A Systemic Review on Indoor VOC and TVOC assessments in The Arab Countries, a Reflection of Indoor Air Quality YO U S E F K H OA J A S U P E R V I S O R : D R . M O S TA FA S A B B AG H
contents
Keywords: Indoor Air Quality (IAQ), Indoor Air Pollutants , Indoor VOC, TVOC
1. Introduction
2. Methodology
3. Results and
4. CONCLUSION
discussion TVOC concept background
TVOC in every study environment
TVOC guideline
Discussing the researches in each country and Comparing TVOC rate outside the Arab world with the Arab world
VOC sources
The most studied environments and Measurement techniques
Recommendation for future studies
Introduction Occupants spend more than 90% of their time indoor. With the current industrial age and with reliance on manufactured materials, the sources of indoor air pollutants are increasing and becoming more diverse in chemical mixture. Symptoms and illnesses related to the quality of indoor air
WHO GUIDELINES FOR INDOOR AIR QUALITY Summary of indoor air quality guidelines for selected pollutants
Pollutant
Critical outcome(s) for guideline definition
Benzene
Acute myeloid leukaemia (sufficient evidence on causality) • Genotoxicity Acute exposure-related reduction of exercise tolerance and increase in symptoms of ischaemic heart disease (e.g. ST-segment changes) Sensory irritation
Carbon monoxide
Introduction
Formaldehyde
Naphthalene Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are emitted as gases from certain solids or liquids. VOCs include a variety of chemicals, some of which may have shortand long-term adverse health effect Exposure to indoor air pollutants has a great impact on human health around the world, especially in developing countries according to WHO. VOC Such as Benzene can causes acute myeloid leukaemia (sufficient evidence on causality) and Genotoxicity. Other VOCs such as Trichloroethylene and Tetrachloroethylene can cause Carcinogenicity (liver, kidney, bile duct and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Respiratory tract lesions leading to inflammation and malignancy in animal studies Nitrogen dioxide Respiratory symptoms, bronchoconstriction, increased bronchial reactivity, airway inflammation and decreases in immune defence, leading to increased susceptibility to respiratory infection Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Lung cancer Radon
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Lung cancer Suggestive evidence of an association with other cancers, in particular leukaemia and cancers of the extrathoracic airways Carcinogenicity (liver, kidney, bile duct and nonHodgkin’s lymphoma), with the assumption of genotoxicity Effects in the kidney indicative of early renal disease and impaired performance
Classification of indoor organic pollutants
Descripti on
Abbreviation
Boiling Point Range (°C)
Example Compounds
Very volatile (gaseous) organic compounds Volatile organic compounds
VVOC
<0 to 50-100
Propane, butane, methyl chloride
VOC
50-100 to 240-260
Semi volatile organic compounds
SVOC
240-260 to 380-400
Formaldehyde, d-Limonene, toluene, acetone, ethanol (ethyl alcohol) 2-propanol (isopropyl alcohol), hexanal Pesticides (DDT, chlordane, plasticizers (phthalates), fire retardants (PCBs, PBB))
organic compounds associated with particulate matter or particulate organic matter
POM
>380
VOC background
Air Organic pollutants were classified by (WHO 1989) Where it was classified into five sections according to the degrees of its boiling point
TVOC concept background Because of the many types of organic pollutants and the difficulty of separating each gas from one another by taking a sample of air and analyzing it in the laboratory. The Justification of TVOC's use and its relationship to health and air quality problems first introduced by mølhave and his team (mølhave ,1986; mølhave er al.1989 1991,1993; kjaergaard et.al,1991) VOCs
TVOC
TVOC concept background This method does not need to take a sample of air to be examined, but it depends on two basic methods. flame ionization (FID) and the photo ionization detector (PID). Another advantage of this method is that it can give us a general picture of the materials and finishing materials, also the furniture and the rates of VOC emission they produce thereof. This method may also be an indication of the quality of ventilation within the space
VCE Emission test chambers to characterize volatile organic compounds
(FID)
(PID)
TVOC concept background limits of TVOC concept
Advantages of TVOC concept
•
• helps to give an indication of the quality of ventilation
•
•
All gas ratios are calculated together, and it is difficult to know the percentage of each VOC separately It is not possible to know the exact types of VOC TVOC does not represent all the VOC in the air
• can monitor the materials and sources from which these gases are released • TVOC is an easy and affordable method • It makes it easy to measure the large numbers of VOCs by making them one number.
