LEISA - Tamil - March 2019 by LEISA India

,jo; 1 â&#x20AC;¢ khh;;r; 2019

yP r h ,e; j pah jkpo; rpwg;gpjo; This issue in Tamil is a translated version of LEISA India magazine. This includes selected articles from LEISA India, originally published in English. Address : ame Foundation No. 204, 100 Feet Ring Road, 3rd Phase, Banashankari 2nd Block, 3rd Stage, Bangalore - 560 085, India Tel:

+91-080- 2669 9512, +91-080- 2669 9522

Fax:

+91-080- 2669 9410

E-mail: leisaindia@yahoo.co.in

Leisa India Chief Editor : K.V.S. Prasad Managing Editor : T.M. Radha

yPrh vd;gJ Fiwe;j ntspapL nghUs; kw;Wk; epiyj;j Ntshz;ik vd;gjd; RUf;fkhFk;. Rw;Wr;RoYf;F cfe;j topfspy; cw;gj;jpiaAk;> tUkhdj;ijAk; ngUf;f tpUk;Gk; coth;fSf;F njhopw;El;g kw;Wk; r%f hPjpapyhd tha;g;Gfis cs;slf;fpajhFk;. yPrh vd;gJ cs;@h; ts Mjhuq;fs; kw;Wk; ,aw;ifapd; Nghf;Ffis msTld; gad;gLj;jp Njitg;gLk; NghJ ghJfhg;ghd msT ntspaPL nghUl;fis jpwd;gl ifahs;tjhFk;. yPrh vd;gJ Mz; kw;Wk; ngz; coth;fis> me;j r%fj;ij Ragyk; kpf;fth;fshfTk;> rf;jp kpf;fth;fshfTk; khw;wp mjd;%yk; mth;fspd; vjph;fhyj;ij jq;fs; nrhe;j mwpT> jpwik>kjpg;gL P > fyhr;rhuk; kw;Wk; mikg;Gfis mikf;f cjTtjhFk;. yPrh vd;gJ khwptUk; #oy;fs; kw;Wk; NjitfSf;F Vw;g coth;fs; kw;Wk; ,ju gq;Fjhuh;fspd; jpwikfs;> gq;Nfw;G mZFKiwfs; %yk; gyg;gLj;JtjhFk;. yPrh vd;gJ ghuk;ghpa mwpitAk;> mwptpay; g+h;tkhd mwpitAk; ,izj;J mjd;%yk; nfhs;if cUthf;fj;jpy; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jp vjph;fhy tsh;r;rpf;F rhjfkhd #oiy cUthf;FtjhFk;. yPrh vd;gJ xU fUj;J> xU mZFKiw kw;Wk; tpNtfkhd nra;jp.

Translated by N. Lalitha Sakthivel Translation coordination Veena Markande Administration Rukmini G. G. Design and Layout M.S. Vasanth Christopher Printing L.S. Graphic Prints, Chennai Cover photo Livestock play a major role in farming in small farmer households Different editions • Regional Editions Telugu, Hindi, Kannada, Marathi, Punjabi and Oriya • Farming Matters The Global edition in English • LEISA Revista de Agroecologia The Latin American edition in Spanish • LEISA India The Indian edition in English • AGRIDAPE The West African edition in French • Agriculturas, Experiencias em Agroecologia The Brazilian edition in Portuguese

The editors have taken every care to ensure that the contents of this magazine are as accurate as possible. The authors have ultimate responsibility, however, for the content of individual articles. The editors encourage readers to photocopy and circulate magazine articles.

Supported by MISEREOR, Published by AME Foundation yPrh ,e;jpah • ,jo; 1 • khh;r; 2019

kpnrshpah; vd;gJ tsh;r;rp xj;Jiog;gpw;fhf> n[h;kdp ehl;by; cs;s fj; N jhypf; f ghjphpahh; f shy; 1958 Mk; Mz; b y; epWtg; g l; l Xh; epWtdkhFk;. kpnrshpah; fle;j 50 tUlq;fSf;Fk; Nkyhf Mg;gphpf;fh> Mrpah kw; W k; yj; j P d ; mnkhpf; f ehLfspy; Vo; i k xopg; g jw; f hd Nghuhl;lj;jpy; jd;id mh;gzpj;J gzpahw;wp tUfpwJ. kjk;> ehfhPfk;> ghypdk; vd;w ve;j NtWghby;yhky; kdpj Fyj;jpd; Njitf;F jdJ cjtpia mspj;J tUfpwJ. Vio kw;Wk; gpd;jq;fpa kf;fs;> jhq;fshf Jtf;Fk; ve;j xU Kaw;rpf;Fk; MjuT nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W ek;GfpwJ. cs;@h; $l;lhspfSld;> Fwpg;ghf fpUj;Jt Nfhapy;fNshL njhlh;Gila epWtdq;fs;> muR rhuh epWtdq;fs;> r%f ,af;fq;fs;> Muha;r;rp epWtdq;fs; Nghd;wtw;NwhL ,ize;J gzpahw;Wtij tpUk;GfpwJ. gadhspfNshL ,ize;J> mjd; $l;lhspfs; cs;@h; ts Nkk;ghl;L Kiwfspy; cjtpAk;> jpl;lq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;jpAk; tUfpd;wdh;. ,t;topahfNt> kpnrshpah; jdJ $l; l hspfSld; ,ize; J njhlh; r ; r pahf khwptUk; rthy; f is vjph;nfhs;fpwJ. www.misereor.de; www.misereor.org V.vk; . , gTz; N l\d; Fiwe; j ntspapL nghUs; %yk; ,aw; i f ts Mjhuq; f s; Nkyhz; i kf; f hf ghuk; g hpa mwpitAk; > Gjpa fz; L gpbg; G njhopw; E l; g q; f isAk; xd; w pizj; J epiyj; j tho; t hjhug; gzpfis ngUf; F tjpy; <Lgl; L tUfpwJ. V.vk; . , gTz; N l\d; Ntshz; i kapy; khw;WfisAk;> mwpitAk; ngUf;FtjpYk;> gapw;rpfs; mspg;gjpYk;> tsh;r;rp gzpfspy; <Lgl;L tUk; epWtdq;fNshL njhlh;Gfis Vw;gLj;JtjpYk;> mDgtq;fis gfph;e;J nfhs;tjw;Fk;> jf;fhz gPlg+kp gFjpfspy; rpW FW coth;fs; kj;jpapy; gzpahw;wp tUfpwJ. V.vk;., epWtdk; Mh;tKs;s tptrhaf; FOf;fSld; gy fpuhkq;fspy; khw;W tptrha Kiwfis ngUf;fTk;> eilKiwg;gLj;jTk; gzp nra;J tUfpwJ. ,e;j gFjpfs; ,aw;if Ntshz; Kiwfis nfhz;Ltu Kaw;rpf;Fk; kw; W k; eilKiwg; g Lj; j p nfhz; L tUk; jd; d hh; t f; FOf; f s; kw; W k; $l;likg;GfSf;F fw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; ,lq;fshfTk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. www.amefound.org

mwf;fl;lisapd; mwq;fhtyh;fs;: jpU. rpuQ;[Pt; rpq;> IAS - jiyth; Kidth;. tpj;jy; uh[d; - cWg;gpdh; Kidth;. vk;. k`hNjtg;gh - cWg;gpdh; Kidth;. vd;.[p. n`f;Nl - cWg;gpdh; Kidth;. b.vk;. jpahfuh[d; - cWg;gpdh; Nguhrphpah;. tp. tPugj;iua;ah - cWg;gpdh;

jpU. gp.Nf. rptuhk; - nghUshsh; Kidth;. V. uh[d;dh - cWg;gpdh; Kidth;. ntq;fNl\; jfj; - cWg;gpdh; Kidth;. r;kpjh g;Nuk;re;jh; - cWg;gpdh; jpU. Nf.tp.v];. gpurhj; - nray; ,af;Fdh; jpU. mNrhf; rhl;lh;[p - cWg;gpdh;

nghUslf;fk; ,jo; 1 • khh;r; - 2019

4 tpijfis mZFk; Kiwapd; %yk; Raek;gpf;if tsh;f;Fk; mh;r;rdh =t];jhth kw;Wk; Rgpah m`kj;

7 fhy;eilfis xUq;fpizg;gjd; %yk; gz;iz caph;r# ; oiyAk;> nghUshjhuj;ijAk; epiyf;fr; nra;jy; Nf.RNu\; fz;zh 11 rpwe;j kz; MNuhf;fpaj;jpw;F fhy;eil nfhl;lif Nkyhz;ik r[d; mk;if kw;Wk; rhypf; uhk; ngsly; 13 kwf;fg;gl;l gapiu jpUk;gf;nfhz;L tUjy; ghyg;Gy; mdpjh nul;b kw;Wk; fpU\;z gpurhj;.[p

17 cs;@h;; njhopy;El;gq;fs; fhy;eil ,dq;fisg; ghJfhf;Fk; gp.tpNtfhde;jd;

md;ghh;e;j thrfh;fNs> yPrh ,e;jpahtpd; ,e;j ,jopy;> gaph; cw;gj;jpAld; cs;@h; fhy;eilfis ghJfhg;gJ kw;Wk; xUq;fpizg;gjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; kw;Wk; gad;fs; Fwpj;j jiyg;Gfis toq;Ftjpy; ehq;fs; kfpo;rr ; pailfpNwhk;. gy;NtW fhuzq;fshy; cs;@h; fhy;eil ,dq;fs; ngUkstpy; mope;JtUfpwJ. ,d;Dk;> fhy;eilfis ek;gpapUf;Fk; cs;@h; r%fq; f spy; > cs; @ h; ,dq; f is ghJfhj; J mjd; %yk; jdJ tho;f;ifia elj;jptUk; gy rhk;gpad;fs; ,d;Wk; ,Uf;fpd;wdh;. fhy;eilfis ghJfhf;Fk; mNjrkaj;jpy;> ,d;Dk; rpyh; jq;fsJ gaph; cw;gj;jp KiwfNshL cs;@h; fhy;eilfs; xUq;fpizf;fpd;wdh;. jdJ gz;iz cw;gj;jp Kiwfspy; ck;gyhr;Nrhp ,dj;ij xUq;fpizj;j gh];fudpd; ntw;wpf;fij> epiyj;j Ntshz;ikapd; jw;Nghija khjphp cjhuzkhf fUjg;gLfpwJ. ngUk;ghyhd ,aw;if caph;r# ; oy; nra;tjd;%yk;> mjpf cw;gj;jp> Fiwe;j nryTfs;> tphptile;j FLk;g Cl;lr;rj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; rpwe;j gz;iz caph;r;#oy; Mfpatw; w pd; gad; f s; %yk; mth; ep&gpj; J s; s hh; . muR kw;Wk; nfhs;if mikg;ghsh;fs;> ,k;khjphpahd Kaw;rpfis mq;ff P hpg;gjw;Fk;> epiyahd fhy;eil tsh;rr ; pf;F ghJfhf;Fk; Kaw;rpfSf;F cjtp nra;tjw;Fk; ,JNt rhpahd jUzk;. tiuaiwfs; kw;Wk; ghpe;Jiufs; mbg;gilapy; > fhy;eilfSf;F jP t dk; mspg; g J rpwe; j fhy; e il cw; g j; j pay; y vd; W jpU.uhN[\; t udpd; ghh; i tahFk; . mtUila ghh; i tapy; > ,iwg; i gapd; tbtk; kw; W k; rj; J f; f spd; Njitia Ghpe;Jnfhz;ljd; mbg;gilapy; fhy;eilfSf;F jPtdk; mspf;f Ntz;Lk;> ,J nryT Fiwe;Jk; > epiyahdjhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;. rpwpa Kaw;rpfs; nghpa jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk;. rpWePh; Nrfhpf;Fk; njhl;bAld; fhy;eil nfhl;lifia muR cjtpAld; cah;jj ; pajd; tpisthf Kiwahf fhy; e il fopTfis cukhf khw; w p gad;gLj;jpajhy;> kz; tsk; caUk;. Neg;ghypy; cs;s rpe;Jsp khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s tptrhapfs; gpd;gw;wpa Ntshz; Kiwapy; khw;wk; Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. NkYk; njhlh;e;J cq;fs; fUj;Jfis gfph;e;J nfhs;SkhW Nfl;L nfhs;fpNwhk;. jq;fspd; tptrha ez;gh;fs; vtNuDk; ,e; j ,jopid gbf; f Ntz; L k; vd; W Mirg; g l; l hy>; mth;fspd; KO Kfthpapid vq;fSf;F mDg;GkhW gzpNthL Nfl;Lnfhs;fpNwhk;. mth;fSf;F ,e;j Gj;jfj;ij mDg;Gtjw;F ehq;fs; ngUk; kfpo;rr ; pailfpNwhk;. Mrphpah;

