LEISA - Tamil - June 2019

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yP r h ,e; j pah jkpo; rpwg;gpjo; This issue in Tamil is a translated version of LEISA India magazine. This includes selected articles from LEISA India, originally published in English.

Address : ame Foundation No. 204, 100 Feet Ring Road, 3rd Phase, Banashankari 2nd Block, 3rd Stage, Bangalore - 560 085, India Tel:

+91-080- 2669 9512, +91-080- 2669 9522

Fax:

+91-080- 2669 9410

E-mail: leisaindia@yahoo.co.in

Leisa India Chief Editor : K.V.S. Prasad Managing Editor : T.M. Radha

yPrh vd;gJ Fiwe;j ntspapL nghUs; kw;Wk; epiyj;j Ntshz;ik vd;gjd; RUf;fkhFk;. Rw;Wr;RoYf;F cfe;j topfspy; cw;gj;jpiaAk;> tUkhdj;ijAk; ngUf;f tpUk;Gk; coth;fSf;F njhopw;El;g kw;Wk; r%f hPjpapyhd tha;g;Gfis cs;slf;fpajhFk;. yPrh vd;gJ cs;@h; ts Mjhuq;fs; kw;Wk; ,aw;ifapd; Nghf;Ffis msTld; gad;gLj;jp Njitg;gLk; NghJ ghJfhg;ghd msT ntspaPL nghUl;fis jpwd;gl ifahs;tjhFk;. yPrh vd;gJ Mz; kw;Wk; ngz; coth;fis> me;j r%fj;ij Ragyk; kpf;fth;fshfTk;> rf;jp kpf;fth;fshfTk; khw;wp mjd;%yk; mth;fspd; vjph;fhyj;ij jq;fs; nrhe;j mwpT> jpwik>kjpg;gL P > fyhr;rhuk; kw;Wk; mikg;Gfis mikf;f cjTtjhFk;. yPrh vd;gJ khwptUk; #oy;fs; kw;Wk; NjitfSf;F Vw;g coth;fs; kw;Wk; ,ju gq;Fjhuh;fspd; jpwikfs;> gq;Nfw;G mZFKiwfs; %yk; gyg;gLj;JtjhFk;. yPrh vd;gJ ghuk;ghpa mwpitAk;> mwptpay; g+h;tkhd mwpitAk; ,izj;J mjd;%yk; nfhs;if cUthf;fj;jpy; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jp vjph;fhy tsh;r;rpf;F rhjfkhd #oiy cUthf;FtjhFk;. yPrh vd;gJ xU fUj;J> xU mZFKiw kw;Wk; tpNtfkhd nra;jp.

Translated by Suresh Kanna. K Translation coordination Veena Markande Administration Rukmini G. G. Design and Layout M.S. Vasanth Christopher Printing L.S. Graphic Prints, Chennai Cover photo Munivenkatamma of Yeragol village happy with bumper ragi crop Different editions • Regional Editions Telugu, Hindi, Kannada, Marathi, Punjabi and Oriya • Farming Matters The Global edition in English • LEISA Revista de Agroecologia The Latin American edition in Spanish • LEISA India The Indian edition in English • AGRIDAPE The West African edition in French • Agriculturas, Experiencias em Agroecologia The Brazilian edition in Portuguese

The editors have taken every care to ensure that the contents of this magazine are as accurate as possible. The authors have ultimate responsibility, however, for the content of individual articles.

The editors encourage readers to photocopy and circulate magazine articles.

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Supported by MISEREOR, Published by AME Foundation yPrh ,e;jpah • ,jo; 2 • [_d; 2019

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yPrh ,e;jpah • ,jo; 2 • [_d; 2019

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nfhy;ypkiyapy; fhg;gp rpy;th;Xf;> thio kw;Wk; kpsF Nghd;wtw;NwhL gaphplg;gLfpwJ. yPrh ,e;jpah • ,jo; 2 • [_d; 2019

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myq;fhpf;fg;gl;l fhgp filfs;> cztq;fspy; vd midj;J jug;gpdUf;Fkhd fhgp tpw;gid nra; a g; g LfpwJ. nfhy; y p kiy fhgp ey; y Rit kw; W k; eWkzj; N jhL gz; i zapy; ,Ue;J tptrhapfspd; nrhe;j gz;i zapy; cyh; j ; j g; g l; L nfhy; y p kiyapy; Nrfhpg; G ikaq; f Sf; F te; J NrUfpwJ. mjd; g pd; mq;fpUe;J ehkf;fy;> Nryk;> nrd;id kw;Wk; ngq; f @Uf; F mDg; g g; g LfpwJ. ngq; f @ hpy; cs;s nghpa tWf;Fk; fk;ngdpfs; fhgp nfhl; i lfis thq; f p tWj; J tpw; g id nra;fpd;wd. nfhy;yp kiyapy; cw;gj;jpahFk; fhgp ,e;jpah KOf;f Efug;gLfpwJ. ,Ug;gpDk;> nfhy;yp kiyapd; cz;ikahd jpwd; ,d;Dk; rhpahf nrd;wilahky; ,Uf;fpwJ. nfhy;yp kiyapy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; fhgp gw;wpa cz;ik vd;dntdpy;> ,q;F Kw;wpYk; tpj; j pahrkhd tifapy; ,aw; i f Ntshz; caph; r ; # oy; Kiwfs; filgpbf; f g; g l; L gy;tifahd czT nghUl;fs; Efh;Nthiu nghpJk; ftUk; tifapy; tpistpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,e; j pahtpd; efh; g ; G w ikaq; f spy; cs; s Efh;Nthh; kj;jpapy; ngUfptUk; ftiyf;Fhpa tprakhf> cjhuzj; j pw; F ngq; f @Utpy; Rw;Wr;#oy; Fwpj;Jk;> rg;is rq;fpypapy; cs;s ntspg; g ilj; j d; i k kw; W k; tptrhapfspd; eyd; Nghd; w it Kiwahd rhd; w pjo; f s; kw;Wk; Nygpypq; Nghd;wtw;NwhL Efh;Nthhpd; Nfs;tpfSf;F gjpy; jug;glNtz;Lk; vd;gJjhd;. xU Njhw; W thapy; ,Ue; J tpw; f g; g Ltjhy; > ,aw;if Kiwapy; tpistpf;fg;gl;l nfhy;yp kiy fhgp> mjpf tpiyf;F mjd; cj;jputhjKk;> Fwpg;ghf me;j fhgpf;F cs;s ey;y kjpg;Gk; fhuzkhf mikfpwJ. nfhy; y p kiyapy; cs; s rpW tptrhapfSf; F fhgp rhFgb ey;y yhgkspf;ff;$ba tpahghukhf cs;sJ. n[ak; Fwpg; g pl; l J Nghy; ,e; j g; gFjpapy; trpf; F k; FLk; g Ntshz; i kapy; <LgLk; tptrhapfs; gUtepiy khw;wk; my;yJ Vw;w ,wf; f k; nfhz; l czTg; nghUl; f spd; tpiyfs; Nghd; w ntspg; G w mjph; T fis jq;fspd; gy;tif gaph; rhFgb Kiwapdhy; rkhspf; F k; jpwid ngw; W s; s dh; . gy; t if gaph;fs; rhFgbia> yhgk; jUk; nghUl;fshd fhgp Nghd;wtw;NwhL ,izf;Fk; NghJ mit mth; f spd; tUkhdj; i j fzprkhf $l; b > mNjhL goq;fs; kw;Wk; fha;fwpfs; mth;fspd; tPl;L Efh;Tj; NjitiaAk;> mtw;iw cs;@h; re;ijapy; tpw;gid nra;Ak;NghJ mth;fspd; mjpf tUkhdj;jpw;F gq;fspf;fpwJ. n[ak; mth;fspd; ntw;wpf;fhd gz;Gfs; mthpd; 2.5 6

yPrh ,e;jpah • ,jo; 2 • [_d; 2019

n`f;Nlh; epyj;jpy; gy;tif gaph;fis> Ntshz; caph;r# ; oy; KiwfNshL nra;jjd; fhuzkhf mthpd; Foe;ijfspd; fy;tpf;fhd nryit mth;fs; nra;a Kbtjpy; ,Ue;J njhpfpwJ. ,e;jpahtpy; nfhy;yp kiyapy; cs;s rpW FW ,aw; i f tptrhapapd; vLj; J f; f hl; l hdJ> gy;tif gaph;fs; nfhz;l> Ntshz; caph;r# ; oy; Ntshz; Kiw rhj; j pakhdJ kl; L ky; y > yhgk; mspf; f f; $ baJ vd; g ij kP z ; L k; cWjpg; g Lj; J fpwJ. epyj; j pd; kP J jw; N ghJ khwp tUk; Ntshz; epyg;gug;G #oypy; (kz; mhpkhdk;> tskpd;ik kw;Wk; epyg; gw;whf;Fiw)> gUt epiy khw;wj;jpd; jhf;fq;fs; Kd;ig tpl fLikahfTk;> Kd;$l;bNah jPhk ; hdpf;f Kbahj tifapYk;> fpuhkg;Gw gFjpfspy; ek;gpf;if,oe;j #oypy; ,isQh;fis efh;g;Gwq;fis Nehf;fp js; S k; xU jUzj; j py; > ,e; j rthy; f is vjph;nfhs;s Ntshz; caph;r;#oy; KiwNa ghJfhg;ghd topKiwahFk;. caph;r# ; oy; kw;Wk; nghUshjhu Kd;Ndhf;F vd ,UtifapYk;> gz; i z kw; W k; r%f mstpy; Ntshz; caph; r ; # oy; KiwNa jw; N ghJ cynfq; F k; re;jpj;JtUk; gpur;ridfSf;F rhpahd ey;y jPh;it NjLk; topKiwahf mikAk;.  Ingrid Fromm Bern University of Applied Sciences School of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences Laenggasse 85 3052, Zollikofen, Switzerland E-mail: Ingrid.fromm@bfh.ch %yk;: yPrh ,e;jpah> khh;r; 2018> thy;a+k; 20> ,jo; 1

