Redesigning classroom windows to control daylight to reduce the risk of infection with the Covid 19 by LESS Studio

Redesigning classroom windows to control daylight to reduce the risk of infection with the Covid 19 virus Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah

The third semester (Design + Research) project Supervisor: Dr-Ing. Mohannad Bayoumi The Department of Architecture (KAUARCH) Faculty of Architecture and Planning King Abdulaziz University

Redesigning classroom windows to control daylight to reduce the risk of infection with the Covid 19 virus - Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah

Redesigning classroom windows to control daylight to reduce the risk of infection with the Covid 19 virus

Redesigning classroom windows to control daylight to reduce the risk of infection with the Covid 19 virus - Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah

CONTENT 1. Introduction 2. Research problem 3. Research objective 4. Literature review 4.1 Solar UV - What are Ultraviolet / UV rays? 4.2 Types of UV radiation 4.3 The harmful effects of UV radiation 4.3 Viruses on surfaces 4.3 Role of vitamin D in prevention of COVID19infection 4.3 Sunlight exposure increase Covid19- recovery rates 5. Research Methods 5.1 Study framework 5.2 Research strategy and limitation

6. generic classroom (Conventional Design) 6.1 Existing design specification 6.2 Simulation tool - environment variables 6.3 Daylight simulation for existing design 6.4 Evaluate existing design 7. Proposed Design 7.1 Design stages of the new proposal 7.2 Types of proposed designs 7.3 Details of proposed designs 7.4 Simulation of proposed designs 7.5 Comparing the simulation results 8. Results 8.1 Compare and analyze simulation results 8.2 Compare averages of results 9. References

Redesigning classroom windows to control daylight to reduce the risk of infection with the Covid 19 virus - Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah

1.INTRODUCTION This study focuses on one of the most important issues at the present time, which is the issue of the global epidemic spreading all over the world, and this epidemic is the emerging corona virus, Covid 19, and an attempt to provide what helps people in this pandemic through architectural design. In the search for architectural elements in an attempt to reduce the threat of this virus, several previous studies showed the importance of natural elements and their incorporation into the design and their impact on resistance to Corona virus. In this paper, we will focus on one of the most important natural elements, which is natural lighting. Natural lighting has many benefits that have been proven in a lot of research, and this thing is not hidden from anyone. And its importance is not limited to visual vision only, but also to physical and psychological health. Here, we will study how daylight can help reduce the risk of the emerging corona virus. Keywords: COVID19-; environmental persistence; sunlight; Daylight; Classroom; Window Design.

Redesigning classroom windows to control daylight to reduce the risk of infection with the Covid 19 virus - Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah

2. RESEARCH PROBLEM With the current conditions in the world at the time of the Corona pandemic and the attempts of researchers to address and resist this virus, we find specialists in various fields looking at how to help reduce this crisis. It is our duty as specialists in the field of architectural design to take up this challenge as well and research how to reduce the risk of Covid19 by our designs. As we mentioned in the introduction, the most important aspects that must be studied and researched are the natural elements and how to combine them with the design so that they serve our main goal, which is to reduce the risk of Corona virus. This research focuses on daylight and whether it can be used in combating the pandemic by integrating into the design in a thoughtful and standardized way.

Redesigning classroom windows to control daylight to reduce the risk of infection with the Covid 19 virus - Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah

3. RESEARCH OBJECTIVE

Redesigning of standard classroom windows to control daylight to reduce the risk of infection with the Covid 19 virus

Exposing internal surfaces to the sun’s UV rays, to increase the speed of killing viruses on the surfaces

Increased exposure to sunlight by students to obtain vitamin D and strengthen immunity

Redesigning classroom windows to control daylight to reduce the risk of infection with the Covid 19 virus - Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah

Redesigning classroom windows to control daylight to reduce the risk of infection with the Covid 19 virus

Redesigning classroom windows to control daylight to reduce the risk of infection with the Covid 19 virus - Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah

4. LITERATURE REVIEW 4.1 Peer reviewed research articles (Sunlight and its relationship to the Coronavirus) 4.1.1 What are Ultraviolet 4.1.2 Types of UV radiation 4.1.3 The harmful effects of UV radiation 4.1.4 Viruses on surfaces 4.1.5 Role of vitamin D in prevention of COVID19- infection 4.1.6 Sun exposure and cure rates from Covid-19

4.2 The uses of ultraviolet rays for sterilization by industrial devices 4.3 Peer reviewed research articles (Daylight in schools) 4.3.1 Human Performance 4.3.2 Standards 4.3.3 Light Shelves 4.3.4 Time factor

Redesigning classroom windows to control daylight to reduce the risk of infection with the Covid 19 virus - Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah

4. LITERATURE REVIEW 4.1 Peer reviewed research articles (Sunlight and its relationship to the Coronavirus)

Solar UV What are Ultraviolet / UV rays?

