Thesis book_University of Liechtenstein by Lena Salavei

Life Spine Reviving diversity

Alena Tkachenka Master Thesis WS 2016-17 University of Liechtenstein 1

3 Sao Paulo. Drawing author

Studio Staub Supervisor Prof. Peter A. Staub, Dipl. AA MSc LSE Assistant Dipl.-Arch. Georgia Papathanasiou Unioversity of Liechtenstein Fuerst-Franz-Josef Strasse 9490 Vaduz

Life Spine Reviving diversity: Sao Paulo, Brazil

Master's Thesis to obtain the degree "Master of Science in Architecture" WS 2016/2017 Alena Tkachenka

Я прысвячаю гэтую кнігу маёй маці Людміле і бацьку Сяргею, бабулі Марыі , якія заўсёды побач на маім шляху; настаўніку Анатолію Васільевічу Кузняцову, які асабліва дапамог майму станаўленьню. I dedicate this book to my mother Liudmila and father Siarhei, my grandmother Marya, who are always by my side; a teacher Anatoli Vasilievich Kuznezov, who especially helped in the formation of my personality.

Abstract

The thesis aims to create a comprehensive statement about personal approach in the field of urban planning, through the use of subconscious design. The framework of a project addresses the power of an architecture as a mediator between people and a formuliser of space. Architecture is defined as a frame, within which a complexity of urban life is designed by people themselves.

The main achievement of the project is in the development of a new urban model, which naturally combines systematic and anarchical parts; a structure which can be implemented not only in the context of the site in Sao Paulo, but also throughout the world in dissolutive non-identical regions.

Thesis questions the possibility to join subjective design and absolute order in architecture. The research deals with cultural layers, with the possibility to ground the new structures so that they become a part of a new heritage.

Table of content

1__ Introduction 1.1_General Introduction 1.2_Research Gap 1.3_Research Question 1.4_Methods 1.5_Definitions

15 16 17 18 19

2 __Inspiring Brazil 2.1_Music 2.2_Dance 2.3_Ornaments 2.4_Cultural diversity

22 24 26 28

3 __General problematic 3.1_Social emergency 3.2_Segregation in Brazil 3.3_Local action 3.4_Subjective design 3.5_Conclusion

32 34 36 38 40

4 __Context 4.1_ Wholesale market, Sao Paulo. Introduction 4.2_History of the site 4.3_Architectural heritage 4.4_Urbanization 4.5_Density 4.6_Population survey 4.7_Identical centralities 4.8_Breakdown in centrality 4.9_Local centralities 4.10_Frequancy of land use 4.11_Living patterns

44 46 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 70 74

5 __ Project trials

5.1_Artifacts of new history 5.1.1_Consept 5.1.2_Graphics 5.1.3_References

82 84 86

5.2_Stable housing and flexible public spots 5.2.1_Consept 5.2.2_Sections

92 94

6__ The project 6.1_Introduction

100

6.2_Inspiraions 6.2.1_Plan for Sao Paulo. Le Corbusier 6.2.2_Orienting in space 6.2.3_Las Vegas Strip 6.2.4_Cosmology of an enclosed space 6.2.5_Brazilian prototypes

102 104 106 108 110

6.3_Rear-gear economy

114

6.4_General concept 6.4.1_Chaos VS Grid 6.4.2_Existing prototypes. Proposal 6.4.3_Inverted space 6.4.4_Urban unit: detail

116 118 122 124

6.5_Urban tools 6.5.1_Action records 6.5.2_The Grid 6.5.3_Regional activators: top-down 6.5.4_Local activators: bottom-up 6.5.5_Neighborhood spine

126 128 130 132 134

6.6_Mobility concept

136

6.7_Matrix of Places

140

6.8_Details. Living

156

6.9_Details. Gates

158

6.10_Atmospheric view

160

7 __ Epilogue 7.1_Answering the research question 7.2_Final conclusion

164 165

8 __ image directory

166

9 __List of References

168

10__Affidavit

173

11__Appendix

175

Introduction gives to a reader a short overview of the project; its context, the importance of the research in the field of architectural theory, goals and aims of it. 1.1_General Introduction 1.2_Research Gap 1.3_Research Question 1.4_Methods 1.5_Definitions

Introduction

1.1

General introduction The Master Thesis is being developed on the basis of The Schindler Global Award 2017 â&#x20AC;&#x153;Transforming the urban core: Urban design for coexistence Sao Paulo, Brazil. The competition is concentrated on the topics of regional and local urban design impact, mobility and public space integration, urban living urban economy and creation of jobs, cultural and social heritage.

One of the Brazilian strongest cultural identity is its racial, social diversity. As a starting point and as a strong determinate element of culture, through historical change it has developed into a high social segregation which influences all levels of urban life. The duality of diversity and segregation is a core subject of the project, which deals with the ways of connecting or inventing the lost links in between.(World culture encyclopedia, 2016).

The site of the project is located in a complex urban context, contained from numerous social groups, dealing with everyday life negotiation. The plot is nowadays a logistic center and a market named CEAGESP. Mostly due to mobility problems the market was decided to be relocated. What can be a new reading of a liberated space has to be decided. The initial intention of the project is to deal with and solve the main social issue of Sao Paolo in particular and in the world as a whole â&#x20AC;&#x201C; a social segregation.

The core theoretical layer of the project is a theory of dissolution in urban space, which takes place since XVIII century, when the rigid postulates about formation of the built environment were replaced by the need of dynamic structures. The goal of the project is to develop further the idea of the dissolutive, equalizing grid as an obstruction of urban development. Proposed flexible structure, an spine of the neighborhood, can be customized by future inhabitants. The project aimed to develop a design which provokes human integration with a Place they live in.

1.2

Research gap

In the field of social architecture designed or appropriated by people, many researches and practical implementations were made. Mina Casa mina nova, Building Brazil, social housing of Diego Aravena in Chile and other important projects deepen the idea of an Architecture as a Mediator, and only afterwards as a tool to formulate Space and as a philosophical statement. All these programs work, and they successfully combine top-down (planned) and bottom-up (unpredictable and specific) strategies of design. (Angelil, 2012-2014).

Following research aims at combining two distinctive approaches into one, grounded in the context of Sao Paulo. Very abstract theoretical approach should come together with specific and contextual design.

Various combinations of order and anarchy as prototypes of the new urban fabric are fruitful, but most of them are still on paper: an approach of an absolute idea never worked with reality. Anarchic dissolutive grid of Archizoom; restricted diversity of Rem Koolhaas; superstructures of Aureli are not coming to the level of a regular user, or if coming, then on a very theoretical and abstract level. (Aureli, 2011).

Many expectations were set to the use of hand drawing. The statement is reestablishment of the importance of this tool, justification of its necessity not as a secondary element, but as primary source of design.

A hierarchy between two different types of architecture which can be distinguished; the integration of the concept of mobility and proposal for social strategies together with keeping being very theoretical - this is a new mixture which was aimed to be obtained in this research.

However, more investigations should be made in the possibilities of "subconscious" design, in more real symbiosis between art and architecture.

1.3

Research question During the Studio research in the University of Liechtenstein my goal was to combine subjective view of an artist with objective analysis of an architect. Studio frameworks triggered the development of a subjective view; at my thesis theme this approach shifted to an analytical side. The dominance of an urban scale was essential in this shift. At the end of my studies I am happy to put my personal question:

In the framework of the Studio this question was the background of the whole design process; it has been converted to the real task, and it defines the intention of Master Thesis. How can I as an architect design urban structures, as well as actions of people, so that it brings interaction between different social groups and triggers sustainable urban development?

Can a subconscious act in design as an alternative hand drawing bring more truthful design solutions? Can the process of design be inverted: the act of making going before act of analyzing? Which strengths the project gains in this case and why?

1.4

Methods The first half of the semester was based on the mapping, combining various topics related to the site, as well as theoretical research about history, inspiring elements of culture, problematic spheres, social and environmental backgrounds.

"The seed will be a critical step of the design and the development of a proposal. It can vary from small-scale interventions to largescale conceptual visions. The key in order to design a seed is to read a seed as a catalyst." Design Studio Staub

The group work as an intense 2-week brainstorming was an effective tool to exchange ideas, ways of work and experience between the members of the studio. The output was a combined comprehensive research book, which can be used as a source of specific information related to the topic of the studio.

A set of lectures with contemporary researchers, such as Ludwig Engel and Daniela Getlinger opened the most important topics and helped to break down the complex context of Sao Paulo and the principle of contemporary city to the essentials.

As a framework of the Studio was a competition, during the design seminar a trial of a competition was conducted. The essence of it contained the "seed".

Hand drawing was chosen as an experimental tool to bring in scientific urban design a moment of spontaneity and subjectivity if subconscious level. A short movie about the development of project brought more interactivity in perceiving the main idea; I find this tool very promising plan to use it in the future.

1.5

Definitions COMMUNITY The people living in one particular area or people who are considered as a unit because of their common interests, social group, or nationality. DISSOLUTION The act or process of dissolving : such as separation into component parts; decay, disintegration; termination or destruction by breaking down, disrupting, or dispersing; liquefaction (dissolution of ice) DIVERSITY The condition of having or being composed of differing elements : variety; especially : the inclusion of different types of people (as people of different races or cultures) in a group or organization. IDENTITY Sameness of essential or generic character in different instances. Sameness in all that constitutes the objective reality of a thing. The distinguishing character or personality of an individual : individuality. The relation established by psychological identification.

INCREMENT the action or process of increasing especially in quantity or value : enlargement. Something gained or added. One of a series of regular consecutive additions. NEIGHBORHOOD A closer feeling of brotherhood, a more efficient sense of neighborhood â&#x20AC;Ś â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Nathaniel Hawthorne SEGREGATION The separation or isolation of a race, class, or ethnic group by enforced or voluntary residence in a restricted area, by barriers to social intercourse, by separate educational facilities, or by other discriminatory means. SUBCONSCIOUS Of or concerning the part of the mind of which one is not fully aware but which influences one's actions and feelings. SUBJECTIVE Characteristic of or belonging to reality as perceived rather than as independent of mind.

What comes to a mind when one says Brazil? Is it a carnival, capoeira or a football championship? Or maybe something more delicate, like choro music or fado?

2.1_Music 2.2_Dance 2.3_Ornaments 2.4_Cultural diversity

Inspiring Brazil

2.1

Music Why Brazilian music is sad; why its powerful, how it was used to link the fears of nature to religion, to spirits. What are the types of music, its duty. Where ends the imitation of natural sounds and starts the abstraction. How the music was mixed during the assimilation of one cultural tissue in another. In more direct application through architecture music can be used on subconscious level of rhythms. Brazilian music is performed by various styles , mixtured from all countries of the world. The specificity of Brazilian music is grounded in the practices of Jesuit priests, who were founding settlements for indigenous people with a musical -educational purposes in XVI century. The negotiation between two cultures created new musical instruments and styles. The revival pf brazilian national music starts in the XXth century, folklore was the main source for inspiration. The composer Heitor Villa-Lobos is one of the important figures in this revival.

Music in Brazil is organized the themes of unity, diversity, cosmopolitanism, and verbal artistry. It expresses the unity of the countryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s culture, discussing, for example, how samba plays a major part in annual Carnival celebrations and provides a focus for nationalist sentiment. In contrast, each of Brazilâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s regions is home to unique genres of music, and the audiences for various types of music reflect class distinctions. (Crook, 2009).

Brazilian Playground. CD cover

2.2

Dance The most fascinating fact about Brazilian culture for me is the natural connection of music and dance as one holistic system. This is a very promising circumstance. The world in the borders of culture keeps fractioning and detailing different types of human activities; once they were unite. Same time the reality is that we merge parts of culture which have never been merged because of geographical and climatic conditions of the past. The unite system of Brazilian culture lets to be closer to the natural religions, to the origins of human mental superstructures. The dance culture is closely connected to the religious processions, and many dance styles emerge from the indigenous culture.

Our civilization is being more in awareness of its fluidity. We structure our knowledge, define our environment. But the spaces which worked perfectly before, were based only on beliefs and faith. The complex structures were wilked with a glue between its parts. Structuring, we separate parts and destroy the “glue”. With the attitude towards the past I want to define a “glue” substance, which will be a frame of spaces with specific cosmology.