TVOC concept background
TVOC measurement units
ppb
ppm
mg/m3
ug/m3
TVOC guideline The method of measuring TVOC is an easy and affordable method, but the difficulty of knowing the diversity of gases makes it difficult to set standards for it For example, what is mentioned in (ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2013) “Setting target concentrations for TVOCs is not recommended. Setting target concentrations for specific VOCs of concern is preferred.”, and “ There is insufficient evidence that TVOC measurements can be used to predict health or comfort effects”
Source Emission rate Texas IAQ Guidelines, 2002 Emission rate should not result in an indoor concentration levels greater than 0.5 mg/m3 RSECE 0.6 mg/m3 Environmental analytical Less than 300 ug/m3 services 300 to 500 ug/m3 500 to 1000 ug/m3 1000 to 3000 ug/m3 More than 3000 ug/m3 IAQ Management Group in µg/m3 < 600 8-Hour Average Hong Kong < 200 8-Hour Average IDT < 0.3 (mg/m3)13 0.3 – 1.0 (mg/m3)13 1.0 – 3.0 (mg/m3)13 3.0 – 10.0 (mg/m3)13 > 10.0 (mg/m3)13 WELL Building Standard < 500 µ/m Molhave [87]
< 200 μg/m3
Low Acceptable Marginal High very high Good Excellent Class very good good Medium Poor Bad Limit for Passing Test comfort range; is assumed not to lower comfort multi factorial exposure range; is considered to be a health hazard
200 – 3000 μg/m3 discomfort range; brings strong discomfort toxic range; is toxic
3000-25000 μg/m3
Sheifert [88,89]
>25000 μg/m3 300 μg/m3
Finnish Society of Indoor < 200 μg/m3 Air Quality and Climate National Health and Medical 500 μg/m3 Research Council [90]
no individual compound concentration should exceed 50% of its class target or 10% of the TVOC target guideline value
no single compound contribution should be higher than 50%
VOC sources “The use of synthetic building materials, Furnishings & electronic office equipment (computers, printers, copy machines,…),” “lack of outdoor air supply to cramped spaces, inadequate ventilation, occupancy rate, insufficient exhaust airflows” “building design, building envelope tightness, poor maintenance of heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems” “occupants’ activities such as painting and gluing during art class, and Teaching supplies.
Methodology
g g Systemic Review for Countries of the world
comparison between the Arab world and the rest of the world
Methodology
There are four units for TVOC measurement, which are (PPM, PPB, mg/m3, ug/m3) To convert from one unit to another there are four equations
Unit conversion equations: Concentration (ppm) = 24.45 x concentration (mg/m3 ) รท molecular weight The same equations may be used to convert micrograms per cubic meter (ug/m3 ) to parts per billion (ppb) and vice versa: Concentration (ug/m3 ) = 0.0409 x concentration (ppb) x molecular weight Or, concentration (ppb) = 24.45 x concentration (ug/m3 ) รท molecular weight
Methodology
By looking at the results of the VOC and the TVOC, as the devices analyzed between each of the most used ones, as well as the places of research and comparison of countries in the number of publications By using the equations mentioned above, and on the basis that TVOC atomic weight = 100 g / mole As mentioned in (Ion Science: UK manufacturers of leading gas detectors & PID sensors, 2020) PPM has been converted to mg/m3 and PPB to Âľg/m3 to unify the different units in the research mentioned in the table
Results and Discussion Discussing the researches in each country Kuwait, 1 Oman, 1 saudi arabia, 4
Lebanon, 1
Jordan, 1
COUNTRIES EGYPT, 3
United Arab Emirates, 7
References title
A Predictive Model for Steady State Ozone Concentration at an Urban-Coastal Site
AIR POLLUTION MODELING FOR PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRIES IN COASTAL AREAS AN ASSESSMENT PROCEDURE FOR ACCEPTABLE INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY IN HEALTH CARE FACILITIES
INDUSTRIAL AIR POLLUTION IN SAUDI ARABIA AND THE INFLUENCE OF METEOROLOGICAL VARIABLES
Countries
Study environment
Measurement techniques
Pollutant species
Oxidants; Ozone; Volatile organic compounds--VOCs; Air pollution; Oxidation; Photochemicals; Organic chemistry; Photochemical oxidants; Oxidizing agents;
KSA
urban environment
KSA
data have collected from S02, H2S, CO, various literature review of industrial N0/N02, NMHC, this city and visiting their environment PM10, companies PM2.5, CO, voc,O3 website. + Predictive Model
KSA
KSA
HEALTH CARE FACILITIES
Average concentration
Predictive Model
IEQ Logger and a subjective response assessment through the use of detailed questionnaires.
2019
VOC=13 µg/m3
IAQ
TVOC are in the range of 27.73 – 89.51 µg/m3 (SO2, NO2, CO, H2S, with an average of 53.39 Air sampling using Air CO2, TVOC and µg/m3 the second quality monitoring mobile industrial Ozone) and measurement period values station used to conduct the environment particulate matter are ranging from measurements of (PM2.5, PM10 and 115.73 – 256.40 µg/m3 potential air pollutants. PM1) with an average of 152.123 µg/m3
KSA
Year
field
chemistry
publication Source
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
2009
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND APPLIED SCIENCE ENGINEERING MEMORIAL UNIVERSITY OF NEWFOUNDLAND
2005
ARCHITECTUR AL ENGINEERING
2016
Civil and Environmental
KING FAHD UNIVERSITY OF PETROLEUM & MINERALS
Environmental Science and Technology
Conclusion
Search Source type Engine
Author
The simple model for daytime concentrations was proposed to be linearly dependent on the concentration ratio of NO2 to NO whereas that for the nighttime period it was suggested to be inversely proportional to NO2 concentrations. Since the daytime O3 concentrations on workdays (Saturday–Wednesday) were lower than those on weekends (Friday), two separate formulas were suggested for the daytime concentration predictions.