rpwe;j kz; MNuhf;fpaj;jpw;F 11 fhy;eil nfhl;lif Nkyhz;ik

cs;@h;; njhopy;El;gq;fs; 17 fhy;eil ,dq;fisg; ghJfhf;Fk;

r[d; mk;if kw;Wk; rhypf; uhk; ngsly;

gp.tpNtfhde;jd;

rpwpa Kaw;rpfs; rpwe;j jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jyhk;. fhy;eil nfhl;lif Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F muR mspj;j rpwpa cjtpahy;> Neghspy; cs;s rpe;Jsp khtl;lj;jpd; tptrhapfs; tptrhak; nra;Ak; mstpw;F khw;wk; Vw;gl;Ls;sJ.

gy;NtW fhuzq;fshy; cs;@h; fhy;eil ,dq;fs; ngUkstpy; mope; J tUfpwJ. vdpDk; > cs; @ h; r%fq;fspy; fhy;eilfis rhh;e;J ,Uf;Fk; gy rhk;gpad;fs; cs;@h; ,dq;fis ghJfhj;J tho;e;J tUfpd;wdh;. muRk;> nfhs;if mikg;ghsh;fSk; ,k;khjphpahd Kaw;rpfis mq;fPfhpj;J> epiyahd fhy; e il tsh; r ; r pia ngWtjw; f hd ghJfhg; G Kaw;rpfSf;F cjTtjw;F ,JNt rhpahd jUzk;.

yPrh ,e;jpah • ,jo; 1 • khh;r; 2019

tpijfis mZFk; Kiwapd; %yk; Raek;gpf;if tsh;f;Fk; mh;r;rdh =t];jhth kw;Wk; Rgpah m`kj; cj; j ufz; l ; > nts; s ghjpg; G Vw; g Lk; gFjpfspy; tptrhak; kw;Wk; rpW FW kw;Wk; ngz; tptrhapfspd; tho; t hjhuj; j py; mr;RWj;jk; epiy cs;sJ. nts;sk; vjph;fF ; k; jd;ik nfhz;l ,ufq;fs; ,y;yhjjhy; ngUk; g hYk; czT cj; j puthjkpd; i k vd; w tpspk; g pw; F s; js; s g; g Lfpd; w dh; . ,e; j g; gpur; r idia vjph; n fhs; t jw; F > tUlk; KOtJk; czT cj;jputhjj;ij cWjpgLj; j rd; l ; fgph; efh; > Nkjthy; tl;lj;ij Nrh;ej ; ngz; tptrhapfs; nts;sk; vjph; f ; F k; tpijfis cw; g j; j p nra; A k; njhopy;El;gj;ij gpd;gw;wpdh;. rpfdpahjpapy; cs;s tptrhapfsplk; rkkw;w kw;Wk; njhlh;e;J nts;sk; Vw;gLk;> rpwpasT epyk; nrhe;jkhf ngw;wpUf;fpd;wdh;. rpfdpahjp> rd;l; fgph; efh; khtl;lk; Nkjthy; tl;lj;jpy; cs;sJ. J}jpahjhs; vd;w gFjp ghfpuh VhpNahL xl; b ,Uf; f pwJ. Mifahy; ngUk; g hYk; nts;sk; ngUfp tay;fSk; Ko;fp fhPg; gaph;fs; NrjkilAk;. rpy Neuq;fspy; ugp gaph;fSk; ghjpg; g ilAk; . rpthd; gFjpapy; fpl; l jl; l 25 rjtpfpjk; jho; t hd epyq; f s; Vg; u y; - Nk khjq;fs; tiu nts;sj;jpy; Ko;fpapUf;Fk;. ,J kpf Nkhrkhf tptrha tho;thjhuj;jpy; jhf;fk; Vw;gLfpwJ. tptrhapfs; nghJthf NfhJik kw; W k; ney; y pd; tP h pa xl; L ,ufq; f isNa tsh;g;gh;. ,J nts;sj;ij vjph;f;Fk; jpwd; nfhz;litay;y. ,jdhy; nts;sk; Vw;gLk; rkaq;fspy; kpf Nkhrkhf gaph; ,og;G Vw;gLk;. ,e;j tpijfs; tpiyAah;e;jjhf ,Ue;jhYk;> G+r;rp jhf;Fjy; Vw;gLk; vd;whYk;> cs;@h; re;ij kw;Wk; muR Ntshz; ikaj;jpy; Rygkhf fpilg;gjhy;> NtW ve;j topAk; ,y;yhj epiyapy; ,e; j tpijiaNa tpijf; f pd; w dh; . gaph; ,og;Gfs; Vw;gLtjhy;> FLk;gj;jpw;F tUlj;jpy; 6-7 khjq; f s; tiu czT fpilf; f pwJ. tptrhapfs; mth;fspd; FLk;gj;jpw;F cztspf;f fld; thq;Fk; epiy Vw;gLfpwJ. ngUk; g hYk; > Mz; f s; > FLk; g q; f s; kw; W k; tay;fs; ngz;fspd; fz;fhzpg;gpy; tpl;L> Ntiy NjLtjw;F ,lk;ngah;e;J nry;th;. 4

yPrh ,e;jpah • ,jo; 1 • khh;r; 2019

\Fe;jyh Njtp ,aw;if Kiwfis gad;gLj;jp nts;sj;ij vjph;f;Fk; tpijfis cw;gj;jp nra;jhh;.

Kaw;rp 2012 Mk; Mz; L Nfhuf; G +h; Rw; W r; # oy; nraw;FO vd;w njhz;L epWtdk;> tptrha tho;thjhuj;ij epiyg;gLj;j tptrhapfis Cf;fg;gLj;jp nts;sk; vjph;f;Fk; tpijfis jahhpf;Fk; Nehf;fj;NjhL> rpf;fdpahfp cl;gl19 fpuhkq;fspy; ,e;jj; jpl;lk; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. jho;ej ; r%fq;fis Nrh;ej ; ngz; tptrhapfNs ,th;fspd; ika ghh;itahf ,Ue;jJ. Rkhh;

xUtUf;nfhUth; gfph;e;Jnfhs;tjd; %yk; tpijfs; Rygkhf fpilf;Fk; epiyf;F cah;e;Js;sJ.

35 ngz; tptrhapfs; ,uz; L FOf; f shf xUq;fpizf;fg;g l;lJ. ,it-khpj;j pad; i [ ngz;fs; tptrha FO kw;Wk; Jh;fh ngz;fs; tptrhaf;FO. NkYk; 100 tptrhapfis (80 ngz;fs; kw;Wk; 20 Mz;fs;) xUq;fpizj;J rpW FW tptrha Kd; d piyf; FOthf khwp> rpW> FW kw;Wk; ngz;fs; tptrhapfs; re;jpf;Fk; gpur;ridfis jPhg ; g ; J. ,e;j mikg;G tptrhak; kw; W k; tho; t hjhu rk; k e; j khd gpur;ridfSf;F jPh;Tfhd xt;nthU khjKk; re; j pg; g h; . Njitg; g Lk; Neuj; j py; rhpahd tpijfs; fpilj; j Nj> gpur; r idfspy; kpf Kf; f pakhdjhf ,e; j f; FO fz; l wpe; j J. fpuhkj; j py; mUfhikapy; mjhtJ 15fp. kP njhiytpy; gpgpfQ; vd;w ,lj;jpy; re;ij ,Uf;fpwJ. muR tpij ikak; fpl;ljl;l 30 fp.kP njhiytpy; cs;sJ. rhpahd tpijfis nfhs;Kjy; nra;tjw;F ngz; tptrhapfSf;F

nts;sk; vjph;fF ; k;jd;ik nfhz;l ,uf tpijia gad;gLj;j Jtq;fpajhy;> cw;gj;jp mjpfhpj;jJ. tUlk; KOtJk; czTk; fpilj;jJ.

fbdkhf ,Ue;jJ. cs;@h; #o;epiyfSf;F Vw; g cfe; j tpijfs; Fwpj; j jfty; f s; mth;fSf;F njhpatpy;iy. re;jpj;j gpur;ridfis kdjpy; itj;Jf;nfhz;L> fhP g ; gl; l j; j py; FO tptrhapfs; tptrha gs;spapy; xU ehs; epfo;r;rpf;F Vw;ghL nra;a KbT nra; j dh; . ,jpy; Rth; z Rg; -1 ney; ,ufj; j pd; gad; f shy; nts; s k; vjph; f ; F k; jd;ik Nghd;wtw;iw tpsf;Fk; nra;Kiwfs; ,lk; ngw;wpUe;jJ. Rth;z Rg;-1 ,uf tpij> 15-18 ehl;fs; jz;zPhpy; Ko;fpapUe;jhYk; ey;y cw;gj;jpia mspf;Fk;. tptrha gapw;rp ikak; kw;Wk; kj;jpa xUq;fpize;j G+r;rp Nkyhz;ik ikaj;jpd; tpQ;QhdpfNshL ,ize;J ,e;j epfo;r;rpia Vw;ghL nra;jdh;. ngz; tptrhaf; FOf;fs; kw;Wk; rpW FW tptrha Kd;dpiyf; FO Nghd;w gy;NtW FOf;fisr; Nrh;e;j 54 tptrhapfSf;F tpijfs; toq;fg;gl;lJ.

tpij cw;gj;jp k; h pj; j pad; i [ ngz; tptrhaf; FOtpd; jiytuhd jpUkjp \Fe; j yh Njtp> ,e; j ,ufj; i j tpij cw; g j; j pf; f hf jd; D ila xU Vf;fh; epyj;jpy; el;lhh;. 15 fp.fpuhk; Mjhu tpijia nfhz; L ehw; w q; f hy; jahhpj; j y; . yPrh ,e;jpah • ,jo; 1 • khh;r; 2019