Viruses on surfaces Rapidly Inactivates SARS-CoV2- on Surfaces

Types of UV radiation UVA, UVB & UVC

Role of vitamin D in prevention of COVID19- infection, progression and severity

The harmful effects of UV radiation

Sun exposure and cure rates from Covid-19

Redesigning classroom windows to control daylight to reduce the risk of infection with the Covid 19 virus - Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah

4. LITERATURE REVIEW

What are Ultraviolet / UV rays?

UV rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation that propagate through space, and belong in the same family as x-rays, microwaves, radio waves, infra-red (heat) and visible light rays. Visible light is the only part of the spectrum that humans can ‘see’ as our eyes have evolved to adapt to this light, primarily due to its abundance on the surface of the earth. UV rays

4.1 Peer reviewed research articles (Sunlight and its relationship to the Coronavirus)

4.1.1 Solar UV What are Ultraviolet / UV rays?

100

400 Ultraviolet

Gamma Ray

Shorter wavelength = Higher energy

X-ray

are alongside visible light on the spectrum but have shorter wavelength. (Wavelength is the distance between successive waves) The spectrum is divided into different bands based on their properties. UV rays exists from approximately 100nm to 400nm. (1;2) 780 Visible Light

Infrared

Microwave

Radio

Longer wavelength = Lower energy Redesigning classroom windows to control daylight to reduce the risk of infection with the Covid 19 virus - Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah

4. LITERATURE REVIEW 4.1 Peer reviewed research articles (Sunlight and its relationship to the Coronavirus)

4.1.2 Types of UV radiation UVA, UVB & UVC

UVA rays (315 - 400nm) have a long wavelength and are the longest of the three rays. Known to penetrate the skin more deeply, these rays are able to pass through glass and clouds, and are responsible for tanning! Fun fact, about %50 off their power is absorbed by our ozone layer. UVB rays (280 - 315nm) have a shorter wavelength. Unlike UVA rays that pass through the skin’s dermis, these rays only hit the skin’s surface aka the epidermis (which explains the sunburn), and are a main contributor to the development of skin cancer. Unlike UVA rays does not pass through glass, and the ozone absorbs about %90 of these rays. UVC rays (100 - 280nm) have the shortest wavelength and are ranked with the highest energy, making it the most dangerous of the three. It is most harmful to eyes and skin. However, about %99 of these rays are absorbed by our ozone. (3)

Redesigning classroom windows to control daylight to reduce the risk of infection with the Covid 19 virus - Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah

4. LITERATURE REVIEW 4.1 Peer reviewed research articles (Sunlight and its relationship to the Coronavirus)

100

280

315

400 wavelength (nm)

4.1.2 Types of UV radiation UVA, UVB & UVC

UVC

UVB

Visible Light

Ultraviolet UVA rays (315 - 400nm) have a long wavelength and are the longest of the three rays. Known to penetrate the skin more deeply, these rays are able to pass through glass and clouds, and are responsible for tanning! Fun fact, about %50 off their power is absorbed by our ozone layer.

100 X-ray

UVA

400

780

wavelength (nm)

Infrared

UVB rays (280 - 315nm) have a shorter wavelength. Unlike UVA rays that pass through the skin’s dermis, these rays only hit the skin’s surface aka the epidermis (which explains the sunburn), and are a main contributor to the development of skin cancer. Unlike UVA rays does not pass through glass, and the ozone absorbs about %90 of these rays. UVC rays (100 - 280nm) have the shortest wavelength and are ranked with the highest energy, making it the most dangerous of the three. It is most harmful to eyes and skin. However, about %99 of these rays are absorbed by our ozone. (3)

Redesigning classroom windows to control daylight to reduce the risk of infection with the Covid 19 virus - Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah

4. LITERATURE REVIEW 4.1 Peer reviewed research articles (Sunlight and its relationship to the Coronavirus)

4.1.3 The harmful effects of UV radiation

What are the harmful effects of UV radiation to humans?

Skin cells damage

Ages skin

Skin cancer

Eye damage

Causes direct DNA damage to skin cells resulting in ‘sunburn’.

Ages skin prematurely resulting.

Causes Skin cancer: Research shows that as many as %90 of skin cancers are due to UV radiation.

Can cause eye damage, if subject to long term exposure.

(D’Orazio et al., 2013),(4)

Redesigning classroom windows to control daylight to reduce the risk of infection with the Covid 19 virus - Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah

4. LITERATURE REVIEW 4.1 Peer reviewed research articles (Sunlight and its relationship to the Coronavirus)

4.1.4 Viruses on surfaces Rapidly Inactivates SARS-CoV2- on Surfaces

Simulated Sunlight Rapidly Inactivates SARS-CoV2- on Surfaces . (Ratnesar-Shumate et al., 2020) Many studies have shown that viruses such as SARS Cove 2 settle for long periods on surfaces in general under normal conditions, and this helps increase the spread of diseases caused by viruses through their transmission from one person to another through the surfaces of tables, walls, floors, etc. But in one of the studies that studied the subject of the virus’s life span on surfaces, it found that sunlight helps inactivating viruses, and thus it helps to increase the speed of killing the virus on surfaces. As they found the difference between how long the virus lives without and with sunlight. This study provides evidence that sunlight rays may be one of the ways to resist viruses in interior spaces by controlling daylight and integrating it into the design.