proquest
Report
Mansour A. Alghamdi 1, Afnan Al-Hunaiti 2, Sharif Arar 2, Mamdouh Khoder 1, Ahmad S. Abdelmaksoud 1, Hisham AlJeelani 1, Heikki Lihavainen 3, Antti Hyvärinen 3, Ibrahim I. Shabbaj 1, Fahd M. Almehmadi 1, Martha A. Zaidan 4, Tareq Hussein 4,5 and Lubna Dada 4,*
Types of pollutants emitted from the industrial area are: SO2, NOx, CO, HC, VOC, Particles. 2. Based on the evaluation results, the total concentrations is average 2.5 times more in 2006 and 1.5 times more in 2007 compared to year 2008. 3. All pollutants are within limits as compared with standards of Saudi Arabia.
proquest
Theses
Afsana Khandokar
The study has also revealed that up-to-date there has been no specific -standards developed to emphasize the requirements of the IEQ for health care facilities. The survey has also ascertained that the IAQ when compared to the other factors is the most dominant and decisive parameter influencing the quality of indoor environments at health care facilities and was rated as “Highly Important
proquest
Theses
HAMMAD ALI ALHARBI
document
Jamal A. Radaideh
The present study analyzed the concentrations of potential air pollutants including SO2, NO2, TVOC, CO2, CO and O3 measured at the 2nd industrial city/Dammam over 2 weeks in April 2015 and shows the daily average of monitored air pollutants are above the permissible limits suggested by available national and international jurisdictions such as PME and RCER, NAAQS of USA and Canada and the WHO guidelines. This result indicates that there are some areas suffering from air pollution and require google immediate action plans to deal with the problem. scholar The interaction between various air pollutants and meteorological parameters is confirmed through the results of study and concluded that levels of observed air pollutants not only depend on the amount of pollutants emitted from various sources but also on meteorological parameters.Analysis of temperatures and relative humidity clearly demonstrated that air pollutants concentrations increase with increase in relative humidity and decrease of temperatures.
There are four researches conducted in Saudi Arabia, two of them at an industrial city, one at urban environment and one at health facilities, Research in TVOC and VOC is very rare in general and in particular in indoor spaces, more research should be conducted in Saudi Arabia for VOC and TVOC.
References title
Impacts of Plant Presence on Formaldehyde Levels in an Office
UAE Most of the research that was found in the Arab world related to VOC and TVOC was in the UAE, where seven researches were found, including three in educational buildings, three office buildings and one in a laboratory
Evaluation of indoorenvironmental quality conditions inelementary schools'classrooms in theUnitedArabEmirat es
Indoor Air Quality in UAE Office Buildings and Their Effects on occupants’ Health, Comfort, Productivity and Performance
Provision of Environmentally Responsible Interior Design Solutions: Case Study of an Office Building
Countries
Study Measurement environment techniques
UAE
Office
UAE
elementary schools' classroom
UAE
UAE
Office
Office buildings
GrayWolf
GrayWolf
GrayWolf
GrayWolf
Pollutant species
Average concentration
Year
Plant life was able to absorb the greatest amount of formaldehyde levels when the Formaldehyd greatest amount was present. 2017 e They were able to help reduce the levels of formaldehyde from 0.074ppm to 0.071ppm total volatileorgani c compounds (TVOCs), carbon dioxide (CO2), 815 μg/m3, 2014 carbonmonox ide (CO), ozone (O3), formaldehyd e (HCHO),partic le mass (PM) average TVOCs concentration levels ranging between 287ppm and 375ppm. Office 1 recorded the highest average concentration levels of 381.5ppb. Office 3 also shows some relatively high (O3) , concentration, measuring an CO,CO2,TVOC average of 330ppb at the 8, hour 2015 Temperature, measurement period. Other Relative offices have average Humidity, concentration levels ranging from 219ppb to 309ppb. Office 1 and 3’s observed concentration levels peaked to its highest value of 390ppb and 330ppb
TVOC,CO,CO2 ,O3,RH,TPM,f ormaldehyde , temperature,
the average TVOC concentration was 6,319 mg/m3
Search Engine
Source type
Author
Proceedings of the 2nd World Arts and Plant life was introduced for a period of one month, after which the data collection process began again. The Congress on Civil, Design formaldehyde levels showed a decrease of four per cent when the plant life was introduced to the space Structural, and Engineering with the highest Environmental and IT level of formaldehyde Engineering (CSEE’17)
google scholar
Paper
Isra Abu Zayed1 , Bassam Abu Hijleh2 , Hanan Taleb2
This study has shown that children in the studied classroomswere exposed to poor IEQ conditions, especially with regardsto issues relating to IAQ. Examined IAQ conditions includeTVOC, CO2,O3, CO, and particulates levels. Average TVOC,CO2,O3, CO, and particle concentrations measured in theclassrooms were 815mg/m3,1605ppm,0.05ppm,1.16ppm,and 1730mg/m3, respectively. Whereas, Dubai Municipalityrecommended limits for TVOC, CO2,O3, CO, and particle are300mg/m3, 800 ppm, 0.06 ppm, 9 ppm, and 150–300mg/m3
google scholar
ARTICLE
Moshood Olawale FadeyiKhawla AlkhajaMaryam Bin SulayemBassam Abu-Hijleh
The findings showed that the majority of the office spaces at the University have average concentration levels of TVOC which were within the acceptable range based on international and local standards such as the ASHRAE, NAAQS and Dubai Building Requirement and Specifications. Although not conclusive, it could be suggested that the primary cause of the higher concentration levels of contaminates at some of the offices are the office equipment and furniture present at these spaces. Also, the lack of open windows could be the cause of higher carbon dioxide concentration levels in some of the offices, however, such causal relationship is not conclusive since the findings were only limited to measuring the TVOC and Carbon Dioxide concentration levels in office spaces and not on the measuring emissions of these potential causes. In addition to this, it could be concluded that proper ventilation in office buildings contribute to the lower concentration levels of four indoor air quality indicators, TVOC, Ozone, Carbon Monoxide and Carbon Dioxide.
