko lkewfgd foi.ku ek= le; gh ugh cpkrk gSA oju~ blls lnL;ksa ds vUnj cM+s cktkjksa esa eksy&Hkko djus dh {kerk dk Hkh fodkl gksrk gSA

rkfydk la[;k 1 xzsfMax mRikn ls ykHk xzke la?k dk uke

mRikn

jkes'oj nsork xzke Ñ"kd lfefr canjkuh dU/kkj nsork xzke Ñ"kd lfefr }kjh caxlfj;k ukx xzke Ñ"kd lfefr xksjekyh

xzsfMax vkyw

mRikn okyh la[;k 15

xzsfMax vkyw

580

xzsfMax eVj

5520

971

xzke la?kksa ds lnL;ksa us vius xk¡oksa esa fcpkSfy;ksa dks vius lkFk “kkfey dj muds lkFk ,d lkekU; cSBd dhA cSBd ds nkSjku muds lkFk cktkj dh pqukSfr;ksa vkSj mlls fuiVus ds jkLrksa ij ppkZ dh x;hA pwafd vf/kdka”k fcpkSfy;s muds xk¡o ds gh FksA vr% lHkh yksxksa us

ewY; izkIr :0@dqUry 1170

o`f) ykHk eYw; :0@d0q 140

lg;ksx djus o laxBu ds lkFk dk;Z djus gsrq viuh lgefr nhA xzke la?k us ;g fu.kZ; fy;k fd vc ge yksx lkewfgd :i ls Qly mRikn iSnk djsaxsA blds fy, fdlkuksa us vkyw ,oa eVj dh lkewfgd [ksrh ,oa laHkkfor ek=k esa mit izkIr djus ds fy, ;kstuk rS;kj fd;kA lkFk gh xzke la?k us lkewfgd Ø; djus dh fn'kk esa ;g Hkh fu.kZ; fy;k fd ge vius mRiknksa dks lh/ks nsgjknwu dh ef.M;ksa esa cspsaxsA bl lUnHkZ esa xzke la?k ds izfrfuf/k ,oa [kjhnkj rFkk foØsrkvksa dh ,d lkFk xzke Lrj ij cSBd vk;ksftr dh x;h] ftlesa xzke la?k ds izfrfuf/k;ksa us nsgjknwu ds [kjhnkjksa ls lh/ks ckr&phr dhA ;g igyh eVj rksM+rs gq, jk;Fky ds fdlku QksVks % fjyk;Ul Qkm.Ms'ku

,oa lwpukvksa ds Åij dk;Z fd;kA bl Øe esa xzke la?kksa dks lcls igys izf”kf{kr fd;k x;k vkSj vkyw o eVj dh csgrj iSnkokj izkIr djus gsrq fdlkuksa dks xq.koÙkkiw.kZ cht miyC/k djkus dh n`f"V ls xzke la?kksa us DyLVj Lrj ij jk;Fky] ukfr] }kjh] xksjekyh ,oa cUnzkuh esa lkewfgd #i ls cht dk Ø; fd;k vkSj fdlkukas dks forfjr fd;kA

dqy fcdzh ¼dq0½ 140

ÜèÊææ §ç‡ÇUØæ, çßàæðá çãU‹Îè â¢S·¤ÚU‡æ, çÎâ ÕÚUU w®v~

nks xk¡oksa esa igyh ckj mRikndksa }kjk vkyw dh xzsfMax dh x;hA xzke la?k us vkyw ,oa eVj ds mRikndksa dks xuh cSx iznku fd;k vkSj xzke la?k us vkyw ds foi.ku ds fy, pkj xk¡oksa ¼ukfru] }kjh] xksjlkyh ,oa jk;Fky½ dks iSdsftax lkexzh iznku fd;kA nsgjknwu ds cktkj ls dqy 9600 xuh cSx dh [kjhnkjh djds fdlku lnL;ksa dks forfjr fd;k x;kA igys fdlku 50 fdxzk0 izfr cksjk ds otu ds fglkc ls fcuk rkSy fd;s fcØh djrs FksA ijUrq vc xzke la?k }kjk otu e”khu yxk nh x;h gS] ftlls fdlku izfr 50 fdxzk0 cksjs dk rkSy djds okLrfod otu ds vuqlkj fcØh djrs gaSA vkyw ,oa eVj dh fcØh gsrq xzke la?k }kjk rhu izfr;ksa esa pkyku cqd cuk;h tkrh gSA ,d izfr fdlku dks nh tkrh gS] ftlesa mit ds ckjs esa foLrkj esa fy[kk gksrk gS rFkk nwljh dkih cksjs ds lkFk uRFkh dj nh tkrh gS vkSj vfUre izfr xzke la?k ds ikl lqjf{kr j[kh tkrh gSA xzke la?k ds lnL; xzke ls e.Mh rd ys tkus ds fy, ifjogu cqd djrs gSa mldk “kqYd mRikndksa dks nsuk gksrk gSA e.Mh esa mit igq¡pus ds ckn lHkh cksjs [kksy fn;s tkrs gSa vkSj mldh cksyh yxrh gSA csph x;h ek=k rFkk dher ¼lkfj.kh la[;k 1 2019 ½ esa n”kkZ;k x;k gSA lHkh ysu&nsu xzke fodkl Q.M ds ek/;e ls fd;k tkrk gS] tks iw.kZ #i ls xzke la?kksa }kjk lapkfyr ,oa izcfU/kr fd;k tkrk gSA ftruk iSlk izkIr gksrk og /kujkf”k xzke la?k ds [kkrk esa tek fd;k tkrk gSA xzke la?k ckn esa xk¡o esa cSBd vk;ksftr djrk gS ftlesa fdlkuksa ds mRikn ds otu ds vuqlkj mldh dher esa ls ifjogu “kqYd dks ?kVk dj fdlkuksa dks “ks"k /kujkf”k forfjr dh tkrh gSA bl dk;Z esa xzke la?k us dqy :0 129600-00 fuos”k fd;k] ftlesa iSdsftax lkexzh vkfn “kkfey gSA bl igy ls xzke la?k dks :0 24]000-00 dh dekbZ gqbZ vkSj dqy 8

ÜèÊææ §ç‡ÇUØæ, çßàæðá çãU‹Îè â¢S·¤ÚU‡æ, çÎâ ÕÚUU w®v~

QksVks % fjyk;Ul Qkm.Ms'ku

ckj gqvk fd e.Mh ds fo'ks"kKksa us xzke Lrj ij fdlkuksa dks izf”k{k.k rFkk gS.M gksfYMax iznku fd;k] ftlls mRiknksa dh dVkbZ] NaVkbZ o xzsfMax djus esa fdlkuksa dks enn feyh vkSj lkewfgd mit rFkk foi.ku ds egRo dks fdlkuksa us le>kA

dyLVj Lrj ij eVj dh lkewfgd rqM+kbZ

#i;k 38]400-00 cpk;k x;kA xzke la?k nsgjknwu ds 3 Fkksd foØsrkvksa ds fu;fer lEidZ esa jgrs gS] rkfd e.Mh dk Hkko irk pyrk jgs vkSj cktkj ls tqM+ko cuk jgsA bl igy ls fdlkuksa dk dsoy le; gh ugha cprk gS] oju~ cktkj esa eksy&Hkko djus dh mudh {kerk esa Hkh o`f) gqbZ gSA

fu"d"kZ xzsfMax vkSj NaVkbZ tSls ewY; o/kZd vH;klksa dks viukdj cktkj ls mfpr tqM+ko fodflr fd;k x;kA mRikndksa] xzke la?k lnL;ksa] ekyokgdksa] O;kikfj;ksa ,oa fdlkuksa dk ,dhdj.k djrs gq, lkewfgd foi.ku ds ek/;e ls mRiknksa dk lkewfgdj.k fd;k x;kA bl igy ls mRikndksa dh ewY;o/kZu] lkewfgd foi.ku] eksy&Hkko djus dh csgrj {kerk] vkxs dh ;kstuk cukus vkSj izcU/ku djus ij {kerk fuekZ.k djus esa vklkuh gqbZA gkykafd ;g ,d NksVk dne gS] fQj Hkh mEehn gS fd vkus okys o"kksZa esa cktkj dh xfr”khyrk esa cnyko ykus esa blls enn feysxhA

ÙßèÙ ·é¤×æÚU àæé€Üæ ¥æñÚU ·¤×Üðàæ »éL¤ÚUæÙèU çÚUÜæØ‹â È¤æ©U‹ÇðUàæÙ çÁÜæ - ©UžæÚU·¤æàæè (©UžæÚUæ¹‡ÇU) çÂÙ·¤æðÇU= wy~v~x §ü-×ðÜ Ñ naveen.shukla12@gmail.com Agroecological Value Chain LEISA INDIA, Vol. 20, No.1, March 2018