Frevo dancer

2.3

Ornaments The ornament as an important element of the life in the past is now being used mainly for aesthetic purpose; the real function which it had, nowadays seems rudimentary. Nevertheless, its power and freedom of expression, makes it absolutely precise., In amount of solids and voids, in connections and composition. Ornament is a set of

boundaries,and it's a pure reflection of culture. Exploring ornaments collected by Levi-Strauss in the region of Sao Paulo

Motifs used in body painting

Caduveo designs 26

Body-painting. Left: by Boggioni in 1895, right by Levi-Strauss in 1935

Two face-paintings, notable for the motif formed by two opposed spirals which represent the upper lip

2.4

Cultural diversity One of the most crucial features of Brazil is its diversity in every geographic, natural, social, demographic, economic, cultural and spatial meaning. The country is divided into five regions - (North), Nordeste(Northeast),Centro-Oeste(Central-West),Sudeste(Southeast), and Sul (South). The regions are identical for the people and historically specific in population type: the Northeast mostly consists of people with African roots, the south is mostly inhabited by descendants of European and Japanese immigrants. Indigenous peoples are more concentrated in the central-west. Poor, undeveloped North as a region famous for plantations, was inhabited by slaves imported from Africa, while the south was more characterized by small family farms of the immigrants. Numerous stereotypes are dedicated to the origin of people: the inhabitants of metropolitan regions blame incomers from rural areas in economical and wealth problems. The original Indian tribes which were almost 5 million in the 16th century, were displaced, killed or dead because of European diseases. The amount of clear tribes now is reaching 400.000 and is only 0.02 percent of overall 170 million populations.

300 years of slavery is crucial in brazilian history. Nowadays almost 45% of overall population belongs to Afro-Brazilians. In the XIX-XX centuries the immigrants from Italy, Germany and Spain came to work on the farmlands after abolition of slavery. Japanese and Korean immigrants which came in the middle of the XXth century are especially standing out in the demographic picture of Brazil. It is interesting to see how the intentions change from the political ideology to â&#x20AC;&#x153;whitenâ&#x20AC;? the country for its economic development, to the statement of the racial mixture as a uniqueness. One of the interesting works about racial heritage belongs to anthropologist Gilberto Freyre, who was the first to convert it into something one can be proud of. There is almost no cultural segregation performed. This fact is very important to potentially link the diverse groups. Racial prejudices are almost not seen, in comparison to the United States, for instance. For sure, there is some statistics regarding racial inequality: illiteracy rates from whites to non-whites ranges from 12 to 30; monthly incomes are almost 2.5 times higher from that on non-whites. Still, the numbers are much more striking in the division of social class rather than by racial principle. (WORLD CULTURE ENCYCLOPEDIA, 2016)

Public beach, Rio de Janeiro

“Every notion we may have about planning and architecture evaporates here. What do you do about cities with over 10 million inhabitants? What do you do about cities that threaten to swell into metropolises of 25 million inhabitants (Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro)? What do you do about cities that were planned for a few hundred thousand people but within a few decades have 2 to million inhabitants? You cannot do them justice with ‘normal’ planning or ‘normal’ architecture. That would suggest that the contemplative slowness of the plan or design would work here. In Brazil, action is chronically overtaken by events. No time for consideration, no time for reflection. That’s a European luxury, but here every municipal organization is powerless against the proliferation of the city. All that can be done is to keep things under control. Urban planning becomes a matter of policing rather than a political or cultural discipline.” Wim Nijenhuis & Nathalie de Vries in “Eating Brasil” MVRDV Architects, Rotterdam, 2001

3.1_Social emergency 3.2_Segregation in Brazil 3.3_Local action 3.4_Subjective design 3.5_Conclusion

Problematic

3.1

"Something's happening here but you don't know what it is, do you, Mr, Jones?" Bob Dylan

Social Emergency According to the UN forecast, urban population of 4 billion people by 2030 year will increase up to 5 billion; 3\5 of world population will live in the cities. The slums overall in the world will increase twice, it means by 2030 it will be 2 billion people. (UN statistics; Wodcraft,2011). Increasing density is an inevitable fact, in the future we will have to deal with emerging problems of social co-existence. Nowadays cities are becoming more and more estranged and individualized. Social relations are mostly deterritorialized. (Beumer, 2010). According to Desmond Morris, a model of a city reminds a zoo, where animals are excluded from social relations and from their natural way of life. Living in dense urban areas in many cases makes people to behave neurotically. (Beumer, 2010). "There are hundreds of thousands of people who live with hunger,and there are also hundreds of thousands of people who cannot recognize themselves in the social frameworks that are presented to them" (Guatteri, 2007, p.266)

right: brazilian favela

The need of social acupuncture is urgent throughout the world. It is social apathy which makes cities dissoluted. Hierarchies are becoming stronger, when spatially the city is becoming more shapeless. Reestablishment of a neighborhood, with its natural scale for studying social relations, can be a key to face coherently uncontrollable population growth. Neighborhood can become an extension of individual identity; the connection between a person and his place to live should be revalued. A neighborhood means cohesion, and several critics emerge. Major interest can take priority over minor; in this case individualism is better. If cohesive community is homogeneous, more gates and fences might appear. The need is to find a balance of cohesion, a social necessity which will allow to live in constantly densifying world.

Social inclusion starts from the frames of responsibility of each person towards the land and towards more ephemeral substance - a community.

3.2

Segregation in Brazil The context of Sao Paulo evokes to think firstly about social problems rather than environmental or any other. The reason lies in extreme inequality of life between different social groups. The space segregation has started during the rapid change from rural (2\3 of population in 1940) to urban society (22% of rural dwellers). Social problems have risen with incapability of a city to provide jobs and accommodation. Low wages, poverty and crime have become ordinary in the districts of the city not because of cultural lack but because of uncontrollable migration and government mistakes. Property in Brazil is also unequal in scale: estates of 1000 ha belong to less than 1% of nationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s holdings and privatize around 44% of agricultural lands; farms of 10 ha account for 53% of holdings. The amount of land owned by more than 3 million farmers is equal to 20 largest landowners. Unemployed people forced to be on the street settle down closer to the richer central regions, by invading an empty space and forming urban shantytowns. The amount of people living in irregular dwellings is 20%, which is 1\3 of Brazil; in 1973 it was just 1.3%.

Informal settlements are 8% of the land. (Getlinger, 2013) The segregation according to the use of space is present in the division on the livable city for the rich and on working class suburbias. The model is far different from the basic urban western model in which the suburbs are wealthy districts. (World Culture Encyclopedia, 2016) Segregated areas created within one city are being reinforced by stereotypes and misunderstanding of life style of one social group by another. The lack of contact helps to fill in the space in between by crime, disrespect, unfairness. Paradoxically, the more division between enclaves happens, the more anarchic becomes a semi-private space within enclave. For instance, the rich walled condominiums and districts nowadays suffer from the lack of law inside: the rules of public spaces are being ignored, and the thefts and other crimes are committed by enclave inhabitants. (Caldeira, 2000).

Racial segregation

3.3

Local Action Local action is a more powerful tool than just participation as it arises from an urgent need to change the certain element of the environment. Participation concept is weaker as sometimes the level of interventions from participatory organizations is too high that disturbs peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ordinary life and brings NIMBY problem (Not In My Backyard) (Arnstein, 1969). Till recent years the participation and local action was mostly of the field of practical sociology and only now it gets closely involved in the architectural practice as a compulsory element for creating sustainable spaces and environments. The involvement of architecture in politics, diversity of networks which link experts, facilitators, government support, other stakeholders, brings social organizations on a new successful level of power distribution and can considerably enrich a certain project. Community involvement in architecture brings crucial knowledge about the real needs of people. If they will see the realistic chance to make changes, it will empower their motivation, capacities, human resources to do so.

The era of participation will be enriched by political presence in each project and human empowerment. The subjectivity of neighborhood perception by different types of people, various social groups will be the content , when the rules and possibilities of subjective action (local action organizations, policies) will be the tool. (Schinkel, 2014).

Comparison of ladders of participation. (Schinkel, 2014)

DOMAIN

DESCRIPTION

LOCAL POLICIES

EMPOWERMENT

That people feel they have a voice which is listened to; are involved in processes that affect them can themselves take action to initiate changes.

Providing support to community groups; giving local people voice; helping to provide solutions to problems; giving local people a role in policy processes.

PARTICIPATION

That people take part in social and community activities; local events occur and are well attended

Establishing and supporting local activities and organizations; publicizing local events

COMMON PURPOSE

That people co-operate with one another through the formation of formal and informal groups to further their interests.

Developing and supporting networks between organizations in the area

SUPPORTING NETWORKS

That individuals and organizations cooperate to support one another when needed

Creating, developing and supporting an ethos of cooperation between individuals and organizations, which develop ideas of community support

COLLECTIVE NORMS

That people share common values and norms of behavior

Developing an ethos which residents recognize and accept; securing harmonious social relations; promoting community interests

TRUST

That people feel they can trust their co-residents and local organizations responsible for governing or serving their area

Encouraging trust in residents in their relationships with each other; delivering on policy promises; bringing conflicting groups together.

SAFETY

Encouraging a sense of safety people are not restricted in their in residents;involvement in local use of public space by fear crime prevention

BELONGING

People feel connected to co-residents, home area,

Boosing an identity of a place by design, furnishing, naming.

Domains of social capital. Forrest and Kearns, 2001, p.2140 .

3.4

Subjective design What is a neighborhood from the view of a child, or a teacher, a mathematician or a poet? Everybody has its own perception of the same element. A neigborhood at the times of „garden cities“ and totalitarian topdown view was always designed as a simply working system with a number of physical elements. Additional layers of unexpected change and small life happenings were never taken into account. The changes which can‘t be predicted by sterile urban planning should become parts of a design process. It is not possible any more to treat a neighborhood unit without taking into account submerged forces of people. The forces wrap the physical space in a way of radio-waves or infra-red light. A neighborhood is a subjective container of views, opinions, types of people, forces and interests, and for successful design interventions they have to act together. (Bunschoten, 2001).

That is still missing in most urban projets is a system of steps that allows a being (a community) to unfold from a seed to a complete organism. What serves most for socially sustainable neighborhoods is building independent, community-oriented project management, that is excluded from the basic money flow and is external-fee supported. In general, we see a global shift of thought from the ideas of the static fixed planning and rigid final picture, towrards dynamic, fluid process of building a lively neighborhood organism. The organism includes all types of elements, and the composition of lements creates a structure during time and management. (Alexander, 2005).

“But in practice master plans fail - because they create totalitarian order, not organic order. They are too rigid: they cannot easily adapt to the natural and unpredictable changes that inevitably arise in the life of a community”.

Christopher Alexander

Compllexity of relations between elements and amount of variations: multilayered planning versus classical planning. (Alexander, 1965)

microgrants

t em

. v oic

sys

access to public consulataion of design proposals

icip

ati on

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pa rt

ST RA TE GY 1:

reduced taxes

flexible stewardship

participatory budgeting

information systems& surveys community advocate

Rail way SPT M0 9

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community action area

ea nd

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infl ue

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long term support from government and NGO

nc e

2 month trial rent

hw ay S

P-0 15

timebanking system with benefits

crosscultural, crossgeneration events

informal local currency

local parties

-car salers and creative studios -flower shops and designers

festivals: neighborhood, city and region

neutral community center: redistribution of funds, help with jobs

-students and homeless

shared rithuals

cheap food courts

la socia

tivat al ac r u t l u nd c

TOO

social network

ion

orientation systems lightening

shops

eye-on-street (design of location for new amenities)

gardens collective services nursery schools childcare

community assets

safety

regional speed bus local bus linked to surrounding residential districts low-carbon infrastructure & agenda transport and access

social infrastructure at the early stage

construction workshops for incremental housing

access

physical skill support

TOO L3

convenient basic frames to buy, rent and adjust flexible zero structures

spac

e for

Highlighted problem of uncontrollable urban growth is world-wide and probably in the future will touch upon most of world population. Local management, architecture aimed to help people to build communities as healthy units natural to people, coherent policies and redistribution of power are probable tools to face this problem. Once people are no longer relying only on government, and as a result blaming only government for the problems emerged, the social environment will become healthier. The main requirements for comfortable urban life are less expensive as its used to be thought. It's not luxury materials or highly aesthetic composition. More important are situations of the city, happenings, feeling of partnership, integrity in social structures, narratives. These ephemeral social structures can ans should also be designed. Social segregation cannot exist together with these elements of urban luxury. (Engel, 2016).

information good commutation

Conclusion

maps of pathways and connections

new local identity

collective support

TOOL 2:

babysitting circles

existing local identity

local rules

goods sharing& exchange

L 1:

workshops between:

community wifi, website

reduced taxes 2-month trial rent microgrants policies

unpr edic

table

grow

proposal based on the research (Woodcraft, 2011) author

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african legacy

reviv ing e ve

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airport

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centro ural routes seasonal cult

airport

4.1_ Wholesale market, Sao Paulo. Introduction 4.2_History of the site 4.3_Architectural heritage 4.4_Urbanization 4.5_Density 4.6_Population survey 4.7_Identical centralities 4.8_Breakdown in centrality 4.9_Local centralities 4.10_Frequancy of land use 4.11_Living patterns