google scholar
Theses
Hanan Ahmad Ibrahim
the average TVOC concentration was 6,319 mg/m3 This measured value is extremely high considering the Mølhave (1990) and Brasche et al. (2005) studies and local guidelines. Potential sources of TVOCs from the studied office included adhesives, paints, sealants, finishes, furnishings, personal care products, maintenance, cleaning products, perfumes, and air fresheners. Potential sources may also be transported from the outdoor environment to the indoor environment. In addition to the use of solvent-based paints with high VOC content instead of water-based paint, the use of large amounts of perfume is very common in the United Arab Emirates, especially among women. The studied office was not an exception. The use of 100% air recirculation coupled with pollutants containing high VOC content, migration of air from woodworking factory through the air system to the measured office space will contribute to the buildup of TVOC concentrations. Although the measured TVOCs in the office seemed to be very high, it is important to note that the actual impact will depend on the constituents of the measured TVOCs. This is because some VOCs have significant impact at low levels while others may be relatively harmless in high concentrations. Furthermore, toxicological data are incomplete for many compounds and not all compounds can be identified [American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) 2010, Table B-2].
google scholar
ARTICLE
Moshood Olawale Fadeyi1 and Rasha Taha2
field
Engineering and IT
publication Source
Frontiers of Architectural Research
Engineering british university in and IT dubai
Journal of Architectural Engineering & Engineering 2013 IT / Volume 19 Issue 1 - March 2013
Conclusion
UAE )Continue(
Health and ComfortImplications of Indoor Air Quality and Thermal Conditions in Dubai Elementary Schools
An Experimental Study of Dry Onion Skins as Renewable Materials for Interior Finishes and their Impact on Indoor Environment
A preliminary study of indoor air quality conditions in Dubai public elementary schools
UAE
UAE
UAE
schools
Classroom1: Average TVOC=368 ppb classroom2:Average TVOC=408 ppb classroom3 : Average TVOC=293 ppb temperature,relative ,classroom4 Average GrayWolf humidity,TVOC, CO2, and TVOC=620 ppb classroom5 2011 O3 Average TVOC=380 ppb classroom6 Average TVOC=524 ppb classroom7 Average TVOC=268 ppb classroom 8 Average TVOC=319 ppb
Engineering
Fab Lab in the engineering Fan OFF TVOC=511 ppb and Ozone, Carbon Monoxide, college at Ajman 931 ppb Fan On mode to GrayWolf Carbon 2016 Engineering & IT University of reach 1187ppb and 1390 Dioxide ,TVOC Science and ppb Technology
elementary schools
the british university in dubai
the british university in dubai
AVERAGED Carbon dioxide-Carbon CONCENTRATIONS/LEVELS monoxide-TVOCs-Relative Architectural MEASURED IN ALL humidity-TemperatureEngineering and Taylor & Francis GrayWolf SCHOOLS’ CLASSROOMS 2012 Formaldehyde-Ozone-Total Design Ltd. =Concentrations ranged particulate Management between 1,202 and concentration 2,340 mg/m3
Air quality test can also be planned and implemented whenever renovation takes place in schools. Inform cleaning maintenance staff to use least poisonous cleaning product with low level of VOCs emission. Fourthly, try not to use carpet in crowded areas in which occupants would wear shoes. If carpet is used in classroom, proper and google scholar regular cleaning and vacuuming must take place. In addition, occupants must remove their shoes while they sit on the carpet. Fifthly, while classroom is occupied by students try to minimize opening the door and window during peak/ rush hour (high traffic rate) due to polluted outdoor air. After measuring the indoor air quality indicators (Total Volatile Organic Compound, Ozone, Carbon Monoxide, Carbon Dioxide, Relative Humidity, and Temperature) on three specimens, the findings showed that the average concentration level of TVOC google scholar recorded from the two natural materials (the wood veneer and the onion’s outer skin when Fan On and Fan Off modes) was almost approximate and was higher than the Formica layer specimen.