njd;idia jhf;Fk; g+r;rpfis gRik Nghuhspfs; %yk; fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy; V. N[hrg; uh[; Fkhh;> re;jphpfh Nkhfd; kw;Wk; tp. fpU\;zFkhh; caph;r# ; oy; nghwpapay; mZFKiwfis filgpbg;gjd; %yk; Nfusj;jpy; cs;s tptrhapfs; gidfis jhf;Fk; ngUk;ghyhd g+r;rpfis caph;r;#oYf;F cfe;j topKiwapy; jpwd;gl fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;. Rw;Wr;#oiy ghJfhf;Fk; Ntisapy;> ,e;j Rw;Wr;#oYf;F cfe;j mZFKiwfs; tptrhapfs; epiyj;j tho;thjhuj;jpw;fhd njhlh; tUkhdj;ijAk; ngw KbfpwJ. fy;gtpUf;\h tif njd;id kuk; ,e;j Njrj;jpy; 12 kpy;ypad; gz;iz FLk;gq;fspd; gz;iz tho;thjhuq;fis mspj;J tUfpwJ. ,J kpfTk; mhpjhd kuq; f spy; xd; w hf ,Ue; J kdpj Fyj;jpw;F gy;tifahd gad;fis mspf;fpwJ. ,J MNuhf;fpa ghdj;ijAk;> Cl;lr;rj;J kpf;f cztpw;F MjhukhfTk;> kpfTk; tpiy kjpg;G kpf; f vz; n zAk; mspf; f pwJ. cz; i kapy; > ,e;j jhtuj;jpd; xt;nthU ghfq;fSk; md;whl tho;f;iff;F Njitahd gy;NtW tifahd nghUl;fis mspf;fpwJ. gy;tifahd g+r;rpfSf;F ,y;ykhf tpsq;Fk; njd;id mjd; kQ;rhp ntspg;gLk; jUzq;fspy; ,e;j caphpdq;fs; mjd; fha;fspd; kf#y; Nkk; g LtNjhL kl; L ky; y hky; > nef; l hh; epiyapYk;> kfue;jq;fs; %ykhTk; cztspj;J> #oy; epiyfSf; F k; gadspf; f f; $ bajhf mikfpwJ. ve;j mstpw;F kfue;jr; Nrh;fi ; ff;F cjTk; caphpdq;fs; vz;zpf;if mjpfsT cs;sNjh> me;j mstpw;F njd;idapy; mjpf kf#y; fpilf;Fk;. caukhd njd;id ufq;fspy; NjdPf;fs; kw;Wk; nfhLf;F ,y;yhj NjdPf;fs; caukhd njd; i d ku ufq; f is jhf; F k; g+r;rpfis Mjpf;fk; nrYj;jp fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;. mNj Neuj;jpy; Fl;ilahd ufq;fis vWk;Gfs; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jk;. ,e;j g+r;rpfspd; vz; z pf; i fahdJ njd; i d caph; r ; # oy; MNuhf;fpaj;ijAk; > kfue; j r; Nrh; f ; i f Cf;Ftpg;gijAk;> gid kuf; FLk;gq;fspy; cs;s g+r;rpfspd; jhf;FjiyAk; Fwp;g;gpl;Lf; fhl; L fpwJ. ,e; j $l; L nray; g hLfspy; mwptpay; g+h; t kw; w tifapy; eilngWk; ,urhad nray;ghLfspdhy; Vw;gLk; ve;j xU ,lh;ghLk; fLikahd caph;r;#oy; NfLfis tpistpf;Fk;. ,iyfis> g+q;nfhj;Jfis kw;Wk; ,sk; nkhl;Lfis> Kjph;r;rpaw;w kw;Wk; Kjph;r;rpahd gUg;Gfs; kw;Wk; cs; Jisfis gy;tifahd g+r;rp tiffs; jhf;fp gid kuf; FLk;gq;fspy; fLk; Nrjj;ij tpistpf;fpwJ.

g+r;rp Nkyhz;ikf;fhd caph;r;#oy; nghwpapay; njhopy; El;gq;fs; njd;idapy; Vw;gLk; g+r;rp Neha; jhf; F jy; f is Fiwg; g jw; F caph; r ; # oy; nghwpapay; mZFKiwfs; Kaw; r p nra; J ghh; f ; f g; g l; L s; s d. fy; g hrq; f uh cld; I. rp. V. Mh; - rp.gp.rp.Mh; . I ,ize; J gaph; tho;tplj;ij mbg;gilahf nfhz;l g+r;rpfis gytPdg;gLj;Jk; khjphpfs; fyg; g pd njd; i d kw; W k; CLgaph; f shf [hjpf; f ha; > uk; G jhd; > thio> gyh kw; W k; rhke;jp> rPj;jhgok; Nghd;wtw;iw ,izj;J xU khjphp cUthf; f g; g l; l J. caph; r ; # oy; nghwpapay; mZFKiwapy; tbtikf;fg;gl;l taYf; F k; > Xhpdg; g apuhf gaphplg; g l; b Ue; J njd;idia xg;gpl;L ghh;f;ifapy; caph; r ; # oy; nghwpapay; mZFKiwapy; g+r; r pfspd; jhf; F jy; f s; ,uz; b y; ,Ue; J ehd;F klq;F Fiwe;Js;sJ czug;gl;lJ. gaph; f spy; gy; t ifj; j d; i kahdJ caphpay; nghwpapay; mZFKiwfs; Nkw; n fhz; l Njhg;gpy; g+r;rpfis ntspNaw;wp tpl;lijAk;> g+r; r pfis vjph; f ; F k; vjphpg; g +r; r pfs; kw; W k; kfue;jr; Nrh;f;iff;F cjTk; caphpdq;fspd; vz; z pf; i f mjpfhpj; j pUg; g ijAk; fhz Kbe; j J. NkYk; njd; i d kw; W k; gts nfhb Nghd; w tw; w py; Fwpg; g plj; j f; f msT NjdPf;fspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfhpj;jpUe;jJ.

caph;r;#oy; nghwpapay; vd;gJ gz;izapy; cs;s caph; tho;tplq;fis jphpj;J> mitfis jPik nra;Ak; g+r;rpfSf;F Fiwthd mstpy; rhjfhfTk;> ed;ik nra;Ak; g+r;rpfis mjpfk; ftuf;$bajhfTk; khw;wpaikf;f Ntz;Lk;. yPrh ,e;jpah • ,jo; 2 • [_d; 2019

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njd;idapy; kfue;jr; Nrh;f;if Kiw

,it midj; J k; njd; i dapy; kf#iy mjpfg; g Lj; J tjw; F cjtp> el; l 5 tUlk; fopj;J> xU kuj;jpy; 161 fha;fs; xU tUlj;jpw;F vd; w tifapy; fha; i g mjpfg; g Lj; j paJ. $Ljyhf g+r;rpfspd; njhy;iyAk; ngUkstpy; fl; L g; g Lj; j g; g l; L epiyahd tUkhdj; i j ngwTk; > ts Mjhuq; f is xd; W f; n fhd; W cjTk; tifapy; gad; g Lj; j pajd; topahf Ntiytha;g;GfisAk; mjpfg;gLj;jpaJ.

fhz;lhkpUf tz;LfSf;F vjpuhd gRik Nghuhspfs; fhz;lhkpUf tz;L (Xiurpl]; iuNdhrpu]; ypd;) vd;gJ njd;dq;fPw;Wfis> g+q;nfhj;Jfis kw;Wk; fha;fis jhf;Fk; xU g+r;rpahFk;. ,J ,sk; FUj;Jfspd; fOj;Jg; gFjpfspy; cl;GFe;J 8-9 tpOf;fhL gaph; ,og;ig Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. ,J kw;nwhU nfhy;Yk; tz;lhd ghuzpf; f hT gpshf; gQ; r haj; j pd; jiytuhf cs; s jpUkjp. uQ; r dp n[aNjt; caphpay; fl;Lg;ghl;L KiwfSf;F jPtu Mjuthsh;. jdJ tPl;by; mth; vk;. mdpNrhgpypNait cw;gj;jp nra;J mUfhikapy; cs;sth;fspd; Njitia g+h;j;jp nra;J tUfpwhh;. gQ;rhaj;J mstpy; ,e;j njhopw;El;gj;ij gutyhf;FtjpYk;> tptrhapfs; kj;jpapy; ek;gpf;if mspg;gjpYk; Kf;fpakhdtuhf jpfo;fpwhh;.

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yPrh ,e;jpah • ,jo; 2 • [_d; 2019

rptg;G tz;bw;F topfhl;Ljyha; ,Uf;fpwJ. Kjph;rr ; paile;j tz;Lfs; njd;idia cz;L ,we;J Nghd kw;Wk; mOfpg;Nghd ,aw;if Fg;igfs; kw;Wk; kf;F gRQ;rhz Fopfspy; tsUk;. Kjph;r;rpailahj epiyfspy; Kl;il> GO kw;Wk; $l;Lg;GO Mfpatw;wpy; thOk;.

I.rp.V.Mh; - rp.gp.rp.Mh; . I xU jpwd; k pf; f gr;ir k];fhh;bd; fhshdhd nkl;lhiurpak; mdpNrhgpypNait tz;Lfis fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; tifahf fz;lwpe;jJ. ,e;j vk;. mdpNrhgpypah Fl; b Fyh; njhlh; g py; cs; E ioe; J ,uz; L thuq;fspy; fpug;];fis nfhd;WtpLfpwJ. xU f;a+g;gpf; kPl;lUf;F 5 f;Fk; 1011 ];Nghh;fs; vd;w mstpy; fsj;jpy; njspg;gjw;F ghpe; J iuf; f g; g LfpwJ. I.rp.V. Mh; - rp.gp. rpMh; . I mikg; G fs; nghpa mstpy; vk; . mdpNrhgpypah ngUf;Ftjw;fhd cs;@hpy; fpilf;ff;$ba nghUl;fshd ,sePh;> miu Ntf;fhL rikf;fg;gl;l mhprp kw;Wk; frhth rpg;]; fspd; Jiznfhz;L ngUf;fg;gLfpwJ Nfus khepyj;jpy; njd;id tptrhapfs; kj;jpapy; elj;jg;gl;l mbg;gil jfty;fs; Nrfhpg;gpy; xUq; f pize; j gaph; ghJfhg; G Kiwapy; fhz; l hkpUf tz; i l fl; L g; g Lj; J tjw; F caphpapy; fl; L g; g hl; L Kiwfs; ,y; y hjJ Kjd; i kahd gpur; r idahf ntspte; j J. tptrhapfs; FOf;fshf xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;L tay; ntspg; gs; s pfs; %yk; caphpay;

njd;idapy; fhz;lhkpUf tz;Lfis caphpay; Kiwapy; caph; V[z;Lfis ngUf;fp gue;j mstpy; gad;gLj;Jtij kfsph; FO cWg;gpdh;fs; topelj;Jfpd;wdh;.