Context

4.1

Wholesale market CEAGESP The site is located west from the old center of Sao Paulo, close to the functional gateway of the city. The CEAGESP area for many years was one of the most important logistic centers and functioned as a wholesale market for perishable goods. The city government decided to relocate the market to the periphery (near the Rodoanel Mario Covas beltway). The main reason of relocation is high level pf traffic.(Schindler, 2016). The design site is nearly 1.8 sq km and it's a part of Sao Paulo's industrial belt, which formed along the Tiete and Pinheiros Rivers from 19th century, and it belongs to the district of Vila Leopoldina.

a vast campus of University of Sao Paulo is located. CEAGESP (Companhia de Entrepostos e Armanzens Gerais de Sao Paulo) is a stateowned company and it belongs to the ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply, (Schindler, 2016, p,10) The company handles over 280000 tons of perishable goods per month. Nearly 50000 people and 12000 vehicles are present on the site at one day, The site is located on the former wetland of Pinheiros and Tiete rivers, which were annually flooded during the summer months (October to March). (Schindler, 2016)

In the middle of the site the area of CEAGESP market is located (0.64 sq km). The main pavilion is an example of brutalist architecture which was built in the 70s. Further to the south-east, across the river,

Aerial view. Geagesp market

4.2

History of the region "January the 25th- the Feast of the conversion of the Apostle Paul of Tarsus was celebrated for the first time in new located college established by twelve Jesuits priests in 1554. In that way a tiny settlement located on a hill 60 miles from the Santos harbor received the name of São Paulo dos Campos de Piratininga. The placement between two Indian tribes was situated near Anhangabaú and Tamanduateí rivers that gave an access to clear water and the extended water mobility system, including Tiete River. In 1581 the Jesuits have received territory at the confluence of Tiete and Jurubatuba (name: place with a lot of palm trees), after Pinheiros Rivers. It is the first mention about Lapa region. The Emboaçava fortification was build there to protect the city from Indians attacks. Jesuits left the “fazendinha Da Lapa” in 1743 and in 1765 just 5 houses and 31 inhabitants populated the site. In the beginning of the 19th century, during the transportation growth of sugarcane from westward lands, the Anastacio Bridge became the primary staging post on the Tiete River, because of bad conditions of the southern bridge on Pines River. The quality of the clay in the region encourages the development of pottery and gave the region an industrial evolution.

In 1867 the Sao Paulo Railway, the only railroad to Atlantic coast, was opened. This was the key point of modern era in Brazil. The railway run also through Lapa and Sao Paulo became a cross point of several railroads (Central do Brasil, Sao Paulo Railway Co. Ltd., and Sorocabana). The last was opened in 1870 and has connected the city to Ipanema transport System. It crosses the Pinheiros River and followed the direction of Sorocaba city. The line was used at the beginning for the cotton transportation and after it has included the coffee market. The economic facilities and the Golden Law (slavery abolishing in Brazil adopted in 1988) caused a huge immigration development, most of them were immigrants from Italy, and also there were many Portuguese, Spaniards, Germans, Jews and Arabs. In 1908 first Japanese arrived in Santos harbor after the agreement between Brazil and Japan governments. In the old city of Sao Paulo two rivers that gave it the birth became a strong barrier to the expansion. In the beginning of the 20th century the elite wanted to see the city following the European model. The floods caused many problems and the authorities made two key actions to give the city centre

XVI - XVIII

Tiete

Emboacava

Tiete

Fazendina da Lapa

5 houses 31 inhabitant (1756)

Tamanduateí Anhangabaú

Sao Paulo

Pottery

Pinheiros

M 1:133 334

XIX

End XIX

Sugar cane

Tiete

Anastacio Bridge

Sorocabana

Sao Paulo Railway Co. Ltd.

Coton Coffee

Pinheiros

Consolacao

Pinheiros

Southern bridge Sugar cane

M 1:133 334

source: compendium, p.13,15

4.2

the growth opportunity. The first step was the construction of the oldest city viaduct, Viaduto do Chá, over the Anhangabaú valley in 1892. The second step was the canalization of Anhangabaú and Tamanduateí Rivers in 1920. Whereupon the same question appear for the Tiete and Pinheiros Rivers. The engineer Saturnino de Brito chaired the commission for the improvement of the Tiete River in 1922. He also proposed to rescue urban riverbanks with a project of the creation of a lake at the confluence of the rivers - the future megapolis biggest public space (similar to Ibirapuera Park Lake). However investors, who consider the radial city development as a good opportunity for car market investments, accepted the Prestes Maia’s proposal of avenue city, as Paris, Vienna or Moscow. The main business idea was also to exclude the production of boats, as car concurrent. In this way the “car” build the new city identify in 1920’s. In 1938 Maia became the mayor of the city and realized his urban plans. The new avenues were built in low in expropriation coast places: creek valley, rivers and streams areas. It also gave an economic value for new territories.

Brazil has the biggest world coffee production in the 1940’s, with 60-70% of the market in Sao Paulo region. Brazil was at 4th world position of cotton production, and also Sao Paulo had the primary market. The industry of the city was very diversified, and the canalization of the rivers allowed the creation of new hydroelectric stations. The low regions of the Pinheiros Valley had all conditions for the creation of large enterprises (mainly iron and steel industry in Vila Leopoldina). So the Lapa region became a prior sector of Sao Paulo’s industry. The rail gave the lead to the car with new roads build in 1950-1970 (Rodovia Anhangüera, Marginal Tietê and Marginal Pinheiros). The CEASA (now CEAGESP) came in Vila Leopoldina in 1966. In 1970, the first silos were constructed on the site. Urban area of Sao Paulo was the fastest growing in the world between 1950 and 1975, and since 1960 the suburbs take a big part in this development." (Compendium, p.12-18)

1930 river shape before 1954

railway

rural housing

M 1:20 000

1954

water

industry

rural housing

urbanized regions

M 1:20 000

4.2

After channelization of the rivers the Lapa region became one of the main industrial sectors of Sao Paulo due to its geographical position and characteristic. Nowadays the industry is being relocated to the outskirts of the city, the character of the region changes. The legacy of the region can be treated in different ways. There is always an open question which of today's ordinary or even neglected elements will become a heritage of tomorrow. The site of CEAGESP has this legacy: brutalist open industrial structures, radical order in urban fabric.

The proposed project suggests to keep the existing organization of the site and to use its advantages. The question emerges, how to restructure industrial scale of the market for human appropriation? (University of Liechtenstein, 2016).

1958 water

industry

rural housing

urbanized regions

new housing regions

areas prepared for building

M 1:20 000

1966

water

industry

rural housing

urbanized regions

new housing regions

areas prepared for building

CEAGESP market

M 1:20 000

Il e material : concrete postmodernism architects : Azevedo Antunes Marcio Cory 2007

4.3

Architectural heritage

real estate enclave

The map shows the main important buildings of the market and its surrounding. The heritage of brutalist architecture is performed by concrete spatial structures mostly of open character,, as well as steel constructions. Clock tower as a symbol of the market was decided to be preserved as well. The region, located across the river from CEAGESP market, geographically dominates the area. Project site is can be fully observed from the highest point in Jaguare district. It is important to consider the perception of the future design from remoted points, as it will directly influence visional quality of located at those points suburbs and living districts. (Compendium, 2016)

Igreja de São José do Jaguaré . 1945 first school center Externato Jaguare by Henrique Dumont

GSPublisherVersion 0.0.100.10 0

Highest point of t Tower as a symbo

the distric t ol

Headquarters building Entreposto Terminal Sao Paolo Architect: Figuenido Ferraz co. 11 feb 1977

Sede dos Correios brutalism 1980

Storage pavillion MFE- C Architect: Figuenido Ferraz co. 1982

Mercado Livre do Productor Architect: Figuenido Ferraz co. (ML P) 1964, renovated 1974, 2014

Terminal pavilion part of the complex 1976

Silage Jaguare , part of the complex 1969

Clock tower 1974

Ecolife Vila Leopoldina modernism Rubio e Monteiro Arquitectura LTD A 2009

CEAGES

VILA JAGUARE

Old power station

Helicopter station dominates the environment from the bird view N M 1:8000 53

4.4

Urbanization The growth of Sao Paulo can be described in three patterns starting from the 20th century. Since the end of XIX century until the 1940s. different social groups were separated by the type of housing. Between 40s and 80s, the development of Sao Paulo caused center-periphery segregation (poor moving to precarious self-built periphery regions). From the 80s, social classes start to coexist spatially, but are separated by walls and security. The quality of life measured by safety and comfort starts to decrease for all classes of people. (Caldeira, 2000)

German I French I Greek I Chinese Bolivian I Korean I Jews I Other Japanese Arab African

Portuguese

Italians

2011

1962 1949

1929 1914

1882 1872

source: compendium, p.24-25

18721872 18821882 - 1914-

1914 1929 19301930 - 1949- 1949 - 1962- 1962 187219501950 19151915 - 1929-

URBANISATION

1882 - 1914 1915 - 1929

URBANISATION

source:1930 compendium, p.24-25 - 1949 1950 - 1962

4.5

Density "São Paulo refers to both a state and city in Brazil, but this article will only cover the scope of the city itself. As of 2016, it had an urban population of 11,967,825. São Paulo is the largest city of Brazil and the largest city proper in the Americas and the southern hemisphere. It’s also one of the top 10 largest metropolitan areas in the world. São Paulo is a global city with a strong influence in the arts, entertainment, finance and commerce. The 2016 population of São Paulo is estimated at 11.9 million. At the 2010 IBGE Census, São Paulo was home to 10,659,386 people, a figure that is estimated to have grown to 11.9 million in 2016. The density in the city proper is 7,216.3 people per square kilometer (18,690 per square mile), but the metropolitan region is home to over 21 million people, with a much lower density of 2,469 people per square kilometer. Greater São Paulo actually has many definitions, but the legal definition of Região Metropolitana de São Paulo has 39 municipalities with a 2016 estimated

population of 21 million people. This definition includes 38 smaller cities around São Paulo. Because the city has such a huge urban sprawl, there is another definition for its metropolitan area: Complexo Metropolitano Expandido, which is the same as a Combined Statistical Area in the United States. By this definition, greater São Paulo is the third largest city in the world with more than 27 million residents." (Compendium, 2016, p.86)

Populational density (Inhab/Km2) Above 11.900 9.000 - 11.000 7.000 - 9.000 Up to 7.000

Comparing of the average densities in different cities of Brazil (Inhab/Km2)

SĂŁo Paulo 9000

Recife 8050

Rio de Janeiro Porto Alegre 6850 4800

Brazilia 2800

source: compendium, p.26-27

4.6

Population survey Average Household Size

Average household size

Average Household Size 4.66 4.66

1970 1970

4.12

3.80

4.12

3.50

3.80

1980

3.50

1991

1980

4 2

3.15

2000

1991

3.15

2 0

2010

2000

2010

SOURCE: IBGE

Income and expenditure for single person (Brazil Reals)

Income & Expenditure for single person (in Brazil Reals)

Income & Expenditure for single person (in Brazil Reals) 1500-2500 2121.92 1980.61 1500-2500 1000-1700 2121.92 1980.61 1127.15 1130 1000-1700 1127.15

1130

Avg. Income Avg. Income Avg. Salary Lowest Cost (Non-contract (Contract (Employers & for Single workers) workers) Employees) Person Avg. Income Avg. Income Avg. Salary AccommodaLowest Cost (Non-contract (Contract (Employers & for tionSingle workers) workers) Employees) Person Accommodation

Income Necessary Expenditure Income Expenditure Optional Necessary Expenditure Optional Expenditure 140-320

80-190 1 Bedroom Apartment in City Center 1 Bedroom Apartment in City Center

1 Bedroom Apartment outside City 1Center Bedroom Apartment outside City Center

140-320 Utility for 85sqm Apartment Utility for 85sqm Apartment

Utility for 80-190 50sqm Apartment Utility for 50sqm Apartment

140

50-100 Home internet

Monthly pass for140 public transport Home internet Monthly pass for&public SOURCE: IBGE NUMBEO transport

50-100

SOURCE: IBGE & NUMBEO

Income and expenditure for single person (Brazil Reals) Total House in a closed condominium Town house with gate and/or security at the entrance House in an urbanized neighborhood House in a neighborhood little urbanized Favela Apartment in a building with a security/gate keeper Room in a collective house Apartment in building w/o a security/gate keeper

source: compendium, p.80-81

100

What people like most about living in the city [%] Range of shops Job opportunities Schools Sport & leisure Transport Health services Parks & open spaces Nightlife Diversity of people Museums / art galleries

What concerns people most about the city [%]

Health facilities Crime rates / safety Transport Traffic Cost of living Cost of housing Range of housing available

Satisfaction with services offered in the Sao Paulo Metropolitan Region [Net Score +/-]

Public health services On-street parking Public schools Buses Private health services Trains Police stations Public realm - streetscape, etc. Private parking Childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s education Subway Libraries Cinemas Private schools Main facilities - supermarkets, etc.