¹ðÌè ·¤æ ÙØæ SßM¤Â ÎðÙæ ÁÜßæØé ÂçÚUßÌüÙ ·¤è °·¤ ÂýçÌç·ý¤Øæ âéÚðUàæ ·¤‹Ùæ ·ð¤. Ñf"kxr iz.kkfy;ksa esa cnyko djds uoksUos"kh fdlku cnyrh tyok;qfod ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa [ksrh ls vuqdwyu cukus rFkk [kk| lqj{kk lqfuf'pr djus esa l{ke gks jgs gSaA laLFkkxr vkSj uhfrxr Lrj ij mfpr lg;ksx iznku djus okys dqN ,sls gh tehuh Lrj ds uokpkjksa dks mUur cukus dh vko';drk gSA ckldju ,d izeq[k tSfod fdlku gSa] tks rfeyukMq esa dqEcdksue ds fudV FksukEiMqxbZ xk¡o ds jgus okys gSaA rfeyukMq esa tSfod [ksrh ds iqjks/kk MkW0 ukEeyoj ls csgn izHkkfor ckldju fiNys 15 o"kksZa ls tSfod [ksrh dj jgs gSaA og o"kZ 2006 esa vf/kjaxe esa izkjEHk gq, usy fFk:ofot+k ¼/kku mRlo½ esa Hkh fu;fer :i ls izfrHkkfxrk djrs vk jgs gSaA tSfod [ksrh vkSj /kku dh ikjEifjd iztkfr;ksa dh [ksrh djus ds vfrfjDr og tyok;q vkSj [ksrh esa vk jgs cnykoksa dh l?ku fuxjkuh vkSj fo'ys"k.k djrs gq, vius [ksr esa cgqr ls 'kks/k Hkh djrs jgrs gSaA vius [ksr ij 'kks/k djrs gq, mUgksaus MsYVk {ks= ds lkFk gh rfeyukMq ds vU; Hkkxksa ds fdlkuksa ds fy, tyok;q vuqdwfyr [ksrh ds cgqr ls O;ogkfjd lek/kku Hkh ryk'ks gSaA

vfuf'pr ekSle i)fr

2000&2004 dh vof/k esa o"kkZ esa Hkh"k.k deh vk;h] ftlls Hk;adj lw[kk dh fLFkfr;ka cuhaA ysfdu o"kZ 2005 esa] izpqj ek=k esa ckfj'k gksus ds dkj.k ck<+ tSlh fLFkfr;ka cu x;haA blds ckn] o"kkZ esa cgqr mrkj&p<+ko vk;kA o"kZ 2010 rd dHkh T;knk ckfj'k gqbZ rks dHkh de ckfj'k gqbZA iqu% 2012 vkSj 2013 Hk;adj lw[kk okys o"kZ jgsA vius fo'ys"k.k ds vk/kkj ij mUgksaus ik;k fd izR;sd ikap lky lw[kk iM+us ds ckn ,d o"kZ vf/kd ckfj'k okyk jgk gSA blds rqjUr ckn okys o"kZ esa 10 fnu ls Hkh de o"kkZ gksus ds dkj.k iqu% Hk;adj lw[kk iM+kA bl vfuf'pr o"kkZ i)fr vkSj tyok;q vUrjksa ds dkj.k fdlku [ksrh esa fdlh fof'k"V j.kuhfr dks viukus esa l{ke ugha gks ik jgs FksA fdlku ,d fof'k"V o"kZ esa o"kkZ fLFkfr;ksa ds ckjs esa fuf'pr ugha gks ikus ds dkj.k fdlh Hkh izdkj dh Qly ;kstuk ugha cuk ik jgs FksA ;gk¡ rd fd ekSle lEcU/kh tkudkfj;ka Hkh xyr fl) gks jgh FkhaA gkykafd fdlku vius [ksrh ds vuqHkoksa dk mi;ksx djrs gq, o"kkZ i)fr;ksa ls lkeatL; LFkkfir djus dk iz;kl dj jgs Fks vkSj mlh ds vuqlkj viuh j.kuhfr Hkh r; dj jgs FksA

tyok;q vuqdwfyr ek/;e ckldju us /kku dh [ksrh esa vius vuqHkoksa rFkk ekSle esa cnykoksa dks ns[krs gq, viuh Lo;a dh tyok;q

20 o"kkaZs igy]s cgrq vPNh o"kkZ gkrsh Fkh vkjS {k= s ds rkykc vkSj >hy o"kZ esa yxHkx 10 eghuksa rd ikuh ls Hkjs jgrs Fkuky Vhe dks tyok;q vuqdwfyr xfrfof/k;ksa ds ckjs esa crkrs ckldju FkAs blls lky eas nks Qlykas dh [krsh lfquf'pr jgrh FkhA o"kZ esa yxHkx rhu ekg rd o"kkZ gksrh FkhA ysfdu vc] ufn;ksa esa ceqf'dy ,d ekg gh ikuh fn[krk gSA lHkh ty lalk/ku lw[k x;s gSaA vc ogh fdlku [ksrh dj ikrs g]aS ftuds ikl ckjsoy s vkjS fo|rq iEi dh lfqo/kk gSA vf/kdka'k tehusa ijrh NwV tkrh gSaA o"kkZ i)fr dk fo'ys"k.k djrs gq, ckldju us ik;k fd o"kZ 1991 ls ysdj 1995 rd cjlkr ds ekSle esa fu;fer o"kkZ gksrh Fkh] ftlls fdlkuksa dks nksuksa _rqvksa esa [ksrh djus esa lgk;rk feyrh FkhA o"kZ 2000 esa] o"kkZ esa /khjs&/khjs deh vkrh x;h] ftlls fdlku dsoy ,d Qly ysus ij foo'k gks x;sA o"kZ

ÜèÊææ §ç‡ÇUØæ, çßàæðá çãU‹Îè â¢S·¤ÚU‡æ, çÎâ ÕÚUU w®v~

vuqdwfyr ek/;e dks fodflr fd;kA o"kZ 2012 ds nkSjku] tc fdlku Hk;adj lw[kk dk vuqHko dj jgs Fks vkSj ;g ugha le> ik jgs Fks fd D;k djsaA ml nkSjku ckldju us 140 fnu dh /kku dh iztkfr osYykbiwuh dk p;u dj /kku dh lh/kh cqokbZ djus dk fu'p; fd;kA flrEcj esa gqbZ ,d o"kkZ ls [ksr esa i;kZIr ueh gks x;h rc bUgksaus [ksr dh tqrkbZ dj cht dh cqokbZ dj nhA cht ds vadqj.k ds fy, i;kZIr ueh FkhA vDVwcj esa nhikoyh ds ckn nwljh ckfj'k gks tkus ij /kku ds ikS/kksa dks ,d lhek rd c<+us ds fy, i;kZIr ikuh gks x;k FkkA ckldju us vDVwcj] uoEcj vkSj fnlEcj esa 10 fnuksa ds fy, unh ls Hkh ikuh fy;kA tuojh esa] /kku dh ikS/k dVkbZ ds fy, rS;kj FkhA ckldju us ik;k fd lw[kk vkSj ueh ds bl fl)kUr us vPNh rjg dk;Z fd;kA bl izdkj] 140 fnuksa dh ;g Qly 10 fnu ueh vkSj 20 fnu lw[kk j[kus ls cgqr vPNh gqbZA lw[kk ds ckn xhyk vkSj xhyk ds ckn lw[kk j[kus ls Qly dh vPNh o`f) gqbZ vkSj tuojh ekg esa vPNh mit izkIr gqbZA ;|fi ;g Qly lh/kh cqokbZ i)fr ls yh x;h] blfy, blesa dYys Hkh cgqr etcwr Fks vkSj cgqr de iqvky ds lkFk iw.kZr;k ids gq, nkus FksA bl izdkj ;g fl) gks x;k fd de ikuh esa Hkh /kku dh vPNh Qly yh tk ldrh gSA o"kZ 2016 esa] tc /kku dh [ksrh ds fy, mi;qDr ifjfLFkfr;ka ugha Fkha] ml le; ckldju us pkoy dh nks ikjEifjd iztkfr;ksa & d:.kdqjobZ ,oa lksuZektqjh dh [ksrh dhA mUgksaus twu ds eghus eas bl iztkfr dh lh/kh cqokbZ dhA mudk vuqeku Fkk fd vkxs ds eghuksa esa ckfj'k gksxhA ysfdu dksbZ ckfj'k ugha gqbZA lksuZektqjh iztkfr ds cht vPNh rjg mxs ysfdu ckn esa ckfj'k u gksus ds dkj.k os lw[k x;sA ysfdu d:.kdqjobZ iztkfr dk teko Hkh csgrj Fkk vkSj lw[kk vof/k esa Hkh og cp x;k] ftlls ;g fl) gqvk fd dqN flapkbZ lzksrksa ds lkFk d:.kdqjobZ ,d mi;qDr iztkfr gSA nwljs _rq esa vFkkZr~ flrEcj vkSj vDVwcj esa unh esa dqN ikuh FkkA ekulwuh ckfj'k dk iwokZuqeku dj dqN fdlkuksa us /kku dh lh/kh cqokbZ ds lkFk&lkFk jksikbZ Hkh dj nhA ysfdu e/; fnlEcj rd dksbZ ckfj'k u gksus ds dkj.k /kku dh Qly ugha cp ldhA dsoy dqN fdlku ftUgksaus xgjh cksfjax djkbZ Fkh] ogh dqN Qly ys ldsA 'ks"k fdlkuksa dks cgqr uqdlku gqvk vkSj ml o"kZ mUgsa dksbZ vkenuh ugha gqbZA ysfdu ckldju us de ikuh pkgus okyh Qly yxkus dk fu'p; fd;k vkSj fnlEcj o tuojh dh izkÑfrd ueh dk mi;ksx djrs gq, vPNh Qly yhA mUgksaus ,MhVh&3 iztkfr ds dkyk puk] ns'kh iztkfr dk gjk puk vkSj Vh,eoh&3 iztkfr dh fry dk p;u fd;kA bUgksaus o"kZ 2016 esa 20 fnlEcj dks 10