g+r; r pf; fl; L g; g hl; L Kiwfspy; mwpitAk; > jpwd; f isAk; ngWk; tifapy; gapw; r pfs; mspf; f g; g l; l d. tay; n tspg; gs; s pahdJ xUtUf; n fhUth; fw; W f; n fhs; S k; #oiy cUthf;fp nfhLj;Jk;> Fiwe;j fhy mstpy; vg;gb ,J Nghd;w nray;ghLfis nghpa msT ,lq;fspy; nray;gLj;j KbAk; vd;gijAk; fw;Wf;nfhLj;jJ. ,e;j jpl;lkhdJ Nfush khepyj;jpd;> Mog;Goh khtl; l j; j py; (1500 n`f; N lhpy; ) fz; l y; Y } h;> fpU\;zhGuk; kw; W k; NjtpFsq; f uh gQ;rhaj;Jf;fspYk;> jpUtde;jGuk; khtl;lj;jpy; (520 n`f; N lhpy; ) vlth gQ; r haj; j pYk; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. gy;NtW epiyfspy; cs;s njd;id tptrhapfs;> Mz;fs; kw;Wk; ngz; f s; vd midtUk; Jbg; G ld; ,e; j jpl;lj;jpy; gq;F ngw;wdh;. I.rp.V. Mh; - rp.gp. rp.Mh;. I. mikg;Gfspd; tpQ;Qhdpfs; ,e;j gapw;rpfis topelj;jpdh;. vlth gQ; r haj; j py; cs; s ngz; f s; > vlth vd;w ngahpy; ngz;fs; FOthf xU mikg;ig Vw; g Lj; j py mth; f s; I.rp.V.Mh; . – rp.gp. rp.Mh;.I tpQ;Qhdpfshy; nghpa mstpy; vk;. mdpNrhgpypia miu Ntf;fhl;L mhprp fQ;rpia gad;gLj;jp cw;gj;jp nra;a gapw;Wtpf;fg;gl;ldh;. gq;Nfw;ghsh;fspd; tPlL ; g;GwNk cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; gFjpahf gad;gl;lJ. nghpa mstpy; cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;F FO cWg;gpdh;fs; xU ehisf;F ruhrhpahf 1-2 kzp Neuk; nrytpl;ldh;. fyg;G Vw;glhky; ,Uf;f> cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; ,lj;ijr; Rw; w p fpUkpfs; ,y; y hj tifapy; nkOF nghUj; j p gr; i r k]; f hh; l ypd; fhshid nghUj;jptpLth;. tay; n tsp gs; s pfspy; fye; J nfhz; l tptrhapfspd; ruhrhp mwpT mstPL (51.31)> tay; n tsp gs; s pfspy; fye; J nfhs; s hj

tptrhapfis (31.10) tpl 65 tpOf;fhL mjpfk; ,Ug; g J fz; l wpag; g l; L > tay; n tsp gs; s p mwpT Nkk; g hL kw; W k; tphpthf; f j; j pw; F k; > njhopw;El;gq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; xU nghUj;jkhd mZFKiw vd;gJ ep&gpf;fg;gl;lJ. tphpthf;f mYtyh;fs; kw;Wk; kf;fs; gpujpepjpfspd; Jbg;Gkpf;f gq;nfLg;Gk;> topfhl;Ljy;fSk;> ,e;j Kaw;rp njhluTk;> epiyj;jpUf;fr; nra;tijAk; cWjpg;gLj;jpd. ngz;fs; FOf;fs; ,e;j njhopy;El;gq;fis NkYk; mUfpy; cs;s fpuhkq;fSf;F gutyhf;fk; nra; t jw; F Kjd; i k gapw; r pahsh; f shf nray; gl njhlq; fpdh; . Fwpg; gpl; l Neuj; j py; caphpay; fl;Lg;ghl;L nghUl;fis mspg;gij mth; f s; cWjpg; g Lj; j pdh; . xl; L nkhj; j Ntshz; r%fq;fSk; jw;NghJ ,e;j njhopy;El;gk; Fwpj;J Ghpjy; nfhz;Ls;sdh;. fhy;eilfis guhkhpf;Fk; tptrhapfSk; ,e;j ngz;fs; FOf;fshy; ,yf;fhf itf;fg;gl;L cs; @ hpy; vk; . mdpNrhgpypNa tz; L fs; ,dg;ngUf;fj;jpw;fhd Kjd;ik fhuzkhf cs;s gRQ;rhdp FopfSf;F nfhz;L Nrh;j;J ngUf;Ftjw;F gapw;Wtpf;fg;gl;ldh;. tUkhdj;ij ngUf;Ftjw;F nghpa mstpy; cw;gj;jp nra;tJjhd; rpwe;j mZFKiwahf mq;ff P hpf;fg;gl;lJ. mNef FLk;g= mikg;Gfs; ( vlth ngz;fs; mikg;Gfs;) ,e;j njhopiy nra;J mth;fspd; njd;id tptrhapfSf;F mth;fspd; tho;thjhuj;jpw;F tUkhdj;ij epiyj; j pUf; f nra; t jw; F Nrit Ghpe; J tUfpd;wd. tptrhap gq;Nfw;G r%f mZFKiw filgpbf;fg;gl;lJ> ,e;j jpl;lj;jpd; ntw;wpf;Fk;> xU tUl fhyj;jpy; fpuhkk; KOf;f gutyhf;fpg;gl;L mjd;%yk; g+r;rp njhy;iyfs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f msT Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ. fhz;lhkpUf tz;bd; jhf;Fjy; tay;ntsp yPrh ,e;jpah • ,jo; 2 • [_d; 2019

9

gs;spfs; elj;jg;gl;l gFjpfspy; 7685 tpOf; f hL tiu Fiwf; f g; g l; l J gFjp KOf; f r%fq; f s; jpwd; g l filgpbj; j jd; mwpFwpahf czug;gl;lJ. g+r;rpj; njhy;iyfs; FiwthdNjhL $Ljyhf njd; i dapy; xl; L nkhj; j mstpy; kf#y; Nkk; g hL> caph;r# ; oYf;F cfe;j topKiwapy; Rw;Wr;#oy; ghJfhf; f g; g l; l Jk; ,e; j mZFKiwapy; Kf;fpakhd nt;wpf;fhd Mjhukhf tpsq;fpaJ. vk;. mdpNrhgpypNa njhopw;El;gk; Fwpj;J ehl;bd; midj;J njd;id gaphplg;gLk; ,lq;fspy; gFjp thhpahf elj; j g; g l; l nray; K iw tpsf;fq;fs;> fhz;lhkpUf tz;bd; ghjpg;ig fl;Lg;gLj;jpaJ xU Fwpg;gplj;jf;f ntw;wpahFk;. ghpNrhjpf;fg;gl;l midj;J ,lq;fspYk;> ,e;j njhopw;El;gj;ij gpd;gw;wpajhy;> ,uz;L tUl fhyj;jpy; g+r;rpfspd; ghjpg;ghdJ kpfg;nghpa mstpy; Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ.

mjpfsT cz; Z tjhy; fha; f spd; kf#y; 45.4 tpOf;fhL Fiwthd kf#iy nfhLj;J> $Ljyhf kl;ilfs; $iu Nka;tjw;Fk; kw;w cgNahfq;fSf;Fk; nghUj;jkpy;yhjjhfptpLk;.

X. MhpNdhnry;yh caphp Nkyhz;ik caphpay; fl;Lg;ghL Kiwfspy; ntw;wpfukhf epfo; j ; j g; g l; l J. gFjpthhpahf elj; j g; g l; l fs Ma; T KbTfs; > caphpapay; hP j pahf njd; i dapy; cs; s fUg; G jiy nfhz; l ntl;Lf;fpspia fl;Lg;gLj;JtJ> xt;nthU epiyapYk; Fwpg; g plj; j f; f xl; L z; z pfis tpLtjd; %yk; I.rp.V. Mh; - rp.gp.rp.Mh;. I –d; 1500 n`f;Nlh; flNyhu Nfush kw;Wk; njw;F fh;ehlfhtpd; gy gFjpfspy; ntw;wp fz;Ls;sJ.

ehl;by; njd;id rhFgb eilngWk; midj;J gFjpfspYk;> Xgprpdh mhpNdhnry;yh vd; g J kpfTk; xU gpujhdkhf g+r; r pahf> njd;id ,iyfis jpd;Dk; xU tifahd g+r;rpahFk;. ghjpf;fg;gl;l gFjpfs; fha;e;Jk;> mb kl; i lfspd; Nkw; G wj; j py; rhk; g y; epw tl; l q; f s; mike; J fhzg; g Lk; . mjpfsT g+r; r pj; jhf; F jy; > kl; i lapd; eLg; g Fjpapy; ,Ue;J cs; tiu KOtJkhf fha;e;J> vhpe; J Nghd xU Njhw; w j; i j mspf; F k; . ,jd; ghjpg;Gfs; xspr;Nrh;f;if eilngWk; gFjpfis mjpf mstpy; Fiwj;Jk;> ghiy cw;gj;jpahFk; tpfpjj;ij Fiwj;Jk;> tsh;r;rp Fd;wpAk;> mjpfsT Kd;$l;bNa Kjph;rr ; p ngw;W fha; f s; tpOtJk; epfOk; . ntl; L f; f pspfs;

fh;ehlfhtpd; mh;rpfpNutpd; [[Ph; fpuhkj;jpy; 15 Vf;fh; njd;id Njhl;lk; 2013 Mk; Mz;L ,e;j g+r;rpapd; jhf;Fjyhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. tptrhapfs; gq;Nfw;Gld; ,q;F xU nray;Kiw tpsf;fk; kpfTk; mjpf ghjpg;GfSf;F cs;shd jpU. gp. Uj;ug;ghtpw;;F nrhe;jkhd gz;izapy; elj;jg;gl;lJ. Fwpj;j Neuj;jpy; ntspaplg;gl;l xl;Lz;zpfspdhy;>njd;id Njhl;lk; kWgbAk; kPln ; lLf;fg;gl;L 12 khjj;jpy; Gjpa gRikNahL fhl; r paspj; j J. njhopw; E l; g tha; g ; G fshf mjpfsT ghjpf;fg;gl;l ntspg;Gw kl;ilfis vLj;Jtpl;L vhpj;jJk;> ntt;ntW epiyfspy; ntsplg;gl;l xl;Lz;zpfshd NfhdpNar]; neg;gd;bb]; kw;Wk; gpufhd; gpNutpNfhh;dp]; kw;Wk; njd;id rhFgbapy; kz; ey Nkk;ghl;L mZFKiwfs; ntw;wpfukhf gpd;gw;wg;gl;L ,izf;fg;gl;lJ. njhopw;El;g nray;ghLfs; gp;d;gw;wg;gl;l gpwF kpfTk; FWfpa fhyj;jpy; Gjpa kl; i lfs; cUthfpaJ> mUfhikapy; cs;s tptrhapfis ,e;j caphpay; fl;Lg;ghl;L Kiwf;F kpfTk; ek;gpf;ifaspj;jJ. gq;nfLj;j

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10

yPrh ,e;jpah • ,jo; 2 • [_d; 2019

tptrhapfs; mUfhikapy; cs;s gFjpfSf;F mioj; J r; nry; y g; g l; L > xl; L z; z pfs; ntw;wpfukhf epWtg;gl;L> me;j gFjp KOf;f g+r;rpfs; ,y;yhj gFjpfshf cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. UNfh]; ];iguy;ypq; nts;is< ia caphpay; Kiwapy; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; goikahd Kiw clypy; CLUTk; g+r; r p tifahd UNfh]; ]iguy; y pq; nts; i s < (Mh; . v]; . lGs; A ) mYnuhbf]; &[PNahngh;FNyl]; ekJ ehl;by; 2016 Mk; Mz; b y; mwpKfg; g Lj; j g; g l; l J. FWfpa fhyj;jpy; njd; ,e;jpahtpy; njd;id gaphpLk; gFjpfs; midj;jpYk; CLUtpaJ. ,e; j g+r; r pahdJ ,iyapd; fP o ; g ; gFjpapy; ,Ue;J nfhz;L nghpa mstpy; Njd; Jspfis Rue;J mjd; %yk; Nrhy;b Nkhy;l; I fth;ej ; pOf;Fk;. ,e;j epiyapy; njd;id KOf;f fUg;gbj;JtpLk;.