-60

source: compendium, p.98-99

4.7

Identical centralities Clear understanding of main centralities of Sao Paulo is crucial for this research. Main neighborhoods attract locals and tourists alike. Besides cultural centralities, there are industrial, financial, ad cetera, but social hubs are more important in the context.

CEAGESP makes the site be a desirable place for development. Invention of a tradition to a place can create a new centrality in Sao Paulo. (Compendium, 2016)

As urban sprawl of Sao Paulo grows, its mono centric model becomes more and more problematic. Interconnections between growing centralities and its transit efficiency needs to be developed. Geographically convenient location of

01_ CEAGESP <> São Paulo–Guarulhos International Airport

02_ Centro <> São Paulo–Guarulhos International Airport 03_ CEAGESP <> Campo de Marte Airport 04_ CEAGESP <> Barra Funda

06_ Barra Funda <> Centro

09_ Centro <> Liberdade 10_ Liberdade <> Bela Vista

1h16´

38´

30´

28´

7h45´

5h42´

2h55´

1h06´

44´

23´

29´

21´

16´

2h01´

1h15´

43´

08_ Bela Vista <> Barra Funda

47´

05_ Barra Funda <> Vila Mandalena / Pinheiros

07_ Centro <> Bela Vista

1h32´

27´

24´

19´

14´

13´

8´

44´

58´

31´

11_ CEAGESP <> Vila Mandalena / Pinheiros

19´

41´

1h30´

8´

15´

27´

12_ CEAGESP <> Congonhas–São Paulo Airport

20´

1h07´

3h01´

source: compendium, p.92-93

BARRA FUNDA _Art galleries _Live music venues _Nightlife _Artist studio culture

CAMPO DE MARTE AIRPORT Commercial + military airport

SÃO PAULO–GUARULHOS INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT

MAIN NORTHERN GATEWAY Entrty route from Campinas and connection with Viracopos Airport, the second busiest cargo airport in the country, via Rodovia dos Bandeirantes. MAIN WESTERN GATEWAY Entrty route from Ourinhos and the Northwest part of the State of Paraná via Rodovia Presidente Castelo Branco.

Passenger + commercial airport

MAIN EASTERN GATEWAY Entry route connection with São José dos Campos and Rio de Janeiro via Rodovia Presidente Dutra.

CEAGESP

CENTRO _Historic heart _Decayed built form _Pedestrianised streets _Heritage churches _Neoclassical + art deco architecture _Alternative + business culture adjacent

VILA MADALENDA / PINHEIROS _Residential neighborhoods _Eat + drink hotspot BELA VISTA _Skyscraper typology built form _Street musicians _Street art vendors _Entertainment scene _Nightlife _Semi-gentrified

LIBERDADE _Immigrant diversity _Japanese restaurants _Chinese markets _Narrow hilly streets

CONGONHAS-SÃO PAULO AIRPORT

MAIN SOUTHERN GATEWAY Entry route from Santos,the major seaport, via Rodovia dos Imigrantes.

Commercial airport

Traditonal centre of São Paulo Gateway to city

Centrality Airport

8km

source: compendium, p.92-93

4.8

Breakdown in centrality Centralities at more detailed scale are different in character, they blend into the surrounding built environment giving vibrancy to it. It is clear to see that SĂŁo Paulo is a network of individual foci that do not necessary correlate to the identified centrality neighbourhoods. There are sporting foci such as the Morumbi Stadium and Allianz Parque, public spaces like Parque do Ioirapuera and Sunset Square, landmark structures in the SĂŁo Paulo Municipal market and the Centro Cultural Banco, and linear centralities such as Avenida Paulista that direct activity across their length. Each type has a unique magnetism and will attract varied demographics. (Compendium, 2016).

What is clearly seen on the map is that landmarks are located independently from the public infrastructure, which gives a priority in choosing individualized transport. Same time the possibility to reach the direct public spots becomes more difficult in the innercity fabric. The potential of public transportation in Sao Paulo is far not exhausted; the breakdown between centralities can be solved by more efficient mobility system. (Compendium, 2016)

30 min

Campo de Marte Airport

15 min

Allianz Parque

Agua Branca Park

VILA LEOPOLDINA

BARRA FUNDA Luz Square

15 min

Praça da República CEAGESP

Villa Lobos Park

Mercadao - Sao Paulo Municipal Market Catavento Cultural e Educacional

Praça da República

VILA MADALENDA / PINHEIROS

Pacaembu Stadium

CENTRO

Sunset Square

Centro Cultural Banco do Brasil São Paulo

Rua Augusta

Rua Goncalo Afonso

BELA VISTA Praca da Liberdade

Jardins District Avenida Paulista

Parque do Ibirapuera

LIBERDADE

Museu Paulista (Museu do Ipiranga) São Paulo Aquarium

30 min

Guaratuba Beach WTC Events Center Morumbi Stadium

Congonhas-São Paulo Airport

Jardim Botânico de São Paulo São Paulo Expo Exhibition & Convention Center

São Paulo Zoo / Safari

CEAGESP site

Liner centrality

Public park

Centrality Airport

4km

source: compendium, p.96-97

4.9

Local centralities The standards of living in Vila Leopoldina over past few years are constantly risen. Verticalisation and densification of the district attract more investments. As more middle class residents come, old industrial sheds are becoming more popular. With new residents and more restaurants and shopping options, the Vila Leopoldina, district known for industrial warehouse attracts families with services and high standard properties. (Compendium, p.100) Same time, increase of high standard property loads the process of gentrification. The modernistic legacy of brazilian architecture is performed by beautiful examples highly dencifies mixed use cooperatives such as Copan building of Oscar Nimeyer, for instance. Lately real estate has stopped the development of this kind of architecture and shifter to walled condominiums for business and living. The numerous wastelands are evidently seen in the surrounding of CEAGESP. These wastelands have all needed infrastructure. (Getlinger, 2016)

Movie industry in Vila Leopoldina is a very specific example how to deal with empty industrial warehouses in the city center. In early 2000s O2 Filmes first set foot in the west of Sao Paulo. Low value of property, abundant supply of legacy space of the old industrial - activity and easy access to Pinheiros and Tiete were crucial to attract O2 company and the other producers of film and TV studios and publicity agencies. Many movies and series were produced or recorded in the region, which includes at least 15 producers. The neighborhood from being industrial turned into a stronhod of film and TV producers. (Compendium, 2016) Close proximity of four institutions, car dealerships and flower markets also define a composition of neighborhood users and should influence the process of design. (University of Liechtenstein, 2016)

ADVERTISING AGENCY NEOGAMA

• AREA 3290 m²

• NUMBER OF WORKERS 100-200 per

CASA VATICANO MEDIA STUDIO • AREA 3120 m²

• NUMBER OF WORKERS 100-150 per

CLOCK MUSEUM

• AREA 210 m²

LOCAL CINEMA& TELEVISION STUDIO • AREA 1400 m²

• NUMBER OF WORKERS 10-50 per

EVENT HALL INFINITTO • AREA 900 m²

• CAPACITY 585 per

EVENT HALL • AREA 1854 m²

• CAPACITY 1200 per

CINEMATECA FOTOSFERA BRAZILEIRA PRINTING& (ABANDONED) CREATIVE • AREA STUDIO 3660 m²

• AREA 5150 m²

SESI CULTURAL CENTER • AREA 4150 m²

EVENT HALL VILA DOS IPES

THE YEAR NIGHT CLUB

• NUMBER OF WORKERS 191 per

• CAPACITY 1700 / 2500 per

• CAPACITY 600-650 per

• AREA 8100 m²

• AREA 2196 m²

• AREA 700 m²

PHOTOSTUDIO PIER 88

• AREA 720 m²

• NUMBER OF WORKERS 100-150 per

PHOTOSTUDIO ESTUDIO QUANTA

• AREA 1500 m²

• NUMBER OF WORKERS 100-150 per

TEATRO UMC

FILM STUDIO O2

• CAPACITY 300 per

• NUMBER OF WORKERS 100-150 per

• AREA 76 m²

• NUMBER OF WORKERS 50-100 per

• NUMBER OF STUDENTS max 25 per

TV BRAZIL TELESTUDIO

COOKING SCHOOL ESTUDIO CHEF

• AREA 3038 m²

ASSOCIACO CULTURAL VIDEOBRAZIL • AREA 1040 m²

• NUMBER OF WORKERS 35 per

200 m

ACADEMIA DE FILMES • AREA 1900 m²

• NUMBER OF WORKERS 100-150 per

source: compendium, p.96-97

MAX HOUSE

CONDOMINO HORIZONS ALTO LAPA

• AREA 16000 m²

• AREA 32000 m²

Gated communities

source: compendium, p.102

CONDOMINIO QUATRO ESTACOES ALTO LAPA

• AREA 14000 m²

CONDOMINIO MAGNA VITA

CONDOMINIO SKY HOUSE

EVENT HALL

CONDOMINIO VILLA LOBOS OFFICE

• AREA 3500 m²

• AREA 34000 m²

• AREA 13000 m²

•AREA 37000 m²

200 m

ESPACO DE EVENTOS VILA (EVENTS&CATERING)

Entertainment

BOAMESA LEOPOILDANA

EVENT HOUSE HALL

M EVENT HALL

MINAMO EMPREENDIMENTOS HOTEL

FOTOSFERA PRINTING AND CREATIVE STUDIO

BUFFET YANO EVENTS

TALIMA HOSTEL

200 m

source: compendium, p.103

COLLAGE AND SCHOOL OF

• AREA 3600 m²

UNIVERSITY OF MOGI DAS CRUZES,

• AREA 5600 m²

SENAI SCHOOL • AREA 7500 m²

SCHOOL OF DANCE • AREA 200 m²

TRIANA FLAMENCA - PINHEIROS E VILA BALLET SCHOOL

• AREA 150 m²

KA-DI-CLE ESCOLA DE EDUCACAO INFANTIL

source: compendium, p104

• AREA 680 m²

• AREA 180 m²

Education

SESI LEOPOLDINA SCHOOL

200 m

COOKING SCHOOL

SCHOOL OF BODY EXPRESSION

SCHOOL OF CEI VER. RENATO ANTONIO CHECHIA

• AREA 120 m²

• AREA 150 m²

• AREA 540 m²

YELLOW TENNYS

• AREA 110 m²

RUNNER LEOPOLDINA

• AREA 130 m²

SMART FIT

MASTER TENIS

PLAYBALL CEASA

• AREA 160 m²

• AREA 550 m²

• AREA 320 m²

GREMINO ESPORTIVO DO SESI

VIBE ACADEMIA

• AREA 670 m²

• AREA 150 m²

Sports

GYM HANGAR 193 CROSSFIT V1

• AREA 150 m²

200 m

ACADEMIA VILA DA VALUTA

• AREA 140 m²

source: compendium, p.105

4.10

Frequency of land use High diversity of the social groups performed in the immediate neighborhood of CEAGESP which are mostly segregated, gives a potential for integration in everyday life, cultural events and activities. Residential areas differ dramatically: almost 30000 high-middle income residents are co-existing with homeless and people of favelas (nearly 3000 inh). Prevailing industrial areas are flower markets (4.3 Ha - nearly 20 companies), car dealerships (14 Ha - nearly 17 companies). (Schindler, 2016) For better understanding of the dynamics of the area, it's important to see the frequency of the use of different spots of the site. The analyses made by a studio member Olga Ivakina shows an approximate number of people per hour on certain areas. Conclusions can be made about successful areas, problematic and abandoned places. (Compendium, 2016)

Analyses shows that the most dense in use is the area of offices and creative studios, universities. The CEAGESP market has an unchanging frequency of use during the working hours. The analyses influences the choose of potential user groups of the site. (University of Liechtenstein, 2016).