Redesigning classroom windows to control daylight to reduce the risk of infection with the Covid 19 virus - Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah

4. LITERATURE REVIEW 4.1 Peer reviewed research articles (Sunlight and its relationship to the Coronavirus)

4.1.5 Role of vitamin D in prevention of COVID19- infection, progression and severity

This review discussed the possible roles of vitamin D inreducing the risk of COVID19- and other acute respiratory tract infections and severity. Some studies demonstrated a correlation between vitamin D status and COVID19- severity and mortality. Several stud-ies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infectionsand pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory orimmunomodulatory ways. (Ali, 2020) Currently, no drugs/vaccine is available for the treatment of this disease. Future preventions and social distancing are the only ways to prevent this disease from community transmission. Vitamin D is an important micronutrient and as been reported to improve immunity and protect against respiratory illness. This short review highlights the important scientific link between Vitamin D levels and susceptibility to COVID19- in patients. Correlation exists between Vit D levels and COVID19susceptibility and Vit D could prove to be an essential element in our fight against COVID19-. (Ali, 2020) 17

Redesigning classroom windows to control daylight to reduce the risk of infection with the Covid 19 virus - Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah

4. LITERATURE REVIEW 4.1 Peer reviewed research articles (Sunlight and its relationship to the Coronavirus)

4.1.4 Viruses on surfaces Rapidly Inactivates SARS-CoV2- on Surfaces

Redesigning classroom windows to control daylight to reduce the risk of infection with the Covid 19 virus - Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah

4. LITERATURE REVIEW 4.2 The uses of ultraviolet rays for sterilization by industrial devices - Implementation of Xenon Ultraviolet-C Disinfection Robot to Reduce Hospital Acquired Infections Implementation of pulsed xenon ultraviolet disinfection is associated with significant decreases in facility-wide and ICU infection rates. These outcomes suggest that enhanced environmental disinfection plays a role in the risk mitigation of hospital-acquired infections. - Use of ultraviolet rays for aircraft sterilization Implementation of pulsed xenon ultraviolet disinfection is associated with significant decreases in facility-wide and ICU infection rates. These outcomes suggest that enhanced environmental disinfection plays a role in the risk mitigation of hospital-acquired infections. - New MIT robot using UV light to kill COVID could be used to disinfect warehouses, schools, and offices Implementation of pulsed xenon ultraviolet disinfection is associated with significant decreases in facility-wide and ICU infection rates. These outcomes suggest that enhanced environmental disinfection plays a role in the risk mitigation of hospital-acquired infections.

Redesigning classroom windows to control daylight toRedesigning reduce the risk classroom of infection windows with to thecontrol Covid 19 daylight virus -toSiraj reduce Mahmoud the riskMandourah of infection with the Covid 19 virus - Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah

Redesigning classroom windows to control daylight to reduce the risk of infection with the Covid 19 virus - Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah

4. LITERATURE REVIEW 4.3 Peer reviewed research articles (Daylight in schools)

4.3.3 Light Shelves

4.3.1 Human Performance

- Productivity

- What are the light shelves ?

- Improvement to learning ability

- Design variables of light shelves

- Prevention of eye damage - Health benefits

4.3.2 Standards

4.3.4 Time factor

- Illuminance standards in schoold

- Sun Solstic

- Illuminance and visual tasks

- Time

Redesigning classroom windows to control daylight to reduce the risk of infection with the Covid 19 virus - Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah

4. LITERATURE REVIEW 4.3 Peer reviewed research articles (Daylight in schools)

4.3.1 Human Performance

Productivity Increasing the size of windows does not just make a room feel bigger and more comfortable, the increase in exposure to natural light has been found to improve outcomes. And negligence regarding window control and shading was found to negatively affect student performance. (Atre, 2003). windowless spaces created a negative feeling and mental discomfort. (Atre, 2003). One such study surveyed 3,000 students in one school with both windowed and windowless classrooms. It found that %94 of the participants preferred classrooms with windows; only %4 specified a preference for windowless classrooms. In addition, the teachers at the school described the students in windowless classrooms as more timid and more likely to complain. (Wu & Ng, 2003).

Redesigning classroom windows to control daylight to reduce the risk of infection with the Covid 19 virus - Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah

4. LITERATURE REVIEW 4.2 Peer reviewed research articles (Daylight in schools)

4.3.1 Human Performance

Improvement to learning ability

A separate study of 12,000 elementary school students found a %14 improvement in student performance for those in classrooms with operable windows. (Dudek, 2007). The study found that students in classrooms with the most daylight performed %20 better on math tests and %26 better on reading tests. Rooms with larger window areas correlated with a %23-15 overall improvement in academic outcomes. (White, 2009). The body’s internal clock depends on awareness of the daylight cycle in order to function properly. Without the exposure to daylight, the human body clock can get confused, this can lead to lack of memory and concentration. (White, 2009).