ÜèÊææ §ç‡ÇUØæ, çßàæðá çãU‹Îè â¢S·¤ÚU‡æ, çÎâ ÕÚU w®v~

fNaVdok fof/k ls chtkas dh cqokbZ dj nhA mlh nkSjku fcuk ekSle ds nks ckj vPNh ckfj'k Hkh gks x;h] igyh 27&28 fnlEcj dks vkjS nl w jh 20&21 tuojh dkAs FkkM s h+ ek=k eas [kkn vkjS dhVuk'kdkas dk mi;kx s dj fcuk fdlh flpakbZ ds vPNh Qly gqbZA lHkh Qlyksa dh dVkbZ o"kZ 2017 esa 25 ekpZ dks gqbZA mUgksaus nks ,dM+ [ksr ls 250 fdxzk0 fry dh mit rFkk <kbZ ,dM+ [ksr ls 1100 fdxkz0 dkyk puk dh mit ikzIr dhA blds lkFk gh ,d ,dM+ [krs ls 350 fdxkz0 gjk puk dh mit Hkh ikzIr dhA ftl le; vU; fdlku fcuk ekSle dk fetkt igpkus /kku dh gkbZfczM@ladj iztkfr ds chtksa dks yxkdj iw.kZr;k uqdlku esa tk jgs gSa] ml le; ckldju tyok;q dh cnyrh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks /;ku esa j[kdj cgq Qlyksa dks yxkdj vPNh mit izkIr dj jgs gSaA

lh[k ds fcUnq ;gk¡ izR;sd tyok;qfod ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds fy,] fof'k"V ikjEifjd iztkfr ds cht miyC/k gSaA ikjEifjd iztkfr ds cht LFkkuh; fLFkfr;ksa ds vuqlkj gksrs gSa vkSj vPNh mit nsrs gSaA blls fdlkuksa dks fofHkUu tyok;qfod folaxfr;ksa ls fuiVus esa lgk;rk feyrh gSA ;fn fdlkuksa dks _rq vuqlkj mi;qDr iztkfr;ksa dh tkudkjh gS rks os mlh ds vuqlkj [ksrh djrs gq, vPNh mit izkIr dj ldrs gSaA fdlkuksa dks yxkrkj nks&rhu _rqvksa rd flQZ /kku dh [ksrh djus ls cpuk pkfg,A tc lkEck _rq esa /kku dh [ksrh gks tk;s rks mlds vif'k"Vksa ls gksus okyh ueh dk mi;ksx nygu dh [ksrh esa djuk pkfg,A blfy, mUgsa e/; tuojh esa dsoy nygu dh [ksrh djus dh vko';drk gSA blh izdkj vizSy&ebZ ds eghus esa tcfd e`nk dh Åijh lrg dkQh lw[kh gksrh gS] ml le; eksVs vuktksa tSls & jkxh] cktjk vkfn dh [ksrh djuh pkfg,A bl rjhds dks viuk dj fdlku viuh Qly iz.kkyh dks bl izdkj fu;ksftr dj ldrs gSa] ftlls os tyok;q fLFkfr;ksa dk lkeuk djrs gq, vf/kdre ykHk dek ldrs gSaA ckldju ds vuqHko bldk csgrj mnkgj.k gSaA Jh ckldju ls lEidZ djus gsrq fuEu irs ij lEidZ fd;k tk ldrk g& S xkze& r;sukeinx q b]Z ok;k iV'soje] dEqcdk.ske] rfeyukMq & 612703] lEidZ ua0 & 94428&71049 âéÚUð àæ ·¤‹Ùæ ·ð¤ ·é¤ÇéU Õ× Ù¢0 vvx/vv}, âé‹ÎÚUæÁ Ù»ÚU, âéÕý×‡ØÂéÚU×, ç˜æ¿è- {w® ®w®, Ìç×ÜÙæÇéU ÖæÚUÌ §ü-×ðÜ Ñsureshkanna_kudumbam@yahoo.in Climate Change and Ecological Approaches LEISA INDIA, Vol. 19, No.2, June 2017

×àæM¤× ©l× âàæ€ÌÌæ ·¤è ¥æðÚU °·¤ âæ×êçãU·¤ ÂýØæâ °â. ×æñØæü, Âè.¥æÚU. ·é¤×æÚU, ¥æÚU.°â. ÂæÙ, °.·ð¤. çâ¢ãU, çÕ·¤æàæ Îæâ °ß¢ Õè.Âè. Ö^ïU¤ ;g ,d vkfnoklh leqnk; ds O;fFkr thou ls le`) thou esa ifjorZu dh dgkuh gSA vHkko ls vkfFkZd l'kDrhdj.k rd dh ;k=k] lkFk gh Kku o l'kDrrk ds :i esa lkewfgd iz;kl ls bu vkfnoklh efgykvksa us le`f) o l'kDrhdj.k dh fn'kk esa viuk ekxZ iz'kLr fd;k gSA tuin nqedk ds tkek o nqedk fodkl[k.M ds nwjLFk o ?kus taxyksa esa jgus okys vkB xk¡oksa ds vkfnoklh leqnk; ds yksx viuh vkthfodk ,oa Hkj.k&iks"k.k gsrq [ksrh o vk;tud xfrfof/k;ksa ij fuHkZj jgs gaSA rjkbZ ds “kq"d {ks=ksa esa Hkkstu ds #i esa eq[;r% pkoy gksus ds dkj.k /kku dh [ksrh gh vkthfodk dk eq[; lzksr gS rFkk ;gk¡ ds yksx ihls gq, pkoy ls gjsfu;k “kjkc ¼LFkkuh; nk#½ Hkh cukrs gSaA ;gk¡ ds yksx /kku o lfCt;ksa dh Qlyksa ds lkFk izkÑfrd #i ls lgQlyh] nygu Qlysa tSls puk] dkyk puk] yky puk] eVj ,oa fryguh Qlyka s tl S & s fry] ljlksa] ukbZftj vkfn dh [ksrh djrs FksA ikjEifjd #i ls fefJr Qlysa ifjokj ds iks"k.k dh lqj{kk lqfuf”pr djrh FkhaA lfCt+;ksa dh fcØh] egqvk ds Qwyksa dk ,d=hdj.k o foi.ku vkSj taxyksa ls yk[k bdB~Bk djds cktkj esa fcØh dj fdlku vk; vtZu djrs FksA lkFk gh rsanq ¼iyk'k½ o egqvk ds iÙkksa ls IysV cukdj mudks cktkj eas cp s uk mudh e[q; vkfFkd Z xfrfof/k FkhA LFkkuh; leqnk; dsoy LFkkuh; ikjEifjd /kku dh iztkfr dh [ksrh djrs Fks vkSj LFkkuh; ns”kh iztkfr ds leqnk; }kjk e'k:e dk lkewfgd mRiknu ,oa foi.ku

dn~nw] usuqvk] rjksbZ] ykSdh mxkrs FksA okLro esa] ;g {ks= izlkj ,tsUlh ls vNwrk jgk gS vkSj LFkkuh; vkfnoklh fdlku ikjEifjd o lfn;ksa iqjkuh Ñf"k rduhdksa o xfrfof/k;ksa dks viukrs gq, [ksrh&ckM+h djrs jgs gSaA 2009&10 esa jk"Vªh; Ñf"k uokpkj ifj;kstuk ds ek/;e ls LFkkuh; vkfnoklh leqnk; ds mRFkku ,oa vkthfodk dh csgrjh gsrq Ñf"k xfrfof/k;ksa ds ek/;e ls ,d dk;ZØe dk “kqHkkjEHk gqvkA loZizFke fdlkuksa dks xzke lHkk ds ek/;e ls cqyk;k x;k FkkA ;g ns[kk x;k fd fdlkuksa dks ulZjh rS;kj djus dk dksbZ vuqHko ugha FkkA os lh/ks rkSj ij igkfM+;ksa ij jksikbZ djds LFkkuh; iztkfr mxkrs FksA ,slk djus ls ikS/ks vR;f/kd o"kkZ] “kq"d vUrjky o tkM+ksa esa xyu ls izHkkfor gksrs FksA lkFk gh bl izdkj dh [ksrh ,d fuf”pr ekSle rd gh lhfer gksrh FkhA os lHkh vkQ lhtu Qly o ulZjh ls Hkh vutku FksA vr% bl izdkj ds izf”k{k.k dk mn~ns”; Fkk fd izR;sd xk¡o esa ,d lkeqnkf;d ulZjh mxkbZ tk,A ml xk¡o ds vkl&ikl ds xk¡oksa ds fdlkuksa us ulZjh mxkus ij vk;ksftr izf”k{k.k esa Hkkx fy;kA lkeqnkf;d ulZjh dh LFkkiuk us lkewfgd Ñf"k dh vo/kkj.kk dks igys izf”k{k.k esa gh LFkkfir fd;kA lkFk gh ulZjh dks yxkus o O;ofLFkr izfØ;k ds rgr~ fdlku vius [ksrksa esa ikS/kks dh jksikbZ djds ykHkkfUor gq,A ubZ fof/k@rduhd dks lh[k dj fdlku vkWQ lhtu ¼csekSle½ dh lCth dks mxkus esa l{ke gq, vFkkZr~ vkWQ lhtu ¼csekSle½ lCth mRiknu dh rduhd lh[k fy,A /kku ds ckn leqnk;ksa us [kqys ekSle esa o vkWQ lhtu esa yks Vuy ikWyh gkml esa IykfLVd Vªs esa VekVj] cSxu] fepZ o [khjs dh ikS/k rS;kj djuk lh[k fy;kA mUgksaus vkl&ikl ds {ks=ksa esa ikS/kksa dh fcØh dhA ;g mudk