Event Hall Infinitto

Event Hall

Ecola Senai

Car Showroom Theatre UMC

Car Repair Shop Car Showroom KIA

Primary school

Bureau De Post

Clothing Shop Video Equipment Car Showroom Clock Museum Dimep Electronic Industry Building Materials Store Volkswagen Car Showroom

Casa Vaticano Media Studio

Bakery

Jaguar Car Showroom Car Showroom Restaurant

Fotosfera Printing Studio

Cooking School

Master Tennis

Restaurant

EstĂşdio Quanta Fotostudio Small Market

Car Showroom Associaco Cultural Videobrazil Stationary Shop Helbor Offices Imperatriz Leopoldina

Neogama Advertising Agency Restaurant The Year Club TV Brazil

Restaurant

Diebolo

Photostudio Pier 88 Bank Yellow Tennis Mc Donalds

Restaurant Restaurant O2 Film Studio

Event hall Vila dos Ipes Supermarket

Fitness Hangar 193

CEAGESP

Mixed Use Small Business

Car Showroom

Walmart Hypermarket

Diquinta night club

Bank Cafe

Car Service Car Service Supermarket Carrefour Condominio Atlas Office Park

Villa Lobos Office Park

Park Villa Lobos

source: compendium, p.109

200 m

source: compendium, p.110

Event Hall Infinitto

Event Hall

Ecola Senai

Car Showroom

Theatre

Car Repair Shop

Primary school

Bureau De Post

Car Showroom KIA

Clothing Shop Video Equipment Car Showroom Clock Museum Dimep Electronic Industry Building Materials Store Volkswagen Car Showroom

Casa Vaticano Media Studio

Bakery

Jaguar Car Showroom Car Showroom Restaurant EstĂşdio Quanta Fotostudio Fotosfera Printing Studio

Small Market

Car Showroom

Neogama Advertising Agency Restaurant The Year Club TV Brazil

Restaurant

Diebolo

Photostudio Pier 88

Bank

Event hall Vila dos Ipes

CEAGESP

Supermarket

persons per hour

23:00 22:00

50m

< 10

10-15

50-100 100-250 250-500 500-1000

source: compendium, p.111

4.11

Living patterns Low income FAVELAS Spontaneous favelas occupy vacant inbetween spaces such as streets, plots near industry or retail. Linear structures are usually formed on the left-overs of infrastructure objects such as old roads, railways. Diverse volumes of the houses in favela are chaotic but the same time provide individuality. The street space is highly intervened with private. In terms of safety the street is controlled by the inhabitants. Favela always has “gates” which don't stop people from entering but define space which totally belongs to its inhabitants. There are two favelas on the site - Favela da Lihna and Favela do Nova (Japiacu). These favelas are officially registered and have the right to stay (Zoning plan Zona Especial de Interesse Social, ZEIS). The settlements were supported by NGO Associação Nossa Turma. It runs a daycare center, operating workshops (computer courses and growing fruits and vegetable activities) and involves children and adolescents in participative programs. Further relocation of the settlement will be aimed to be in the immediate neighborhood. (Schindler, 2016, p.9)

SOCIAL HOUSING Social housing in Sao Paulo and particularly on the site are characterized by high spatial density. The distance between two houses can be sometimes even only 4 m. The social housing complex located near CEAGESP is inclined in the industrial area. The peculiarity of it is in the spontaneous additional private spaces along the street, built by the inhabitants. It separates the semi-public space of the neighborhood from the alienated space of the street, and creates more intimacy, same as it forms an additional itinerary between the house and self-built garages\shops. (University of Liechtenstein, 2016).

Low-rise economic

FAVELAS

Favelas

Favelas. Linear structure

CEAGESP

SOCIAL HOUSING

Low-rise economic

Overbuilt housing complexes

Favelas. Linear structure

High-rise visual bo

CEAGESP

uhna

0R\month

CEA

M 1:5000

house 90m2 2-storey LIVING UNIT:20 M2 smal open rivate space

around 3000 people 900R\month

nearly1m2\person cost of living: 50 eur\month

300R\month

Rua Cataluhna 70m2 2-storey LIVING UNIT:35-60 M2 open space

300R\month

12 houses

1200-2000R\month

nearly Av. 350Jose flats Cesar de Oliveria

Av. Jose Maria de Silv

6-storey housing complex 6m2\person

Housing complex givie to an autostrade, hiding

nearly 2400 people

by both sides of the street built app. price for rent: eur\month storages by150 people, garages. In-between space forms a secondary street

http://www.zapimoveis.com.br/oferta/aluguel+casa+1-quarto+jaguare+zona-oeste+sao-paulo+sp+50m2+RS1200/ID-10351385/?ID=10351385

One house 600m2 75

4.11

Living patterns middle income The districts for workers were built with the development of industry in the area (1960s). Nowadays a regular street is reshaped by self-built fenced garages and other house extensions. The need for a bigger space is combined with a need for safety. Same time this local solving of safety problem almost excludes the street from a public use. Mixed use districts is another characteristic typology of Sao Paulo. The streets were initially planned for the industrial use. As industry is being relocated to the outskirts of the city, new uses appear (housing, entertainment, retail). The scale of the street is mixed, and it makes the space not appreciable and not comfortable.

The buildings of different function form a dense intervened complex. A house is frequently located wall to wall to the industrial warehouse. The warehouses are mostly used for flower\garden shops. (Schindler, 2016). The potential lies in the combination of opposite uses and how it can shape the life in a positive way. (University of Liechtenstein, 2016).

BLOCKED RESIDENTIAL

RESIDENTIAL+INDUSTRY

residential BlockedBlocked residential housing housing

Mixed use space: Mixed use space: housing, retail, housing, retail, industryindustry

abandoned abandoned buildings buildings industry housing

5, m

housing

trade

industry trade

5, m

Rua Blumenau Rua Blumenau LIVING UNIT:2-storey 80-160 M2 2-storey

built120m2 area: 38 120m2 000 + 18600 m2

app. R3000\month app. R3000\month

1 10, m

10, m

nearly 380 +186 dwellings

nearly 2300 +material:brick 1200 people material:brick

Rua Potsdam Rua Potsdam

painted painted 16m2\person

average price for rent: 800 eur\month

conditioner conditioner dinner room dinner room for themaid service maid bathroombathroom for the service garage with garage with fence - a fence newly- a newly and aofdefiner built partbuilt and apart definer the of the

with housing PrimarilyPrimarily urbanizedurbanized area witharea housing and retailand retail 2-storey 2-storey open space open space 100m2 100m2 each has semi-public each tower hastower semi-public space, space,

4.11

Living patterns High income Modernist architecture of Brazil has left bright examples of high density mix-use buildings. But lately the real estate market has almost totally shifted towards gated communities. Enclaves are performed by gated towers with all spectrum of leisure amenities. In come cases gated towers form a district, where each tower has its own small green area and leisure facilities. Segregation process happens not only between people with different index of life but also within the same social class. Tower enclaves are characterized by a relatively bigger openness to the public space, as the only function that they contain is housing

and small part of leisure. The low-rise enclaves are the villages of urban living, which contain in case of Villa Lobos working area, numerous leisure centers. It is an autonomy, a city within the city. The spacial organization mimics the city with narrow safe streets, with an image of social interaction, but only for its inhabitants. In Sao Paulo this model has a bigger scale, where the whole district is gated; ti contains schools, offices, daycare, leisure and retail. (University of Liechtenstein, 2016).

TOWERS

Towers

SEPARATED ENCLAVE COMPLEXES

Separated enclave complexes

LOW-RISE ENCLAVES

Low-rise enclaves

LIVING UNIT: 96-120M2 10 m2\person average price for rent: 2000 eur\month total price of a flat nearly 200 000 eur

5.1_ARTIFACTS OF NEW HISTORY 5.1.1_Consept 5.1.2_Graphics 5.1.3_References 5.2_STABLE HOUSING AND FLEXIBLE PUBLIC SPOTS 5.2.1_Consept 5.2.2_Sections

Project Trials

5.1.1

...once everything will be a ruin.

Trial 1: Artifacts of new history. Old gate - new gate. A STORY Nobody knew what happened, but once the concrete pavement was destroyed. Empty vast land, awakening from the long sleep, was trying to remember what she was before. Does she have a name? ... a bored worker of the market was grudgingly going to work. It was a long road from the train station to the gate 14, all along the wall... Suddenly something was not as usual: weird shadows were falling on his face with each step he was making. He raised his head and couldn’t believe his eyes: abandoned storage house was covered with a structure, that Indians were used to have for their vast shelters. The guards of the gate let the worker go in.. The gate was never that busy : people were selling, buying, exchanging, but with an unusual respect to each other. The reason was a new rule of a place. The people who guarded the gate got this duty in exchange for selling in the gate without paying a loan to the city. This is from where respect and responsibility starts...

IDEOLOGY To build a "gate" on the idea of trust: people from low-income class get the space for trade without taxes but for that they have to keep an eye on the plot. The trustful connection between different classes start. CONCEPT In old times the gate was a very center of life on the city: the most important discussions were happening “in the gates”. Trade was always associated with gates. It’s a space which can become a political stoppage. (Aureli, 2011). MATERIAL the will is to find spatial and aesthetic qualities within the materials of the site the seed will be built from materials-left overs, same as favelado build their houses. REASON to create an identity which exists only in the stories. ...Can a memory be invented? The first concept was being kept as an atmospheric background for the further design process.

The drawing represents the fantasy view of the CEAGESP market as a ruin after informal human settlement invasion. Vernacular architecture of Indian tribes serves as a monument, a newly built ruin of the settlements which were there before. Forest and floods take away everything what was built. Author

Fantasy master plan. Complex neighborhood system. Author

Street view: entrance to the market. Author

A possible adaptation of the street as a market: unused sidewalk becomes a vivid public space. Location: gate of the CEAGESP market, entrance from the train station. Author

Detail: the upper level market street. Connection between the existing building of the fish market and the newly built traditional wooden cover, which will be appropriated for living in the future. Author

5.1.3

Reference 1

Coming to the roots What does "civilization" and "progress" mean? The confidence with which indigenous tribes being treated as undeveloped is doubtful. Frightening customs are the elements of their cosmology. How european civilization is treating the world can be same frightening for the "undeveloped" tribes.

Lately the ideas about an absolute power

Each social model has its own strong sides. For tropical tribes this side is in respectful relation to nature, in including all its elements to life on th same level.

The question emerges, if it is possible to implement old building techniques with its philosophy in fast contemporary world, so that it will not lead to stagnation. What is a post-vernacular? (Rudofsky, 1964).

These thoughts were a platform for the first attempt in design for the site in Sao Paulo. (Levi-Strauss, 1974). Nature is the best architect, human race is only its continuation. Intelligence of vernacular architecture in Indian villages is in combination of smart simplicity in building and respect for the environment.

of one mind in building an environment for people is being discredited in architectural society. Discussions and thoughts are reoriented to the informal settlements as the ones to create healthy sustainable settlements.

Yanomami tribe

Kuikuro village. Building techniques.

Shared house. Yanomami tribe

Shared house; Yanomami tribe

Casa Xunguana, Brazil

Shabono structures. Yanomami tribe

5.1.3 Reference 2

A ruin of unbuilt project It's a philosophical statement about the fatality of everything what is being done. An image of a project in the future, what will happen with it and how the surrounding will change, deepen the process of design and can rescue the it from mistakes, as projections in the future allow an architect to step back and to see the whole image more precisely. The specificity of the approach to see an unfinished project through time in ruins gives a deep philosophical load to the practice of an architect. What is being built now sometimes in not easy to be accepted as a part of the environment. But once everything was new. Maybe if we start imagine newly built ruins, and how they can be appreciated by people, will bring more â&#x20AC;&#x153;glueâ&#x20AC;? in the architectural practice.

The output for the project I saw in the possibility to design an old building, which will be echoing to the times of colonial Brazil, and will make a link to the pre-columbian architectural legacy. This background I find the most striking for understanding the place. The reason is in its nature: it was being developed evolutionarily in the given environment, it was not established artificially. (Galvin, 2003)

Imagined view of the bank of England in ruins by J M Gandy, exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1930

5.1.3 Reference 3

Architecture of power What was so powerful in the etchings of roman ruins made by Piranesi? The great master on his canvas destroyed the modern Rome and kept the ruins as the starting points to reconstruct the old power of the city. The ruins were not complex and elaborate baths and temples, they were walls, foundaments and infrastructure, deployed from its original function. Through the exceeding the constraint of order Piranesi was getting closer to the essence of a clear mass of form. Through the depicting the “useful ruin”, such as infrastructure or foundament, he was talking about the very reason of being built. These are the proofs of why the ruin has survived through time and nature, not only as a physical mass, but also as an ideological message. The recalling of the past is directly linked to the powers which people were possessing at that time.

The similarity tot he site can be seen even in the geographical peculiarities: flooded plain area which shaped the position of massive structures floating in the space. The main difference is the lack of ruin that can be discovered. If to imagine that once it was, will it be a wooden fence, or an Indian camp near the river? Or the ruin is something more ephemeral, as a relation with the river and nature as the whole? “Ruin not only frames, but obstructs”.(Aureli, 2011, p126). It’s not a frame, but a substance, a glue, a matter of the space, that brings back it’s soul. Ruin is also a kind of nature, as it can’t be controlled. The question arises, should it be the ruin of an artificial nature, or of an environmental nature? What has survived through time and change on our site?