Redesigning classroom windows to control daylight to reduce the risk of infection with the Covid 19 virus - Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah

4. LITERATURE REVIEW 4.2 Peer reviewed research articles (Daylight in schools)

4.3.1 Human Performance

Prevention of eye damage

Some studies have found a connection between artificial lighting and vision issues, including those related to glare. (Hobday, 2015). Adding daylighting to interior spaces through the use of proper windows and shading devices can reduce or prevent eye damage. Daylight is solar radiation visible to the human eye. (Hobday, 2015). Over the last 50 years, myopia, or shortsightedness, has increased among children, to the point where it must be considered a global health problem. Studies estimate that a lack of exposure to daylight may cause short-sightedness or myopia. (Hobday, 2015).

Redesigning classroom windows to control daylight to reduce the risk of infection with the Covid 19 virus - Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah

4. LITERATURE REVIEW 4.2 Peer reviewed research articles (Daylight in schools)

4.3.1 Human Performance

Health benefits

Increasing the amount of daylighting in an environment could improve health by mitigating depression and sleep disorders. (Boubekri, 2014). Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) and depression are triggered by a lack of daylight. Children in windowless classrooms were found to display symptoms of SAD including those of restlessness and irritability. (Dudek, 2007, p. 35). Poor lighting can cause stress and lead to a variety of problems such as eye discomfort, poor vision, and bad posture (Gifford, 2007, White, 2009).

4. LITERATURE REVIEW 4.2 Peer reviewed research articles (Daylight in schools) 4.3.2 Standards Illuminance Classrooms :

300 - 500Lux Illuminance and visual tasks

300 Lux

500 Lux

750 1000 Lux

Classrooms, tutorial rooms Music practice rooms Computer practice rooms Language laboratory Lecture hall Art rooms Practical rooms and laboratories Handicraft rooms Library: reading areas Technical drawing rooms Art rooms in art schools

Redesigning classroom windows to control daylight to reduce the risk of infection with the Covid 19 virus - Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah

4. LITERATURE REVIEW 4.2 Peer reviewed research articles (Daylight in schools)

4.3.3 Light Shelves What are the light shelves ?

A light shelf is a horizontal surface that reflects daylight deep into a building. Light shelves are placed above eye-level and have high-reflectance upper surfaces, which reflect daylight onto the ceiling and deeper into the space. Light shelves are typically used in high-rise and low-rise office buildings, as well as institutional buildings. This design is generally used on the equator-facing side of the building, which is where maximum sunlight is found, and as a result is most effective. Not only do light shelves allow light to penetrate through the building, they are also designed to shade near the windows, due to the overhang of the shelf, and help reduce window glare. Exterior shelves are generally more effective shading devices than interior shelves. A combination of exterior and interior shelves will work best in providing an even illumination gradient.

Redesigning classroom windows to control daylight to reduce the risk of infection with the Covid 19 virus - Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah

4. LITERATURE REVIEW 4.2 Peer reviewed research articles (Daylight in schools)

4.3.3 Light Shelves

The researcher mentioned that the light shelves are not always a simple horizontal slab, but they can be designed in different ways of different shapes, sizes and materials, not only this but the interior and architectural design variables directly affect the performance of the light shelves and the extent of their effectiveness in improving natural lighting [7, P9].

Variables light shelf Position

Shape

Horizontal Externally Extended

Materials Cured

Width

Window

The Room

Dimentions

Width

Shapes

Depth

Ratio

Height

Internally Extended Combined Ext. & Int.

Redesigning classroom windows to control daylight to reduce the risk of infection with the Covid 19 virus - Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah

4. LITERATURE REVIEW 4.2 Peer reviewed research articles (Daylight in schools)

4.3.3 Light Shelves

According to what was mentioned previously, light shelves have many different shapes and types. In a research [13] And by listing a group of previous studies, he mentioned to us one of the optimal equations for the method of calculating the dimensions of the design of light shelves.

After reviewing this research, work was done to design models for light shelves, and then test their effect on the selected classrooms.

Redesigning classroom windows to control daylight to reduce the risk of infection with the Covid 19 virus - Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah

4. LITERATURE REVIEW 4.2 Peer reviewed research articles (Daylight in schools) 4.3.4 Sun Solstic - Time Daylight differs throughout the day. The amount of glare and adequate daylight in the room changes according to the building orientation, sun solstice and time throughout the day: Sun Solstice: Both summer and winter solstice are studied within the research as the angle of sunlight in the summer is at its highest and in winter it is at its lowest levels. As Read states, schools mostly use the peak of both winter and summer solstice from August to May. The study of the sun helps to anticipate the best options to be provided for shading devices at a certain angle and time in order to minimize morning glare but obtain adequate daylight within the room (Meresi, 2016, P192) Time: Day-lighting was studied during the day in three different times according to the working hours of the students, the morning period (8 AM), the middle of the working period (12 PM), and the end of the working period (3 PM) [5, P80]. On another study, daylight was examined on December 21st at 9:00 AM and 12:00 PM and on March 21st at 12:00 PM. The study showed the difference of daylight throughout the study room at the highest peak of sun and the lowest peak [4, P198]. This affects the type and the angle of the proposed shading devices.