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ckDl % 1 e'k:e dk lkewfgd mRiknu vks,LVj e'k:e dk mRiknu 9 efgykvksa ds ny }kjk fd;k x;k gSA ftudk usr`Ro lxcsgjh xkao dh uhyeqfu lkjsus us fd;k gAS e'k:e dk mRiknu yxHkx 500 oxQ Z hV vkdkj ds >ksiM+h@vLFkkbZ edku esa fd;k x;kA izFke cSp dh 'kq:vkr ekpZ ds izFke lIrkg esa gqbZ vkSj flrEcj rd yxkrkj 20 fnuksa ds vUrjky ij vU; cSp esa e'k:e mRiknu fd;k x;kA izR;sd cSp 40 fnu ds vUrjky ij e'k:e dVkbZ gsrq rS;kj gks tkrs FksA 600 cSx esa ls izR;sd 10 cSxksa esa e'k:e mxk;k x;kA izR;sd cSx esa yxHkx 400 fdxzk0 e'k:e izkIr gksrk FkkA bl izdkj 1900-00 :0 izfr fdxzk0 dh nj ls izR;sd cSp esa dqy :0 63000-00 :i;s izkIr gq,A izfr cSp esa 600 cSx dh [ksrh dh ykxr :0 25500-00 :0 dh ykxr vkrh gS] ftlesa buiqV ds vfrfjDr edku dk fdjk;k] lnL;ksa dk vf/kjksfir ewY;] Je] fctyh dk fcy vkfn 'kkfey gSaA bl izdkj :0 37500-00 dh 'kq) vk; gks jgh gSA ,d lkewfgd m|e ds :i esa izR;sd lnL; :0 4167-00 dekrk gSA blesa ls 40 izfr'kr lewg esa cpr djrk gSA vFkkZr~ lewg ds cpr esa 40 izfr'kr cpkrk gSA uhyeqfu lksjsu dks vc LFkkuh; izf'k{kd ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA tks laFkkyh Hkk"kk esa nwljksa dks izf'kf{kr djrh gSaA bl izf'k{k.k ds ek/;e ls os vyx ls :0 4000-00 izfrekg dekrh gSaA

igyk O;olkf;d m|e FkkA ;|fi ;g NksVk O;olkf;d m|e Fkk] ysfdu muds fy, ;g ,d mRlkgtud vuqHko jgkA bl izdkj vk; dh o`f) us leqnk; dks vkxs ds m|e gsrq mRlkfgr o izsfjr fd;kA

e'k#e mRiknu LFkkuh; vkfnoklh leqnk; dks taxyksa esa ik;s tkus okys taxyh@izkÑfrd e”k:eksa ds ckjs esa dkQh tkudkjh gSA ;s yksx e'k:e dks taxyksa ls bdB~Bk djrs Fks] vkSj Lo;a Hkh [kkrs Fks rFkk utnhd ds lkIrkfgd cktkj] xqfg;k tksjh] nqedk] okMiykuh o djsyk cktkj esa #0 80 ls #0 100 izfr fdxzk0 rd csprs Fks ftlls mUgsa vPNh vk; gks tkrh FkhA bUgha lc rF;ksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, e'k:e dh O;olkf;d [ksrh djus ds Åij fopkj fd;k x;kA gkykafd e”k:e dh [ksrh dk fopkj mu lHkh ds fy, u;k Fkk] fQj Hkh mUgksaus bls djus esa :fp fn[kkbZ vkSj jk"Vªh; Ñf"k uokpkj ifj;kstuk ¼NAIP½ ds lg;ksx ls mRlkgiwoZd e”k:e mxkus dk rjhdk lh[kk o vius ?kjksa ij bldk igyk vH;kl fd;kA igys cSp dks vklkuh ls vius fodkl [k.M o uxj nqedk] xqfg;ktksjh o tkeykx esa e”k:e ds fy, cktkj miyC/k gks x;kA

ÜèÊææ §ç‡ÇUØæ, çßàæðá çãU‹Îè â¢S·¤ÚU‡æ, çÎâ ÕÚUU w®v~

cktkj esa e”k:e #0 120 ls #0 140 izfr fdxzk0 rd cktkj esa fcd jgk Fkk] ftlls yksxksa dks vPNh vk; gqbZA bl izdkj igys vuqHko us gh yksxksa dk mRlkg c<+k;k vkSj fdlkuksa us e”k:e dh [ksrh cM+s iSekus ij djus dh bPNk O;Dr dhA ifj.kkeLo#i e”k:e dh [ksrh ij 700&800 efgykvksa dks izf”kf{kr fd;k x;kA bl izdkj dk izf”k{k.k izR;sd xk¡o esa iwjs fnu fn;k x;kA izf”k{k.k ds ckn blh o"kZ ¼2009&2010½ yxHkx 100&200 efgykvksa us e”k:e dh [ksrh “kq# dj nh] ijUrq ,d lhtu ds ckn vFkkZr~ e”k:e dh ,d Qly ysus ds ckn dsoy 50 efgykvksa us e”k:e mRiknu tkjh j[kkA Hkwfeghu o lhekUr tksr okys vf/kdka'k fdlkuksa us e'k:e mRiknu ds fy, vko';d ykxr u yxk ikus ds dkj.k e'k:e mRiknu cUn dj fn;kA lkekU;r% ;s ifjokj /kku dh [ksrh ds ckn etnwjh okLrs iyk;u djrs FksA yxHkx 20&25 ifjokjksa dks xk¡o esa gh jgus ds fy, jkth fd;k x;k rFkk ifj;kstuk ds vUrxZr e”k:e mRiknu gsrq vko”;d lkexzh o tkudkjh miyC/k djkbZ xbZA vkjEHk esa efgykvksa us O;fDrxr #i ls e”k:e dk mRiknu fd;k vkSj O;fDrxr #i ls foi.ku Hkh fd;k vFkkZr~ os vdsys&vdsys cktkj esa tkdj e'k:e csprh FkhaA ,d&nks mRiknu pØ ds i”pkr~ yksx e'k:e mRiknu rks O;fDrxr #i ls djrs jgs] ysfdu mRikn dk foi.ku lkewfgd #i ls fd;kA

lkewfgd igy dh vksj vxzlj lu~ 2011 ls mUgkasus la;qDr #i ls vius lalk/kuksa dk mi;ksx djrs gq, de [kpZ esa cM+s Lrj ij e”k:e mRiknu dk fu.kZ; fy;kA lHkh yksxksa us ;g vuqHko fd;k fd lkewfgd #i ls dk;Z djus esa mRiknu [kpksZa dks de fd;k tk ldrk gSA mnkgj.k Lo#i e'k:e lClVªsDV dh rS;kjh esa] LFkku izkIr djus esa] ;kMZ ds j[k&j[kko gsrq rFkk fcØh gsrq e”k:e dks cktkj esa ys tkus rFkk fcØh O;oLFkk gsrq midj.k o Je dks ,df=r djds ifjpkyu ykxr dks de fd;k tk ldrk gSA ,sls ekeyksa esa lHkh fdlkuksa dks xzksFk psEcj cukus dh vko';drk ds ctk; lewg ds lHkh lnL;ksa ds mi;ksx gsrq dkeu@lkekU; ;kMZ ¼lkoZtfud ;kMZ½] i;kZIr FkkA lkekU; ;kMZ esa lkewfgd #i ls dk;Z djus esa LFkku] iwath vkSj Je dh cpr gqbZA e'k:e mRiknu ?kjsyw iks"k.k lqj{kk esa o`f)] ykHkdkjh jkstxkj o vk; rFkk iyk;u dks jksdus dk ,d m|e gSA