,jid Fsj; j pw; F mUfhikapy; cs; s jdJ taypy; elT nra; j hh; . [pah[; vd; w njhz; L epWtdk; tpij cw; g j; j p Fwpj; j njhopy; E l; g mwpit mspj; j J. f; h pg; N fh vd;w mikg;gpypUe;J lhf;lh;.n[.gp.rpq; vd;w tpQ;Qhdp gapw;rpaspj;jhh;. xl;Lnkhj;j tpij cw;gj;jp nray;ghLfs; f;hpg;Nfh mikg;gpd; topfhl; L jypd; g bNa Nkw; n fhs; s g; g l; l J. \Fe; j yh Njtp> rhz vU> kz; G O cuk; kw;Wk; caph; G+r;rpf;nfhy;ypfs; Mfpatw;wit gad;gLj;jpdhh;. Rkhh; 22 f;tpz;lhy; ney; xU Vf;fUf;F mWtil nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,e;j ,ufj;jpd; juk; kw;Wk; nts;sk; vjph;f;Fk; jd; i kia ghh; j ; J > Nk 2014 Mk; Mz; L > fpuhkj;jpy; cs;s kw;w tptrhapfSf;F ,e;j tpijapd; Njit mjpfhpj; j J. \Fe; j yh Njtp 135 tptrhapfSf;F xU fpNyh &.18 vd;w hPjpapy tpijia tpw;whh;. ,th; kw;nwhU Kiwapy; tpij cw;gj;jpiaNa Nkw;nfhz;lhh;. gj;jpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l ngz;fs; ,tNuhL Nrh;e;J tpij cw; g j; j p nra; j dh; . jw; N ghJ Rth; z Rg; - 1 ,ufk; rpf;fdpahfp fpuhkj;ij jhz;b gpugykile;jJ. Fw;wg;gyp> gj;jpa jhjhh;> gplhhp fyd; Nghd;w mUNf cs;s fpuhkq;fSf;Fk; gutp tpijapd; Njit mjpfhpj;jJ.

yPrh ,e;jpah • ,jo; 1 • khh;r; 2019

KbT Neuj; j pw; F rhpahd tpijfs; fpilg; g jhy; fpuhkj;jpy; cs;s ngz; tptrhapfs; Kd;khjphpay;yhky;> fhPg; gl;lj;jpy; gaph; cw;gj;jp nra; j dh; . ,aw; i f Nghplh; Vw; g Lk; N ghJ ntw; w pfukhf gaph; Nrjkpy; y hky; rhFgb nra; f pd; w dh; . nts; s k; vjph; f ; F k; j d; i k nfhz;l ,uf tpijia gad;gLj;j Jtq;fpajhy;> cw;gj;jp mjpfhpj;jJ. tUlk; KOtJk; czTk; fpilj;jJ. \Fe;jyh Njtpapd; nghUshjhu tphp jpwd; ,ju ngz; tptrhapfs; mtUila nray;Kiwia gpd;gw;w Cf;fkile;jdh;.  Archana Srivastava Documentation Coordinator Gorakhpur Environmental Action Group Post Box # 60, Gorakhpur E-mail: pacs@geagindia.org Subia Ahmad Researcher Gorakhpur Environmental Action Group Post Box # 60, Gorakhpur E-mail: geag@geagindia.org %yk;: yPrh ,e;jpah> khh;r; 2017> thy;a+k; 19> ,jo; 1

fhy;eilfis xUq;fpizg;gjd; %yk; gz;iz caph;r;#oiyAk;> nghUshjhuj;ijAk; epiyf;fr; nra;jy; Nf.RNu\; fz;zh ngUk;ghyhd ,aw;if caph;r;#oy; nray;Kiwfis gpd;gw;WtJ ngUk;ghd;ikahf epiyj;jj;jd;ikia milfpwJ. Rygkhd njhopy;El;gq;fshd xUq;fpize;j fhy;eil kw;Wk; tptrhak; Mfpa ,uz;Lk;> ,uz;L njhopy;El;gq;fisAk; gaDw nra;fpwJ. mjpfhpf;Fk; cw;gj;jp> FiwAk; nryTfs;> tphptilAk; FLk;g Cl;lr;rj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; rpwe;j gz;iz caph;r;#oy; Nghd;w gad;fs; fpilf;Fk;. tsh;r;rp mDgtq;f spypUe;J ntspg;gLtJ vd; d ntd; w hy; > Nkhrkhd #o; e piyfspy; tsh; r ; r p ghijfs; Neubahf ,y; y hky; ,Ug; g jhy; > mJ tWikia Vw; g Lj; j hky; mijj; j hz; b Neubahf ey; y #oy; f is Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. fhy;eil tptrhapfSf;F $Ljy; tUkhdq;fSld; ,e;j ed;ik nra;Ak; #oy; f s; cUthfpwJ. ,th; f s; cz; Z k; czT> jahhpf;Fk; cuk;> rpwpasT mikg;Gfspd; rj;JfshfTk;> nghUshjhu Cf;fpfshfTk; jpfo;fpd;wdh;. Vio FLk;gq;fSf;F> fhy;eil xU elkhLk; tq;fpahfTk;> Nrkpg;G fzf; f hfTk; nray; g LfpwJ. kpj twz; l kw;Wk; twz;lg;gFjpfspy; Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;> gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; fhy;eil cw;gj;jp Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpwJ. ,e;j #o;epiyfspy; fhy;eil tsh;gG ; > tptrhaj;Jld; kf;fSf;F ghuk;ghpakhf kw;Wk; Kf;fpa tho;thjhukhf ,Uf;Fk; ,J ngUk; g hYk; ,og; G fis epug; G k; gzpia nra;fpwJ. ,tw;wpy; gyjug;gl;l gad;fs; ,Ue;jNghjpYk;> fhy;eilfSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;fg;gLtjpy;iy vd;W ntspg;gilahf cr;rhpf;fg;gl;lJ. tsh;r;rp jpl;lq;fspy; $l> fhy; e il njhopy; E l; g k; tUkhdk; <l; L k; nray; g hlhf fUjg; g l; l J. ,jd; k P J cs; s Kd;Ndhf;F ghh;it kw;Wk; ftdk; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; epiyAs;sJ. fP N o nfhLf; f g; g l; L s; s ntw; w pf; f ijapy; > Kiwahf jpl;lkpl;L xUq;fpize;j mZFKiwapd; %yk; fhy;eilfis kj;jpa mq;fkhf fUjp Nkk;gLj;Jk; Njitia mwpe;J> mjd;%yk; gaph; cw;gj;jp tphptiltJ kw;Wk;

fhy;eil fopTfspypUe;J jahhpf;Fk; cuk;> fha;fwp tsh;g;gjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

Ntshz;ik caph;r;#oiy tsh;g;gJ Fwpj;J tphpthf tpsf;fg;gl;lJ.

xU Kaw;rp ehfg;gl;bdk; khtl;lk;> jufk;ghb jhYf;fhtpy; cs;s jpUf;filA+h; tl;lj;jpy;> rpq;NfhNdhil vd;w rpwpa fpuhkk; cs;sJ. ,e;j fpuhkj;jpy; Rkhh; 60 tptrha FLk;gq;fs; tho;e;J te;jdh;.

yPrh ,e;jpah • ,jo; 1 • khh;r; 2019

fyg;gpd fhy;eilfis xg;gpLifapy;> ck;yhr;Nrhp ,dk; mjpf Neha; vjph;g;G rf;jp nfhz;ljhFk;.

2004 Mk; Mz; L te; j Rdhkpapy; ,e; j fpuhkk; ghjpf; f g; g l; l J. cg; G j; jz; z P h pd; CLUtypdhy; tptrha epyq;fs; ghjpj;jJ. NkYk; kz;zpy; cg;Gj;jd;ik mjpfhpj;jJ. ,e; j rkaj; j py; > FLk; g k; vd; w njhz; L epWtdk; Mjhuk; Fiwe; j tptrhapfs; kj; j papy; > epiyj; j Ntshz; i k khw; W j; njhopy; E l; g q; f is Cf; F tpj; J tUtjhy; > tptrhap tay; n tspg; gs; s p %yk; ,aw; i f Ntshz;ik mZFKiwfs; Fwpj;J gapw;rpj; jpl; l q; f s; kw; W k; nray; tpsf; f q; f Sf; F Vw;ghL nra;ag;gl;lJ. gq;Nfw;Gld; $ba fw;wy; kw;Wk; gfph;jy; Kiwfs;> ,aw;if rhFgb Kiwfis gpd;gw;Wtjw;F tptrhapfs; Cf;fg;gLj;jg;gl;ldh;. tptrhapfs; FOthf xd; W Nrh; e ; J ,aw; i f fha; f wp tptrhapfs; FO xd;W cUthf;fpdh;. ,aw;if

kz; nja;tf P khff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. fhy;eil tptrhaj;jpw;F cjTk; Kf;fpa mq;fkhf fUjg;gLfpwJ. 8

yPrh ,e;jpah • ,jo; 1 • khh;r; 2019

rhFgb njhopy; E l; g q; f s; epiyg; g jw; F Kjy;epiy Nehf;fkhf gRq;Nfhkpak; kw;Wk; gRQ;rhzk; nfhz;L caph; ,LnghUl;fis jahhpg;gJk;> NkYk; ghy; %yk; $Ljy; tUkhdk; ngWtjw;Fk;> fhy;eil thq;f> tptrhapfSf;F fld; cjtp nra;ag;gl;lJ.

fhy;eil caph;r;#oy; Nkyhz;ik rpq;NfhNdhil fpuhkj;jpy; thOk;> gh];fud;> ,sk; kw;Wk; Mh;tkpf;f tptrhap. ,tUf;F ,uz;L Vf;fh; epyk; cs;sJ. ,th; 1.5 Vf;fh; epyj;jpy; epyf;fliy rhFgb nra;J te;jhh;. kP j Ks; s 50 nrz; ; l ; epyk; kzw; g hq; f hf ,Ug;gjhy;> fha;fwp rhFgbNa ,jw;F cfe;jJ> Mifahy; fha; f wpfs; Fwpg; g hf gy; N tW tifahd nfhbf; fha; f wpfs; tsh; j ; j hh; . FOtpy; Kjd; K jyhf> Kf; f pa mq; f khf fhy; e ilia xUq; f pizf; F k; Kaw; r pia vLj;J> ,jid> ,aw;if fha;fwpfis cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;fhf gad;gLj;jp nfhz;lhh;. jpl; l j; j pd; cjtpahy; > ck; g yhr; N rhp vd; w cs;@h; gR ,ufk; 2009 ,y; thq;fpdhh;. xl;L