G+r; r pfspd; vz; z pf; i fahdJ vgpypdpl; xl;Lz;zpahd vd;fhh;rpah fhbypNgapdhy; ehd;fpypUe;J Ie;J khjq;fspy; ngUkstpy; fl; L g; g Lj; j g; g l; l jdhy; fpl; l j; j l; l 85 tpOf;fhL g+r;rpfspd; vz;zpf;if jpwd;gl xl;Lz;zp fl;lg;gl;lJ. xl;Lz;zp fl;lg;gl;l ,sk; GOf;fs; nghJthf fUg;ghfTk;> ed;F MNuhf;fpakhf cs;s ,sk; GOf;fspypUe;J NtWgLj; j milahsk; fz; L nfhs; S k; tifapYk; ,Uf;Fk;.

I.rp.V.Mh; - rp.gp.rp.Mh;. I xU gy;fp ngUFk; mZFKiwia cUthf; f p mjd; %yk; ,sk; GOf; f spy; xl; L z; z p fl; l g; g l; l J. njd; i d kl; i lia 10 nr.kP f; F mWj; J mjpy; xl;Lf;fl;lg;gl;l MH. v];. lGs;A ,sk; GOf; f is itj; J jahh; nra; J nts; i s <f; f s; mjpfk; gutpAs; s Gjpa gFjpfspy; tpdpNahfpf; f g; g l; l J. ,g; g bahf njd; i d kl; i lapy; ntl; b mjpy; xl; L z; z p fl; b a gFjpfspy; Ntfkhf xl; L z; z pfs; gutp mit g+r; r pfs; Gjpjhf tUk; gFjpfshf cUntLj;jd. [dthp 2018 y; Me;jpu gpuNjrk; Nfhjhthp gFjpfspy; 500 njd;id Nky; ,iy kl;ilfSf;Fk; (10 nr.kP) f;Fk; Mh;. v];. lGs;A ,sk; GOf;fs; xl;Lz;zp ntspaplg;gl;lJ. I. rp. V. Mh; - rp.gp.rp. Mh;. I mikg;Gfs; ypNahrph; d p tz; L tifahd ypNahrph; d p epy;fphpahd]; vd;Dk; J}a;ikg;gLj;Jk; gzp njhlh;Gilait. Kjph;e;j tz;Lfs; kw;Wk; Kjph;r;rpaw;w epiyfs; nghJthf njd;id ,iyfspd; fP o ; gFjpapy; gfy; Neuj; j py; fhzg; g Lk; . Mdhy; mit Nrhl; b Nkhy; l ; fhiy Neuq;fspy; <ukhd epiyapy; ,Uf;Fk;.

ruhrhpahf xU Kjph;r;rpaile;j tz;L 1-2 kp.kp 2 Nrhl;b Nkhy;l; 1 epkplj;jpy; fhyp nra;JtpLk;. njd;id fPwW ; fspy; Nrhl;b Nkhy;L Efug;gLtjy; mJ xspr;Nrh;f;iff;F jil tpyfp mjd; %yk; njd; i dapd; MNuhf; f paj; i j Gj; j hf; f k; nra; t J> ,J tiu ve; j xU nghUshjhu gaphpYk; gjpT nra;ag;glhj ed;ik gaf;ff;$ba J}a;ikg;gLj;Jk; nray;ghlhFk;. I. rp. V. Mh; - rp.gp.rp. Mh;. I-apdhy; tsh;j;njLf;fg;gl;l g+r;rpf;nfhy;y ; p tpLKiw mZFKiwadJ Mh;. v];. lGs;A tpd; g+r;rp jhf;Fk; jpwid Fiwj;J jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. tpopg;Gzh;T gpur;rhuq;fs; mkyhGuk;> fhbak; (fpof;F Nfhjhthp> Me;jpug; gpuNjrk;) nghs;shr;rp> jpUg;g+h; (jkpo;ehL) nfhy;yk;> fz; Z }h; > ghyf; f hL (Nfush) gFjpfspy; I.rp.V.Mh; - rp.gp.rp.Mh;. I apdhy; elj;jg;gl;lJ. ,J g+r;rpf;nfhy;ypfSf;F tpLKiw mspf;Fk; mZFKiwahf xU xl;Lnkhj;j ghjpg;ig miltij Nehf;fp vLj;Jr; nrd;wJ. tptrhapfSf;F ,e;j g+r;rpf;nfhy;ypfSf;F tpLKiw mspf;Fk; mZFKiwahdJ Xl;Lz;zpfs; kw;Wk; J}a;ikgzpia nra;Ak; tz;Lfis ghJfhg;gjhYk;> ,e;j gFjpapd; caph;r# ; oy; kw;Wk; Rw;Wr;#oy; cj;jputhjj;jpw;F nghpJk; cWJizahf ,Ug; g jhy; kpFe; j ek;gpf;ifia mspj;jJ. caph;r;#oy; nghwpapay;> gRik Nghuhspfs;> xt;nthU epiyf;F nghUj;jkhd xl;Lz;zpfis mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ> caphpay; fl;Lg;ghl;L Kiwfs; Nghd;wit njd;idia jhf; F k; g+r; r pfis Rw; W r; # oYf; F cfe; j topKiwapy; fl; L g; g Lj; j ty; y it. mit Rw;Wr;#oiy ghJfhf;Fk; Ntisapy;> ,e;j caph;r;#oYf;F cfe;j mZFKiwfs; tptrhapfSf;F epiyj;j tho;thjhuj;ijAk;> epiyahd tUkhdj;ijAk; mspj;J cjTfpwJ. 

A Josephrajkumar ICAR-Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Regional Station, Kayamkulam – 690 533, Alappuzha district, Kerala, India.

E-mail: joecpcri@gmail.com %yk;: yPrh ,e;jpah> [_d; 2018> thy;a+k; 20> ,jo; 2

yPrh ,e;jpah • ,jo; 2 • [_d; 2019

11

epiyj;j gz;izfs;;> epiyj;j vjph;fhyk; xa;.vk;.vk;. =fh; kw;Wk; NjNgrp]; Nkhfg;j;uh ,urhad Kiw rhFgbapy; ,Ue;J ,aw;if Kiw rhFgbf;F khWtJ rpwpa cjtpfSld; rhj;jpaNk. xbrhtpd; goq;Fb r%f tptrhapahd Nfhygpapd; fij ,jid ep&gpf;fpwJ. Nfhygp xU ,aw;if gUj;jp tptrhap kl;Lky;yhJ> kw;w gaph;fspYk; caph;r# ; oy; Ntshz;ik rhFgb Kiwfis filgpbj;J mthpd; gz;izapy; epiyj;j jd;ikia Nkk;gLj;jpAs;shh;.

Nfhygp ,y; y h xbrh khepyj; j py; cs; s uhaf;fl;lh khtl;lj;jpy; KdpFlh tl;lj;jpy; cs; s gj; k d; [ P h ; F gh fpuhkj; j py; trpf; F k; Kg;gJfspd; ,ilg;gl;l taJila goq;Fb ,d ngz;kzp Mthh;;. jpUkzkhfp 17 Mz;Lfs; Mfpa mtUf;F fztUk;> 6 Foe;ijfSk; cs; s dh; . rpy tUlq; f Sf; F Kd; G tiu> mthpd; FLk; g k; > mth; f Sf; F nrhe; j khf ehd; F Vf; f h; epyj; j py; ,Ue; J mth; f spd; tho; t pw; f hd ,urhad Ntshz; i kiaNa mbg;gilahf ek;gp tho;e;J te;jJ. ePhg ; hrd trjp ,y;yhj fhuzj;jhy;> mth;fspd; FLk;gk; fhPg; gUtj;jpy; ney; gapiu kl;LNk rhFgb nra;J te;jJ. ney; mWtil Kbe;jgpd; epyj; j py; vQ; r papUf; F k; NghJkhd msT kz; z pd; <ug; g jk; ,Uf; F k; gl; r j; j py; ugp gUtj;jpy; rpy gaph;fs; gaphplg;gLk;. mNdf rkaq; f spy; Fiwthd my; y J jhkjkhf kiog;nghoptpd; fhuzkhf ney; gaphpy; kf#y; ,og;ig re;jpf;Fk;. twl;rpahd fhyq;fspy; mth;fSf;F ve;j xU rkhspf;Fk; topKiwAk; ,y;yhj #oypy; mUfpy; cs;s mk;gNlhyh vd;fpw efuj;jpw;F tptrha $ypfshf Ntiyf;F nry;tjw;F eph;ge;jpf;fg;gLth;. rpy rkaq; f spy; Nfhygpapd; fzth; f s; xbrh khepyj;ijAk; jhz;b ,lk;ngah;e;J Ntiy Njb nry;thh;. vl;L cWg;gpdh;fs; nfhz;l xU nghpa FLk;gj;ij eph;tfpg;gJ kpfTk; fbdkhd xd;whf ,Ue;jJ.

,aw;if top gazk; 2011 Mk; Mz;L Nrj;jdh Mh;fhdpf; vd;Dk; ,aw;if top czT cw;gj;jpia Cf;Ftpf;Fk; xU epWtdk; Jtiu cw; g j; j pf; f hd xU jpl;lj;ij gj;kd;[Ph;Fgh fpuhkj;jpy; Jtf;fpaJ. tptrhapfs; Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;l Kiwfspy; Jtiu rhFgbapy; gapw;Wtpf;fg;gl;ldh;. Nrhsj;jpy; Jtiu CLgapuhf gaphpl Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl;lJ. 12

yPrh ,e;jpah • ,jo; 2 • [_d; 2019

ngz;fs; gUj;jp vLf;fpd;wdh;

2013 Mk; Mz; b y; kfpsh fp\hd; fud ghpNah[;dh (vk;.Nf.v];.gp) jpl;lk; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. kfpsh fp\hd; fud ghpNah[;dh (vk;.Nf.v];.gp) Njrpa fpuhkg;Gw tho;thjhu kp\pd; (vd;.Mh;. vy;. vk;.) vd;w ,e;jpa murpd; tho;thjhu Nkk;ghl;bw;fhd kw; W k; Jah; Jilf; F k; jpl; l j; j py; xU mq;fkhFk;. ,e;j jpl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fk; rhpahd tifapy; KjyPLfis nra;J ngz;fs; gq;Nfw;G kw;Wk; cw;gj;jp jpwikia Nkk;gLj;jp fpuhkg;Gw ngz;fSf;F Ntshz;ikia mbg;gilahf nfhz;l tho;thjhu Kiwfis cUthf;fTk;> epiyj; j pUf; f Tk; nra; J > Ntshz; i kapy; ngz;fis Ragyk; kpf;fth;fshf Mf;FtjhFk;. ,e; j jpl; l j; j pd; xU gFjpahf> ngz; f s; xUq; f pizf; f g; g l; L mf; N lhgh; 2013y; kh gha;ugp Racjtpf;FO Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. Nfhygp ,e; j FOtpd; cWg; g pduhf Mdhh; . ,e; j Racjtpf; F OthdJ> Ra cjtpf; F Oit