NksVs ¼4&5 lnL;½ ,oa cM+s lewgksa ¼16&20½ dks xfBr djds izk;% izR;sd xk¡o esa ,d ls vf/kd leqnk;ksa us e”k:e dk lkewfgd mRiknu ,oa foi.ku fd;kA jk"Vªh; Ñf"k uokpkj ifj;kstuk ds lg;ksx ls igyk Lo;a lgk;rk lewg cuk;k x;k FkkA rRi”pkr~ lkewfgd xfrfof/k;ksa gsrq dbZ Lo;a lgk;rk lewg xfBr fd, x,A iRz;d s lnL; O;fDrxr #i ls vyx&vyx xfrfof/k;kas gsrq ftEesnkj FkkA LFkkuh; Lrj ij miyC/k /kku ds iqvky ls lClVSªDV rS;kj djuk] mRiknu ,oa foi.ku O;oLFkk] lewg ds izcU/ku vkfn fo"k;ksa ij lnL;ksa dks izf”kf{kr fd;k x;kA bl ifj;kstuk esa Liku ¼cht½] QkesZYMhvkbM ,oa dkcsZUMkfte ¼lClVSªDV dks thok.kqeqDr djus gsrq½] ekLVj Vªs] IykfLVd dh jfLl;ka] ikyhizksikbyhu] e”k:e cukus gsrq FkSyk@cSx tSlh lkexzh dh fu;fer vkiwfrZ dh xbZA vko”;drk gksus ij dSfY”k;e dkcksZusV dh Hkh vkiwfrZ dh xbZA pwafd ;s lHkh xfrfof/k;ka Qwl o feV~Vh ¼>ksiM+h½ ds ?kjksa esa py jgh FkhaA blfy, Nrksa dks <adus ds fy, mudks ikyhFkhu “khV Hkh iznku dh xbZA ikap lnL;ksa ds lewg us vksiLVj o nwf/k;k e”k#e dk vkSlr mRiknu 40 fdxzk0 fd;kA Hkkxhnkj izR;sd ifjokj us 20&25 izfr”kr e”k:e dk Lo;a mi;ksx dj “ks"k dks cktkj esa csp fn;kA izR;sd lnL; }kjk ?kjsyw mi;ksx dk fooj.k ,d dkih esa ntZ fd;k tkrk Fkk ftls ekfld ykHkk'ak esa de dj ?kVk fn;k tkrk FkkA fo'y"sk.k djus ij Li"V gqvk fd e'k:e dh vkSlr okf"kZd ?kjsyw [kir 16 fdxzk ls c<+dj 36 fdxzk0 gks xbZA blls igys leqnk; taxy ls e'k:e ,d= djds mi;ksx djrs Fks] tks ekulwu ds ekSle esa gh feyrk Fkk] ijUrq vc os yEcs le; rd e'k:e dk mi;ksx djus esa l{ke gSA O;fDrxr :Ik ls fdlku foi.ku gsrq LFkkuh; cktkj rd gh igq¡p ldrs gSa] tgk¡ ij cktkj Hkko 100 ls 120 :Ik;s izfr fdxzk0 rd jgrk gSA lkFk gh O;fDrxr :Ik ls fcØh djus ls daVsuj] ifjogu] ikfjokfjd Je vkfn [kpsZ ykxr ewY; dks c<+krs Hkh gSaA bl ckr dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, vkSj nqedk] tkerkM+k o lkgcxat tSls tuinLrjh; cktkjksa esa e'k:e dk cktkj Hkko vf/kd feyus ds dkj.k foi.ku dk dk;Z lkewfgd rkSj ij djus dk fu'p; fd;k x;kA blds rgr~ mRikn dks bdV~Bk djds nqedk] tkerkM+k o lkgcxat esa tuinLrjh; cktkj esa :0 140 ls 160 :i;s izfr fdyksxzke dh nj ls fcØh dj o"kZ 2010&11 esa lewgksa us ,d rjQ 1]40]000 :i;s dh vk; izkIr dh rks nwljh rjQ ykxr ewY; esa Hkh 80 izfr'kr dh deh ntZ dhA ykHkka'k dks Lo;a lgk;rk lewgksa ds [kkrs esa tek djds bldk mi;ksx fjokfYoax Q.M ds :Ik esa fd;k tkrk gSA os vko';drkuqlkj dqN

/kujkf'k lnL;ksa dks _.k gsrq Hkh nsrs gSaA orZeku esa lewg Liku ds 100 iSdsV Ø; djrk gS tks ,d ekg esa e'k:e ds 300 iSdsV rS;kj djus gsrq Ik;kZIr gksrk gSA e'k:e dk cktkj Hkko c<+us ls lewg vPNh vk; izkIr dj jgs gSaA vkSlru izfr lewg dks izfr ekg 30]000 :i;s dh vk; gks jgh gSA

LFkkbZ m|e ds :Ik esa e'k:e mRiknu e'k:e mRiknu ,d LFkkbZ m|e ds :Ik esa ?kjsyw iks"k.k lqj{kk] vk;tud jkstxkj] vPNh vk; ds lkFk&lkFk iyk;u dks Hkh jksdus dk vPNk ek/;e@lk/ku gSA lkewfgd mRiknu vkSj foi.ku ds lkFk vkfnoklh leqnk; dbZ ykHkksa dk vuqHko dj ldrs gSaA jk"Vªh; Ñf"k uokpkj ifj;kstuk us bu efgyk fdlkuksa dks izsfjr djus] vPNs e'k:e mRiknd fdlkuksa ds ;gka Hkze.k] izn'kZu o izf'k{k.k vkfn dk;ZØeksa esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fn;k gSA bu fdlkuksa dks tc Hkh e'k:e ls lEcfU/kr dksbZ leL;k vkbZ] rks mldk funku djus esa Hkh lfØ; ;ksxnku fn;kA 2011 esa jk"Vªh; Ñf"k uokpkj ifj;kstuk ds can gksus ds ckn 2014&15 rd leqnk; dk {kerko/kZu vkfn dk;Z fd;k x;kA 2016&17 rd dqN buiqV dk Hkh lg;ksx fd;k x;kA orZeku eas leqnk; e'k:e mRiknu esa iwjh rjg ls vkRefuHkZj gSaA vPNk ykHk vtZu djus ds lkFk&lkFk lewg ds lnL;ksa us vius dk;Z ds okrkoj.k dks Hkh cny fn;k gSA mUgksaus vius cqfu;knh <kapksa dks ,dhÑr fd;k gSA e'k:e mxkus gsrq lcLVSªDV] iSafdax] 'ksM ,oa Hk.Mkj.k lqfo/kkvksa dk uohuhdj.k fd;k gS vFkkZr~ e'k:e mRiknu lEcU/kh lqfo/kkvksa esa btkQk fd;k gSA e'k:e dh fcØh }kjk vftZr ykHk ls lewgksa us /kku ds iqvky dks dkVus ds fy, pkjk dkVus okyh e'khu [kjhnh gSA vkt muds ikl nl xk¡oksa esa nl pkjk dkVus okyh e'khu gSA O;fDrxr mRiknu ls ysdj vius ?kj esa e'k:e mxkus o LFkkuh; cktkj esa cspus rd dh fØ;kvksa dks lEiUu djrs gq, leqnk; vkSipkfjd Lo;a lgk;rk lewgksa esa fodflr gq, gSA daØhV Nrksa okys csgrj vkokl] Vsyhfotu dh lqfo/kk ls ;qDr ?kj mudh c<rh gqbZ le`f) ds dqN mnkgj.k gSaA çÂýØæ Ú¢UÁÙ ·é¤×æÚU¤ Âý×é¹ ßñ™ææçÙ·¤ ¥æ§ü.âè.°.¥æÚU.-¥æÚU.âè.§ü.¥æÚU. çÚUâ¿ü âð‹ÅUÚU ÂæðSÅU Ñ ÚUÁæð©UÜæÅêU ŒÜæ‡ÇêU, ÚUæ¢¿è- }xy®v® ÛææÚU¹‡ÇU §ü-×ðÜ Ñ ourprk@gmail.com Small Holder Farm Enterprises LEISA INDIA, Vol. 20, No.3, Sept. 2018

ÜèÊææ §ç‡ÇUØæ, çßàæðá çãU‹Îè â¢S·¤ÚU‡æ, çÎâ ÕÚUU w®v~

Ì·¤Ùè·¤ Ùßæ¿æÚU âð ¹ðÌè ãéU§ü âÚUÜ ¥¿üÙæ ŸæèßæSÌß °ß¢ ¥ÁØ ·é¤×æÚU çâ¢ãU ck<+ ,oa ty&teko okys {ks=ksa esa y?kq] lhekUr ,oa efgyk fdlkuksa dh [ksrh lEcfU/kr cM+s ;a=ksa rd igq¡p eqf'dy gS vkSj [ksrh dh ykxr Hkh c<+krh gSA lkFk gh ikjEifjd ;a=ksa tSls dqnky] [kqjih vkfn ls [ksrksa esa dke djuk Jelk/; ,oa le; yxus okyk gksrk gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa xksj[kiqj ,oa if'peh pEikj.k ds fdlkuksa us LFkkuh; Lrj ij NksVs&NksVs ;a=ksa esa uokpkj fodflr dj viuh [ksrh dks vklku cuk;k gSA LFkkuh; Lrj ij fodflr NksVs Ñf"k ;a=

iwohZ mÙkj izns'k vkSj fcgkj tSls ck<+ ,oa ty&teko xzLr {ks=ksa esa NksVs ,oa e>ksys fdlkuksa dh la[;k 80 izfr'kr gSA budh vkthfodk dk eq[; lzksr [ksrh ,oa [ksrh vk/kkfjr etnwjh gSA blds lkFk gh buds ikl [ksrh lEcfU/kr lalk/kuksa dh la[;k Hkh U;wu gksrh gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa ;s vius dk;ksZa ds fy, Lo;a ds Je ij vk/kkfjr jgrs gSa vkSj [ksrh ds fofHkUu dk;Z dkQh Jelk/; ,oa vf/kd le; ysus okys gksrs gSaA tSls& /kku dh jksiuh] [kj&irokj fudkyuk] xqM+kbZ] feV~Vh p<+kuk vkfn dk;ksZa esa dkQh le; o Je yxrk gS vkSj p¡wfd mijksDr lHkh dk;Z vf/kdka'kr% efgyk,a gh djrh gSaA vr% muds LokLF; ij Hkh foijhr vlj iM+rk gSA iwohZ mÙkj izns'k ds tuin xksj[kiqj ds dSfEi;jxat ,oa taxy dkSfM+;k fodkl [k.M rFkk if'peh pEikj.k ftys] fcgkj ds ukSru iz[k.M ds ck<+xzLr xk¡oksa esa fd;s x;s ,d v/;;u ds eqrkfcd ck<+xzLr {ks=ksa esa ikuh ,oa dhpM+ esa ikap&Ng ?k.Vs rd >qddj jksiuh djus ls efgykvksa dks fo'ks"kdj dej ,oa iSjksa esa nnZ dh ijs'kkuh jgrh gS rFkk ikuh esa jgus ls vusd ty&tfur chekfj;ksa dk Hkh lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA blh izdkj ?k.Vksa cSBs jgdj [kqjih ls fujkbZ&xqM+kbZ djus ls gFksfy;ksa] maxfy;ksa ,oa dU/kksa esa nnZ jgrk gSA ;s rks dqN mnkgj.k gSaA ,sls cgqr ls dk;Z gSa] ftudks djus esa dkQh le; yxrk gSA ck<+ xzLr {ks=ksa esa vf/kdka'kr% fdlku cgqLrjh; [ksrh cM+s iSekus ij djrs gSa ftlds fy, mUgsa ckal vFkok ydM+h ds iksy xkM+us dh vko';drk gksrh gSA iksy xkM+us gsrq xM~<k djus esa lcls vf/kd le; o Je yxrk gS vkSj [ksr dh rS;kjh esa ykxr Hkh vf/kd yx tkrh gSA