ck;gyhr;Nrhp ,ufk; (gh]; ,d;bf];) ckgyhr;rhhp ,ufk;> jkpo;ehl;by; ciog;gpw;fhd gad; g Lk; xU ,ufkhf> Fwpg; g hf mjd; jplfhj;jpuk; kw;Wk; cWjpf;F ngah;NghdJ. ,e;j ,ufk; jkpo;ehl;bd; flNyhu khtl;lq;fshd> jpUth&h; kw; W k; ehfg; g l; b dk; Mfpatw; i w gpwg; g plkhf nfhz; l J. rJg; G ney; tay; f s; gzp nra;tjw;F jFe;j> Fiwe;j cauKilajhf Njh; e ; n jLj; j jd; ntspg; g hlhf ,e; j ,ufk; ,Ue;jJ. jkpo;ehl;by;> ehfg;gl;bdk; khtl;lk; ck;yhr;Nrhp fpuhkj;ij mbg;gilahf nfhz;L ,jd; ngah; cUthfpaJ. ,e;j vUJ ntg;gk; mjpfk; cs;s epiyapYk; 6 Kjy; 7 kzp Neuk; Ntiy nra; A k; jpwd; nfhz; l J. tUlj; j pw; F xd; W vd; w hP j papy; jdJ tho;ehspy; 10 fd;WFl;bfs; <d;nwLf;Fk; jpwd; nfhz;lJ. ,e;j ,dk; cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; ghypy; nfhOg;Gr;rj;J 4.5 Kjy; 5.5 rjtpfpjk; ,Uf;Fk;> NkYk; RitahfTk; ,Uf;Fk;. fyg;gpd fhy; e ilfis xg; g pLk; N ghJ> ck; y hr; N rhp ,dk;> njhw;W Neha;fSf;F mjpf vjph;g;Gr;rf;jp cilajhf ,Uf;Fk;. ,jd; Njhy; cldbahf mhpg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk; jd;ik nfhz;ljhy;> ,jd; clk;gpy; <f;fs; kw;Wk; ,ju G+r;rpfs; mkh;tJ jLf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j ,dj;jpw;F kl;LNk cs;s Kf;fpa gz;ghf ,J ,Uf;fpwJ. ,e;j ,dj;ij tsh;f;f jQ;rhT+h; khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s xuj;jehL vd;w ,lj;jpy; 1954 Mk; Mz;L jkpo;ehL muR xU gz;izia cUthf;fpaJ. gpd;dh; xU Gjpa gz;iz ck;yhr;Nrhp fpuhkj;jpw;F mUfpy; nfhw;if vd;w ,lj;jpy;> mjd; gpwg;gplj;jpNyNa ghJfhf;fg;gLfpwJ. jkpo;ehL fhy;eil tsh;r;rp Kfik %yk; 40 gRkhLfs; ck;yhr;Nrhp fhy;eil Nka;rr ; y;fhuh;fs; rq;f cWg;gpdh;fSf;F ,ytrkhf 2004 Mk; Mz;L nrhe;j ,dj;jpd; fU Nrkpg;gjw;fhf tpdpNahfpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,uf fhy; e ilia xg; g pLifapy; > cs; @ h; ,ufkhd ck;gyhr;Nrhp gRtpy;> Neha; vjph;g;Gr; rf;jp mjpfk; ,Uf;Fk; vd;gij ed;F mwpe;j ,th; > cs; @ h; ,ufj; j pw; N f Kd; D hpik mspj;jhh;. jw;NghJ ,e;j ,ufj;jpy; ,uz;L gRf;fSk;> xU fd;WFl;bAk; ,thplk; cs;sJ. gh];fuDk;> mthpd; FLk;g cWg;gpdh;fSk;;> fhy;eilfis jq;fs; FLk;gj;jpd; mq;fkhf fUJfpd;wdh;. ,th;fs;> fhy;eilfSf;fhd jPtdk; kw;Wk; MNuhf;fpaj;jpd; Kf;fpa ftdk;

vLj; J f; n fhs; f pd; w dh; . ntspNka; r ; r Yf; F fhy; e ilfis mDkjpg; g jpy; i y. gh]; f ud; kw;Wk; mtuJ jha;> jpdKk; xU fhy;eilf;F 20fpNyh gRk; Gw; f is Nrfhpg; g h; . Rkhh; 50 tpOf;fhL Gw;fs; jq;fs; nrhe;j epyj;jpy; ,Ue;Jk;> kPjp Gw;fs; nghJ Nka;r;ry; epyj;jpypUe;Jk; Nrfhpf;fg;gLfpwJ. gRk;Gw;fis jtpu xt;nthU gRtpw;Fk; 2 fpNyh NfhJik jtpL> 1 fpNyh epyf;fliy Gz;zhf;Fld; mNrhyh kw;Wk; 1 fpNyh mhprp khTk; mspf;fg;gLfpwJ. $Ljyhf> epyf;fliy taypy; mWtilf;Fg;gpd; fpilf;Fk; epyf;fliy rWFfSk; jPtdkhf mspf; f g; g LfpwJ. NfhJik jtpL kw; W k; mhprp khT Mfpait thq;Fk; mNj rkaj;jpy;> kw;wit mtuJ gz;izapypUe;Nj kWRow;rp nra;ag;gLfpwJ. fhy;eilapd; MNuhf;fpak; ghuk;ghpa Qhdj;ij gad; g Lj; j p guhkhpf; f g; g l; l J. ,e; j Qhdk; mtuJ jhaplkpUe;J kpf rpwg;ghf> fhy;eil MNuhf;fpak; Nkk;gLj;JtJ Fwpj;J mtUf;F ghpkhwg; g l; l ij fz; l hh; . fhy; e ilapd; fhy;fspy; Ntk;G vz;nza;ia G+Rfpwhh;.NkYk; cyh; e ; j rhzj; J }Sld; Ntk; G ,iyfis nfhz;L GifNghLtJk; gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ.

gaph; kw;Wk; fhy;eil xUq;fpize;j gz;izapypUe;J fpilf;Fk; tUkhdk; xUq; f pize; j fhy; e il kw; W k; gaph; f s; mtUf;F gy;NtW gad;fs; mspj;jJ. Rkhh; 15 khl;Ltz;b njhOcuk; gz;izapNyNa rhzk; kw; W k; fopTfs; kWRow; r p nra; J jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ. mJ mtuJ gz;izf;Nf gad; g Lj; j g; g LfpwJ. kz; MNuhf; f pak; mghpkpjkhf mjpfhpj;Js;sJ. NkYk; caph;j; njhOcuk; njhlh;e;J ,Ltjhy; kz;zpd; ePh; gpbg;Gj;jd;ikAk; mjpfhpj;Js;sJ. vdJ gz;izapy; vq;F nrd;W xU ifg;gb kz; vLj;jhYk;> mjpy; mjpf kz;GOf;fis eP q ; f s; fhzyhk; . ,jw; F Kf; f pa fhuzk; > vdJ fhy;eilapypUe;J ngw;w njhOcuNk MFk; vd; W jpU. gh]; f ud; ngUikahf $Wfpwhh; . vy; y hUk; fz; $ lhf ghh; f ; F k; mstpw;F cw;gj;jp mjpfhpj;Js;sJ. Fwpg;ghf fha;fwpfspd; juk; cjhuzj;jpw;F Glyq;fhapd; ePsk; kw;Wk; Rit Mfpait mjpfhpj;Js;sJ. njhOcuk; gad; g Lj; j pajhy; > ,urhad cuq; f spd; gad; g hL Fiwe; J > cw; g j; j p nryTfSk; Fiwe;Js;sJ. mtuJ gz;izapNyNa cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l njhOcuj;ij> mbAukhf gad;gLj;jpajhy; yPrh ,e;jpah • ,jo; 1 • khh;r; 2019

mth; Vf; f Uf; F &.5000 Nrkpf; f Kbe; j J. mth; caph; G+r; r p tpul; b f; fyitfis gad;gLj;jpajd; %yk; Vf;fUf;FNkYk; &.3000> mtuJ nrytpypUe;J Fiwe;jJ. ,uz;L gRf;fs; jpdKk; Rkhh; 8ypl;lh; ghy; cw; g j; j p nra; f pwJ. ,e; j ,ufk; rhjhuz ghy; kf#iytpl fpl;ljl;l ,uz;L klq;F mjpfhpj;Js;sJ. vl;L ypl;lh; ghypy;> xU ypl;lh; ghy; tPl;bw;F gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. kPjKs;s VO ypl;lh; mUfhikapy; cs;s ghy; ikaj;jpy;> xU ypl;lh; &.28 vd;w hPjpapy; tpw;fg;gl;lJ. Mifahy; ,tUf;F nrhe;jkhd ,e;j ,uz;L gRf;fspypUe;J> khjj;jpw;F &. 6000 tUkhdk; <l;Lfpwhh;.

KbTiu gh];fudpd; gz;iz> cz;ikahd caph;r;#oy; rhFgbapd; ntw;wpf;fhd cjhuzkhFk;. ,q;F gy;NtW mq;fq;fis xUq; f pizj; J mjd; % yk; ngUk; g hyhd caph;r;#oy; mikg;Gfs; kw;Wk; nray;Kiwfs; cUthf; f g; g l; L s; s J. kz; nja; t P f khff; fUjg; g LfpwJ. fhy; e il tptrhaj; j pw; F cjTk; Kf; f pa mq; f khf fUjg; g LfpwJ. kz; kw; W k; fhy; e ilfis ,uz; i lAk; > yhgj; j pw; F kl; L k; gad; g Lj; J tijtpl> ,tw; i w tsh; j ; n jLf; F k; xU nghWg; G ,Uf; f pwJ. fhy; e il kw; W k; tptrhaj; i j xUq;fpizg;gjhy; mjpfsT gad;fs; ngwKbfpwJ. FLk;gj;jpw;F ghJfhg;ghd kw;Wk; rj;J epiwe;j czT fpilf;fpwJ> xl;Lnkhj;j FLk; g Kk; tptrhaj; j py; <LgLfpd; w dh; . gz;iz caph;r;#oy; cah;e;Js;sJ kw;Wk; kpf Kf;fpakhf> gz;iz nghUshjhu hPjpahfTk; rhj;jpakhdJ.

yPrh ,e;jpah • ,jo; 1 • khh;r; 2019

jw;NghJ gh];fud; xUq;fpize;j ,aw;if Ntshz; i kapd; Kd; k hjphpahf jpfo; f pwhh; . mtuhy; <h; f ; f g; g l; L fpuhkj; j py; Rkhh; 15 tptrhapfs; > jq; f Sila epyj; j py; rpwpa gFjpapid ,aw;if Ntshz;ikia gpd;gw;w Jtq;fp cs;sdh;. References http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/digestion/ herbivores/ rumination.html Andersson, L., Subclinical ketosis in dairy cows, 1988, Veterinary Clinics: Food Animal Practice 4 Duffield, T., Sub-clinical Ketosis in lactating dairy animals, 2000, Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 16(2): 22. Leslie, K., T. Duffield and S. Le Blanc., Monitoring and managing energy balance in transition dairy cows, 2003, Journal of Dairy Science 86: 101-107. Netsanet, B., V. Kapoor and B. Tewatia., Effect of roughage to concentrate ratio in the diet on milk production and fatty acid profile of milk in crossbred cows, 2015, Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition 32(4): 373-378. Harisha, K., K. Satyanarayan, V. Jegadeeswary, L. Achoth, Y. B. Rajeshwari and C. S. Nagaraj., Milk production trends in Kolar and Chikbalapur districts of Karnataka, 2015, Asian Journal Dairy and Food Research 34(2): 3.