Piranesi. Etching

5.2.1

Trial 2: Stable housing. Flexible public spots The concept of the project is its development on the base of existing street network in one direction towards the river. Emerging variety of the streetscapes brings identity to each of the strip. The essence of housing is taken as stable and not movable; the essence of public amenities is seen in flexibility and modular character. Almost all buildings are used as a base for housing. As the former storage buildings are too wide, the decision is to open each of them in the middle. The middle space will create a semi-private livable "street", proportions are taken from the successful streets in existent towns. (MANTHO, 2015). Number of sections on the next pages shows the dialog between dense "streets" and vast spaces in between, represented by urban farming and green areas.

Depending on the stage of development and season, the fields are being used for the location of flexible public spots (kindergartens, small offices, mini-theaters, markets). The last can easily be relocated; integrated into larger structures or dismounted into smaller ones. The dimension of one module is 3x3x3m. Possible changes are caused by different amount of people, their age, needs. The reason to stop the development of this concept was in its rigid character (housing based on existing structures); one-direction development from the city restricts more possible variety in connections. Various strips going towards the river and opening a new neighborhood to it - in the context of Sao Paulo - is an idealistic concept, which will require enormous investments and numerous environmental procedures for cleaning the river.

Masterplan. Author

CITY

sections see next pages

RIVER

main market

housing

flexible public spots-modules the interior spaces are connected to exterior. Solid facade with occasional details. niches tall neture of the the street-strong enclosure

streets

park

fields

storage for urban farming

rental

garage

middle class housing narrow street. medieval character animation with lights. dencenness and dynamism 100 m

social housing communal space, free ground p

middle class housing

narrow street. medieval character animation with lights. dencenness and dynamism

concentration

100 m

rental

middle class housing

250 m

movie theatre creative stusio event hall railway road

market of the industrial workshop

autostrade

active public space

2 ceramic workshop

garage

garage garage storage

surrounding area, function:

garage

800 m 10 min walk 3 min bike

gardens

social plaza\ market

shared housin

self-standing vollume perception of the house in th landscape

soc

inte faca

blocked housing

enclaves high income

manufacture

c space

sport school

primary school

sport ground

market\playground

gardens

tram shuttle station

free ground ploor,

social housing

interior spaces are connected to exterior. Solid facade with details. Niches. Strong enclosure

IT cyber sporthall

market

student campus

student workshop\ market movable units th pa

football stadium

tram lane train station

market

business

dance school

th pa

student campus

houses

m w

market

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administra campus agricultur

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houses student workshop\ market movable units

cinema

craftmarket

houses

co-sharing market

garage

tion

middle class

administration: campus agriculture

movable workshop

houses

movable workshop

rmarket

shop

cinema

startups

housing: students campus

movable workshop

housing: students campus

movable workshop

detached houses

market units

market

bus station

surrounding area, function:

shop

SEAGESP museum

6.1_Introduction 6.2_Inspiraions 6.2.1_Plan for Sao Paulo. Le Corbusier 6.2.2_Orienting in space 6.2.3_Las Vegas Strip 6.2.4_Cosmology of an enclosed space 6.2.5_Brazilian prototypes 6.3_Rear-gear economy 6.4_General concept 6.4.1_Chaos VS Grid 6.4.2_Existing prototypes. Proposal 6.4.3_Inverted space 6.4.4_Urban unit: detail 6.5_Urban tools 6.5.1_Action records 6.5.2_The Grid 6.5.3_Regional activators: top-down 6.5.4_Local activators: bottom-up 6.5.5_Neighborhood spine 6.6_Mobility concept 6.7_Matrix of Places 6.8_Details. Living 6.9_Details. Gates 6.10_Atmospheric view

Project

100

Prototype of a "livable spine" Model. Author

6.1

Introduction Cultural diversity is a crucial identical feature for Brazil and it appears on the multiple levels, from migration scope to the co-existing in immediate neighborhood. The project aims to use cultural diversity as a force to solve the problem of social segregation. The balance between public richness of the site and social housing, easy access to the city infrastructure are the core tools to create socially sustainable mixed community. The framework of design includes participatory processes and integration with government and non-government organizations.

The distinctive feature of proposed mixeduse neighborhood system is its policentric character. Taking into account the vulnerability of segregated groups in Sao Paulo and its complexity in interaction, the new system proposes organization of shifting neighborhoods. The balance between order and fascinating anarchie of self-built constructions was the goal of the proposal.

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6.2.1

The plan for Sao Paulo

102

Sao Paulo was a special city in Corbusier's journey in Latin America. City's topography is represented by a continuous sea of hills. There is no distinctive natural landmarks; the landscape is binded by infrastructure connectors - same as italian aqueducts were the subjugators of nature. The "aqueducts" of Corbusier are highways and constant water sources for people; the system is standing separately from green areas and natural cores. The project was an antipode to current urban planning, a poetic and provocative proposal. (Pianca, 2015)

Sao Paulo proposal of Le Corbusier has never influenced the design process of the described in this book project: the proposal was found and added to the research after the design was defined and finished.

Esbozo, Le Corbusier, Sao Paolo, Brasil, 1929.

Nevertheless, it's important to see the justification of a chosen form and concept in the masterpieces of genuine architects. It means that the form supports the essence of Sao Paulo precisely analyzed and described 80 years ago. However, the content of the form and its scale differ.

Esbozo, Le Corbusier, drawings.

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6.2.2

Orienting in space: Layers of perception The transcripts of Bernard Tschumi are the new strong elements of architecture which always include three items: event, space and movement. Architecture today has its limits in the disjunctions between space and its use, type and program. To question these disjunctions, architecture has to be brought to its limits. The limit, the boundary is the place where a new flow of connection, joy, pleasure emerges. The project â&#x20AC;&#x153;Park Le Viletteâ&#x20AC;? was important for the research, as it contains very complex forms, which are placed in a simple grid which covers all park. In this way a person walking in the park has a pleasure to orient easily through the large area; this is the way how architecture can be interactive and joyful.

104

The ideas of Bernard Tschumi are now existing in the projects which include other layers of space besides physical built form; they go along with the ideas of participatory projects as a celebration of subjectivity in design process. (Tschumi, 1994).

Park La-Vilette. Folies

105

6.2.3

Las Vegas Strip

One of the amazing examples of fascinating anarchie is Las Vegas Strip, described by Venturi. The Strip is only casinos and hotels, it is a homogeneous urban public spot. What makes it work? Nowadays the shape of the strip is nebulous in form and hardly recognizable, but at the beginning its name meant that everything outside the Strip is the desert with no life. Built from nothing, it had a luxury to have a story and a recognizable outstanding shape. The plan shows the location of advertisement in the Strip. The overloading amount of information, anarchy in building brings it at the edge of chaos, and at this edge is becomes fascinating. Mass culture, all stereotypes of the world are becoming a monument in Las Vegas Strip.

106

I was amazed by the organization of Strip, and its shape influenced some of the design decisions on the project. All in all, it's a mass culture that should be targeted in design as well. Its presence in daily life is unquestionable. Exclusive art and elaborated and complicated culture are shadows in comparison to the impact of mass culture. (Venturi, 1977).

Las Vegas Strip

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6.2.4

Cosmology of an enclosed space What is a garden? Why still people get insights being inside of a vacuum space excluded from the living, production, consumption? The reason is that a garden was always a spatial performance of a cosmogram. From persian Paradise (paradieza) means â&#x20AC;&#x153;surrounded by wallsâ&#x20AC;?. For people paradise was always containing an order. Nature was taken out from its wilderness, was organized for knowledge, for food or for medicine. In an enclosed space a man was letting the dangerous nature to come, but he was controlling it. A wild forest was always ambivalent: it gives food, but it also gives death. And that was a reason of it to be so tempting. In the garden the sky and earth are united, the land has no horizon. (Aben, 1999). As the type of life was changing, people were getting rid of walls in all cases. A garden, a space of human try to create a paradise, was loosing the walls as well.

108

The CEAGESP market is a space of one enclosure; inside there is a vast sea of repetitive elements. If to keep the idea of the paradise for the whole site, we need to define and enhance the beauty of this repetition. We need to define the border, make it readable in a more transparent and accessible way. (Aureli, 2011). What is a nature of an urban wilderness? How can we let it go in the garden, and organize it, so that people are not humiliated by it any more? In our reality it seems that the less borders, the more fast we go along with a progress. Enclosure is something so archaic and important, that it still exists and probably will shape the life not the one century. Developing the quality of physical space can bring the culture to the new level, where fast and changing progressive life will be united with reverse space determination. (Aben, 1999).

Jardin Des Bambous, Paris

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6.2.5

Brazilian Prototypes

Incremental architecture is at high focus now. Successful examples of Aravena's housing program in Chile shows the potential in finding the balance between top-down and bottom-up approaches in design. (Aravena, 2014). Brazilian prototypes designed by ETH Zurich are architectural frameworks for social participation in design process. The main aim of simplified structures is to provide essential infrastructure to irregular settlements. Depending on the shape, the prototype can be a link, an urban edge, a source supply, a connector between different typologies, ad cetera. (Angelil, 2014). Housing typologies set the boundaries of people's involvement. The process of urban development is again becoming more holistic: building structure intervenes with social empowerment; the essence of architecture is shifting from being individual to being common.

110

Performed prototypes evoke inspirations to develop other sophisticated "frames" of social participation in architecture. The frames, probably, should contain landmarks to which people can be dedicated. Generic flexible units are dangerous in their nebulous identity. Nevertheless, total flexibility and absence of architectural message in unfinished buildings gives the freedom of expression to its future inhabitants.

VOID SPACE WITH NATURAL LIGHT 24

Basic residential infrastructure which sets up the formation of the small community within its borders. It guarantees good ventilation and provision of natural light. Diversity of its shape can help to build identical macro-spaces.(Angelil. 2014). The critical fact is that probably the complexity of proposal will unreasonably increase its cost. However, the cost can be justified by an ability of the structure to

FACADE WITH FLEXIBLE STRUCTURE 25

The structure is aimed to serve as a boundary of irregular settlement. It provides a public space which can be equipped with lighting, electricity, other essential infrastructure. (Angelil, 2014). The designed system can be used as a space for housing. However, the danger with this structure is a lack of primary identical features, which can be accepted by people and used as a milieu to build a community.

111

MINI BRAZILIA It;s a classical for Brazil housing type which is redefined due the flexibility of inner space. Inhabitants can directly act and customize each of the units. Ground floor is permeable. Platforms between the buildings can serve as public spaces of as possible extensions of housing. (Angelil, 2014). The organization of the prototypes allows higher integration with nature; simple and modular character makes it affordable. It can also be used in the refurbishment of old social housing. 26

BRAZILIAN SLAB The slab is an integration of two housing typologies into one. The function is public spaces, shopping areas. The infrastructure connector between the Slab and existing living on the ground floor, has a function of a shared space: common rooms, kitchens, laundry,y, ad cetera. (Angelil, 2014).

112

DISTORTED GRID

It is a complex structure providing a variety in use through difference of heights (3,4,5,6m ) . The area provided for a family house can be extended by its inhabitants up to 10%. Social interaction happens sure to location of public spots intervened with housing. Sense of individual ownership increases because of high integration of people in the building process. (Angelil, 2014, p.79). The critic of the proposal can again tackle the generic and unrecognizable design, which people might find different to appropriate with their own solutions.

INFRASTRUCTURAL WALL 29

A wall as an architectural element forms the facade of the street, supports its pedestrian character. Placed within an existing settlement, it can work as a public connector through irregular and complex fabric of irregular dwellings. As a container of basic infrastructure amenities (water, energy, light, waste treatment) in can dramatically improve the quality of existing and prospective elements. (Angelil, 2014).

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6.3

Rear-gear economy "The economy, like nature, is a dynamic system. New companies form and help to propel it forward, with some dying out while others carry on to grow quite large themselves. An economy composed of small, short-lived entities would be no more sustainable than an ecosystem composed of insects." (Florida, 2002, p.29) The healthy economy attracts creative people. This type of economy is not only about the good places for work. They need to be multidimensional and diverse. The era of belief in the community power, the power of church and so on is not present any more. The paradox of contemporary world is in its unity and separation at the same time. Most of the people consider themselves as remoted self-standing individuums, the high integration in he society is not on the ground. How many people are staying at one company for more than 3 years? Not so many. The system is unpredictable and dynamic, and it works. Place matters less and less, and the quality of life is often measured by its flexibility.

114

The physical space is being dissoluted, while virtual space starts to be more and more structural. On the one hand, it's a great achievement, as we separate the layers of our life, make our life more efficient and even more caring towards nature. Same time the connection to the physical reality starts to be neglected, and people who are more dependent Proposed project works as a gear-gear to the dissolutive possess of development. It's a romantic belief in the need of community and it's possible economic prosperity. The history always repeats itself, and that's why I believe in a new circle of communal power, even though it doesn't look truthful enough in contemporary situation. (Florida, 2002).