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2015 Vg; u ypy; Nrj; j dh Mh; f hdpf; ,e; j gpur; r idfSf; F jP h ; T fhZk; Kaw; r pahf “ epiyj;j gz;izfs;> epiyj;j vjph;fhyk; (v];.vg;.v];.vg;) vd;w jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; r%fq;fNshL ,ize;J ,q;fpyhe;J ehl;bd; biul; f puhg; l ; kw; W k; jp gpf; yhl; l hp vd; w epjp epWtdq; f spd; cjtpNahL gzpfis Nkw;nfhs;s Muk;gpj;jJ. ,e;j jpl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpakhd Nehf;f k; czT cj;j puthj; i j mjpfhpg;gJk;> njd;Nkw;F xbrhtpd; ,uz;L khtl;lq;fspy; gUj;jp Ntshz;ikapy; <LgLk; FLk;gq;fspd; Jauq;fis Fiwg;gJk; MFk; . ,e; j jpl; l khdJ mjpf mghak; > mjpf nryT kw; W k; epiyj; j jd; i kaw; w gUj; j p tptrhaj; j py; <LgLk; rpW kw; W k; FW tptrhapfspd; gpur;ridfis jPh;f;Fk; tpjj;jpy; tbtikf;fg;gl;lJ. jpl;lj;jpd; kw;w Kf;fpakhd mk;rq;fshf rpW mstpy; gUj;jp Ntshz;ikapy; <LgLk; FLk;gq;fspy; cs;s

tug;ig Rw;wp Mkzf;F kw;Wk; Nrhsk; gaphpl;ljhy; mJ g+r;rpj; njhy;iyfis Fiwf;f cjtpaJ.

jhtuq;fspd; ,iojiofis gad;gLj;jp ngz;fs; jput cuq;fis jahhpf;fpd;wdh;.

ngz;fs; jfty;> njhopw;El;gk; kw;Wk; tUtha; ngUf;Fk; re;jh;gg ; q;fis ngUf;fp> FLk;gq;fspy; mth; f Sf; f hd me; j ]; J fis mth; f spd; ,aw;if tsq;fs; kPJ mth;fSf;fhd Neub fl; L g; g hL> gad; g hL kw; W k; clikia ngw;Wj;jUtjhFk;.

2015 Mk; Mz;L tiu Nfhygp ney;> gaWtif> rpWjhdpaq;fs; kw;Wk; Nrhsk; Nghd;w gaph;fis gaphpl;L te;jhh;. 2015 Mk; Mz;by; Nrj;jdh Mh;fhdpf; cjtpAld; mth; ,aw;if top gUj;jp rhFgbia Nkw; n fhs; s Muk; g pj; j hh; . mth; gUj;jp rhFgbapy; gy;NtW ,aw;if top rhFgb Kiwfspy; gapw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lhh;. gaph; gUtj;jpw;F Kd;djhfTk;> gUtj;jpd; NghJk;> gUtk; Kbe;j gpd;dUk; gapw;rpfs; elj;jg;gl;ld. gapw;rpapd; NghNj mth; Fiwe;j tpiyapy; kugZ khw;wk; nra;ag;glhj gUj;jp tpijfs; nfhLf;fg;gl;L yPrh ,e;jpah • ,jo; 2 • [_d; 2019

13

,aw;if top gUj;jpia re;ijg;gLj;JtjpYk; cjtp nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,jw;Fk; mg;ghy; mth; Racjtpf; F Of; f is gyg; g Lj; J tJ> jiyikg;gz;Gfis cUthf;fpf; nfhs;tJ> jfty; njhlh;G kw;Wk; ghypd gpur;ridfs; Fwpj;Jk; gapw;rpfs; vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhh;.

caph;r;#oy; Kaw;rpfs; ,e;j jpl;lj;jpd; thapyhf tptrhapfis kpfTk; caph;r# ; oy; Kiw Ntshz;ikf;F khw;Wtjw;F mNef Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. vLj; J f; f hl; b w; F > eP h ; gad; g hL kw; W k; cw; g j; j pj; j pwid $l; L tjw; F ,aw; i f top jpUj; j khf tz; l y; gad; g Lj; J tJ> jz; z P h ; gad; g hl; i l gad; kw; W k; kf#y; mjpfhpg; g jw; F ,aw; i f cuq; f s; ,Ljy; vd tptrhapfs; mjw; N fw; w nghUj; j khd mjpf gbkq; f s; Nrh; e ; J s; s Fsq; f is fpuhkq;fspy; fz;lwpe;jdh;. ,e;j Fsq;fspy; ,Ue; J Nrfhpf; f g; g l; l tz; l y; khjphpfs; Ma;tfq;fSf;F mDg;gg;gl;L mjpy; cs;s ,aw;if fhpkj;jpd; msitAk;> kz;zpy; cs;s rj;Jf;fspd; msitAk; mwpe;J nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. mjd; gpwF> tptrhapfs; Ma;tq;fspy; ,Ue;J rhjfkhd KbTfs; njhpate;j gpd; mtw;iw vLj;J epyj;jpy; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;F ghpe;Jiuf;fg;gl;ldh;. xt;nthU tptrhapAk;> Fiwe;jgl;rk; 10 ld; tz;liy xU Vf;fh; epyj;jpw;F gad;gLj;j ghpe;Jiuf;fg;gl;ldh;.

2017-18 Mk; Mz; b y; Nfhygp jdJ xU Vf;fh; epyj;jpy; 16 buhf;lh; tz;liy gad;gLj;jpapUe;jhh;. ,e;j tz;ly; fpuhkj;jpy; ,Ue;J xU fpNyh kPl;lh; njhiytpy; cs;s ghuhfhl;b mizapy; ,Ue;J vLj;Jtug;gl;lJ. murhq;f gQ;rhaj;Jf;fs; %ykhf Fsq;fis GJg;gpf;Fk; gzpapy; <Lgl;bUe;jjhy; tz;ly; kz;iz vLj;Jf;nfhs;tJ vspjhf mike;jJ. gaph;fspd; gd;kaj;ij mjpfhpg;gJ kw;WnkhW mZFKiwahf gpd; g w; w g; g l; l J. gy; N tW tifg;gl;l gaph;fis mbg;gilahf nfhz;L gaphpLk; Kiwfis Cf; f g; g Lj; j pajhy; > mJ FLk; g j; j pd; czT cj; j puthjj; i j fl;likf;fTk;> tptrhapfspd; tUkhdj;ij Nkk; g Lj; J tjw; F cjtpw; W . Kd; d jhf> Nfhygpapd; FLk;gk; ney;iy gaphpl;L jq;fspd; FLk;gj;jpd; Efh;tpw;Fk;> gUj;jpia re;ijapy; tpw;gjw;Fk; gaphpl;ldh;. gUj;jp xhpdg; gapuhf tsh;f;fg;gl;lJ. jw; N ghJ Jtiu gUj; j papy; CLgapuhf gaphplg; g LfpwJ. mJ kz; z py; tsj; i j 14

yPrh ,e;jpah • ,jo; 2 • [_d; 2019

Racjtpf;FO cWg;gpdh;fSf;fhd gapw;rp eilngWfpwJ.

Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F gad;gLtNjhL kl;Lky;yhJ gpujhd gaphpy; ,og;G Vw;gLk; NghJ> fhg;gPL gapuhfTk; gad; g l; l J. gUj; j p gapNuhL ,izf;fg;gl;l gr;ir gapW> cSe;J> kw;Wk; jl; i lg; g aW Nghd; w it nghwpg; g apuhfTk; > mNj Ntiyapy; FLk; g j; j pw; F Njitahd Cl;lr;rj;Jf;fis mspg;gjw;Fk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. rhke;jp> ntz;il kw;Wk; Mkzf;F Nghd;w gaph;fs; nghwpg; gapuhfTk; tsh;f;fg;gl;ld. Nrhsk; kw;Wk; kf;fhr; Nrhsk; tug;Gg; gapuhf Nghlg;gl;L kfue;jr;Nrh;f;iff;F cjTk; caphpdq;fs; te;J nry;tij mjpfg;gLj;jpaJ. jhtuq; f Sf; F nfhLf; f g; g l; l rj; J f; f is epyj;jpy; ,Ue;J vLg;gijtpl> ,iyfs; %yk; rj; J f; f is 20 klq; F tpiuthf vLj; J f; nfhs;tjhy;> jput cuq;fis ,iytop Cl;lkhf mspg;gjw;F tptrhapfs; Cf;fg;gLj;jg;gl;ldh;. jput cuq; f s; gz; i z cuq; f s; my; y J jhtu nghUl; f is eP h py; Cw itj; J rpy ehl;fspNyh> thuq;fspNyh nehjpf;fr; nra;J jahhpf;fg;gl;ld. mbf;fb fyf;Ftjd; %yk; mJ gpuhzthAit J}z;b Ez;Zaph;fspd; nray;ghl;il mjpfhpf;f cjTfpwJ. jahhpf; f g; g l; l jput cukhdJ ,iytop cukhfTk; my; y J epyj; j py; NeubahfTk; gad; g Lj; j g; g l; l J. jhtu tsh; r ; r pg; gUtk; kw;Wk; ,dg;ngUf;f rkaj;jpy; Nfhygp mth;fs; gQ;rft;ah> mkph;j fiury;> [Pthkph;j fiury; kw;Wk; kz;GOcu fiury; Nghd;w rpy jput cuq;fis gad;gLj;jpdhh;. ,e;j jput cuq;fs; kw;Wk; tsh;r;rp Cf;fpfspy; epiwa Ez;Z}l;l kw;Wk; Ng&l;l rj;Jf;fs; epiwe;J fhzg;gl;L> mJ gaphpd; tsh; r ; r piaAk; > cw; g j; j pia ngUf;Ftjw;F cjtpaJ.