 K Suresh Kanna Kudumbam, No. 113/118, Sundaraj Nagar, Subramaniyapuram, Trichy - 620 020, Tamil Nadu, India. E-mail: sureshkanna_kudumbam@yahoo.in %yk;: yPrh ,e;jpah> nrg;lk;gh; 2017> thy;a+k; 19> ,jo; 3

rpwe;j kz; MNuhf;fpaj;jpw;F fhy;eil nfhl;lif Nkyhz;ik r[d; mk;if kw;Wk; rhypf; uhk; ngsly; rpwpa Kaw;rpfs; rpwe;j jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jyhk;. fhy;eil nfhl;lif Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F muR mspj;j rpwpa cjtpahy;> Neghspy; cs;s rpe;Jsp khtl;lj;jpd; tptrhapfs; tptrhak; nra;Ak; mstpw;F khw;wk; Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. Neghsj;jpy; gpd;gw;Wk; tptrhak;> ePzl ; fhykhf gpiog; g pw; f hd tptrhaj; i j mbg; g ilahf nfhz; L s; s J. Fwpg; g hf kiy gFjpfspy; > fbdkhd epiyapYk; rpwpa epyj;jpy; rhFgb nra; t ijNa tptrhapfs; ek; g p cs; s dh; . Ntshz; cw; g j; j p mjpfhpg; g jw; F > muR ghrdj;ij mjpfhpg;gJk;> cuk; kw;Wk; G+r; r pf; n fhy; y pfis mjpfsT gad; g Lj; j r; nra;tJk;> Gjpa fUtp mwpKfg;gLj;JtJk;> mjpf kf#y; mspf; F k; ,ufq; f spd; Gjpa tpijfs; kw;Wk; epjpAjtp mspg;gJ Mfpatw;wpd; thapyhf cjtp nra;fpd;wJ. vdpDk; msTf;F mjpfkhf ,urhadq; f s; gad; g Lj; J tJk; > gaph; Row; r p> ,aw; i f cuk; gad; g Lj; J tJ Mfpa njhopy;El;gq;fs; ,y;yhky; Nghdjhy;> kz;zpd; MNuhf;fpak; mope;J> NkYk; czT cj;jputhjk; ghjpg;gile;Js;sJ. czT cj;jputhjj;ij tphpTgLj;Jk; Nehf;fj;NjhL ,aw;if cw;gj;jpia Kd;Ndw;wTk;> ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gLk; ,urhad cuq;fspd; rhh;Gj;jd;ikia Fiwf;fTk;> kz; Nkk;ghl;L ,af; f fk; > khtl; l Ntshz; i k tsh; r ; r p mYtyfq;fNshL xUq;fpize;J> kz;GO cuk; jahhpg;G> fhy;eil nfhl;lif Nkk;ghL> ,aw;if cuk; jahhpf; F k; njhopw; r hiy mikj; j y; > Ntshz; i k Jiwapd; fP o ; tptrhapfSf; F ,aw;if cuq;fSf;fhd khdpak; mspj;jy; Nghd;w gy;NtW jpl;lq;fis Jtf;fpaJ.

fhy;eil nfhl;lifia Kd;Ndw;Wk; jpl;lk; ghuk;ghpakhf> tptrhapfs; mjpf vz;zpf;ifapyhd fhy;eilfis guhkhpj;jjhy;> Gy;ntspfspy; Nka;tjw;F mDkjpg;gh;. Ntiy tha;gg ; pw;fhf ,isQh;fs; ,lk;ngah;eJ ; nry;Yk; epiy mjpfhpj; J tUtjhy; > fhy; e ilfis Nkk; g Lj; J tjw; F $ypahl; f s; fpilg; g J Fiwe; J tpl; l J. ,jd; tpisthf fpuhk r%fq;fspy; fhy;eilfis tsh;gg ; Jk;> mtw;wpd; fopTfis Rj;jk; nra;J guhkhpf;fTk;> Kd;igtpl kpf rthyhd xd;whf ,Uf;fpwJ. ,jdhy;

ghuk;ghpa Kiwapy; guhkhpf;fg;gLk; fhy;eil nfhl;liffs;

jpl;l nray;ghl;bw;F gpd; juk; cah;j;jgl;l fhy;eil nfhl;lif

fhy; e il tsh; g ; G fhy; e il nfhl; l iff; F khwpaJ. Fiwe;j juKila fhy;eil tsh;g;G nfhl; l iffs; MNuhf; f pakw; w epiyfs; Vw; g LtNjhL> rpwe; j Mjhukhd Nfhkpak; kw;Wk; rhzk; Nghd;witfs; tPzhFk; epiyAk; Vw;gLfpwJ. nfhl;liffis rhpahd Kiwapy; fl;lg;glhjjhy;> Nfhkpak;> jz;zPh; Mfpait fhy;eilfs; ,Uf;Fk; ,lj;jpy; Fsk; Nghy; Njq;fp> Nfhkpak; kw;Wk; njhO cuk; Mfpatw;wpd; juk; mope;JtpLfpwJ. ,J NkYk; jahhpf;fg;gLk; kf;Fcuj;jpd; juj;jpy; vjph;kiwj; jhf;fj;ij Vw; g Lj; J k; . NkYk; njhOcuk; jahhpf; F k; Kiwapy; gy rj;Jf;fs; ,of;Fk; epiy Vw;gLfpwJ. ,e;jf; fhuzpfis czh;e;J Ntshz;ikj; Jiw> fhy;eil nfhl;lifia Kd;Ndw;Wk; tpjkhf> xU khjphpj; jpl; l k; 2013 -2014 yPrh ,e;jpah • ,jo; 1 • khh;r; 2019

Mz;by; Jtf;fpaJ. nfhl;lifapd; jiuia Kd;Ndw;Wtjd; %yk; fhy;eil cuk; kw;Wk; Nrfhpf;Fk; Nfhkpak; rpwg;ghf Nkk;gLj;jp> mjd; %yk; ey;y jukhd njhOcuk; kw;Wk; fhy;eil Nfhkpaj; i j gad; g Lj; J tjd; %yk; kz; MNuhf;fpak;> jhtu ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; nfhl;lif Nkyhz; i kia cWjpnra; t Nj jpl; l j; j pd; Nehf;fkhFk;. khtl;lj;jpd; tptrhaf; FO my;yJ $l;LwT ikaq;fs; mjd; khtl;l Ntshz;ik tsh;r;rp ikaj;Jld; xUq;fpize;J fhy;eil rpWePh; Nrfhpg;Gj; njhl;b kw;Wk; fhy;eil rhzj;jpw;fhd nfhl; l ifAld; > fhy; e il nfhl; l ifia Nkk; g Lj; J tjw; F cjtpGhpfpd; w dh; . xU FLk;gj;jpw;F &.5200 khdpak; mspf;fg;gl;lJ. 2015-2016 tiuapy;> Rkhh; 33746 Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;l fhy;eil nfhl;liffs; fl;lg;gl;lJ. Mifahy; 33746 FLk;gq;fs; gadile;jdh;. fhy;eil fopTfis Kiwahf jahhpf;fg;gLk; kf;FvU kz;zpy; ,Ltjd;%yk; kz; MNuhf;fpaKk; gaph; cw;gj;jpAk; rpwg;ghf ,Uf;Fk;.

rpe;Jsp khtl;lj;jpd; ntw;wpf; fij %d;whtJ khfhzj;jpd; mq;fkhd> rpe;Jsp khtl; l k; Neghsj; j py; cs; s vOgj; j p Ie; J khtl;lq;fspy; xd;whFk;. rpe;Jsp kjp> khtl;l jiyefuhFk; . ,e; j khtl; l k; 2491 fp.kP gug;gsit nfhz;lJ. 2011 Mk; Mz;L ,jd; kf;fs; njhif 2>96>192 MFk;. Neghsj;jpy; cs;s kj;jpa kiyg;gFjp khtl;lq;fspy; ,JTk; xd;W. ,q;F Ntshz;ikNa tUkhdj;jpd; Kf;fpa Mjhukhf ,Uf;fpwJ. kz; Nkk; g hl; L ,af; f fj; j pd; cjtpNahL khtl;lj;jpy; 2014-2015 Kjy; rpe;Jsp> khtl;l Ntshz;ik tsh;rr ; p ikak; fhy;eil nfhl;lif Nkk; g hl; L jpl; l j; i j Jtf; f paJ. ,e; j j; jpl;lj;jpw;F Kd;G> tptrhapfs; ghuk;ghpa Kiw kf; F cu jahhpg; G > fhy; e il rhzq; f is Nrfhpj; J guhkhpf; f g; g lhj topapy; rpW kiyf;Ftpay;fshf itj;J> Neub #hpaxsp kw;Wk; kioapy; tpl;LtpLfpd;wdh;. fhy;eil rpWePh; Nrfhpf;f g;g Ltjpy;i y. rhjhuzkhf nfhl;lif jiuapNyNa CwptpLfpwJ. Vndd;why; nfhl;lif jiu rpnkz;lhy;; fl;lg;gl;lJ my;y. Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;l nfhl;lif Nkyhz;ikapd; gad;fs; Fwpj;J tptrhapfs; mwpatpy;iy.

mjpf vz;zpf;ifapy; fhy;eilfis tsh;gg ; Jk;> mjd; fopTfis guhkhpg;gJk; fpuhk r%fq;fspy; rthyhf ,Uf;fpwJ. 12

yPrh ,e;jpah • ,jo; 1 • khh;r; 2019

xUq; f pizf; f g; g l; l fpuhkq; f is Njh; T nra; J > njhO cuj; j pd; Nkk; g Lj; j g; g l; l Nkyhz;ik n jhopy;El;gq;fs; F wp j ; J> tptrhapfSf; F tpsf; f g; g l; l J. jtwhd Kiwapy; Nkyhz; i k njhopy; E l; g q; f is gpd;gw;Wtjhy; njhOcuj;jpypUe;J rj;Jf;fs; ,og;gij gw;wp tptrhapfSf;F fw;Wj;jug;gl;lJ. Njh;en ; jLf;fg;gl;l xt;nthU tptrhapfSf;Fk;> fhy;tha; trjpAld; rpWePh; Nrfhpg;Gj; njhl;b fl;Ltjw;Fk;> rpnkz;li ; l gad;gLj;jp fl;lg;gl;l nfhl;lifj; jiu> NkYk; epoy; trjpAld; $ba epue;ju rhzk; Nrfhpg;G mfop jahhpg;gjw;Fk; cjtp nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,e;jr; rhjhuz jpUj;jg;gl;l njhopy;El;gk;> fpuhkj;jpy; cs;s kw;w tptrhapfs;> Nkk;ghl;L njhopy;El;gj;ij gpd;gw;Wk; mstpw;F gd;klq;F jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ. jpU. Gj;jpuh[; n\nu];jh> rpe;Jsp khtl;lj;jpy; ehzpr;#hp tpbrp - 5 vd;w gFjpia Nrh;e;j tptrhapfspy; xUth;. mth; fhy;eil nfhl;lifia Nkk;gLj;jpdhh;. Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;l njhopy;El;gq;fspy; mjpf tpopg;Gzh;T ngw;w ,th;> cuk; kw;Wk; rpWePiu gaph; tay;fSf;F gad;gLj;j Jtq;fpdhh;. kz; MNuhf;fpak; cah;tijAk;> gaph;fs; MNuhf;fpakhf ,Ug;gijAk; fz;lhh;. kf#iyAk; rpwg;ghf ngw;whh;. References DADO, Annual Progress Report - 2014-15, District Agriculture Development Office, Sindhuli, Nepal. Jaishy, S.N., N. Mahato, R. Manandhar and K.H. Maskey, Study on use of Compost at farmers level, 1997, a report published in Annual Report 20.53154, Soil Testing and Service Section, Dept. of Agriculture. MoAD, Annual Progress Report - 2015-16, Ministry of Agricultural Development. Singha Darbar, Kathmandu, Nepal. MoAD, Statistical Information on Nepalese Agriculture, 2015-16, Ministry of Agricultural Development. Agri- Business Promotion and Statistical Division. Singha Darbar, Kathmandu, Nepal. Sherchan, D.P. and G.B. Gurung, Production and management techniques of compost to sustain the hill agricultural production system, 1996, PAC Technical paper No. 171. Pachribas Agricultural Centre, Nepal SMD, Annual Progress Report, 2015-16, Soil Management Directorate, Hariharbhawan, Lalitpur, Nepal. Organic Farming: Manures, http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/ org_farm/ orgfarm_manure.html.