ÜèÊææ §ç‡ÇUØæ, çßàæðá çãU‹Îè â¢S·¤ÚU‡æ, çÎâ ÕÚUU w®v~

bUgha leL;kvksa dks /;ku eas j[krs gq, bu nksuksa {ks=ksa ds fdlkuksa }kjk LFkkuh; Lrj ij dqN Ñf"k ;a=ksa dk fodkl fd;k x;k gS ftuds mi;ksx ls u flQZ esgur vkSj le; de yxrk gS oju~ bldk mi;ksx efgyk,a Hkh vklkuh ls dj ldrh gSaA lkFk gh LFkkuh; Lrj ij fufeZr gksus ls budh ejEer Hkh vklku gksrh gSA

LFkkuh; Lrj ij fodflr ;a= [ksrh fdlkuh esa yxus okys le; ,oa Je dks de djus ds mn~ns'; ls fuEu ;a=ksa dk fodkl fd;k x;k&  ykbu [khapus okyk ;a= % Qlyksa tSls eDdk] vkyw]

xksHkh] ewaxQyh vkfn dh ykbu ls cqokbZ djus gsrq fuf'pr nwjh ij ykbu [khapuk ,d le; yxus okyk dk;Z gS] igys fdlku ;k rks dqnky ls ykbu [khaprs Fks ;k fQj fdlh ydM+h ls tks flQZ muds vuqHko ij vk/kkfjr gksrk FkkA blls fuiVus gsrq LFkkuh; Lrj ij ydM+h vFkok yksgs dk rhuQkjk vFkok ipQkjk ;a= rS;kj fd;k x;k] ftlls fcuk fdlh vfrfjDr Je ;k le; ds ,d gh ckj esa rhu vFkok ik¡p ykbusa [khaph tk ldrh gSaA

 x<~<k djus okyk ;a= % cgqLrjh; [ksrh djus gsrq

ckal vFkok ydM+h dk ihyj xkM+us ds fy, x<~<k [kksnus dh vko';drk gksrh gSA lkekU;r;k dqnky lkbfdy fujkbZ&xqM+kbZ ;a= ls ,d ,dM+ [ksr dh xqM+kbZ nks ls <kbZ ?k.Vs esa vklkuh ls gks tkrh gS tcfd mlh [ksr dh xqM+kbZ gkFk ls djus ij 3&4 fnu yxrs gSaA

lkbZfdy fujkbZ&xqM+kbZ ;a= ls xqM+kbZ djrh efgyk

ckDl % 1 larks"k ds vuqHko ftyk if'peh pEikj.k] fcgkj ds iz[k.M ukSre esa fLFkr xkao teqfu;k ds Jh larks"k dqekj us lkbZfdy fujkbZ xqM+kbZ ;a= ds mij vius vuqHkoksa dks crkrs gq, dgk fd ^^lkekU;r% ,d ,dM+ [ksr dh fujkbZ&xqM+kbZ ds fy, 3&4 O;fDr vkSj iwjk ,d fnu yxrk gSA ijUrq LFkkuh; Lrj ij rS;kj bl ;a= ls ,d ,dM+ [ksr dh fujkbZ& xqM+kbZ ,d O;fDr ek= 2&2-5 ?k.Vs esa dj ysxkA lkFk gh ;fn 15 fnu ds vUrjky ij bl ;a= dk mi;ksx nks ckj dj fn;k tk;s rks [kj&irokj [ksr esa gh lw[k tk;sxkA**

vFkok lCcy ls x<~<k [kksnuk dkQh Jelk/; vkSj le; yxus okyk gksrk gSA vkadM+ksa ds vuqlkj izfr ,dM+ 658 xM~<s [kksns tkrs gSa ftlesa 10&12 fnu yx tkrk gSA bl leL;k dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, uhps ls vk/kk xksy vkdkj dk yksgs dk ,d ;a= rS;kj fd;k x;kA bl ;a= ls vklkuh ls u dsoy 2 feuV esa ,d x<~<k [kqn tk;sxk] oju~ vUnj ls feV~Vh Hkh ckgj vk tk;sxhA  fujkbZ&xqM+kbZ ;a= % fdlh Hkh Qly esa lksguh vFkkZr~

[kj&irokj fudkyuk ,d izeq[k dk;Z gksrk gSA bl dk;Z esa dkQh le; o esgur yxrh gSA bl gsrq dbZ Qky okys ;a= dh rjg dk gh ,d ;a= rS;kj fd;k x;k gS] tks vklkuh ls [kj&irokj fudkyrk pyrk

gSA blh izdkj blh ;a= ls ftu Qlyksa ij feV~Vh p<+kuk gksrk gS] ml ij feV~Vh Hkh p<+ tkrh gSA

;a=ksa esa uokpkj LFkkuh; Lrj ij fodflr bu ;= a kas dks FkkM s s+ ls uokpkj ls vkjS vf/kd mi;kx s h o vklku cuk;k x;k gAS ykbu [khp a us okys ;a= dks uV&cksYV ds lgkjs fQDl dj nsus ls ,d rjQ rks Qly dh ekax ds vuqlkj mls vklkuh ls f[kldk;k tk ldrk gS] rks nwljh rjQ Qky dk uqdhyk Hkkx [kjkc gksus ij mls vklkuh ls cnyk tk ldrk gSA bl ;a= ls iafDr ls iafDr ,oa ikS/kksa ls ikS/kksa dh nwjh dks oSKkfud rjhds ls /;ku esa j[krs gq, ykbZu rS;kj djrs gSaA efgyk,a Hkh vklkuh ls bu ;a=ksa dks pyk ldsa] blds fy, fujkbZ&xqM+kbZ ;a= dks lkbfdy ds ,d ifg;s ds lgkjs fQDl dj fn;k x;k gS vkSj vkxs uV&cksYV ij dls gksus ds dkj.k ;g ;a= vklkuh ls cnyk tk ldrk gSA blds lkFk gh blesa dbZ rjg ds ;a= fodflr fd;s x;s gSa tks ikS/kksa dh nwjh ds fglkc ls NksVs&cM+s fd;s tk ldrs gSa vkSj ftUgsa lkbfdy ifg;s esa cny&cny dj yxk;k tk ldrk gSA blh esa ls ,d NksVk gy gS ftldk mi;ksx dj efgyk,a viuh NksVh tksr dks vklkuh ls tksr ldrh gSaA uokpkj ds ckn bu ;a=ksa dh dk;Z {kerk c<+ xbZ gS vkSj vc ;s mUur ;a= ikjEifjd ;a=ksa dh vis{kk 10 xquk

ÜèÊææ §ç‡ÇUØæ, çßàæðá çãU‹Îè â¢S·¤ÚU‡æ, çÎâ ÕÚU w®v~

Issues and Themes of LEISA INDIA Published in English 2002-2018 V.4, No. 1, 2002- Managing Livestock V.4, No. 2, 2002 - Rural Communication V.4, No. 3, 2002 - Recreating living soil V.4, No. 4, 2002 - Women in agriculture V.5, No. 1, 2003 - Farmers Field School V.5, No. 2, 2003 - Ways of water harvesting V.5, No. 3, 2003 - Access to resources V.5, No. 4, 2003 - Reversing Degradation V.6, No. 1, 2004 - Valuing crop diversity V.6, No. 2, 2004 - New generation of farmers V.6, No. 3, 2004 - Post harvest Management V.6, No. 4, 2004 - Farming with nature

ipQkjk ls ykbZu f[kaprh efgyk

ckDl 2 % lkbfdy gy ls x`gokfVdk gqbZ vklku jk[kw[kksj ¼fpduh Vksyk½] taxy dkSfM+;k] xksj[kiqj] mÙkj izns'k dh 67 o"khZ; efgyk fdlku Jherh dksbZyk nsoh vius ?kj ds ihNs NksVh lh x`gokfVdk esa yrknkj ,oa vU; lfCt+;ka mxkdj mi;ksx djrh gSaA igys os dqnky o [kqjih ls [ksr dks rS;kj djrh FkhaA Mh0,l0Vh0 dksj liksVZ ifj;kstuk ds rgr~ jk[kw[kksj esa fLFkr Ñf"k lsok dsUnz ij tc mUgksaus lkbfdy gy dks ns[kk vkSj cSBd ds nkSjku mlds mi;ksx ds ckjs esa tkudkjh izkIr dh] rc ls os vius x`gokfVdk esa [ksr dks rS;kj djus ds fy, blh lkbfdy gy dk iz;ksx djrh gSaA mudk dguk gS fd vc gekjs fy, lfCt+;ksa dh [ksrh djuk vklku gks x;k gS] D;ksafd bl lkbfdy gy dks ge Hkh vklkuh ls pyk ysrs gSaA blesa esgur ugha yxrhA

vf/kd dke de le; esa djrs gSaA bu ;a=ksa dk mi;ksx fcuk >qds o fcuk cSBs fd;k tk ldrk gS ftlls u flQZ [ksrh vklku gqbZ oju~ [ksrh dh ykxr Hkh de gqbZA

fu"d"kZ [ksrh esa lg;ksxh bu ;a=ksa us [ksrh dks ljy cuk;k gSA efgyk,a Hkh vc vklkuh ls o le; ij [ksrh lEcU/kh dk;ksZa dks dj ik jgh gSaA Ñf"k lsok dsUnzksa ds ek/;e ls bu ;a=ksa dk izpkj&izlkj cM+s iSekus ij gks jgk gSA LFkkuh; Lrj ij rS;kj ;a=ksa dh bl J`a[kyk dk vUr ;gh ugha gS] oju~ bu ;a=ksa ds mi;ksx ls gksus okys ykHkksa dks ns[krs gq, cM+h la[;k esa fdlku bl rjg ds uokpkjksa gsrq mRlqd o mRlkgh gks jgs gSaA