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Vf;fUf;F cw;gj;jp/ Ftpz;lhypy; khw;wj;jpw;F khw;wj;jpw;F Kd; gpd; 3-4 7-8 8-10 12-14 18-20 2-3 5-6 2-3 4-5 2-3 3-5 2 4-5 4 6-7 5.5 7 20-30 50-60 35-40 50-60

Nfhygp gUj;jpapYk; kw;w gaph;fspYk; g+r;rpfis fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjpy; epiwa rthy;fis re; j pf; f Neh; e ; j J. mth; me; j rthy; f is vjph;nfhs;tjw;F Nrj;jdh g+r;rpfs; Nkyhz;ik njhlh;ghf epiwa gapw;rpfis mspj;J cjtpaJ. g+r;rpfs; jhq;fg;gl;l gaph;fspy; %ypif g+r;rp tpul;bfs; jahhpg;gJ kw;Wk; gad;gLj;JtJ Fwpj;J gy;NtW njhopy;El;gq;fs; mtUf;F mspf; f g; g l; L mjd; %yk; %ypif g+r; r p tpul; b fs; kw; W k; mJ Fwpj; j mwptpid ngWtjw;F jfty;fSk; mspf;fg;gl;ld. mth; Ntg;gq;nfhl;il jputj;ijAk;> gr;irkpsfha; -g+z;L fiury; Nghd;wtw;iw gUj;jp kw;Wk; ,ju gaph;fspy; jhf;fpa g+r;rpfis Nkyhz;ik nra;tjw;F khw;W topahf ifahz;lhh;. tug;ig Rw;wp Mkzf;F kw;Wk; Nrhsk; gaphpl;ljhy; mJ g+r;rpj; njhy;iyfis Fiwf;f cjtpaJ. Nfhygp iftpid Kiwfshf GOf; f spd; Kl; i lfis ifahy; nghWf; f p mopj; j y; > Fr;rpia itj;J mbg;gJ> kuq;fis cYf;FtJ Nghd;wtw;iwAk; ifahz;lhh;.

rpy jhf;fq;fs; njhlh;r;rpahf ,e;j ,aw;if top Kiwfis eilKiwg;gLj;jpajd; %yk; Nfhygp Kd; i gtpl ey; y kf#iy> xU rpy gaphpy; ,Ue;J kl;Lky;yhJ> gy;NtW gaph;fspy; ,Ue;J ngw;whh;. Kjy; tUlk; mth; 2 Vf;fhpy; gUj;jp gaphpl;L 4 Ftpz;lhy; kf#y; ngw;whh;. ,uz;lhk; tUlj;jpy; mthpd; kf#y; 7 Ftpz;lhyhf mjpfhpj;J> %d;whk; tUlj;jpy; 12 Ftpz;lhy; tiu cah;e;jJ. gUj;jp gapiu mwpKfg;gLj;jp Nrj; j dh Mh; f hdpf; %yk; fpilf; f g; n gw; w gy; N tW Cf; f nray; g hLfspdhy; mthpd; FLk;g tUkhdk; Ke;ija tUlq;fis xg;gpLk;

NghJ 3 klq; F mjpfhpj; j J. ml; l tiz ,uz;by; ruhrhpahf gaph; kf#y; mjpfhpg;gJ Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. jpwd; tsh; g ; G gapw; r pfs; Nfhygp Nghd; w tptrhapfspd; ek; g pf; i f mjpfhpj; J s; s J. gy;NtW epWtdq;fshd lhlh mwf;fl;lis kw; W k; vk; . Nf.v]; . gp kw; W k; v]; . vg; . v]; . vg; Nghd; w gy; N tW epWtdq; N shL Nrj; j dh Nkw;nfhz;l xUq;fpizg;G Kiwfs; mth; epyj;jpd; cw;gj;jp jpwid mjpfg;gLj;jpajw;F cjtpaJ. jw;NghJ Nfhygp xU rhd;wspf;fg;gl;l ,aw;if tptrhap. mthpd; jiyikj; J t gz; G fs; mtiu khtl; l mstpy; kw; W k; tl; l hu mstpy; eilngWk; gapw;rpfspy; kw;Wk; $l;lq;fspy; gq;Fngw;W Nkk;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s cjtpaJ. FLk; g mstpYk; > r%f mstpYk; KbT vLf;Fk; MSikahf mtuJ Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mjpfhpj;Js;sJ. fpuhkj;jpy; cs;s gy;NtW FOf;fspy; cs;s cWg;gpdh;fNshL Nrh;e;J mq;F epyTk; gy;NtW r%f gpur;ridfis jPh;g;gjw;Fk; jw;NghJ mtuhy; KbAk;. mthpd; r%f nghUshjhu epiyfs; Nkk;gl;L mth;fs; r%fj; j py; xU fz; z pakhd tho; f ; i fia elj;Jtjw;F cjtpAs;sJ. 

Y M M Srikar Director- Programs Chetna Organic Farmers Association 3-5-703/4, Vittalwadi, Narayanguda, Hyderabad, Telangana, India -500029 E-mail: srikar@chetnaorganic.org.in

Debasis Mohapatra Supply Chain Specialist Traidcraft India, 2nd Floor, Badhe House, 6-3-788/36& 37A, Durganagar, Ameerpet, Hyderabad-16 E-mail: mohapatra.debasis@gmail.com %yk;: yPrh ,e;jpah> [_d; 2018> thy;a+k; 20> ,jo; 2

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Fop Kiw fha;fwp cw;gj;jp xU GJikahd nra;Kiw jkpo; e hl; b d; ngz; z hfuk; jhYf; f htpy; cs; s Nfhl;Ykuk;gl;b fpuhkj;jpy; trpg;gth; 40 taJila KUNfrd;> 8 tUlj;jpw;F Kd; mth; 4 Vf;fh; epyj;ij thq;fpdhh;. ,jpy; 5y; 1 gq;F gFjpjhd; jpwe;j ntsp fpzW %yk; ePh;g;ghrd trjp ngw;wJ. KUNfrd; mtuJ epyj; j py; gy; N tW tifg; g l; l gaph;fshf - xU Vf;fh; epyf;fliyAk;> Nfo;tuF kw;Wk; rhik jyh miu Vf;fhpy; gaphpl;L tUfpwhh;. vQ;rpAs;s 2 Vf;fh; epyj;ij 4 gFjpfshf gphpj;J mjpy; fha;fwp gaph;fshf gPh;f;F (0.5 Vf;fh;)> Gliy (0.5 Vf;fh;) ghfy; (0.5 Vf;fh;)> kw;Wk; cSe;J kw;Wk; gr;ir gaW fye;Jk; tpijj;jhh;. ,e;j fha;fwpfis ,th; mfykhd gLf;if kw;Wk; Fop Kiwapy; xt;nthU tug;Gk; 8 mb mfyj;jpy; kw;Wk; xt;nthU 4 mb ,ilntspf;Fk; kj;jpapy; Nkl;Lg; gug;gpy; nfhb tif nrbfspd; tpijia tpijj;jhh;. ,e; j Kiwapy; kz; z pd; gug; g pw; F <ug; g jj; i j epiyepWj;j mbf;fb ePh;g;gha;r;r Ntz;bapUe;jJ. ePhg; g; hrdk; mspg;gJ kpfg; nghpa rthyhf ,Ue;jjhy;> mth; fha;fwpg; gaph;fis ePz;l ehl;fSf;F <ug;gj mOj;j #oypy; eph;tfpj;J te;jhh;. nrhl;L kw;Wk; njspg;G ePh;g;ghrd Kiwfs; mjpf nrytpdq;fs; gpbg;gjhy;> mtuhy; mtw;iw nfhzu ,aytpy;iy. eP z ; l ehl; f Sf; F <ug; g j mOj; j #oypy; gaph; ,Ue;jjhy;> gaph; tsh;r;rp jhkjkhfTk;> Fiwthf tsh;r;rpAk; mJ jz;Lfs; kpfTk; gykw;Wk;> g+f;Fk; jd;ik FiwthfTk;> fha;fs; gykw;Wk; fhzg;gl;lJ. NkYk; mth;fs; vg;NghJk; Nghy; eilKiwapy; kw;w fha;fwp tptrhapfs; gaphpLtJ Nghy; J}tptpl;L tpijf;Fk; Kiwia gpd;gw;wpajhy;> fha;fwpfSf;F mjpf msT cuq;fs; ,Ltjw;F nryT nra;jhh;.

2015 Mk; Mz;L KUNfrDf;F V.Vk;., gTz; N lrd; elj; j pa tay; ntspg; gs; s papy; fye;J nfhs;Sk; tha;g;G fpilj;jJ. ,jpy; xU tFg;gpy; mth; caph; cuq;fshd biuf;Nfhnlh;kh> mNrh]; i ghpy; y k; > iuNrhgpak; kw; W k; gh]; N gh ghf;BhpahNthL Cl;lNkw;wpa njhOcuk; ,Ltjd; Kf; f paj; J tj; i jAk; mJ epyf; f liyapd; Nth; gFjpapy; cs;s kz; Jfs;fSf;F ,ilapy; ePiu Njf; f p itj; J f; n fhs; t ij mjpfg; g Lj; J fpwJ vd; g ijAk; Ghpe; J nfhz; l hh; . ,J mtUf; F 16

yPrh ,e;jpah • ,jo; 2 • [_d; 2019

KUNfrd; ,aw;if Ntshz; Kiwapy; tpistpf;fg;gl;l Glyq;fhAld; ,Uf;fpwhh;.

xU GJikahf Nahridia nfhLj;jJ. vdNt> KUNfrd; Cl;lNkw;wpa njhOcuj;ij gad;gLj;jp Fop Kiwapy; rhFgb nra;a tpUk;gpdhh;. tpijfis vg;NghJk; Nghy Gijg;gjw;F gjpyhf> KUNfrd; xU mb Mok;> xU mb mfyk;> 1 mb ePsj;jpw;F Fopfis 1.5 Vf;fUf;F 4 mbf;F xU thpir vd vLj;jhh;. ,uz;L tug;GfSf;Fkhd ,ilntsp 8 mbapy; ,Ue;J 5 mbahf Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jw;F ,ilapy; mth; f s; caph; cuq; f is gad; g Lj; j p Cl;;lNkw;wpa njhOcuj;ij jahhpj;jhh;. 300 fpNyh njhOcuj;jpy; mth; xU fpNyh iuNrhgpak;> xU fpNyh mNrh];ighpy;yk; kw;Wk; gh];Nghghf;Bhpah kw;Wk; miu fpNyh fpuhk; biuf;Nfhnlh;kh Nrh;j;J jahhpj;Jf; nfhz;lhh;. ,e;j fyit Ftpay; ed;whf fyf;fg;gl;L> ePh; njspf;fg;gl;L> <ur;rhf;F nfhz;L %b itj;J mjpy; Mf;]prd; ,y;yhj epiyapy; 20-25 ehl;fSf;F kl;f itf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j kl;fpa fyitahdJ xt;nthU FopapYk; Kf;fhy; gq;F

mikj; j hh; . ,urhad cuq; f is Kw; w pYkhf jtph;j;Jtpl;L 15 ehl;fSf;F xU Kiw mth;fs; kz;GO cuj;ij gad;gLj;jpdhh;. ,e;j Kiwapd; %yk; KUNfrd; ey;y KbTfis ngw;whh;. Cl;lNkw;wpa njhOcuj;ij gad;gLj;jpajhy; mJ kz;zpy; <ug;gpbg;G jd;ikia kw;w kz;izf; fhl;bYk; 5 klq;F Njf;fp itf;fTk; cjtpaJ. ,e;j Kiwapy; xt;nthU Fopapy; ,Ue;Jk; fha;fwp gaph;fs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tsh;r;rpAk; ngw;wd. gaph;fs; ed;F mghpjkhd tsh;rr ; pAk;> jz;Lfs; cWjpahfTk;> mjpf g+f;fs; kwWk; fha;fs; nghpjhfTk; tsh;;e;jpUg;gij mtuhy; fhz Kbe;jJ. kpf Kf;fpakhf gaph; kw;Wk; g+f;Fk; Row;rpahdJ ePz;l ehl;fSf;F ,Ue;jJ. ,jd; %yk; xU ehs; tpl;L xU ehs; ePh; gha;r;RtJk; $l thuk; xU Kiw my; y J ,U Kiw vd; w mstpw;F jz;zPh; gad;ghLk; Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j Kiwfis gpd;gw;wpajhy; KUNfrd; ey;y kf#iyAk; ngw Kbe; j J. NkYk; mWtil nra;ag;gl;l gaph;fs; ey;y jukhdjhfTk; ,Ue;jJ. fha;fwpfs; GjpjhfTk;> ey;y MNuhf;fpa Njhw;wj;JlDk; fhzg;gl;L mtw;wpw;F re;ijapy; ey;y tpiyAk; fpilj;jJ. kpf Kf;fpakhf mtuJ fha;fwpfs; mq;Fs;s gy;NtW tpahghhpfs; kj;jpapy; ey;y tpiyf;F tpw;Fk; mstpw;F xU Njitia Vw;gLj;jpaJ. KUNfrd; gPh;f;fq;fhia Fop elT Kiwia gpd;gw;wp tpijj;Js;shh;.