Sujan Amgai Senior Plant Protection Officer Department of Agriculture, Hariharbhawan, Lalitpur, Nepal



Salik Ram Paudel Agriculture Extension Officer Department of Agriculture, Hariharbhawan, Lalitpur, Nepal %yk;: yPrh ,e;jpah> nrg;lk;gh; 2017> thy;a+k; 19> ,jo; 3

ghyg;Gy;Yld; gpugykhf $wg;gLk; NfhNuy; uF.

kwf;fg;gl;l gapiu jpUk;gf;nfhz;L tUjy; ghyg;Gy; mdpjh nul;b kw;Wk; fpU\;z gpurhj;.[p fh;ehlfhtpy;> Kf;fpa czthf> kPz;Lk; rpWjhdpaq;fs; ngUfp tUfpwJ. ghjpf;fg;gl;l kz;zpy; Fiwe;j jz;zPiu nfhz;L rpWjhdpakhd ghyg;Gy;iy> tptrhapfs; GJg;gpj;J rhFgb nra;J tUfpd;wdh;. rPNjh\d khw;wj;jpw;F gjpyhf ,Ug;gijAk; jhz;b> ghyg;Gy;> mjd; mjpf Cl;lr;rj;Jkpf;f jd;ikia fpuhk Viofs; kj;jpapy; epyTk; Cl;lr;rj;J gw;whf;Fiw> efu kw;Wk; miu efu gFjpfspy; kf;fspd; tho;tpy; tho;tpay;; Neha;fs; Mfpatw;wpw;F gjpyhfTk; jpfo;fpwJ. ghyg; G y; > mhpjhf cs; s rpWjhdpaq; f spy; xd;W> ,e;jpahit gpwg;gplkhf nfhz;l ,J> fh;ehlfh-Me;jpuh vy;iy gFjpfspy; cs;s khdhthhp ,lq;fspy; tsh;f;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;jg; gFjp> fh;ehlfhtpy; Jk;$h;> rj;uJ Jh; kw;Wk; rpf;gyhG+h; Mfpa ,lq;fis cs;slf;fpaJ. NkYk; Me; j puhtpy; mde; j G+h; khtl; l Kk; mlq;Fk;.

fd;dlhtpy; NfhNuy; vd;Wk;> njYF nkhopapy;> mz;lnfhuh vd;W $wg;gLk; ghyg;Gy; tsh;jJ ; > gz; l y; f e; j ; vd; W nghJthf $wg; g Lk; tlkj;jpa ,e;jpahtpy; xU gFjpapy; FiwthfNt cz;zg;gLfpwJ. ghyg;Gy; twl;rpapy; fbdkhfTk;> ntg;gj;ij jhq;ff;$bajhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;. Mdhy; nts;sk; yPrh ,e;jpah • ,jo; 1 • khh;r; 2019

tUk; jho;thd gFjpapYk; tsh;ff ; yhk;. NfhNuy; vd;W fd;dlhtpy; $wg;gLk;> ghyg;Gy;> epoiy jhq;fp tsuf; $baj; jd;ikapUg;gjhy;> kw;w gaph; f spypUe; J NtWgLfpwJ. ,e; j epoy; tpUk;Gk; gaph; Gspakuj;jpd; mbapYk; ed;F tsUk;. Mifahy; ghyg; Gy;iy Gspakuj;J epoypy;> fh;ehlfhtpy;> gtflh> kJfphp kw;Wk; rpuh Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; tptrhapfs; ,d;Wk; tsh;jJ ; tUfpd;wdh;. ,e;jg; gFjpfspy; kf;fspd; Kf;fpa czthf ghyg; G y; fUjg; g LfpwJ. twz; l epiyapy; gaph; caph; t ho; t Jk; Cl; l r; r j; J mjpfk; cs;sjhYk;> rPNjh\d khw;wq;fis Vw;Fk; jpwd; Mfpa rhj;jpaq;fs; ,Ug;gjhy; gutyhf guTfpwJ. eL-Vg;uy; Kjy; eL-Mf];l; tiu ngUk;ghyhd gFjpfspy; elg;gLfpwJ. gpd;dh; elg;gLtjhy; Fiwe;j kf#Ny fpilf;Fk;. mjid jdpg;gapuhfTk;> kw;w gapUlDk; tsh;f;fyhk;. kw;w rpWjhdpaq;fNshL ,ize;J eLtjw;F ,J ey;y Njh;thFk;. cz;ikahf xt;nthU 12 thpir ghyg;Gy; rpWjhdpaj;NjhL Jtiu fyg; G g; g apuhf tsh; f ; f g; g LfpwJ. ghyg; G y;

tpiuthf Kw;Wk;jpwd; nfhz;bUg;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. 75 Kjy; 80 ehl;fspy; gaph; mWtil nra; a g; g LfpwJ. rpy tptrhapfs; jP t dj; j pw; f hf kl; L Nk tsh; g ; g jhy; 50 ehl;fSf;Fs;NsNa mWtil nra;fpd;wdh;. ,J kpf FWfpa fhyj;jpy; Kw;Wk; vd;gjhy;> ,J Mf];l; khjj;jpy; elg;gLfpwJ. gUtf;fhyk; jhkjkhFk; epiyapYk; ,J caph; g ; G ld; ,Uf;Fk;. tpijg;gpd;NghJ Fiwe;jsT <ug;gjk; kw;Wk; gaph; tsh;tjw;Fk;> Kw;Wtjw;Fk;> KiwNa xd; W my; y J ,uz; L Kiw kio kl; L Nk Njitg;gLfpwJ. tpijia J}tp tpijf;Fk; Kiwapy;> gaph; Vf;fUf;F 7 Kjy; 8 Ftpz;lhy; jhdpak; kf#yhf fpilf;Fk;. NkYk; fpilf;Fk; 4 l;uhf;lh;; ey;y juKila jPtdj;ij cz;L fhy;eil kfpo;r;rpailAk;. ghyg; G y; jhdpak; Cl; l r; r j; J kpf; f jhf kl;Lkpy;yhky; kpfTk; RitahfTk; ,Uf;Fk;. ,e;j rpWjhdpaj;jpy; girapy;iy> mbg;gil rj;Jf;fs; mjpfk; ,Uf;fpd;wJ. kw;w jhdpaq;fis xg;gpLifapy; ,jpy; ,aw;if ehh; r ; r j; J mjpfk; ,Uf; F k; MjhukhFk; .

,aw;if ehh;r;rj;J mjpfk; nfhz;l Mjhuk;> nfhNuy; ,J MNuhf;fpa czthf jpfo;fpwJ. 14

yPrh ,e;jpah • ,jo; 1 • khh;r; 2019

ghyg;Gy;ypy;12.5 tpOf;fhL ehh;rr ; j;J ,Ug;gjhy; tho; f ; i f Kiwapy; Vw; g Lk; Neha; f Sf; F kUe;jhf ,Uf;fpwJ. ,e;j jhdpaj;ij jpdKk; rhg;gpLNthUf;F mjpfk; jhf;Ftjpy;iy. ghyg;Gy; jhdpak; mjpfkhf Gy; cw;gj;jpf;F ngah; NghdJ. ,J kw;w gy fhuzq;fSf;fhf tsh;ff ; g;gLfpwJ. kz;zpy; ,Uf;Fk; Nth; Kbr;Rg; GOit fl; L gLj; J k; . nrbapd; $h; i kahd ,iy tbtj;jpdhy; tay;fspy; vypfs; Nrjk; nra;tij jLf;fpwJ. Mifahy; tptrhapfshy; njd;id kw;Wk; ghf;F kuj;Njhg;gpy; vypia fl;Lg;gLj;j tsh;f;fg;gLfpwJ.

rpWjhdpaq;fis kPz;Lk; nfhz;LtUjy; %d; W tUlq; f shf njhlh; twl; r papdhy; ik#h; kw;Wk; khz;bah tptrhapfs; fpU\;zuh[ rhfh; mizapypUe;J fhPg; kw;Wk; ugp gaph;fSf;F jz;zhP ; ngw;wjw;F kfpo;ej ; dh;. fle;j tUlq;fspy; jz;zPh; gw;whf;Fiwahf ,Ue; j jdhy; > ghrdg; gaph; f Sf; F gjpyhf khw;wq;fis ghh;f;Fk; epiyf;F js;sg;gl;ldh;. fUj; j uq; f k; kw; W k; rpWjhdpaq; f s; Nksh Mfpatw;iw rf[h rk;Ujh 2015 Mk; Mz;L xUq;fpizj;jJ. ,jd; %yk; ney; kw; W k; fUk; G Nghd; w ghrdg; gaph; f isAk; jhz; b tptrhapfis Nahrpf; f itj; j J. ugpg;gl;lj;jpd; khw;Wg;gapuhf> fUj;juq;fpd; NghJ> tptrhapfSf; F rpWjhdpaq; f is mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ. ngUk;ghyhd rpWjhdpa ,ufq;fs; Fwpg;ghf ghyg;Gy;> twl;rpia vjph;fF ; k; vd; g jhy; tptrhapfs; rpWjhdpaq; f NshL ghpNrhjid nra;J tuyhW fhzhj kf#iy ngw;W ntw;wp ngw;wdh;. N`y; G j; j eUit Nrh; e ; j G+l; l Rthkp vd; w tptrhap ’rpWjhdpaq; f Sf; F jz; z P h ; Njitapy;iy. ney;iy xg;gpLifapy; rhFgb nra;tJk; Rygkhd xd;W. ghyg;Gy;iy rhFgb nra;Njd;> Nkhrkhd Nfhilf;fhyk; kw;Wk; Fiwe;j <ug;gjk; ,Ue;jjhy; mjpf kf#iy vjph;gg ; hh;ff ; tpy;iy> Mdhy; gaph; ed;F tsh;eJ ; > kpfTk; Nkhrkhd twl;rpia jhq;fp ey;y mWtil nra;J kf#y; fpilj;jJ vdf;F Mr;rhpakhf

jw;NghJ fh;ehlfhtpy;> 2000-j;jpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l tptrhapfs; rhFgb nra;J mjd; gy;NtW gad;fis nrhe;jkhf;fp nfhs;fpd;wdh;.

,Ue;jJ” vd;W $wpdhh;. ve;j taiyAk; G+r;rp kw;Wk; Neha;fis ghjpf;fg;gltpy;iy. fle;j 30 my;yJ 40 tUlq;fspy;> khz;bah gFjpapy; Kf;fpa czthf ,Ue;j rpWjhdpak;> jw;NghJ khwp mhprp kw;Wk; NfhJikahf khwpaJ. ney; mWtil Kbe; j gpd; d h; kz; z py; cs; s <ug;gjj;ij nfhz;L ,e;jg; gapiu tsh;ff ; yhk; vd;gij tptrhapfs; fz;Lgpbj;jdh;. khz;bah khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s FYF njhl;bia Nrh; e ; j tptrhapahd rp.gp. fpU\; z htpd; mDgtKk; ,J NghyNt mjpf kf#iy mWtil nra;jhh;. ‘nghpajhf ve;j nryTk; nra;ahky;> tpijia kl;Lk; thq;fp> cuq;fs; kw;Wk; G+r;rpf;nfhy;ypfs; ,y;yhky; rhFgb nra;ag;gl;lJ. taypy; kPjKs;s <ug;gjj;jpy; ,e; j g; g aph; ed; F tsh; e ; J mjpf kf#y; mspf;fpwJ. jz;zPh; gpur;ridia jPh;f;f ,e;j fbdkhd khdhthhp gpur;ridapy; tptrhapfs; khwpdhy; ,yhgk; fpilf;Fk; vd;W jw;NghJ ehq;fs; ek;GfpNwhk;”. Jk; $ h; khtl; l k; rpwh jhYf; f h> n`Nlhh; fpuhkj; i j Nrh; e ; j uF ,e; j gapiu gut nra;tjw;F Kaw;rpfs; vLj;jhh;. jw;NghJ mth; NfhNuy; uF vd;W gpugykhf miof;fg;gLfpwhh;. ghyg; G y; i y rhFgb nra; t NjhL> mth; tpijiaAk; toq; F fpwhh; > kjpg; G $l; L jy; > kw; W k; tpw; g idAk; $Ljyhf nra; f pwhh; . ghyg;Gy; rhFgbapy; tpiy FiwfpwJ. Fiwe;j KjyPl;by;> tptrhapfs; mjpf tUtha; <l;Lfpd;wdh; vd;W mth; $wpdhh;. tl fh;ehlfhtpy; rpy gFjpfspYk; nfhNuy; (ghyg; G y; ) gpugykhfp tUfpwJ. jhh; t hl; khtl;lj;jpy; Fe;j;Nfhs; jhYf;fh> kj;jpfl;lh kw; W k; `Dkd`s; s p fpuhkq; f spy; gy tptrhapfs; ghyg;Gy;iy rhFgb nra;fpd;wdh;. epoiy nghUj; J ,aw; i fahf tsh; t jhy; <h; g ; G ngw; W nfhg; g y; gFjpia Nrh; e ; j tptrhapfs; fle;j Kd;W tUlq;fshf khw;wp gaph; nra; f pd; w dh; . jw; N ghJ fh; e hlfhtpy; > 2000-j;jpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l tptrhapfs; rhFgb nra;fpd;wdh;