Redesigning classroom windows to control daylight to reduce the risk of infection with the Covid 19 virus - Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah

Redesigning classroom windows to control daylight to reduce the risk of infection with the Covid 19 virus

Redesigning classroom windows to control daylight to reduce the risk of infection with the Covid 19 virus - Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah

5. RESEARCH METHODS 5.1 Study framework 5.2 Research strategy and limitation

Redesigning classroom windows to control daylight to reduce the risk of infection with the Covid 19 virus - Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah

5. RESEARCH METHODS 5.2 Study framework As mentioned previously, in this research, standard classroom windows for schools will be redesigned, in an attempt to use them to limit the spread of the emerging corona virus. The research framework was defined by identifying the main sections in it. Mainly, we have three stages for this research work, and these stages are: The first is the stage of determining the classroom to be studied, and then working on evaluating the windows in it. The evaluation is by simulating the natural lighting in it and knowing the light illumination values in it. The second stage is a new proposed window design and then it is evaluated in the same way as the previous one. The new design must be flexible, allowing two types of sunlight to pass independently. The first type of sunlight is visible rays and the other rays are ultraviolet rays.

Redesign classroom windows to control daylight to reduce the risk of infection with the Covid 19 virus Select the classroom you want to study in Window design

Materials

Flexible window design allows two types of daylight to enter independently for each type Proposed design - Scenario A

Proposed design - Scenario B

The design allows visible sunlight to pass through the window

The design allows UV rays to pass through the window

To increase the intake helps in strengthening and helping to counter virus and many other psychological

of vitamin D, which the immune system the threat of Corona visual, sensory and benefits.

An attempt to speed up the killing of viruses on surfaces. And reduce the risk of infection with the emerging corona virus - Design system that allows UV radiation to enter at specific times when students are not in the classroom.

Scenario A Design dimensions and shape of windows

Scenario B

Properties of window glazing

Simulate the effect of daylight in the classroom

After evaluating the current design and the new design of the two different cases of windows, the simulation results are compared between them. To study whether or not the new design improves the lighting quality.

Space dimensions

Design dimensions and shape of windows

Properties of window glazing

Simulate the effect of daylight in the classroom

Comparison of simulation results between scenario A and scenario B.

Simulate the current design of schools Comparison of the results of the current design simulation with scenario A and B

Conventional Design

Proposed Design

Scenario A

Scenario B

A design that helps reduce the risk of infection with the emerging coronavirus by incorporating daylight into the space.

Redesigning classroom windows to control daylight to reduce the risk of infection with the Covid 19 virus - Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah

5. RESEARCH METHODS 5.1 Research strategy and limitation As mentioned previously, in this research, standard classroom windows for schools will be redesigned, in an attempt to use them to limit the spread of the emerging corona virus. The research framework was defined by identifying the main sections in it. Mainly, we have three stages for this research work, and these stages are: The first is the stage of determining the classroom to be studied, and then working on evaluating the windows in it. The evaluation is by simulating the natural lighting in it and knowing the light illumination values in it. The second stage is a new proposed window design and then it is evaluated in the same way as the previous one. The new design must be flexible, allowing two types of sunlight to pass independently. The first type of sunlight is visible rays and the other rays are ultraviolet rays. After evaluating the current design and the new design of the two different cases of windows, the simulation results are compared between them. To study whether or not the new design improves the lighting quality.

Workflow plan and sequence of simulation experiments for daylight Conventional Design Daylight simulation

Time

Date

Orientations

1 PM

Winter Solstice

South

9 AM

Summer Solstice

North West East

Select four cases of the previous simulation results to complete work on them Case 1

Case 2

Case 3

Case 4

Proposed Design A Daylight simulation Case 1

Case 2

Case 3

Case 4

Proposed Design B Daylight simulation Case 1

Case 2

Case 3

Case 4

Comparison of the results of the current design simulation with Design A and B. Conventional Design

Scenario A

Scenario B

The aim of the simulation: to ensure the effectiveness of the proposed designs, so that each proposal serves the main purpose of its design

Redesigning classroom windows to control daylight to reduce the risk of infection with the Covid 19 virus - Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah

5. RESEARCH METHODS 5.1 Research strategy and limitation

Indoor Comfort Temperature

Air velocity

Lighting

Daylighting

Acoustics

Materials

Artificial lighting

Daylight is affected by:

Design variables Window design

Shading/Reflecting devices Light Shelves

Window openings

Glass specifications

Space dimensions

Environmental variables Materials

date

Summer Solstice

Time

Orientations

8 AM

Winter Solstice

East

West

North

12 PM

3 PM

South

*The topics specified in the gray background are the topics that will be emphasized in this research

Redesigning classroom windows to control daylight to reduce the risk of infection with the Covid 19 virus - Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah

Redesigning classroom windows to control daylight to reduce the risk of infection with the Covid 19 virus

Redesigning classroom windows to control daylight to reduce the risk of infection with the Covid 19 virus - Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah

6. GENERIC CLASSROOM (CONVENTIONAL DESIGN) 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4

Existing design specification Simulation tool - environment variables Daylight simulation for existing design Evaluate existing design

Redesigning classroom windows to control daylight to reduce the risk of infection with the Covid 19 virus - Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah

6. EXISTING DESIGN 6.1 Existing design specification

School (Conventional Model)

As previously mentioned, the chosen sample of research is a classroom in a public school in Jeddah that follows the local design standards and requirements for Saudi schools. To assess the effectiveness of these standards. The classroom that will be worked on is a case that was studied in a research that also focuses on natural lighting, and it is a classroom that matches the specifications appropriate for this research (AREEJ ALAMA, 2020), so the same case of study will be adopted to do experiments with this research on it. Attributes of Selected Classrooms Window Attributes Dimension (m) Area (m2) Count Size(m) 46 2 2.4W x 1.6H 8L x 5.8W x 3.3H

Classroom Elements, Surface Finishing and Materials at School Category

Element

Furniture layout

Desk and chair

Communal tables in groups of five students each

Teaching equipment

Type

Projector, white board, interactive smart board

Surface materials, Finish

Walls

Painted

Flooring

60 x 60 cm Ceramic tiles

Ceiling

False ceiling, Painted

False ceiling, Painted, with a drop bulkead for Ac ducting

Redesigning classroom windows to control daylight to reduce the risk of infection with the Covid 19 virus - Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah

6. EXISTING DESIGN 6.2 Daylight simulation for existing design Simulation tool - environment variables environment variables

Simulation Tool

Daylight simulation during different environment variables

Time

9 AM

Date

Winter Solstice

South

North

Building performance analysis The Light Analysis Revit (LA/R) software The Light Analysis Revit (LA/R) plug-in uses the Autodesk 360 Rendering cloud service to perform very fast and physically accurate daylighting analyses from within Revit.

Orientations

1 PM

Summer Solstice

West

East

Redesigning classroom windows to control daylight to reduce the risk of infection with the Covid 19 virus - Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah

6. EXISTING DESIGN 6.3 Daylight simulation for existing design After determining the classroom specifications in terms of dimensions and materials, and after selecting the environmental conditions through which the simulation will take place. Daylight simulation is done to see the performance of existing windows and their effect on interior lighting within a space.

Selected Cases

1000 - 6000 Lux 500 -1000 Lux 300 - 500 Lux 0 - 300 Lux Conventional Design

Summer Solstice ( 21 June ) 1 PM

Winter solstice ( 21 December ) 9 AM

1 PM

West

Conventional Design

North

South

East

9 AM

Redesigning classroom windows to control daylight to reduce the risk of infection with the Covid 19 virus - Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah

6. EXISTING DESIGN 6.4 Evaluate existing design

21 June West - 9 AM

100

65.6

70 62.6

50.8

52.5

50 44.7 40

30 25.6 20

20 10 0

10.2 5.1 Current Design

25.4

28.9

21 December East - 1 PM

100 12.1

90 30.2 80

19.1

21 December South - 9 AM

100

21 June North - 1 PM

37.2 80 53

70 55.8

25.4

20.9

52.6

40.8 40

38.2

50.3

30.6 27.9

18.2

35.8

1000 - 6000 Lux

10.2 22.8 20 20 16.4 15 500 -1000 Lux 26.5 13.6 14.4 107 10 10 17.2 17.8 15.9 8.8 9.3 8.8 8.7 8.4 7.4 2.8 300 - 500 Lux 4.7 04.6 0.3 0 0 Design ACurrent Design Proposed DesignProposed B Proposed Design ACurrent Design Proposed DesignProposed B Design Design ACurrent Design Proposed DesignProposed B 0 -A300 LuxProposed Design B

Redesigning classroom windows to control daylight to reduce the risk of infection with the Covid 19 virus - Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah

Redesigning classroom windows to control daylight to reduce the risk of infection with the Covid 19 virus

Redesigning classroom windows to control daylight to reduce the risk of infection with the Covid 19 virus - Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah

7. PROPOSED DESIGN 7.1 Design stages of the new proposal 7.2 Types of proposed designs 7.3 Details of proposed designs 7.4 Simulation of proposed designs 7.5 Comparing the simulation results

Redesigning classroom windows to control daylight to reduce the risk of infection with the Covid 19 virus - Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah

7. PROPOSED DESIGN 7.1 Design stages of the new proposal

The existing design of window. Two small windows.