As an overall conclusion, the main findings were as follows: (i) levels of CO2, TVOC and TPM in all the studied schools were high enough to cause a health or comfort problems. (ii) Ventilation rates in all studied schools were insufficient to dilute indoor air contaminants. (iii) Polluted outdoor air also compromised the benefits of ventilation usage, (iv) Classrooms which were cleaned before start of the first class session in morning with detergent and classroom which were deodorized by air freshener spray had high indoor level of TVOCs (v) Students’ activity on carpet was found to cause re-suspension of dust and particle from carpets fibres.
proquest
Theses
Nazanin Behzadi
Theses
Zubaida Al Shawaf
RESEARCH Behzadi, Nazanin; Fadeyi, Moshood PAPER Olawale
References title
BAKE-OUT THE VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDING – PRE OCCUPANCY- IN SUMMER AT EGYPT
Indoor air quality index for preoccupancy assessment
LEED v4.1 operations & maintenance for existingbuildings and compliance assessment: BaytAlSuhaymi, Historic Cairo
Countries
EGYPT
EGYPT
egypt
Study environment
RESIDENTIAL BUILDING
residential buildings
historic buildings
Measurement techniques
Simulation
Pollutant species
Average concentration
VOC,TVOC
TVOCs` emissions concentration value had steady increase for the two spaces (Salon (1) and Salon (2)) respectively, 926.9 µg/m3 and 933.3 µg/m3 until it reached its peak of 932.3 µg/m3 and 939 µg/m3 at noon, following a steady decrease down to 926.4 µg/m3 and 932.8 µg/m3 by the end of the day.
Year
field
2018
Architectur al Engineerin g and Environme ntal Design
publication Source
Arab Academy for The results of this study show that the extracted VOCs Science concentration level are much higher not only in the larger volume but in the elevated Technology & temperatures as well when the two spaces compared, which leads to exceeding threshold Maritime limit values of LEED V.4 for homes. The output results seems rational that VOCs concentration levels increases with the Transport – increase of indoor air temperature and the volume too, which shows the method verification Sheraton using ANASYS FLUENT V.14 and validation of results. At last, the futuristic studies must cover Branch the neglected variables of exchange the air flow for indoor spaces.
Laboratory
After construction completion :VOCs (μg/m3) S1 =160.53 PM,VOC,formal S2= 396.29 S3=17.80 S4= –S5= – During material dehyde,Ammo application: VOCs R1=69.89 R2= 179.70 R3=175.07 R4= nia,Radon,NH3 142.34
2018
Architectur e
Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health
PCE-VOC 1
CO2,TVOC, temperature,h umidity ,energy consumption,w ater usage,Waste generated and waste diverted
2020
Architectur al Engineerin g
Alexandria Engineering Journal
TVOC concentra-tions measurements in indoor spaces ranged between110 mg/m3and 195 mg/m3
EGYPT
Conclusion
Based on the materials used, environmental conditions, and other parameters associated with this study, the following outcomes can be stated: 1. Air pollutants, including PM, VOCs, radon, and ammonia, are present at different concentrations in residential buildings in Egypt before occupancy. 2. As for VOCs, benzene was detected in higher concentration compared to toluene and xylene. 3. The age of the building and time of occupancy contribute to the types and concentration of indoor pollutants in residential buildings. 4. The development of an IAQ index can help aggregate readings of multiple pollutants to provide a rating scheme and serve as an indicator of the combined effect of pollutants on an indoor environment. 5. The application of mainstream materials available in the Egyptian market, using common construction practices, does not fulfill thermal comfort requirements specified by the Egyptian Building Code for housing and residential environments during January and February. 6. Building materials, especially preparatory coatings and finish coatings, are sources of multiple pollutants including formaldehyde and ammonia. 7. Among flooring materials, rooms with wooden flooring have shown lower concentrations of radon and formaldehyde, as well as improved temperature and relative humidity levels, compared to rooms with ceramic and porcelain tiles. 8. Ceramic tiles, porcelain, and marble contribute to higher radon levels than wooden flooring including parquet and high-density fiberboard (HDF). The types of wooden floors used in this study were not treated with any coatings and have shown acceptable results as compared to pressed wood and laminates used in previous studies. The research displays how Islamic historic buildings weredesigned and constructed in a way that currently supplies prac-tical systems with the realization of indoor environmentalquality, thermal comfort and energy efficient buildings con-cept. Measurements carried out within the internal spaces ofBayt Al-Suhaymi revealed that the material choice and passivedesign elements are critical in ensuring that the design inte-grates with energy conservation requirements, and leads toan enhanced indoor environmental quality. The research there-fore points out the great potential of Islamic historic buildingsto be LEED certified, and that they could make use of theirgreen and energy conservation characteristics.As the LEED standards develop, historic preservationistsshould adopt a primary role to achieve sustainability. Amongother tasks, this may include developing LEED standards forexisting and/or historic buildings to overcome the absence ofpoints’ allocation that demonstrates the sustainable qualitiesinherent within historic buildings such as the embodied energyin existing buildings, the life cycle assessment of used materialsand the adaptability criteria of historic buildings for differentuses. All these provide a green building with economic costadvantages, minimization of health problems and raised prop-erty value. Adaptive reuse and rehabilitation of historic build-ings will assist as well in the alleviation of the excessive requestfor energy and sustain future generations’ use, where the planning to fulfill their needs is the core of sustainability
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Source type
Author
google scholar
ARTICLE
Tarek M.Kamel1, 2, Moemen Afify2 , and Ayman Mahmoud2
google scholar
ARTICLE
Dalia Wagdi1 & Khaled Tarabieh2 & Mohamed Nagib Abou Zeid3
google scholar
ARTICLE
Dalia A. ElSorady-Sahar M. Rizk
three studies were found in Egypt in the TVOC and VOC, despite the limited research that was conducted in Egypt and the need for more research, the three studies are useful and valuable.