¥¿üÙæ ŸæèßæSÌß °ß¢ ¥ÁØ ·é¤×æÚU çâ¢ãU »æðÚU¹ÂéÚU °ÙßæØÚU‹×ð‹ÅUÜ °€àæÙ »ýéÂ, »æðÚU¹ÂéÚU §ü-×ðÜ Ñ pacs@geagindia.org

ÜèÊææ §ç‡ÇUØæ, çßàæðá çãU‹Îè â¢S·¤ÚU‡æ, çÎâ ÕÚU w®v~

V.7, No. 1, 2005 - On Farm Energy V.7, No. 2, 2005 - More than Money V.7, No. 3, 2005 - Contribution of Small Animals V.7, No. 4, 2005 - Towards Policy Change V.8, No. 1, 2006 - Documentation for Change V.8, No. 2, 2006 - Changing Farming Practices V.8, No. 3, 2006 - Knowledge Building Processes V.8, No. 4, 2006 - Nurturing Ecological Processes V.9, No. 1, 2007 - Farmers Coming together V.9, No. 2, 2007 - Securing Seed Supply V.9, No. 3, 2007 - Healthy Produce, People and Environment V.9, No. 4, 2007 - Ecological Pest Management V.10, No. 1, 2008 -Towards Fairer Trade V.10. No. 2, 2008 - Living soils V.10, No. 3, 2008 - Farming and Social Inclusion V.10, No. 4, 2008 - Dealing with Climate Change V.11, No. 1, 2009 - Farming Diversity V.11, No. 2, 2009 - Farmers as Entrepreneurs V.11, No. 3, 2009 - Women and Food Sovereignty V.11, No. 4, 2009 - Scaling up and sustaining the gains V.12, No.1, 2010 - Livestock for sustainable livelihoods V.12, No.2, 2010 - Finance for farming V.12, No.3, 2010 - Managing water for sustainable farming V.13, No.1, 2011 - Youth in farming V.13, No.2, 2011 - Trees and farming V.13, No.3, 2011 - Regional Food System V.13, No.4, 2011 - Securing Land Rights V.14, No.1, 2012 - Insects as Allies V.14, No.2, 2012 - Greening the Economy V.14, No.3, 2012- Farmer Organisations V. 14, No.4, 2012- Combating Desertification V. 15, No.1, 2013- SRI: A scaling up success V. 15, No.2, 2013- Farmers and market V. 15, No.3, 2013- Education for change V. 15, No.4, 2013- Strengthening family farming V. 16, No. 1, 2014- Cultivating farm biodiversity V. 16, No. 2, 2014- Family farmers breaking out of poverty V. 16, No. 3, 2014- Family farmers and sustainable landscapes V. 16, No. 4, 2014- Family farming and nutrition V. 17, No. 1, 2015- Soils for life V. 17, No. 2, 2015- Rural-urban linkages V. 17, No. 3, 2015- Water-lifeline for livelihoods V. 17, No. 4, 2015- Women forging change V. 18, No. 1, 2016- Co-creation to knowledge V. 18, No. 2, 2016- Valuing underutilised crops V. 18, No. 3, 2016- Agroecology-Measurable and sustainable V. 18, No. 4, 2016- Stakeholders in agroecology V. 19, No. 1, 2017- Food Sovereignty V. 19, No. 2, 2017- Climate Change and Ecological appraches V. 19, No. 3, 2017- Ecological Livestock V. 19, No. 4, 2017- Millet Farming Systems V. 20, No. 1, 2018- Agroecological Value Chains V. 20, No. 2, 2018- Biological Crop Management V. 20, No. 3, 2018- Small Holders Farm Enterprises V. 20, No. 4, 2018- Agroecological Innovations Special Issue April 2018- Agroecology- A path towards SDGs

Üƒæé ç·¤âæÙæð´ mæÚUæ ŠØæÙ ÎðÙð Øæð‚Ø âÚUÜ Ùßæ¿æÚU ÂýÌæÂ ×é¹æðÂæŠØæØ tyh; [ksrh dks i'kq mRiknu iz.kkyh ds ,d cgqr gh mfpr rjhds ds rkSj ij ekuk tkrk gSA mfpr i'kqikyu vH;klksa dks viukdj izkÑfrd lalk/kuksa dh fujUrjrk cuk;s j[krs gq, eNyh mRiknu esa lq/kkj fd;k tk ldrk gSA tyh; [ksrh (,DokdYpj) ,d mPp fofo/krkiw.kZ mRiknu iz.kkyh gSA ,DokdYpj mRiknu dh fofo/krk vf/kdkj {ks= esa vkus okyh bdkbZ;ksa] (rkykcksa] iks[kjksa] jslos] fiatjksa] esM+ksa vkfn)] izcU/ku Lrj (O;kid] v/kZ&l?ku] l?ku] vfr l?ku)] ikyu dh izÑfr (,d gh rjg ds tkuoj ikyu vFkok dbZ rjg ds tkuojksa dk ikyu)] yo.krk dk Lrj ('kq) ty] [kkjk ty] leqnzh ty)] tyok;q (BaMs ikuh esa tyh; [ksrh] xquxquk ikuh esa tyh; [ksrh) ,oa ty dh fn'kk (fLFkj ty ,oa cgrs ikuh) ds lUnHkZ esa iznf'kZr gksrh gSA gkykafd

lkekU; rkSj ij izkÑfrd rkykcksa esa tyh; [ksrh dh tkrh gS ysfdu vU; mfpr mRiknu iz.kkyh tSls& VSad dYpj] fiatjk dYpj] jslos dYpj] ,dhÑr dYpj vkSj nwljs dYpjksa ds lkFk esM+ dYpj Hkh iwjs fo'o esa O;kid Lrj ij iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA lkQ ty esa tyh; [ksrh Hkkjr esa ,d izpfyr xzkeh.k xfrfof/k gSA mPp tSfod ewY;ksa ds dkj.k Hkkstu ds rkSj ij ,oa vkthfodk lq/kkjksa esa blds ;ksxnku dks ns[krs gq, bl xfrfof/k ij tksj nsus dh vko';drk gSA cM+s iSekus

LFkkuh; midj.kksa dk mi;ksx dj eNfy;ksa ds fy, pkjk rS;kj fd;k x;k

ÜèÊææ §ç‡ÇUØæ, çßàæðá çãU‹Îè â¢S·¤ÚU‡æ, çÎâ ÕÚUU w®v~

ij mRiknu djus ls tyh; [ksrh esa yxus okyh ykxr esa deh vk;sxh] ftlls fdlkuksa ds fy, ;g vf/kd ykHkizn gksxkA ;g vkfFkZd ds lkFk&lkFk ikfjfLFkfrdh dh n`f"V ls Hkh dkQh ykHkizn gSA vkt Hkkjr eNyh mRiknu ds fygkt ls fo'o esa nwljs LFkku ij gS] ftlesa y?kq o lhekUr fdlkuksa dk cgqr cM+k ;ksxnku gSA mRiknu dks izHkkfor djus okys dqN eq[; dkjd fuEuor~ gSa & v) rkykcksa dk mfpr izcU/ku c) vPNh iztkfr dh lgh vkdkj o vuqikr okyh eNfy;ka l) LFkkuh; Lrj ij miyC/k Ñf"k vk/kkfjr lkefxz;ksa ls rS;kj Hkkstu ,oa Hkkstu nsus dh lgh j.kuhfrA fuos'k mi;ksx ds vuqdwyu ls fo'ks"k :i ls NksVs iSekus ij tyh; [ksrh djus esa izeq[kr;k visf{kr :i ls mRiknu esa fujUrj o`f) gksrh gSA bls lkekU; oSKkfud fl)kUrksa ,oa izcU/ku ekudksa ds vuqdwyu ds ek/;e ls izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA igys] iqumZRiknu vkSj iztuu ds fu;U=.k ij lVhd tkudkjh u gksus ds dkj.k fdlku tyh; [ksrh gsrq rkykcksa esa cht Mkyus ds fy, ufn;ksa ls ykokZ ,oa cM+h eNfy;ksa dks ,d= djrs FksA ^^ck/k iztuu** tSls vH;klksa esa vpkud vkus okyh ewlyk/kkj ckfj'k ds ikuh ls v.Ms tehu ij vk tkrs Fks vkSj vkt Hkh blh izkÑfrd rjhds ls v.Mksa dks ckgj ykrs gSaA ckn esa eNfy;ksa dks lqlaxr rjhds ls iztuu djus gsrq LikWu rduhd izkIr gksus ds ckn] vkuqokaf'kd p;u izfØ;kvksa us fo'ks"k :i ls dkiZ tyh; Ñf"k dks xfr iznku dh gS] vkSj vc iwjs o"kZ eNfy;ksa ds cht miyC/k jgrs gSaA

ckDl 1% vU; uokpkj  xehZ ds eghuksa esa rst /kwi ls cpkus gsrq rkykc ds

Åij ike dh ifÙk;ksa ls Nk;k rS;kj djukA  ikuh dh xq.koÙkk dk ekiu djukA  eNfy;ksa dks chekfj;ksa ,oa laØe.k ls cpkus gsrq