nfhl;lg;gl;L mjd; Nky; Njhz;ba kz; ,lg;gl;L epug;gg;gl;lJ. 1-2 nfhb tpijfs; xt;nthU FopapYk; tpijf;fg;gl;lJ. NkYk; mth; xU rpwpa ePh;g;ghrd fhy;thia Vw;fdNt cs;s ePh;ghij topahf xU mb J}uj;jpw;F vLj;J ePh; kw;w ,lq;fspy; eidj;J tPzhf;fhky; Neubahf FopfSf;F nry;Yk; tifapy;

 Mr. Murugesan can be contacted at Door no. 2/300, Gotlumarampatti, Bikampatti post, Pennagaram taluk, Dharmapuri-636 813.

The writeup has been developed by Mr. J Krishnan, AMEF. He can be contacted at krish72oxigen@ gmail.com %yk;: yPrh ,e;jpah> brk;gh; 2018> thy;a+k; 20> ,jo; 4

yPrh ,e;jpah • ,jo; 2 • [_d; 2019

17

epiyj;j thbapd; ePz;l neba fij fq;fh md;fl; ntw; w pfukhd Ntshz; i kf; F Kf; f pa fhuzpahf ,Ug; g J gy; N tW njhopy; f is xUq;fpizg;gJ. xUq;fpizf;Fk; NghJ> kWRow;rpapd; Nfhl;ghLfis eilKiwg;gLj;jpdhy;> xU rpwpa Jz;L epyj;jpy; $l Ntshz; FLk;gj;jpw;F NghJkhd msT czT> Cl;lr;rj;J kw;Wk; tUkhdj;ij mspf;f KbAk;. ky;Ny\g;gh xU ntw;wpf;fij – tpuf;jpapy; ,Ue;J Mjhakhd Ntshz;ikia mile;j xU gazk;. fh;ehlf khepyk; jhh;thl; khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s fk;gpypNfhg;gh fpuhkj;ij Nrh;e;j ky;Ny\g;gh `f; y l; f ; F 1.2 n`f; N lh; khdhthhp epyk; nrhe;jkhf cs;sJ. mthpd; FLk;gj;jpw;fhd xNu tho;thjhuj;jpw;fhd Mjhukhd ,Ug;gJ ,e;j epyNk> mJTk; cw;gj;jpf;F jFjpaw;wjhf ep&gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j cw;gj;jpw;F jFjpaw;w epyj; i j itj; J f; n fhz; L 6 Foe; i jfs; nfhz; l FLk; g j; i j eph; t fpg; g J ky; N y\ g;ghtpw;F kpfTk; rpukkhf ,Ue;jJ. 1996 Mk; Mz; L fk; g pypNfhg; g h fpuhkk; igahg; epWtdj;jpd; jpl;l ,yf;F fpuhkq;fspy; xU fpuhkkhf Njh;T nra;ag;gl;L kuq;fis mbg; g ilahf nfhz; l (thb) jpl; l j; i j epiyj;j tsh;r;r pf;f hd njhopw;El;g q; fis khw;wpf; nfhLg;gJ (b.b.v];.B) jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; nray;gLj;jpaJ. thb jpl;lkhdJ Kf;fpakhf 50 nr.kP ePsj;jpw;F FopfisAk;> tug;GfisAk; mikg;gJ> gz;izf; Fl;ilfis (30 X 30 X 10 mb) tPjk; mikg;gJ> 40 Njhl;lf;fiy gaph;fis gaphpLtJ kw;Wk; 500-800 fhLfspy; gaphplf;$ba kuf;fd;Wfis tsh;g;gJ> jPtd cw; g j; j pia $l; L tJ> kw; W k; kz; G O cu mikg;gJ MFk;. ,e;j jpl;lkhdJ> Ntshz;ik> Njhl;lf;fiy> fhLtsh;g;G kw;Wk; jPtdq;fis xU Vf;fh; epyj;jpy; xNu tpjhdkhf mikj;J mjd; %yk; czT> jP t dk; > vhpnghUs; Nghd;wtw;wpd; cj;jputhjj;jpd; Nehf;fj;NjhL Mz; L KOtJk; Ra Ntiytha; g ; N ghL Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjhFk;.

Muk;gj;jpy; ky;Ny\g;ghtpw;F jaf;fk; ,Ue;j NghjpYk; > 1998 Mk; Mz; L jd; i d thb jpl;lj;jpy; Nrh;j;Jf; nfhz;lhh;. Jtf;fj;jpy; mth; Ra cjtpf; FOtpd; cWg;gpduhf Mdhh;. ,e;j jpl;lkhdJ Ra cjtpf; FOtpd; %yk; eilngWtjw;fhf cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. xt;nthU fpuhkj; j pYk; xt; n thU Racjtpf; FOtpy; ,Ue; J k; 2 egh; f s; fpuhk tpfh]; rkpjpf; F ([P.tp.v];) Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;ldh;. midj;J fpuhkq; f spYk; cs; s [P . tp.v]; mikg; g py; ,Ue;J 2 egh;fs; rh;Nthjah kfh rq;fh vd;w cah; k l; l mikg; N ghL ,izf; f g; g l; l J. ,e;j mikg;ghdJ rq;f tpjpfspd; fPo; gjpT 18

yPrh ,e;jpah • ,jo; 2 • [_d; 2019

nra; a g; g l; L $l; l hf tpw; g id <LgLk; gzpia xUf; f pizj; j J. 1996-2002 Mk; fhyq;fspy; ,e;j mikg;gpd; cWg;gpdh;fSf;F gy; N tW gapw; r pfs; Ra cjtpf; FOf; f s; mikj;jy;> gjpNtLfs; guhkhpj;jy;> kuq;fis mbg; g ilahf nfhz; l Ntshz; Kiwfs; > Njhl;lfiyg; gaph;fis el;lgpd; guhkhpj;jy;> ghy; khLfs; guhkhpg;G> jPtd tsh;g;G> fd;Wfs; tsh;g;G> kjpg;Gf; $l;ly;> cly; MNuhf;fpak; kw;Wk; Rfhjhuk; vd gy;NtW mk;rq;fspy; mspf;fg;gl;lJ. ky;Ny\g;ghTk; kz; kw;Wk; ePh; ghJfhg;G> kuq;fis mbg;gilahf nfhz;l Ntshz;ik> ,aw;if Ntshz;ik fhy;eil tshg;G kw;Wk; jPtd tsh;g;G Nghd;wtw;wpy; Vw;ghL nra;ag;gl;l gy;NtW gapw;rpfs;> gl;lwpT gazq;fspy; fye;J nfhz;lhh;. ky;Ny\g;gh 0.4 n`f;Nlh; epyj;jpy; 40 rg;Nghl;lh fd; W fis gaphpl; L cUthf; f pdhh; . NkYk; mth;fs; kw;w Njhl;lf;fiyg; gaph;fshd rPjj ; h> gg;ghsp> gyh> vYkpr;ir> KUq;if> njd;id kw; W k; Ke; j php Nghd; w tw; i w gaphpl; l hh; . 4 Mk; tUlj; j py; ,Ue; J rg; N ghl; l h fha; f ; f njhlq;fpaJ. KUq;ifia jtpu kw;w midj;J goq;fSk; tPlL ; Efh;Tf;F gad;gl;lJ. ruhrhpahf &. 2000 KUq; i fapy; ,Ue; J mtUf; F tUkhdk; fpilj; j J. ,e; j xUq; f pize; j KiwahdJ 6 tJ tUlj;jpy; ,Ue;J epiyahd tUkhdk; mspf;fj; njhlq;fpaJ. ruhrhpahf ky;Ny\g;gh &. 45000j;ij Mz;L tUkhdkhf Njhl;lf;fiy gaph;fspy; ,Ue;J ngWfpwhh;. ey;y kf#y; fhuzkhf jdJ Njhl;lf;fiy gaph; rhFgb gug;ig NkYk; miu Vf;fUf;F tphpTgLj;jp mjpy; mthpd; nrhe;j KjyPl;by; 50 kh fd;Wfis el;Ls;shh;.

gy;tif njhopy;fis xUq;fpizj;jy; ky;Ny\g;gh thb gFjpapy; cs;s ,ilntspfis gad;gLj;jp CLgaph;fis gaphpl;lhh;. 2011 Mk; Mz;L mth; kQ;rs; gaphplj; njhlq;fpdhh;.

15 tUl go kuj;Njhl;lj;jpy; fpilj;j epoypd; tpisthf mJ kQ; r s; rhFgbf; F kpfTk; nghUj;jkhf mike;jJ. xU Fz;lh epyj;jpy;

,Ue;J mth; xU Ftpz;lhy; kQ;rs; tpisr;ry; vLj;jhh;. ,Ug;gpDk; gpd; Vw;gl;l kionghopT FiwT fhuzkhf kQ; r s; rhFgb gug; i g Fiwj;J tpl;lhh;. jw;NghJ mth; 10 fpNyh gr;ir kQ;rs; kl;Lk; mWtil nra;J> gjg;gLj;jp jdJ tPl;L cgNahfj;jpw;F itj;Jf; nfhs;fpwhh;.