References title
IMPACT OF CON T OF CONTAMINATED INTERIOR FINISHING M TERIOR FINISHING MATERIALS ON THE EDUCATIONAL BUILDINGS
Countries
Lebanon
Study environment
educational buildings
Measurement techniques
Extech VFM200: VOC/Formaldehyde Meter
Lebanon
Pollutant species
HCHO and TVOC
Average concentration
850ppm
Year
2019
field
Architecture, Design and Built Environment
publication Source
BAU Journal
Conclusion
Search Engine
Final conclusion: The level of temperature, humidity, products & contaminations used in finishing, and space ScienceDirect ventilation are the key role of controlling the emission of HCHO and TVOCsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Source type
Author
ARTICLE
Osama Omar1 and Nael AlSarrag2
The research that took place in Lebanon focused on the effect of finishing materials on indoor air quality
References title
Countries
Study environment
Measurement techniques
Pollutant species
Average concentration
Year
field
publication Source
Conclusion
Search Engine
Source type
Author
Journal of Urban and Environmental Engineering
The maximum measured emission rates for CO and NO2 were 26 ppm and 0.21 ppm. These emissions were below the maximum allowable concentrations for the average time of 1 h (max 1 h) according to the Jordanian Standards. For SO2, the maximum measured emission rate was 1 ppm, which exceeded the Max 1 h of 0.3 ppm. For TVOC, the maximum measured concentration of TVOC measured was 220 ppb, with no maximum allowable concentration limit in the Jordanian standards. Average emission rates were significantly correlated with road grade, speed of vehicles and diesel-fueled vehicles at 0.01 level. At grade of 6%, the emission rates for NO2, CO, SO2 and TVOC increased by 100%, 350%, 650% and 70%, respectively. The average emission rates were higher at speed ranges between 60– 69 km/h than they were at three other speed ranges. Driving at speeds ranging between 70 and 79 km/h reduced emission rates by 13% to 32%, while increasing vehicle speed more than 79 km/h reduced emission rates less. On the other hand, gasoline-fueled vehicles had no significant influence on average emission rates. Results of ANOVA showed strong and consistent regression between the rate of emissions of CO with grade, speed and diesel vehicle parameters (r² =0.86).This relation was strongly positive with grade and diesel vehicle but negative with speed. Emission rates for NO2 and TVOC had a moderate strength regression (r² =0.76 and 0.67), while SO2 emission rate had a weak regression (r2 =0.5). Grade parameter contributed the most to rate of emissions compared to other parameters, while gasoline vehicles contributed only slightly to the rate of emissions.
google scholar
ARTICLE
Jawad H. Alrifai*
Jordan In 2017, a research was conducted aimed at studying the impact of the road network, the number of cars. The absence of standards indicates the importance of further research in Jordan
CORRELATION ANALYSIS OF DRIVING CONDITIONS AND ON-ROAD EMISSIONS TRENDS FOR VEHICLES
Jordan
urban environment
GrayWolf
CO,TVOC,NO2,SO2
average TVOC=123.5 PPM
2017 Civil Engineering
References title
Comparison of indoor air quality in schools: Urban vs. Industrial 'oil & gas' zones in Kuwait
Countries
Kuwait
Study environment
schools
Measurement techniques
Tukey test
Pollutant species
Average concentration
TVOC Classroom Fall 293.69ppb Winter 762.80ppb Spring 451.13ppb Summer CO2, SO2, NO2, H2S, formaldehyde, 328.16 ppb Painting acetaldehyde, TVOC, and nine elemental Room Fall 951.95 concentrations Winter 412.14 Spring of PM10, namely: As, Co, Cr, Fe, Pb, V, 289.09 Summer Al, Cd 434.55 Science Room Fall 474.70 Winter 214.13 Spring 268.10 Summer 232.40 ppb
Kuwait
Year
2017
field
environmental
publication Source
Building and Environment
Conclusion
Search Engine Source type
The most critical pollutant indoor in all schools was formaldehyde which exceeded outdoor levels, suggesting that indoor sources were the most important contributors to the indoor levels. Formaldehyde concentrations were above the suggested WHO guidelines [50] of 100 mg/m3 0 81 ppb' in all schools' locations; that is classrooms, painting rooms, science rooms, teachers' rooms, and decorating rooms; Al-Hubail et al. [33] identified only a single reading above the allowable limit out of 230 total readings in 46 google scholar schools in Kuwait. The highest concentration was recorded in the painting room in MAN school during summer (138.6 ppb), when doors are usually closed and high temperature could have intensified the pollutant concentration. It is surprising to note that during the summer vacation, painting rooms were left with all chemicals piled on the tables with few chemical lids left open, resulting in this build-up of high concentrations of pollutants
ARTICLE
Author
Ali Al-Hemoud a, * , Layla Al-Awadi a , Mufreh Al-Rashidi a , Khan Abdul Rahman a , Ahmed Al-Khayat b , Weam Behbehani b
in 2017 a study conducted in Kuwait over a whole year by studying two schools. The research is considered an important and major research. There is a need for more of this type of research because of its importance in the Arab world.