gug;Gk;NghJ re;jpf;Fk; rthy;fs; rPNjh\d khw;wj;jpd;NghJ tptrhapfSf;F ghyg; G y; xU khw; W g; g apuhf ,Uf; f pwJ. ghyg;Gy; rhFgb nra;tJ Rygk; vd;whYk;> tpijapd; ntspNjhy; fbdkhf ,Ug;gjhy; tpijfis gjg;gLj;JtJ fbdkhf ,Uf;fpwJ. ,jd; Kbthf xU Ftpz; l hy; ghyg; G y; tpijfspypUe;J 40 Kjy; 50 fpNyh jhdpaq;fNs yPrh ,e;jpah • ,jo; 1 • khh;r; 2019

ghf;F kuq;fSld; tsh;f;fg;gLk; nfhNuy;.

tptrhapfSf;F fpilf;fpwJ. Kd;G muit fw;fs; nfhz;L tpijapypUe;J jhdpaj;ij gphpg;gjw;F gad;gLfpwJ. ,d;W muit fw;fs; ngUk;ghYk; kiwe;Jtpl;lJ. NkYk; ghyg;Gy;iy> Nfo;tuF gjg;gLj;Jk; muit ,ae;jpuj;jpy; gjg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. Gof;fj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; muit ,ae; j puj; j py; rpWjhdpaq; f s; gjg; g Lj; J k; NghJ> ,J rpwpjhf ,Ug;gjhy; ftdkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. gjg;gLj;jpa gpd;dUk; mhprpapd;Nky; rpy ney;> NjhYld; ,Uf;Fk;. ,J J}j;Jjy;Kiw %yk; gjg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ghyg;Gy;ypd; mhprp msT kpf rpwpajhf ,Ug;gjhy;> rpW fw;fis gphpj; n jLg; g J fbdk; . Mifahy; ghyg; G y; tptrhapfSf;F ngUk; jilahf ,Uf;fpwJ. NkYk; ,jw;F cfe;j gjg;gLj;Jjy; ,ae;jpuk; tbtikf;f Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. Kg;gJ tUlq;fSf;F Kd;dh;> gjg;gLj;Jjy; Kiw Rygkhf ghyg;Gy;iy xg;gpLifapy; ey;y tUkhdk; mspj;jjhy; kpf Ntfkhf guTfpwJ.

yPrh ,e;jpah • ,jo; 1 • khh;r; 2019

,jd; gad; f shYk; > gpugyg; g Lj; j pajhYk; ghyg;Gy; rhFgb rpy gFjpfspy; jdpj;Jtk; ngw; W s; s J. ,J Fiwe; j msNt rhFgb nra;Ak; gaph;. NkYk; fpl;ljl;l ,J mopAk; epiyapy; cs; s J. tptrhapfspd; tho; t hjhuj; i j ghJfhf; F k; jUthapy; > ghJfhg;G> gpugyg;gLj;Jjy;> rhpahd> Rygkhf ghyg;Gy;iy gjg;gLj;Jk; fUtpia fz;Lgpbj;jy; nray;fs; %yk; czT cj;jputhjk;> Cl;lr;rj;J gw; w hFiw kw; W k; rP N jh\d khw; w k; Mfpa gpur;ridfSf;F jPh;Tfhz ,d;Dk; neLJ}uk; nry;y Ntz;Lk;; 

Krishna Prasad G Sahaja Samrudha No 7, 2nd Cross, 7th Main, Sulthanpalya, Bengaluru-560032 E-mail: sahajaindia@gmail.com

%yk;: yPrh ,e;jpah> brk;gh; 2017> thy;a+k; 19> ,jo; 4

cs;@h;; njhopy;El;gq;fs; fhy;eil ,dq;fisg; ghJfhf;Fk; gp.tpNtfhde;jd; gy;NtW fhuzq;fshy; cs;@h; fhy;eil ,dq;fs; ngUkstpy; mope;JtUfpwJ. vdpDk;> cs;@h; r%fq;fspy; fhy;eilfis rhh;e;J ,Uf;Fk; gy rhk;gpad;fs; cs;@h; ,dq;fis ghJfhj;J tho;e;J tUfpd;wdh;. muRk;> nfhs;if mikg;ghsh;fSk; ,k;khjphpahd Kaw;rpfis mq;fPfhpj;J> epiyahd fhy;eil tsh;r;rpia ngWtjw;fhd ghJfhg;G Kaw;rpfSf;F cjTtjw;F ,JNt rhpahd jUzk;. mjpf vz;zpf;ifapyhd cs;@h; fhy;eil ,dq;fis Nka;rr ; y; r%fj;jpdh; guhkhpj;JtUk; ,y; y khf ,e; j pah ,Uf; f pwJ – mit gf;fh;thy;> fh\;khP >; cj;jpufhe;jpy; cs;s thd; F[;[hh;> `pkhr;ry gpuNjrj;jpy; cs;s fl;b> uh[];jhdpy; cs;s iuf;fh> F[;[hh;> rpe;jp> K];ypk; kw;Wk; u[Gj;> F[uhj;jpy; cs;s ky;jhhp. k`huh\;buh kw;Wk; fh;ehlfhtpy; cs;s nfsyp kw;Wk; jd;fh;. jkpo;ehl;by; cs;s Njhlh;> FUk;gh;> Nfhzh; kw; W k; gh; f h; ypq; f ahj; Mfpait mth;fspy; rpy. 151 gjpT nra;ag;gl;l ,dq;fs; ekJ ehl;by; ,Uf;fpwJ. ,d;Dk; gy fhy;eil ,dq;fis tpthpf;Fk; Njit ,Uf;fpwJ. ,e;jpahtpd; nghJ epyq;fs;> Nka;r;ry; epyq;fs; Fl;ilfs; kw;Wk; fhLfs;> mope;J tUtjhy;> cs;@h; fhy;eil ,dq;fs; Mgj;jhd tpfpjj; j py; mope; J tUfpwJ. nghJthf> fhy;eilfSk;> Fwpg;ghf cs;@h; ,dq;fSk; mope; J tUtjw; F gy fhuzpfs; gq; F tfpf;fpd;wd. njhopy;El;g Gul;rp te;jgpwF fhy;eil coT Mw;wYf;F gjpyhf buhf;lh;> kpd; ,ae;jpuq;fs; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;L fhy;eilfs; Njitf;fjpfkhf itj;jpUf;Fk; nghUshff; fUjg; g l; l J. kw; n whUGwj; j py; > tptrhak; Fiwe; j ,yhgk; <l; L k; tho; t hjhukhf ,Ug; g jhy; > tptrhak; > fhy; e il tsh; g ; G Mfpatw; i w tpLj; J > fpuhk ,isQh; f s; ,ju tho;thjhu Njh;Tfis Njb nrd;wdh;. ,e;j fpuhk neUf;fbf;F muRk; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpwJ. cjhuzkhf fpuhk Ntiy tha;g;G jpl;lq;fs; %yk;> fpuhkq;fspy; epytpapUf;Fk; $ypahy; gw;whFiwNahL Nrh;e;J mjdhy; rpW tptrhapfs; kw;Wk; fhy;eil ghukhpg;gth;fs; ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wdh;.

,e;j #o;epiyfisAk; jhz;b> rpy cs;@h; r%fq;fs; kw;Wk; mbjl;L epWtdq;fshy; gy ey;y Kaw;rpfs; nra;J epiyahd fhy;eil tsh; j ; n jLf; f g; g l; L cs; @ h; ,dq; f s; ghJfhf;fg;gLfpwJ. Nrth vd;w xU mbjl;L epWtdk; ghuk; g hpa fhy; e il ,dq; f is ghJfhg; g jpy; rpwg; g hf <LgLfpd; w dh; . cs;@h; ,dq;fis ghJfhf;Fk; jdpegh;fis milahsk; fz;L> mth;fspd; Kaw;rpfis Mtzg; g Lj; j p NkYk; ,dg; ghJfhtyh; tpUJfis toq;fp mth;fSf;F mq;fPfhuk; mspj; j J. cs; @ h; ,dg; g hJfhtyh; tpUJ toq;fp fTutpf;Fk; Kaw;rp 2009 Mk; Mz;L Njrpa caph; gy;tifik mjpfhu mikg;gpd; cjtpAlDk;> Njrpa tpyq;Ffs; kugpd ts Mjhuq; fSf; fhd gzpafk; kw; Wk; `dP gP (NjdPff ; s;) $l;likg;G Nghd;w mikg;GfNshL ,ize;J fle;j 7 tUlq;fspy; 150f;Fk; Nky; ntw;wpf;fijfs; Mtzg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.. 2017 Mk; Mz; L ,dg; g hJfhtyh; tpUJ ngw;w jpU.uhkrhkp cs;@h; fhy;eil ,dkhd ck; y hr; N rhpia ghJfhj; j tptuk; ,q; N f nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

cs;@h; fhy;eilfs; gy gad;fs; jpU.[p. uhkrhkp> taJ 74> ghuk;ghpa fhy;eil tsh; f ; F k; FLk; g j; i j Nrh; e ; j th; . ,tuJ FLk; g k; KOikahf fhy; e il tsh; g ; i g ek; g pNa ,Uf; f pwJ. ,th; jdJ Foe; i j gUtj;jpypUe;Nj> fhy;eil tsh;g;gpy; je;ijf;F cjtp nra;tjpy; <Lg;gl;lhh;. fle; j 75 tUlq; f shf uhkrhkp FLk; g k; ck;yhr;Nrhp ,dj;ij ghJfhg;gjpy; <Lgl;L tUfpwJ. ,tuJ jhj;jh jpU. Rg;igah gps;is

yPrh ,e;jpah • ,jo; 1 • khh;r; 2019

Ml; L fhpkhL vd; w ck; y hr; N rhp ,dj; j pd; cgtif &. 80f; F Nka; r ; r y; ngz; z plk; nfhzh;e;jdh;. ck;yhr;Nrhp ,dk; new;wpapy; nts; i s epw NfhLfs; ,Uf; F k; > clk; g py; fUQ;rhk;gy; epwj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;> ghjk; kw;Wk; thypy; $l nts;is milahsk; ,Uf;Fk; ntspj; N jhw; w k; gz; G fs; mbg; g ilapy; ,dj;jpw;Fs;NsNa 4 tpj;jpahrkhd tiffs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. mit Ml;Lfwp> #hpaFyj;J khL> fzgjpahd; khL> tz;zkhL vUJfspd; J}aj;jd;ikia Nkk;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; ,e; j cg,dq; f spd; J}a; i kiaAk; guhkhpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ck; y hr; N rhp ,dk; 9-12 fd; W Fl; b fis <d; n wLf; F k; jd; i kAilaJ. fd; W <d; W 4 khjj; j pw; F gpwF gRit ,dg; n gUf; f k; nra;a mDkjpg;gh;. ghy; kQ;rshf khWk;NghJ ghy; f wg; g ij epWj; J th; . mjpfgl; r ghiy cwpQ;Rtjw;F mDkjpg;gh;. Mz; fd;WFl;b %d;W tUlq;fspy; (4 gw;fs; cUthfpapUf;Fk;) vUjhf tsh;eJ ; tpLk; NkYk; mtw;iw 10-12 Mz;LfSf;F ,dg;ngUf;fk; nra; t jw; F Nkk; g Lj; J th; . Kd; G > ed; n ra; epyq;fspy; coT nra;tjw;F coT khLfshf gapw;rp mspf;Fk;NghJ vUJfSf;F mjpf kTR ,Ue;jJ.