Add another layer of UV protective glass on both sides of the window and allow visible sunlight to pass through.

After determining the classroom specifications in terms of dimensions and materials, and after selecting the environmental conditions through which the simulation will take place.

The two windows were joined together and their proportions changed to create one large window, to get more daylight rays.

At this stage, we find that the window consists of two layers of glass on both sides. And one layer in the middle.

Determine the types of glass used in the design. The first type allows visible sunlight to pass through it(the blue glass). And the second type allows UV rays of the sun to pass through it(the red glass).

The design of the two added layers on both sides of the window is flexible in a way that allows it to slide and move to the center of the window.

Redesigning classroom windows to control daylight to reduce the risk of infection with the Covid 19 virus - Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah

7. PROPOSED DESIGN 7.1 Design stages of the new proposal

After determining the classroom specifications in terms of dimensions and materials, and after selecting the environmental conditions through which the simulation will take place.

Window design when moving the two side layers in the middle. This condition allows the sun›s ultraviolet rays to pass through it.

The window design is in a condition that allows only visible sunlight. And prevent the sun›s ultraviolet rays to pass through it.

Adding a light shelf to the new design to reduce the glare of sunlight caused by enlarging the window opening ratio.

Proposed Design A The light shelf design allows to reduce its width. And that by moving the inner and outer parts to the middle.

Proposed design A. The design allows visible sunlight to pass through and prevents ultraviolet rays from passing through. In this case the light shelf is at full width.

Proposed Design B Proposed design b. The design allows UV rays to pass in to help speed up virus killing on surfaces. In this case the light shelf is of small width.

Redesigning classroom windows to control daylight to reduce the risk of infection with the Covid 19 virus - Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah

7. PROPOSED DESIGN 7.2 Types of proposed designs The current design and the new proposed design. The new design results in two different states A and B. The next drawings explain the details of the difference between them.

Scenario A

Conventional Design The current design consists of two separate windows, each window is divided into three sections, the upper two sections are the openable sections. This design generally allows visible rays to pass through and protects against UV rays.

Proposed Design The proposed design is a development of the current window design in the classrooms of Saudi schools. The two windows were combined from the current design to create one large window. The new window is designed in a way that allows two different types of sunlight to enter independently of each. The first type allows visible rays of the sun, and the second type is the sun›s ultraviolet rays.

Redesigning classroom windows to control daylight to reduce the risk of infection with the Covid 19 virus - Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah

Scenario B

7.3 Details of proposed designs the equations for light shelves

Hceiling

1.8m

hclerestory exterior shelf

interior shelf

dext lightshelf dext lightshelf hlightshelf hwork-plane

dext lightshelf hclerestory dext lightshelf hlightshelf hwork-plane

Dimensions of the proposed light shelf

7. PROPOSED DESIGN

330 cm 70 cm

70 cm

100 cm 200 cm

80 cm

Proposed Design Drawings showing the new design of the window, with the new dimensions of the window openings and the details of the light shelves added to the design. The design of the light shelf is based on an equation illustrated in the drawings through knowing a set of dimensions, dimensions of the height of the window and the height of the level of the work surface and the dimensions of the window in width and height.

Redesigning classroom windows to control daylight to reduce the risk of infection with the Covid 19 virus - Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah

7. PROPOSED DESIGN 7.2 Types of proposed designs The proposed new design consists of a manageable set of layers. The design has a flexible nature to be able to control the type of sun rays passing through it. The different layers of glass in the proposed design are made up of two different types of glass. One type that allows the passage of ultraviolet rays of the sun, and the other type protects the inner space of it. Glass type1 (With UV protection)

Glass type2 (No UV protection)

Color: Clear Single glass

Color: Green Double glass

Scenario A

Redesigning classroom windows to control daylight to reduce the risk of infection with the Covid 19 virus - Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah

Scenario B

7. PROPOSED DESIGN 7.3 Details of proposed designs

The light shelf is designed to contain two pieces, one on the inside and the other on the outside. These two pieces can be moved to center together to reduce the light shelf width.

Case A Case B Range

Range Case B Case A

Scenario A

Scenario B

Range of motion

Redesigning classroom windows to control daylight to reduce the risk of infection with the Covid 19 virus - Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah

7. PROPOSED DESIGN 3D Section

7.3 Details of proposed designs

A Section Line

Ultraviolet rays Visible rays

Section A-A`

Scenario A The new proposal is designed to be flexible, allowing two different types of rays to enter the sun›s rays. In these drawings, the first type is shown, which is the design proposal A. In this proposal, layers of glass are placed in a manner to protect the interior space from ultraviolet rays and prevent the passage through it. In this case, the used light shelves are also wider in a way that allows the lighting to be distributed better inside the space, and this helps in exposing the students to the beneficial rays of the sun and obtaining more vitamin D, which helps in strengthening the students› immunity.