izR;sd 15 fnu ij vkS"k/kh; rRoksa tSls uhe dh ifÙk;ka] gYnh] rqylh dh ifÙk;ksa] yglqu dk feJ.k ,oa ued ds ?kksy esa feykdj pkjk nsukA  rkykc ls fudyus okys xSlksa dh fu;fer lQkbZ

vkSj laLrqr ekud ds vuqlkj ikuh dh xq.koÙkk cuk;s j[kus gsrq uhacw dk iz;ksxA

mÙkjh 24 ijxuk] nf{k.kh 24 ijxuk] nf{k.kh fnukt+iqj] iwohZ cnZoku] gqxyh] ekynk vkSj iwoh esfnuhiqj ds fdlku vius ikjEifjd Kku vkSj lkekU; ns'kt uokpkjh midj.kksa dk mi;ksx dj eNyh ikyu dk dk;Z dj jgs gSaA fdlkuksa }kjk fd;s tk jgs dqN uokpkjksa dks ckDl 1 esa fn[kk;k x;k gS vkSj dqN uokpkjksa dk fooj.k uhps fn;k tk jgk gS & d½ tyh; [ksrh esa rkykcksa@VSadksa esa ?kqfyr vkWDlhtu dh ek=k esa deh gksukA ;fn rkykc@VSad esa ?kqfyr eNfy;ksa dks pkjk f[kykus gsrq lkekU; i)fr dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k

fdlkuksa }kjk fd;s tk jgs uokpkj lk/kkj.k midj.kksa dk mi;ksx dj vkSj fdlkuksa ds jpukRed fopkjksa dk fujUrj mi;ksx dj eNyh ikyu izfØ;k ,oa leL;k lek/kku dh {kerk dks lQyrkiwoZd fl) fd;k x;k gS vkSj le; dh dlkSVh ij tkapk Hkh x;k gSA if'pe caxky ds dqN ftyksa tSls& ckadqjk] fdlkuksa }kjk ljyrk ls fd;s tkus okys o le; ds lkFk lQyrkiwoZd tkaps&ij[ks tk pqds bu uokpkjksa ,oa lq/kkjksa dks mfpr ekU;rk nh tkuh pkfg,A ,slk u gks fd ;s vfHkuo fopkj ,oa euksHkko ges'kk ds fy, lekIr gks tk;saA

ÜèÊææ §ç‡ÇUØæ, çßàæðá çãU‹Îè â¢S·¤ÚU‡æ, çÎâ ÕÚU w®v~

'ks"k i`"B 23 ij----

vkWDlhtu dh ek=k 3-0 feyhxzke@izfr yhVj ls de gks tkrh gS] rks eNfy;ksa ds fy, ftUnk jguk eqf'dy gks tkrk gSA cM+h eNfy;ksa] fo'ks"kdj dkiZ iztkfr dh eNfy;ka lkal ysus ds fy, rkykc@VSad dh Åijh lrg ij vk tkrh gSaA ,slk lkekU;r% cgqr lqcg gksrk gS vkSj tc pednkj /kwi ugha gksrh vFkok cnyh okyk ekSle gksrk gS] ml le; Hkh eNfy;ka rkykc@VSad dh Åijh lrg ij vk tkrh gSaA dqN leL;k,a v.Mksa lEcU/kh Hkh gksrh gSa vkSj ,slh fLFkfr esa tc rd fdlku d`f=e vkDlhtu dh O;oLFkk djrk gS] rc rd iwjh eNfy;ka ej tkrh gSaA pwafd fdlkuksa }kjk fd;s tkus okys eNyhikyu dk chek ugha gksrk vkSj fdlku Ñf=e gok nsus okyh egaxh e'khuksa dks ugha [kjhn ldrsA ,slh fLFkfr esa bu fdlkuksa us ,d uokpkj fd;k vkSj ckal ds 3 [kEHkksa ij ,d ckal dh Vksdjh j[kdj mlesa ,d 0-5 gklZikoj dk iEi j[k nsrs gSa ftldk dusD'ku gkStikbi ls dj nsrs gSaA de le; esa ikuh esa vkDlhtu dh deh dks iwjk djus ds fy, bl midj.k dk mi;ksx djrs gSa] blls mudk iSlk vkSj ikyh x;h eNfy;ka nksuksa gh cprk gSA [k½ if'pe caxky ds xk¡oksa esa jgus okys lalk/ku foghu cgqr ls fdlku eNyh ds FkksM+s cM+s cPpksa dks ikyuk ilUn djrs gSaA eNyh ikyu dh ;g vof/k ek= 3 eghus dh gksrh gSA ,d ckj eNyh fudkyus ds vxys fnu gh mlesa nwljh eNfy;ksa dks Mky nsrs gSaA bl izdkj fdlku ,d lky esa rhu ckj eNfy;ka fudky ysrs gSaA eNfy;ksa dh ekax fujUrj jgus ds dkj.k fdlkuksa dh eNfy;ka cgqr tYnh fcd Hkh tkrh gSaA gkykafd dqN f'kdkjh if{k;ka tSls jkefpjS;k ¼fdaxfQ'kj½] tydkx ¼dkjeksjs.V½ cxqyk vkfn ls eNfy;ksa dks cpk, j[kuk eqf'dy gksrk gSA bl leL;k ls fuiVus gsrq fdlku lkekU; eNfy;ksa ij fpfM+;ksa ds vkdze.k dks jksdus gsrq fdlkuksa us /kkxs dk iz;ksx fd;k

/kkxksa dks iwjs rkykc esa QSyk nsrs gSaA ;g mik; cgqr izHkkoh vkSj i;kZoj.klEer Hkh gSA blls ,d rjQ rks fpfM+;ksa ls eNfy;kas dh j{kk gksrh gS rks nwljh rjQ if{k;ksa dks Hkh dksbZ uqdlku ugha igqaprk gSA x½ ;|fi eNfy;ka ;k dqN izeq[k Hkkjrh; eNfy;ksa dh iztkfr;ka tSls& dryk] jksgw] e`xy iwjs Hkkjr esa 'kq) ty esa eq[; rkSj ij ikyh tkrh gSaA blds lkFk gh ekaxqj] fla?kh tSlh gok esa lkal ysus okyh NksVh o ns'kh iztkfr dh eNfy;ka] eqjsZYl tSls& pUuk ,lih,l] ipZ tSls& dksbZ] Qsnj cSd tSls& QksyqbZ] bZYl tSls& ikdy] NksVh LFkkuh; eNfy;ka tSls& eksyk] Vsaxjk] iCnk [kks;jk] okpk vkfn dh ekax miHkksDrk cgqr T;knk djrs gSaA blfy, fdlku fofo/k izdkj dh eNfy;ka ikyus dks ojh;rk nsrs gSaA rkykc esa ckal ds fiatjs yxkus esa l{ke fdlku f[kykus vFkok eNyh ikyu esa fcuk fdlh leL;k dk lkeuk fd;s fofo/k izdkj dh eNfy;kas dks iky ysrs gSaA ?k½ fdlh Hkh tyh; Ñf"k iz.kkyh esa Hkkstu nsuk lcls vf/kd [kphZyk gksrk gSA blfy, ,sls NksVs fdlku] ftuds ikl de fuos'k okyh tyh; [ksrh djus ds vykok vkSj dksbZ fodYi ugha gksrk] os izkÑfrd HkksT; thok'eksa tSls& izkÑfrd twIykudksVsu] isjhfQVku vkSj blh izdkj ds vU; thok'eksa ij vk/kkfjr eNfy;ksa dks ikyrs gSaA ?kj ij cuk;h x;h tSfod [kkn vkSj dHkh&dHkh [kks[kys ckal esa xUus dks Mkydj rkykc esa fofHkUu LFkkuksa ij tek nsus ls isjhfQVku dk csgrj fodkl gksrk gS] tks jksgw ds fy, izeq[k izkÑfrd Hkkstu gksrk gSA ;s orZeku esa py jgs tSfod tyh; [ksrh dk ,d fgLlk Hkh gSA M-½ if'pe caxky ds vf/kdka'k xk¡oksa esa NksVs fdlku vius NksVs vFkok e/;e vkdkj ds rkykckas ds fy, eNfy;ksa dks f[kykus okys lk/kkj.k midj.kksa dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA muesa ls ,d gS& rkykcksa esa ckal ds [kEHkksa ds lgkjs yVdk;s x;s uk;yku ds fNfnzr FkSysA bl vH;kl dks v/kZ&l?ku eNyh ikyu esa O;kid :i ls mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA p½ LFkkuh; Lrj ij miyC/k Ñf"k vk/kkfjr mi&mRiknksa dk mi;ksx djds pkmfeu@Lis?ksVh ds :i esa eNyh dk pkjk rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA bUgsa LFkkuh; Lrj ij cus midj.kksa dk mi;ksx dj rS;kj fd;k tkrk gS vkSj /kwi esa lw[kkdj twV ds cSx eas Hk.Mkfjr dj fy;k tkrk gSA vkfnoklh ;qok vkSj NksVs fdlku bl iz d kj ls LFkkuh; Lrj ij eNfy;ks a ds fy, Hkkstu rS;kj dj Lo;a Hkh mi;ksx djrs gSa vkSj muds fy, ;g O;oLkk; dk ,d fodYi Hkh gSA ÜèÊææ §ç‡ÇUØæ, çßàæðá çãU‹Îè â¢S·¤ÚU‡æ, çÎâ ÕÚU w®v~