VALQUIRIA BARROS. Fazenda

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6.4.1

Chaos VS absolute grid Can we find the harmony between analytical top-down approach and subjective bottom-up? All people are different, and if they have power, they build differently. In context of Sao Paulo, irregular housing is easy, cheap and traditional. People understand how it works.

Same time many urban living problems emerge, as there is no structure. Connected various units create a diverse street-scape. This street-scape has to be organized in a system. Absolute structure is unlivable; If we go from chaos to banality, we will find a point of harmony.

a street-scape with fascinating anarchy

The diagram of Eckhard Schulze-Fielitz, 1971, shows that the chaos in a tendency to absolute grid changes to fascination anarchie: a favela, a livable place which is romantic in its freedom. Originality, harmony, order and banality. In search of harmony we should analyze existent diversity vs grid systems. 31

HARMONY? 116

"Eidos" Housing Project | Carlo Bailey & Lorenzo Villaggi

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6.4.2

Existing Prototypes. Proposal

PROTOTYPE 2 The prototype of Koolhaas has original elements, constrained by grid. The more difference between, the more the grid becomes a border - an absolute segregation, where there is no interaction between original parts. “Urbanization imagined as a collection of different, and competing, built “ideologies.” The more different the ideologies, the more the urban order that maintains them is reinforced. “ (Aureli, 2011, p.22)

PROPOSED PROTOTYPE The new system links “fascinating anarchie” strips to the uniformed elements of the grid and through them to the city.

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Fascinating Anarchie

PROTOTYPE 1 The systematized anarchy of Archizoom , a camping prototype, has an infrastructure in its nodes. The rest is total anarchy. This is chaos - no segregation. In the system of a city it doesn’t work. In the context segregation can be positive. “Urbanization imagined as the superimposition of three main urban paradigms: the factory (production), the supermarket (consumption), and the parking lot (living).” (Aureli, 2011, p.18)

Strips of a Grid

Archizoom Associati. No-Stop City (1972)

Rem Koolhaas. The city of Captive Globe (1972)

Proposed structure. Structured anarchie. Author

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120

In search of different types of connections

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6.4.3

Inverted space concept The system of polices is effective in a space of wild nature. The “islands” are connected, but in between it’s a space of constant conflict\negotiation. This space is not belonging to anyone, and has a tendency to be abandoned or badly treated.

The space inside is important as a “silent enclosure”, which gives an order to the wilderness of the urban “outside”. It is safe as it is being watched by those who live in a space surrounding it.

If we frame public with private, the corridors between are becoming more frequent and diverse. The connections between different social groups start to be less official (carnival for instance) The negotiation happens inside of “public enclosures”.

The walls play a role of organizer of the wild and chaotic outside. Urbanization destroys personality, especially of the ones who are out from the circle. The urban island gives power to restore it. (Aureli, 2011).

Urban public islands are the spaces of responsibility of users. The idea is to create a platform of negotiation not linked to the borders, but inside of a private space of social housing. People of different social groups (students, workers, low and high income) will cross the private space by numerous connections in order to come to a public attractor.

mezo-space 122

local economy

mezo-space

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6.4.4

Urban prototype. Detail The semi-private area with identity is always intervened with a public mediator linked to the system of an open public space of the city. Collective space is framed by residential area in one direction and by public area in another.

Open space formed between the streets gives a flexibility in connections between different areas of the whole neighborhood. The safety concept is performed as well, as an open space has “an eye” of residential frame from one side and public core from the other.

Two groups have their own semi-private space of negotiation, which is linked to the mediative public core.

Public core works as a regional active platform with social infrastructure. This is a place where happens an interaction between outsiders from the city and locals. It

The shared space between each two groups is a productive environment for triggering the local business. The shared space is safe, as it is surrounded by housing. It has a character of a street. The specificity of the street is it’s semi-private character.

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6.5.2

The Grid Aiming to create a platform of social interaction, the project proposes to use the Grid as the main spatial framework. The Grid will allow to relink the site to existing urban fabric, triggering its development. Urban complex systems, growing on the Grid, will retain orientation and access simplicity. Chosen scale of a Grid supports urban plan made in past, in the design of Vila Leopoldina district. One sell is 60 to 60 m, comfortable for human perception. The site of CEAGESP market is mainly framed by 7 horizontal and 2 vertical streets.

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First development of a liberated space of market will start naturally from the streets of the city. The use of existing buildings, and consequently, infrastructure (water supply, electricity, heating), will make the project more sufficient. Exaggerated brutalist industrial scale can become an urban language of the future neighborhood.

1140

1020

840

720

600

480

360

240

120

0,m

120

240

360

480

600

720

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low-rise residential TRANSPORT GATE 1 RUA POTSDAM low-rise residential area 1. workshops: production of constructions

RUA HELIOPOLIS for further development of neighborhood

low-rise residential+ business

production of traditional ceramic

high-storey enclaves

RUA FROBEN

3. urban farming core: using existing

AV. DR. GASTÃ&#x192;O VIDIGAL

R UA A R OA

2. courtyards--workshops

buildings for crop storage 4. food production: communal canteen

green pavilion, laboratories

5. public spot (administrative)

9. public spot (trade) connection to the city

industry RUA DR. SEIDEL

6. public spot (learning center) 7. public spot (creative studios, film production)

industry RUA HAYDEN 8. public spot (rethinking car dealership)

low-rise residential RUA XAVIER KRAUS institutes, car dealership RUA HASSIB MOFFARREI institutes, car dealership

125 250

RUA MERGENTHALER

existing street network remaining buildings 130

500

regional activator

TRANSPORT GATE 2

REGIONAL ACTIVATORS The core elements of the Grid are public â&#x20AC;&#x153;agorasâ&#x20AC;? which have a straight connection to the city. The function is social infrastructure and platforms of participatory processes. User groups are incomers of the city, people from immediate neighborhood.

Architectural language: same materials over all neighborhood; diversity in details. These uniformed elements of grid are topdown public amenities financed by government, NGO and other interested groups.

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"forest" infrahousing structure based on living wall existing changing to construcindividual tion detached housing

flexible housing modules, lightweight

infrastructure living wall

maze of courtyards

infrastructure living walls

BOULEVARD

dense living community with center inside

housing partly built by government

living maze:void structure with natural light

flexible facade: 4 storey high

existing street network remaining buildings regional activator 132

local activator

blockvoid-block housing

flexible facade (edge)

cross-wall construction housing

common tropical slab. free ground level zone 4 storey high

LOCAL ACTIVATORS The secondary elements of the Grid are aimed to host upcoming residents of a new neighborhood. Local cores have an incremental self-built character.

Fascinating anarchy strips are bottom up peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s empowerments, which grow from the top-down (see previous spread). Architectural language: diversity and complexity, spontaneity. 133

125

500 250

existing street network remaining buildings

new buildings public\private network 134

emerged collective space with variety of identities

NEIGHBORHOOD SPINE The open space in between will become a space

Due to the Grid, people will be oriented easily,

of identity, a mirror of the people who live in the

and will know where to buy a fresh vegetable,

frames of it. If the critical mass of gardeners for

where to watch a movie with friends, and where

instance, or artists, or urban farmers increase,

to buy traditional Brazilian ceramic.

an urban unit will get a new public facility, made

In the future the neighborhood will be overgrown

already from local action and out of real need.

by various communities. The variety of combinations is same uncountable as the variety of cultural layers of Brazil. 135

6.6

Mobility The local mobility proposal includes redesigned street network (only main streets are kept for vehicle connection). The "heart" of the neighborhood is a carfree zone. Public transportation is performed by two belts connected to exact bus stops of the surrounding streets, so that transport changes are effective.

The loop of the new bus lane is only 3.5 km, and it has 16 stops, 3 of which are existing stops of a city transport network. The bus has a very slow speed (20 km\h), which gives a higher comport to the places where it goes through. The lane is linking new neighborhood to existing residential districts so that the development of the neighborhood goes faster. The time of the loop is 20 min.

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The new shuttle line as a very sufficient city transport is projected to be built after several years of development. The loop is only 2.5 km. The shuttle has a very slow speed on the territory of a new neighborhood and increases it outside, depending on the distance of shuttle stops. It has 19 stops, 4 are connected to the public transport network. Car-free zone is upgraded by individual transportation system which works on the principle of travalator. (easy going on and going off on any spot of the way). 9 lines are linked to a shuttle loop. Bike lanes are not fixed and will be defined after actual use of the territory. Leisure bike paths are going across the neighborhood belt, crossing agriculture fields and park zone, and have a picturesque change in scenes of the environment.

Uni \ Vila Madalena lane

speed city bus centro

Uni \ Vila Madalena lane

Lapa T gate1

T gate 2

Jaguare\ Lageado 20 km\h

city transport network

10 km\h

projected street network regional transport network local bus lane tram lane individual transportation system link to the city network building mass

Lapa

existing bike lane

137

VIA ANHANGUERA

6.6 R RIO VO TUR

NHA

A ARA

IALV

MAR

CAR

R MAR

Lapa Tendal da Lapa

Merado da Lapa

Vila Leopoldina Alto da Lapa

Estacao Cienica

garden-quarters upper class

Vila Romana Vila Ipojuca

SES

low middle class gentrified

middle class eastern europe immigrants

Cacilda Bec

Boacava

high income class

Vila Madalena

residential neighborhoods eat\drink spot graffiti streetart

Jaguare

industrial region low-middle class

Villa Lobos

Alto de Pinheiros

Vila lageado

highly urbanized high income

middle class low rise

Galereia Choque Cultural

University of Sao Paolo

loop

Regional mobility and cultural integration The regional scale mobility is performed by 2 new identity speed lanes (for the city and for the University of Sao Paolo), 2 new neighborhood bus lanes and 2 local low speed shuttles. 138

GSPublisherVersion 0.0.100.100

Instituto Butantan

loop

trans

Regional scale bus loop connects main cultural spots between CEAGESP site and the city center.

SC de Pompeia

Lapa Vila Pomeia

Perdizes high urbanized region Alto Lapa highda income class

Vila Romana

SESC de Pompeia

Vila Pomeia

low middle class gentrified

Vila Ipojuca Higienopolis

middle class high income class eastern europe cultureimmigrants Centro da Cultura Judaica

Cacilda Becker

industrial heritage immigrants low-middle class

Parque Aqua Branca

Perdizes

high urbanized region high income class

Football

Sao Paolo centre

Sumare

TAN

CAE O

PINT

Boacava

p 20 km

Estacao Cienica

garden-quarters upper class

umare

art galleries live music venues nightlife artist studio culture

Parque Merado da Lapa Aqua Branca

industrial heritage immigrants low-middle class

opoldina cker

Barra Funda

Tendal da Lapa

high income class

Higienopolis

high income class culture

Vila Madalena

residential neighborhoods eat\drink spot graffiti streetart Villa Lobos _80 km\h Speed Bus

p 10 km

Centro da Cultura Judaica

Football

_25 min

_60 km\h Speed _15 min Alto de Bus Pinheiros

highly _50 km\h Busurbanized _20 min high income p 5 km _50 km\h Bus _10 min niversity of Sao Paolo p 3.5 km _20 km\h Slow Bus _20 min

p 9 km

p 2.5 km

_15 km\h tram

_25 min

sport hub 1

_train_bus_tram_bike

sport hub 2

_bus_tram_bike

Instituto Butantan

Galereia Choque Cultural

250 125

1000 500

2000

loop 20 km

_80 km\h Speed Bus

_25 min

loop 10 km

_60 km\h Speed Bus

_15 min

loop 9 km

_50 km\h Bus

_20 min

loop 5 km

_50 km\h Bus

_10 min

loop 3.5 km

_20 km\h Slow Bus

_20 min

loop 2.5 km

_15 km\h tram

_25 min

transport hub 1

_train_bus_tram_bike

transport hub 2

_bus_tram_bike

139

6.7

Matrix of places. Genplan Genplan is an abstraction of the theory of "livable spine". Each place is physically defined, has its own character, this character is a result of analysis and subconscious drawing. Genplan is a collection of "neighborhood variables", each open space is unique firstly because of its enclosure, because of its borders. "Urban Luxury is to know exactly where to find what in the city. The ease to navigate through urban contexts." Ludwig Engel Genplan performs a set of identifiers of each regional strip by small installations market and exchange spots, which visually link the proposed system to the city network. Same time they work as identifiers of a new urban core, making distinction from vast fluid surrounding.

The initial Grid during the appropriation with existing buildings has been slightly changed, mainly in North-West-- South East direction. The Grid in this direction is mainly " fascinating anarchie strips", designed by people. The regional strips are being kept with no change.

The Matrix of places is a catalogue of possible new identities, which is based on the function of the surrounding area. The Matrix is described on the next pages.