,dngUf;fj;jpy; epiyj;jd;ikia cUthf;Fk; fhuzpfs; 1. Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l ,dk; kw;Wk; Nkk;ghLfs; fhy;eilfspd; kf#iy mjpfhpf;fpwJ. 2. fhy;eil nghUl;fs; (ghy;> vU> ,iwr;rp) kw;Wk; fd;WFl;bfis tpw;gjd; %yk; tUkhdk; mjpfhpf;Fk; 3. tphpthd cw;gj;jp KiwNahL ,LnghUs; nryT ,y; y hky; fhy; e ilfis Fiwe; j nrytpy; guhkhpj;jy; 4. f y g ; G r h F g b K i w a p y ; f h y ; e i l i a xUq;fpizg;gjhy; ntspapL nghUl;fspd; nryT Fiwe;J> tptrhapfSf;F tUkhdk; cj;jputhjk; mjpfhpf;Fk;. %d; W klq; F mjpfk; . ,jdhy; ,urhad cuq;fs; ghjpasT Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ. ,aw;if cuk; gad;gLj;jpajhy; kf#y; mjpfhpj;jJ. xU Vf; f Uf; F ruhrhpahf 45 %l; i lfs; kf#y; ngw; w hh; . kw; w th; f s; Vf; f Uf; F 30 %l; i lfNs ngw; w dh; . ,e; j gad; f isAk; jhz;b> fhy;eilfs; r%f kw;Wk; fyhr;rhu epfo; T fSf; f hfTk; gad; g Lj; j g; g LfpwJ. jd; kfspd; jpUkzj;jpw;F gpwF> mtspd; tPl;bw;F fwit khLfis mDg;GtJ> ,tuJ FLk;gj;jpd; tof;fk;> Vndd;why; jd; kfspd; Foe; i jfSf; f hd ghy; Njitia G+h; j ; j p nra;Ak; fhuzj;jhy; mspf;fg;gLfpwJ.

jw;NghJ> ,tuJ FLk;gj;jpy; 51 fhy;eilfs; Nkk; g Lj; j g; g l; L tUfpwJ (34 gRf; f s; > 14 fd;Wfs;> 3 vUJfs;). fhy;eil guhkhpg;gjpy; FLk;gj;jpd; gy;NtW Njitfis G+h; j ; j p nra; f pwJ. xU ehspw; F cw;gj;jpahFk; Rkhh; 1.5-4 ypl; l h; ghy; tpw; f hky; FLk; g j; Njitf;F gad;gLfpwJ. ,th;fs; Kf;fpakhf fd;WFl;bfis tpw;gjd; %yNk tUkhdk; ngWfpd; w dh; . xU tUlj; j pw; F 5-6 N[hb fd; W Fl; b fis> xU fd; W Fl; b &.12000 - 15000 tiu tpw;fpd;wdh;. fhy;eilfspd; cuj;ij jq;fspd; tptrha epyj; j pw; N f gad; g Lj; J fpd; w dh; . xU Vf; f Uf; F 30 khl; L tz; b cuk; ,lg;gLfpwJ. ,J rhjhuz `pkhr;ry gpuNjrj;jpd; tl ,kakiy gFjpapy;> khd;rpq; jd;Dkila Kiwapy; gad; g Lj; J tijtpl 70 gpyh`p ,dg;gRf;fSld; ,Uf;fpwhh;.

yPrh ,e;jpah • ,jo; 1 • khh;r; 2019

NkYk; rpy ntw;wpahsh;fs; 1. ngsh`p ,dk; fhy;eil tsh;g;gth;fs;> Fwpg;gl;l F[;[hh; r%fj;ij Nrh;ejth;fs;. epykw;wth;fshf ,Uf;Fk; ,th; f s; fhy; e il tsh; g ; i g kl; L Nk ek; g papUf; f pd; w dh; . ngsh`p> ,lkhw;Wk; ,dj;ij Nrh;e;j fhy;eil. ,J ,kakiy mbthuj;jpy; KOf;f KOf; f Nka; r ; r y; %ykhfNt guhkhpf; f g; g LfpwJ. Fiwe; j ,LnghUs; kw;Wk; kpj ntspapL Nkk; g Lj; J k; Kiwapd; %yk; kyghhp MLfis guhkhpg;gjd; %yk;> Nuh[h jd;Dila tho;f;ifia elj;jp tUfpwhh; guhkhpf; f g; g LfpwJ. nghJthf xU FLk;gj;jpy; cs;s fhy;eil ke;ijapy; 50 kyghhp MLfs; guhkhpj;J tUfpwhh;. 4-5 fwit khLfs; itj; j pUg; g h; . ,e; j Ml;bd; ghy;> vU> Ml;Lf;Fl;b Mfpatw;iw fhy; e ilfis tsh; g ; g jw; F > FLk; g j; j py; tpw;gjd;%yk; khjk; &.15000 tUkhdk; xUth; KONeu $ypahsha; nray;gLth;. ngWfpwhh;. ruhrhp jpdk; ghy; cw; g j; j p 4-5 ypl; l h; . fyg;gpd fhy; e ilapd; ghy; Rkhh; 4 3. jkpo;ehL khepyk;> jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lj;jpy; rjtpfpjk; nfhOg; G r; r j; J ,Uf; f pwJ. Myte;jhd;Fsk; fpuhkj;jpy; 170 nrk;khp ,ij xg; g pLifapy; ,e; j ,dj; j py; 5.5 MLfis> (rptg; G epwk; ) nrt; t hLfis rjtpfpj nfhOg; G r; r j; J ,Uf; f pwJ. guhkhpj; J tUfpwJ. jpU.tp.[hd; > fplh xU ypl; l h; ghy; &.30-f; ; F tpw; f g; g l; l J. MLfs; kj rk;gujhaq;fSf;F gad;gLtjhy;> kiyabthuj;jpy; coTf;Fk;;> ,ju tptrha nrt;thL tpw;gjd;%yk; tptrhapfs; ey;y njhopy; E l; g q; f s; nra; t jw; F k; > gpyh`p tUkhdk; ngWfpd;wdh;. ,dk; vUJfs; kw; W k; coT khLfs; thliff;F gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. `pkhr;ry 4. jkpo;ehL> J}j;Jf;Fb khtl;lk; kpj twz;l fUk; gUj;jpkz; gFjpapy; Ntfkhf tsUk; gpuNjrj;jpy; re;jh; efh; gFjpapy; elj;jg;gLk; 60 Ntk; G +h; nrk; k hp ML ,dj; i j jpU. fhy;eil re;ijapy; xU tUlk; Md xU ghy;uh[; guhkhpj;J tUfpwhh;. N[hb gpyh`p ,d fhis khLfs; &.2500030000 tiu ngWfpd; w dh; . ntl; l ntsp 5. j kpo; e hl; b y; eP y fphpapy; cs; s Njhlh taypy; 2-3 khjq;fSf;F guhkhpf;fg;gl;l goq;Fbapdhpd; tho;thjhu cj;jputhjk; fhy;eil vz;zpf;ifia ek;gpNa mth;fspd; mspf;fpwJ> 1500 kPl;lh; cauj;jpy; thOk; tUkhdk; ,Uf; f pwJ. fhy; e ilfis Njhlh vUikfs; > eP y fphpapy; fl; b kz; Nka; r ; r Yf; F tpLtjhy; ,jd; guhkhpg; G vd;w ,lj;jpy; goq;Fbapd tptrhapahd nryT Fiwe;jJ. $Ljyhf ve;j jPtdKk; jpU. uQ;rpj; ,e;j vUikfis guhkhpj;J> mspg; g jpy; i y> fhy; e il kUe; J fSf; F ghiy tpw;gjd;%yk; tUkhdk; ngWfpwhh;. ve; j nryTk; Vw; g Ltjpy; i y. xt; n thU ,e;j ntw;wpf;fijfs; ey;nyz;z tUlKk; xU fhy;eilf;F mjpfgl;rkhf khw; w k; cUthf; f pa fijfs; . mjdhy; &.10 $l nryT nra;tjpy;iy. xt;nthU ehl; b d; kw; w gFjpapy; gpujpgypf; F k; tUlKk; ,lk;ngaUk;NghJ vg;nghOJk;> topfhl; b ahf gad; g LfpwJ. cs; @ h; njhpahj fhuzj;jhy; ,wf;Fk; gRf;fshy; ,dq;fs; ghJfhg;gjw;F <Lgl;LtUk; kw;w 1-2 tpyq;Ffis ,of;fpd;wdh;. tptrhapfSf;F ,e;j ey;y mDgtq;fis gfpu Ntz;Lk;. ,J vdpDk; xU Jtf;fNk. NkYk; 2. Nfushtpy; cs;s jyNrhp fpuhkj;jpy; jpUkjp muR tpQ;Qhdpfs; kw;Wk; nfhs;iffis Nuh[h vd; w tptrha $yp njhopyhsp

yPrh ,e;jpah • ,jo; 1 • khh;r; 2019

jPtdk; mspj;J> mirNghLtjw;F jFe;j Neuk; mspg;gNj fhy;eilf;F cztspf;Fk; epiyj;j topahFk;.

cUthf;Fgth;fs; topelj;Jjypd; topahf> jpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; nfhs;iffis tiuaWj;J cs;@h; r%fq;fs;/ fhy;eil guhkhpg; g th; f s; <LgLj; j p> mth; f spd; njhopy; E l; g q; f is cs; @ h; fhy; e il gy;tifikf;F fhg;ghsh;fshf mq;fPfhpf;f Ntz;Lk;. References 1. E-mail note about Belahi cattle keepers by Dr Vikas Vohra, Senior Scientist (Animal Genetics & Breeding) ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal - 132001 (Haryana) – India

yPrh ,e;jpah • ,jo; 1 • khh;r; 2019

2. Breed savior awards (2009-2016): Livestock keepers profile - 7 books published by SEVA, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India (Also refer www.sevango.in)

 P Vivekanandan SEVA 45, T.P.M.Nagar, Virattipathu, Madurai - 625 010 Tamil Nadu, India. E-mail: vivekseva@gmail.com %yk;: yPrh ,e;jpah> nrg;lk;gh; 2017> thy;a+k; 19> ,jo; 3