References title
Investigation of the environmental indicators at the main library of Sultan Qaboos University (SQU) in the Sultanate of Oman
Countries
Oman
Study environment
library
Measureme nt techniques
GrayWolf
Pollutant species
CO2, CO, RH, temperature, NH3, NO, NO2, SO2, H2S, O3, and TVOCs
Oman
Average concentration
TVOC (Âľg m-3) Basement 389 Main reception 367 Female study area 594 Male study area 452 Omani studies center 514
Year
2015
field
Mechanical and Industrial Engineering
publication Source
Conclusion
Sustainable Environment Research
It is apparent from the findings of the present study that the occupants of SQUâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s new library were affected as a result of exposure to chemical contaminants along with uncomfortable thermal levels. The elevated levels of CO2 were indicative of insufficient building ventilation. The observed concentrations of TVOCs and PM10 indicated the presence of strong indoor and outdoor contaminant sources, and there is a need to pay attention not only to these pollutants but also to biological contaminants in order to complete an investigation of IAQ. The physical environment of the library was also not appropriate for the occupants due to low temperature and high RH. The elevated levels of each of these parameters were possibly worsening the IAQ. Pathological symptoms such as headaches, membrane irritation, inflammation, fatigue, dizziness, stuffiness, etc. may have been due to the manifestation of elevated IAQ levels. The current study
Search Engine
google scholar
Source type
Author
paper
Sabah AbdulWahab,1,* Nahed Salem2 andSappurd Ali3
A research was conducted in Oman in 2015, the aim of the research is to investigate the quality of the indoor environment in a university library. Such research proves to us the importance of conducting more research on the quality of indoor air in the Arab world as it relates to health problems
1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
) (
TVOC IN EVERY ENVIRON ME NT STUDIED
1
Environmental analytical services guideline 10-30 High 30+ very High
2
IDT guideline
3
IAQ Management Group in Hong Kong 6 Considered Good
4
WELL Building Standard
5
National Health and Medical Research
6
Sheifert [88,89]
7
Molhave [87]
8
Finnish Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate
9
RSECE 2002 Guidelines
10
Texas IAQ Guidelines, 2002
Comparing TVOC rate outside the Arab world with the Arab world 70
60
50
40
mg/m3
Countries outside the Arab world recorded lower rates of TVOC, despite the lack of research in the Arab world. )Figure 2(The countries outside the Arab world mentioned are Italy, Brazil, Poland and Australia. This was a research conducted to study IAP in nonindustrial areas and reviewed 103 different sources from the mentioned countries. As the mentioned numbers are a range of averages of measurements for each country.
30
20
10
0
Max of TVOC Average of TVOC2 Min of TVOC3
Arab world
outside the Arab world
63.19
16.96
15.461375
6.557142857
0.05
1.36
60.0
TVOC Concentration in each country
50.0
40.0
mg/m3
Comparing TVOC rate outside the Arab world with the Arab world
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
Jordan
Oman
EGYPT
KSA
Kuwait
Lebanon
Turkey
UAE
ITA
POL
BRA
AUS
Max of TVOC
0.1
4.6
9.3
0.1
29.2
34.7
5.9
63.2
8.5
9.8
17.0
3.2
Average of TVOC2
0.1
4.6
4.1
0.1
18.4
34.7
5.9
24.7
5.0
6.4
10.0
3.2
Min of TVOC3
0.1
4.6
1.5
0.1
9.7
34.7
5.9
0.1
1.4
3.0
3.0
3.2
The importance of studying VOC and TVOC in Different environments TVOC concentration are affected by several factors, including the difference of seasons and temperatures, as well as the activities of users within the space. The equipment used inside the space has a major impact on TVOC concentration, such as printers, Cleaning tools, glue, etc. Therefore, each space has its own characteristics and has different activities that give an effect on the space, among which are the following
The most studied environments Study environment
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Research number
urban environm ent
industrial environm ent
HEALTH CARE FACILITIE S
Office
3
2
1
3
RESIDEN TIAL BUILDIN G 3
educatio nal buildings
historic buildings
Lab
6
1
1
The importance of studying VOC and TVOC in Different environments Educational buildings The importance of studying VOC in. because quality of the indoor air in the classroom affects studentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; performance levels, such as the effect on focus and memory, and on academic performance such as math and reading. It also affects students â&#x20AC;&#x2122;health. Some VOC inside the classroom may cause short-term diseases such as allergies, asthma, and other Symptoms. And some of them lead to long-term diseases such as cancers and other diseases that are dangerous for an individual's life (SAHAR M. MANSOUR 2014). (Shihan Deng 2017) research found that absenteeism, cognitive and psychological levels are related to pollution levels within educational spaces
The importance of studying VOC and TVOC in Different environments Office buildings Office buildings contain a lot of equipment that could cause TVOC to rise. Also, the long times spent by the user need to focus and work actively It gives importance to air quality. To give the user the best air quality that makes the place comfortable and helps the user to work, it must provide good ventilation and monitor the sources of emissions that cause health problems. Research conducted in the Arab world recorded very high numbers at the level of TVOC, which calls for conducting the necessary studies on office buildings. The average rate of TVOC reached above 30, which is a high number above all standards, and this makes the air quality toxic (Molhave).