Proposed functionality is only one of the possible ways how the neighborhood will develop. Subjective perception of a reader can interpret the drawing in multiple ways.

FACTS Total area of CEAGESP forest area green space area residential education and culture production and research trade\storage medical unpredictable growth POSSIBLE CAPACITY

140

630000m 2, 63 ha 60500m2. 140000m2 112000m2 15000m2 50000m2 12000m2

22400 people

9% 20% 18% (60% incremental) 5% 7% 10% 4% 26%

2 C

3 E

4 F

5 G

6 I

15 7 14 J

13 8

141

6.7

142

ceramic village

housing

street network

old silo

existing building (storage)

gate_E

parking

tram lane

closed sportground

gate_E

gate_F

parking\shopping center tram lane street network

park area housing in the park

food core vegetable market

daycare institutes housing 90%

street network

gate_E

gate_F

start-up offices

communal food productiion

daycare

05_DAYCARE UNIT A courtyard with a very safe environment and a small living scope. Regional activators are performed by a kindergarten and a daycare institutes. Housing is dence community village which creates a safe wall to the outside. From the other side it is open to the urban farming area, which creates pleasant conditions for a child play.

storage of material

housing 90%

04_FOOD CORE The platform aims to connect low-middle income people and students. The function of the public area is a commune canteen. “The food core” organization includes a group responsible for getting left-over food from the supermarkets,a group responsible for cooking, group of urban farmers.

skills school

gate C

street network

03_FLEXIBLE CORE The infrastructural module is simple in shape and it provides a possibility for a person to establish a mobile housing or working unit for a short period of time. The flexible unit can be implemented to the “living wall” .

gate_B

workshops small scale housing

01-02_CONSTRUCTION CORE The construction core is one of the first public activators, where starts the process of interaction and participation between diverse social groups. The aim of the core is to provide a material support for the future neighborhood. The core is based on the existing storage building of CEAGESP.

street network

gate_A

housing

Matrix of Places

community workshops park\sport area

143

6.7

Matrix of Places gate_G

participatory agencies

07_INCREMENTAL HOUSING STRIP

participatory agencies

gate_I

street network

The infrastructural module is simple in shape and it provides a possibility for a person to establish a mobile housing or working unit for a short period of time. The flexible unit can be bought art the construction core and implemented to the â&#x20AC;&#x153;living wallâ&#x20AC;? within one day.

park\sport area gate_H

housing 30%

Clock square is a regional main square of the neighborhood and serves as a main information center about the neighborhood; main participatory agencies and organizations such as community advocate are positioned at the square. It also serves as the main entrance to the park and sport area.

street network

06_CLOCK SQUARE

information center, community workshops

park\sport area gate_ J

library\learning center

08_LEARNING CENTER

144

library\learning center housing 30%

gate_ J

street network

Learning-working\library area is positioned on the continuous development of the street starting from the learning center of Vila Leopoldina (3 universities). The court has a public character and its flexible part is only 20%.

sport hall

primary school

exit\ transport connection

I 07

145

6.7

Matrix of Places park area

09_CREATIVE PLATFORM

farming land parking learning center

farming courtyards

movie school

actors dormitories car tuning

filming stages

housing 30%

tram lane housing 30%

One of the most vivid public areas of the neighborhood. Several regional activator platforms are joined at the courtyard. Mobility is performed by tram and bus lanes. The core bounds together urban farmers, designers, car dealers , student area for the creation of the most bright mixture of workshops and makes all types of co-working very effective.

recording street network

10_DESIGNERâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S VILLAGE

146

street network

housing 80%

recording studios creative studios

housing 80%

The court stands in line with the existing street network and by one side joined to one of the most creative regional activators of the neighborhood,, where movie industry and car dealership have a common space and common business. The court has a residential character (80% housing units).

market\retail

retail \studio offices

street network

147

6.7

Matrix of Places cinema warehouse (existing building) retail \ studio offices

exit housing

The cinema court has the same character as 11, but has more openness to the city. It has a market and public facilities in its center.

market

housing

11_CINEMA VILLAGE

exit : bus stop, transport gate

border of the 10 min distance neighborhood recording studios

street network

12_WORKER’S VILLAGE tram lane

recording studios\ warehouses for

cars

housing

cinema school housing

The courtyard has an enclosed character. The area of “unpredictable growth” (colored) has a freedom in its development: the housing units are designed with more flexibility. The area is mostly inhabited by artists, movie makers, and people connected with movie industry.

retail

studio offices

street network

cinema warehouse (existing building)

13_CINEMA SCHOOL

148

urban farms cinema production offices

workshop

housing 60%

cinema school housing 60%

The cinema school is an extension of the main public passage. All the buildings are constructed on the foundaments of existing storage houses. The courtyard has 1-storey student workshops in the middle. The space is linked by student dormitory units. The accessibility is by projected tram and bus network.

cinema school

retail passage, exchange area

tram lane street network bridge

11 10

149

6.7

Matrix of Places 14_PASSAGE

street network

workshops

street network

uni domain

street network

cinema school

bus terminal reatil

The space is linked to the main transport hub and functions as a re-distributional area. Local exchange market gives a possibility for communication between different groups of people - from homeless who will take the goods for a fair price, to wealthy neighbors, who will also have benefits from the participation in the program.

student dormitory units, hostel exchange market

15_MARKET

bike P

park\ sport

souvenir shops plant market

parking

The space has a very public character. The regional activator which frames it is the main trade passage. The passage has an atrium space which forms the street. Local activating space is proposed as a flexible student housing units and hostel rooms, as the area is the most convenient in commuting.

hostels cinema school

16_URBAN FARMING

150

garden pavilion

housing 50%

street network housing 80%

The agriculture core is placed in between of the ceramic production and the neighborhood park. The agricultural fields help to prevent further expansion of the living\ working area. The collective space 03 has an active character and high integration with people from the city. It has two main entrances; street goes through it.

laboratory market

14 151

6.7

Matrix of Places 17_CERAMIC VILLAGE The existing building is reconstructed and being used as a set of traditional ceramic production workshops. The building has 9200m2 for optional use. The public cores adjusted to the existing building contain thematic learning centers, spaces for co-working and additional courtyards for workshops and souvenir market.

20%

Furniture craftsmen ceramic workshops offices market

existing building

Commune area

Co-working space gardening school

market

Housing 80% local business

Housing 60%

construction core 5 min furniture craftsmen

local business 40%

The responsible groups are newcomers from the village, students, creative studios working with ceramic.

agricultural core 5 min main pavilion 10 min

152

Public transport 5 min Street Transport gate

153

6.7

Matrix of Places I_ PARK OF THE NEIGHBORHOOD

CEAGESP area

ver

154

park

Pinheiros ri

Park zone is surrounded by urban farming fields, which give a transition from Nature to more dense living area of the neighborhood.

ver

II_ AGRICULTURAL BELT

CEAGESP area

Pinheiros ri

The site is surrounded by the dense urban fabric from the three sides. The concept of a new green area of the projected neighborhood is in its central location. It gives the space to the main pavilion - Mercado Libre de Productor. which is a heritage of brutalist architecture of Sao Paulo. Surrounded by a park zone, it will have more architectural power, as it was probably planned in the 70s. The function of the covered part of the pavilion is mainly sport facilities, open parts will be also given to the green area. The central location of the park will give it safety, as most pathways will be intersected within its borders. Housing units in the park are based on the structures of the former 6 pavilions and create 6 communities surrounded by nature.

fields

155

6.8

Details. Living

existing building: construction workshops, storage housing: incremental traditional construction capacity 50 houses, 300 dwellers year 2025

01,02_CONSTRUCTION CORE (see p.) The construction core is one of the first public activators, where starts the process of interaction and participation between diverse social groups. The aim of the core is to provide a material support for the future neighborhood. The core is based on the existing storage building of CEAGESP.

156

The at the first stage the building is temporarily used as a storage for new materials, as well as for collecting left-over materials of the market. The core is linked to the existing street network of a city and will be accessible by public transport from the first years.

Flexible living unit

Stable diaphragm

Existing building: sport-hall, offices, sport school Housing:

Living unit can be easily dismounted and replaced

flexible temporary construction Capacity 100 houses, 300 dwellers

03_ИFLEXIBLE CORE (see p.) A new sport core in the neighborhood will attract more young people. It will be placed on the basis of another type of CEAGESP building, which has a possibility for sport facilities to be placed. Besides sport center, the core will provide co-working space. The housing construction linked to the core is more flexible in use.

157

6.9

Details. Gates The gates to the neighborhood from the street serve as identifiers for each strip and help to orient in the complex living core. They are located exactly where the old gates to the market were. Former Portao for trucks is reinterpreted to the portao of the neighborhood.

GATE C Gate marked C identifies the strip with construction workshops. The function of a "gate" is small market of building materials and public leisure area.

GATE H Gate H indicates a path to the clock square (administrative part of a neighborhood) and to a park.

GATE I Gate I is an entrance to the learning strip of the neighborhood. It's two storey high and contains small zone for co-working and a snack-bar.

158

GATE C Possible entrance from the street

GATE C

GATE H

GATE I 159

Zoom-in

05_ATMOSPHERIC VIEW LIFE OF THE NEIGHBORHOOD 160

161

7.1_Answering the research question 7.2_Final conclusion of work

Epilogue

7.1

Answering the research question The following research question is based on the master thesis: How can I as an architect design urban structures, as well as actions of people, so that it brings interaction between different social groups and triggers sustainable urban development? When an architect starts to intervene in the social sphere, it is always one question emerged: is it a role of a mediator which stands on the first place, or should it be an architecture as Space dictate and organize the way of life? The research made for this thesis has shown that the design of social structures and mediation are more important: the main needs for comfortable life are not in the qualities of material or in highly elaborated aesthetics of buildings. For sure, high aesthetic quality of space gives luxury for those who use it. But still more important are situations of the city, its happenings, moments of unexpectable; feeling of partnership, being involved in something; to have special stories about the place you live in and narratives from the past. What more people need is contrast places, understanding how city works and where what is

164

located. It's the feel of being cared about, of being surrounded by friends and family and their support. During the research I tried to be a sociologist to understand what people in the context of Sao Paulo need, what is appreciable and familiar to them. Self-built settlements were seen as a potential for a project. The urban prototype I came up with was a combination of an absolute order and informality placed within its borders. In any kind of theory there is always a search for balance between two extremes; in the case of this research I was looking for a balance between absolute order and absolute chaos. The design for the site in Sao Paulo has developed in a very "baroque" composition of dwellings, streets and spaces. One of the reasons is probably a constant dealing with informal archaic structures of favelas.

The design of actions and social relations, events and policies was the most hard part of the research and probably needs more investigation; still several solutions in the context of the project were achieved.

7.2

Final conclusion The master thesis was completed in the architectural studio of professor Peter Staub during winter semester 2016-17 at the university of Liechtenstein. It gives an answer on several personal and impersonal questions, opens up the topics for further development.

The Studio framework became a challenging combination between scientific urbanism and subjective design followed by subconsciousness. The balance between two opposite approaches I find very productive. It can bring together usually standing apart object design, based on subjective aesthetics and composition of space, and urban design, driven by nessecity of the city.

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Affidavit

I hereby declare that the thesis book is my own unaided work. All direct or indirect sources used are acknowledged as references. This paper was not previously presented to another examination board and has not been published.

Vaduz, Liechtenstein 12.08.2016 Place, Date

Signature

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Appendix

CEAGESP wholesale market site with its open market pavillionlays on the left side of the river. Photo by Fabio Knoll

Vegetable market. Main pavilion. Photo by Fabio Knoll

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Warehouses at a busy day. Photo by Fabio Knoll

Delivery area Photo by Fabio Knoll Image directory: http://www.schindler.com/content/award/internet/en/competition-2015/_jcr_content/rightPar/downloadlist_0/ downloadList/117_1466088497128.download.asset.117_1466088497128/Schindler_Global%20Award_Brief_2017.pdf

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Main pavilion

Steel pavilion

Storage building type1

Storage building type2

Base of the clock tower

Storage building type3

Image directory: Information base of Studio Staub, University of Liechtenstein. Photo by Thais Marin

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Closed shops

Storage pavillion. Addings of people

Night activity, Main pavilion.

Empty delivery zone

Street food

Modernist architecture

Image directory: Information base of Studio Staub, University of Liechtenstein. Photo by Thais Marin

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2 5 4

1 3

Subjective analyses of street quality 10

86 9

12 11 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

24 25

27 26

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Space near projected train station. Sketch

Incremental architecture. Sketch

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Neighborhood spine. Drawing

Meine liebe Familie Singer, ich danke für Ihre große Unterstützung. My dear family Singer, I thank you for your great support.

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Neighborhood spine. Drawing. Detail

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