2011 Mk; Mz;by; ,Ue;J mth;fs; fha;fwpfs; gaphpl; L tUfpwhh; . mth; kpjp ghfw; f ha rhFgbia xNu xU jpuhl; i r nrbNahL Muk;gpj;jhh;. jz;L ntl;b itj;J 150 jpuhl;ir nrbfis xU ge;jy; Nghy; mikj;J glutpl;lhh;. goq;fs; 2 khjq;fspy; fha;f;f Muk;gpj;J xU tUlj;jpy; 10 khjq;fs; tiu fha;f;fpwJ. xU thuj;jpw;F ky;Ny\g;gh 20-40 fpNyh mWtil nra; f pwhh; . NkYk; mth; f s; nfhj; j tiu> gPh;f;F> ntz;il> kpsfha;> nts;shp> Ks;sq;fp> nte; j ak; Nghd; w tw; i w tP l ; L j; Njitf; F tsh;j;J tUfpwhh;. cSe;J 15 Fz;lh epyj;jpy; tPl;L cgNahfj;jpw;F tsh;f;fg;gl;L mJ 1 Ftpz;lhy; tiu kf#y; jUfpwJ. Njf;F> a+fypg;l];> rTf;F> mfj;jp> mNfrpah> rpy;th; xf;> fpshpnrbah> #ghGy;> Nghd;w gy;NtW tifahd td kuf;fd;Wfs; fpl;lj;jl;l 800 tiu epyj;jpy; vy;iyfspy; gaphplg;gl;Ls;sJ. xt;nthU tUlKk; gf;f fpisfs; fthj;J nra; a g; g l; l tpwfhf gad; g Lj; j g; g LfpwJ. Ie;jhk; tUlj;jpy; ,Ue;J ed;F tsh;e;j rpy mf; N frpah jhtuq; f s; ntl; l g; g l; L mit tPLfs; fl;Ltjw;Fk;> fhy;eil nfhl;by;fs; mikf;fTk; gad;gLfpwJ. gf;f fpisfis fthj;J nra;tjd; %yk; ky;Ny\;g;gh tUlj;jpw;F &. 15000/- tUkhdk; <l;Lfpwhh;. fpuhkj; i j Rw; w pAs; s th; f Sf; F xg; g e; j mbg;gilapy; tpLtjd; %yk; xU Ftpz;lhy; &. 300f; F tpw; f pwhh; . $Ljyhf mthpd; FLk; g j; j pw; F Njitahd tpwF NjitAk; g+h;j;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ. tug; G fspd; NkYk; > ,uz; L Njhl; l f; f iy gaph;fSf;F ,ilapYk; gy;NtW tif jP t d gaph; f s; gaphplg; g Lfpd; w d. jP t d tiffshd Gw;fs; ];ilNyh`kjh> ]; i lNyhrhd; j ]; ]; f g; u h> Neg; g pah; xl; L kw;Wk; ku tiffshd mfj;jp> fpshpnrbah kw;Wk; #ghGy; gaphplg;gLfpwJ. mtuJ epyj;jpy; ,Ue; J fpilf; F k; gRe; j P t dq; f s; mthpd; fhy; e ilfSf; F NghJkhdjhf cs; s J. $Ljyhf fpilf;Fk; Nth; fuizfis mth; tpw;W tpLfpwhh;. ruhrhpahf Mz;L xd;wpw;F &. 20000 tiu Nth; fuizfis tpw;fpwhh;.

NghJkhd msT jPtdk; ,Ug;gjhy;> ky;Ny\g;gh jdJ fhy;eil gphpitAk; tphpTgLj;jpAs;shh;. ghy; cw; g j; j pAk; mtw; w pd; mstpw; F Vw; g mjpfhpj;Js;sJ. jw;NghJ ehs; xd;Wf;F 8

jdJ gz;izapy; ntw;wplq;fshf cs;s gFjpfspy; ky;Ny\g;gh gy;NtW tif jPtdg;gaph;fis tsh;f;fpwhh;.

ypl;lh; ghy; cs;@hpy; cs;s ghy; gz;izf;Fk;> 3 ypl;lh; tPl;L cgNahfj;jpw;Fk; gad;gLfpwJ.

Mjhuq;fs; kWRow;rp kWRow;rp nra;Ak; njhopw;El;gq;fs; Ntshz; fopTfspy; ,Ue; J fhy; e il jP t dkhfTk; > fhy; e il jP t d fopT Ntshz; i kf; F k; cukhf khw; w g; g LtJ jpl; l kpl; L Kiwahf nray;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. Nrhsk;> kf;fhr;Nrhsk;> NrhahgPd] ; >; jl;ilg; gapW Nghd;wtw;wpy; ,Ue;J fpilf;Fk; Ntshz; fopTfs; itf;Nfhyhf gad;gLfpwJ. Nfhilf;fhyq;fspy; gRe;jPtdq;fspd; Njitfs; mfj;jp> #ghGy;> kw; W k; fpshpnrbah jhtuq; f spy; ,Ue; J g+h; j ; j p nra; a g; g LfpwJ. fhy; e ilfspd; rhzk; kz;GO cuk; jahhpf;f gad;gLfpwJ. fhy; e ilfspd; vz; z pf; i f mjpfhpg; g jd; %yk;> gNahkh]; mjpfk; fpilg;gjhy; mjidf; nfhz;L NghJkhd msT kl;Fcuk; jahhpf;f KbfpwJ. NghJkhd msT cuq;fs; e pyj;jpw;F gad;gL j;jg;gl;L > cg h p a h f cs; s it tpw; f g; g Lfpd; w J. ky; N y\; g ; g h kz;GO cuk; kw;Wk; GOitAk; tpw;W $Ljy; tUkhdk; ngWfpwhh;. ruhrhpahf mth; 100 Ftpz; l hy; kz; G O cuk; tpw; f pwhh; . kl; F cuk; jahhpg;NghNjhL $Ljyhf rhzj;ijf; nfhz;L rhz vhpthATk; jahhpf;fpwhh;. fpuhk gQ;rhaj;jpd; cjtpNahL rhz vhpthA fyd; mikj; J s; s hh; . mjpy; fpilf; F k; fopTfs; rhz vhpthA fydpy; ,Ue; J vLf; f g; g l; L kl;F cuk; jahhpf;Fk; Fopf;Nf kPz;Lk; jpUg;gp mDg;gg;gLfpwJ. mtuJ epyj;jpy; cUthf;fg;gl;L;s;s gz; i zf; F l; i lapy; njhlh; r ; r pahf kio yPrh ,e;jpah • ,jo; 2 • [_d; 2019

19

ky;Ny\g;gh jdJ gz;izapy; jPtdg;gaph;fs; mjpfk; tsh;gg ; jhy; fhy;eilfspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfhpj;Js;sJ.

ePh; mWtil nra;ag;gLfpwJ. ruhrhpahf 4 yl; r k; ypl; l h; eP h ; Mz; L NjhWk; mWtil nra;ag;gLfpwJ. gz;izf;Fl;ilapy; cs;s ePiu gad;gLj;jp CLgaph;fSf;F ghJfhg;ghd eP h ; g ; g hrdk; mspj; J k; > fhy; e ilfs; kw; W k; kz; G O jahhpg; G f; F Njitahd eP i uAk; gad;gLj;jp nfhs;fpwhh;. xt;nthU ,uz;L Mz;Lk; gz;izf;Fl;ilia J}h;thhp tz;liy vLj;Jf; nfhs;fpwhh;.

gy;NtW gad;fs; mWtil gy; N tW njhopy; f spd; xUq; f pizg; g hy; ky;Ny\g;gh cw;gj;jpf;F jFjpaw;w epiyapy; ,Ue; j 1.2 n`f; N lh; epyj; j pypUe; J ey; y tUkhdk; ngw; W tUfpwhh; . Mz; L NjhWk; ruhrhpahf &. 45000 Njhl;lf;fiy gaph;fspy; ,Ue;Jk;> &. 15000 fhL tsh;g;gpy; ,Ue;Jk;> &. 75000 ghy; tpw;gidapypUe;Jk;> &. 20000 jPtd gw;fuizfs; tpw;gjpy; ,Ue;Jk;> &. 60000 kz;GO tpw;gidapypUe;Jk; ngWfpwhh;. ,J mth; jdJ tPl;bw;F Njitahd fha;fwpfs; mWtil nra;jJ Nghf. ,e;j topapy; xU rpW Jz;L epykhdJ FLk;gj;jpw;F Njitahd rj;Jkpf;f czit> MNuhf;fpakhd fha;fwpfs;> ghy;> ghy; nghUl;fs;> gy;NtW tifahd goq;fs;> jhdpaq;fs; kw;Wk; Mz;L tUkhdkhf &.

2>15.000 tiu fpilf;f top nra;fpwJ. ky;Ny\;g;gh caph;r;#oYf;F cfe;j Ntshz; top Kiwf;F khwptpl;lhh;. mth; kz;zpw;F mjpf msT kl;F cuk; kw;Wk; kz;GO cuq;fis mspf; f pwhh; . mth; g+r; r pfis fl; L g; g Lj; j “fPl;n[d;ah ehrhf;fh” vd;Dk; g+r;rp tpul;bia 20

yPrh ,e;jpah • ,jo; 2 • [_d; 2019

gad;gLj;Jfpwhh;. jd;dplk; cs;s ,aw;if ts Mjhuq;fis jpwikahf gad;gLj;Jtjpy; epGzuhfp tpl; l hh; . Ntshz; i kapy; xU GJg;gpf;fg;gl;l Mh;tj;NjhL> mth; jdJ rhFgb gug;ig NkYk; 3 Vf;fh; Fj;jif epyj;jpw;Fk; tphpTgLj;jp> NkYk; 9 Vf;fh; epyj;ij 50f;F 50 vd;w mbg;gilapy; gfph;e;J nfhz;L tptrhak; nra;J tUfpwhh;. mthpd; nghUshjhu epiy ky; N y\g; g h FLk; g j; j pw; F kpFe; j ek; g pf; i f je; J s; s J. mthpd; ntw;wpf;fhf nfsutg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;shh;. tptrhapfs; kj;jpapy; mth;fspd; $l;lq;fspy; jdJ mDgtq; f is gfph; e ; J nfhs; f pwhh; > ty; Y euhf gapw; r pfs; mspf; f pwhh; . mtuJ ,uz;L kfd;fs; Ntshz;ikapy; mtUf;F cjtpahf cs;sdh;. mtuJ kidtp fy;yt;th kfh rigahd rh; N thjah kfh rq; f j; j pd; ,af; F euhf cs; s hh; . jw; N ghJ ghy; ts mikg;gpd; jiytuhfTk;> t&h; fpuhk gQ;rhaj;jpd; jiytuhfTk; cs;shh;. mtuJ FLk;g cWg;gpdh;fs; midtUk; fpuhkj;jpy; xU nfsutkhd tho;it kfpo;r;rpNahL tho;e;J tUfpd;wdh;.  Ganga Ankad Research Officer, BAIF Institute for Sustainable Livelihoods & Development -K # 2, Kusumnagar, 11th cross, Kelgeri Road, Dharwad - 580 008.

E-mail: ganga.ankad@baif.org.in

%yk;: yPrh ,e;jpah> nrg;lk;gh; 2018> thy;a+k; 20> ,jo; 3