The importance of studying VOC and TVOC in Different environments Healthcare buildings Healthcare buildings that have better indoor air quality help heal patients and improve the performance of the medical staff (Haida Tang, 2019) The use of detergents and sterilizers is frequent in healthcare buildings, which leads to a rise in TVOC. Substances containing formaldehyde are used widely, which may lead to high levels of formaldehyde in indoor air. Which may lead to health complications for the most vulnerable patients. It also affects the medical staff and their level of performance, and this therefore affects the results of patients' recovery. Health care buildings always work to combat the spread of viruses, bacteria by sterilization and the use of cleaning materials. However, the quality of ventilation and the method of cleaning and caution against the rise of TVOC plays a fundamental role in making it a better environment in the treatment of patients and the health of medical staff. Health care buildings are of additional importance as they deal with health, but despite that one research was done in the Arab world in TVOC and it did not depend on making measurements but was only by providing questionnaires and interviews.
Measurement techniques Measurement techniques
The most used device for measuring TVOC is a device (GrayWolf Devices) and the most used method in research is instantaneous measurements. One of the least used methods is simulation programs, as taking a sample of air and analyzing it is used a little and may be the reason for the high cost of this method. As it requires expensive laboratory devices and sophisticated methods of taking the sample. The use of simulation programs is observed in environmental studies and not in indoor air measurements
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Gray Wolf
The number of times the measurement method was used
9
Extech VFM200 : IEQ Predictiv Simulati MultiRA Tukey Review Laborat VOC/For Logger e Model on E Lite test ory maldehy de Meter 3
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
VOC Environ mental Meter PCEVOC 1 1
CONCLUSION There is a great importance in studying the VOC and TVOC, where Occupants spend more time indoor in addition to the increased use of manufactured materials. The high rates of VOC and TVOC is a real danger to human health and cause chronic diseases in the long time as they are also the causes of SBS symptoms The number of researches conducted in the Arab world is very few in this field, and since the Arab world, especially the Arab Gulf states, has a hot and dusty climate, it depends more on the interior spaces, so the importance of such research is greater. The researches that was discussed shows us high and dangerous rates of TVOC and VOC. Some research has Indicated the absence of standards for TVOC and the VOC therefore preferably do more research to came up with standards related to the VOC and the TVOC. Some research has shown us that the finishing materials used are dangerous and should be avoided
Recommendation for future studies Doing more researches for VOC and TVOC in office buildings and educational buildings in the Arab world, they recorded the highest numbers, as they exceeded the standards.
Evaluation and measurement of VOC and TVOC rates for newly built buildings, as some research has shown high numbers immediately after construction and finishes before they inhabit Doing more research in different buildings, such as health care buildings, commercial centers, etc., as there is not enough research in these buildings Since most of the research gave negative results, it is Recommended to do more research like this and researches in VOC and TVOC and the quality of indoor air in general. It is preferable to develop local standards for TVOC to be the reference for the rest of the studies that are based on TVOC It is desirable for the concerned authorities to develop techniques to continuously monitor VOC within health facilities in particular One of the most important sources of VOC emissions is cars and factories, so when choosing building sites for hospitals, schools, and other facilities, there are alarms about where cars are crowded and where the factories are.
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Extra
Field work Measurements
classrooms
(2)
(1)
4.43 mg/m
3
(3)
2.67 mg/m
3
Art room
Atrium
3
1.42 mg/m
(4)
4.68 mg/m
12 mg/m
3
Science Lab
3
0.22 mg/m
3
0.39 mg/m
3
Gym
2.4 mg/m
3
1
2
3
1
Environmental analytical services guideline 10-30 High 30+ very High
2
IDT guideline
3
IAQ Management Group in Hong Kong 6 Considered Good
4
WELL Building Standard
5
National Health and Medical Research
6
Sheifert [88,89]
7
Molhave [87]
8
Finnish Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate
9
RSECE 2002 Guidelines
10
Texas IAQ Guidelines, 2002
4 5
6
7 8 9 10
Field work Measurements 60.0
50.0
mg/m3
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0 Max of TVOC Average of TVOC2 Min of TVOC3
Jordan 0.1 0.1 0.1
Oman 4.6 4.6 4.6
EGYPT 9.3 4.1 1.5
KSA 12.0 3.1 0.1
Kuwait 29.2 18.4 9.7
Lebanon 34.7 34.7 34.7
Turkey 5.9 5.9 5.9
UAE 63.2 24.7 0.1
ITA 8.5 5.0 1.4
POL 9.8 6.4 3.0
BRA 17.0 10.0 3.0
AUS 3.2 3.2 3.2