Light shelf Aluminum, highly polished Reflection Factor %87

Glass type1 Color: Clear Reflection Factor: 15% Sheets of glass: 1

Glass type2 Color: Green Reflection Factor: 55% Sheets of glass: 2

Redesigning classroom windows to control daylight to reduce the risk of infection with the Covid 19 virus - Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah

7. PROPOSED DESIGN 3D Section

7.3 Details of proposed designs

A Section Line

Ultraviolet rays Visible rays

Section A-A`

Scenario B The new proposal is designed to be flexible, allowing two different types of rays to enter the sun›s rays. In these drawings, the second type is shown, which is the design proposal B. In this proposal the layers of glass are positioned to allow the ultraviolet rays of the sun to pass through. In this case, the used light shelves are also at a lower width in a way that allows the lighting to be distributed more directly into the space, and this helps in exposing the surfaces inside the space to ultraviolet sunlight to increase the speed of killing the viruses inside. This helps in resisting and reducing the risk from the Corona virus. 55

Light shelf Aluminum, highly polished Reflection Factor %87

Glass type1 Color: Clear Reflection Factor: 15% Sheets of glass: 1

Glass type2 Color: Green Reflection Factor: 55% Sheets of glass: 2

Redesigning classroom windows to control daylight to reduce the risk of infection with the Covid 19 virus - Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah

7. PROPOSED DESIGN 7.4 Simulation of proposed designs

After determining the specifications of the new design in the two different scenarios. The natural lighting effect of the design has been simulated to see its performance.

Selected Cases

1000 - 6000 Lux 500 -1000 Lux 300 - 500 Lux 0 - 300 Lux Scenario A

Summer Solstice ( 21 June ) 1 PM

Winter solstice ( 21 December ) 9 AM

1 PM

South

East

9 AM

West

North

Scenario A

Redesigning classroom windows to control daylight to reduce the risk of infection with the Covid 19 virus - Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah

7. PROPOSED DESIGN

After simulating the new design, the results were compared for the four previously selected cases.

7.4 Simulation of proposed designs

100

21 June North - 1 PM

100

80 52.5 70 62.6

90 30.2 80 50.8 70

50.8

70 62.6 65.6 60

19.1

100

65.6

21 June West - 9 AM

10.2

5.1

Current Design

25.4

100 12.1 90 30.2 80

21 December South - 9 AM

100 90

37.2 80 53 70

60 55.8

50 44.7 40 25.4 30

50 44.7 40

52.553

20.9 28.9

40.8 40 20.9 30

21 December East - 1 PM

100 12.1

50.3 55.8

70 60 39 50

40.8 40

25.4 50.3 52.6

38.2 52.6

38.2

30.6

27.9 30 35.8 35.8 1000 - 6000 Lux 18.2 18.2 10.2 22.8 22.8 20 20 2010.2 20 26.5 16.4 16.4 15 15 500 -1000 Lux 26.5 13.6 13.6 14.4 14.4 10 10 10.2 10 10 10 10 17.2 17.2 17.8 17.8 7 7 15.9 15.9 8.8 8.8 9.3 9.3 7.4 8.8 8.8 8.7 8.7 8.4 8.4 7.4 5.1 4.6 4.7 2.8 2.8 300 - 500 Lux 4.7 04.6 00.3 0.3 0 0 0 0 Design Proposed Proposed Design DesignProposed ABCurrent Proposed Design B Proposed Current Design Proposed DesignProposed A BCurrent Proposed Design B Design Design Design Design Design Design Proposed DesignProposed B ACurrent Proposed DesignProposed B Scenario A ACurrent Design Scenario A ACurrent Scenario A ACurrent Scenario A A 0 -BA300 LuxProposed Design B 30 19.1 25.6 20

28.9 30 25.6 20

27.9

90 25.4 37.2 80

Redesigning classroom windows to control daylight to reduce the risk of infection with the Covid 19 virus - Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah

7. PROPOSED DESIGN 7.4 Simulation of proposed designs

After determining the specifications of the new design in the two different scenarios. The natural lighting effect of the design has been simulated to see its performance.

Selected Cases

1000 - 6000 Lux 500 -1000 Lux 300 - 500 Lux 0 - 300 Lux Scenario B

Summer Solstice ( 21 June ) 1 PM

Winter solstice ( 21 December ) 9 AM

1 PM

South

East

9 AM

West

North

Scenario B

Redesigning classroom windows to control daylight to reduce the risk of infection with the Covid 19 virus - Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah

7. PROPOSED DESIGN

After simulating the new design, the results were compared for the four previously selected cases.

7.4 Simulation of proposed designs

21 June West - 9 AM

100

50.8

90 30.2 80 52.5 65.6

21 June North - 1 PM

100

12.1

90 80

37.2 80

52.5 70

55.8

60 50 44.7 40 27.9 30

50 44.7 40

40.8 40

30 25.6 20

25.4

28.9 19.1

90 30.2 80 50.3 70

50.8

20.9 30 25.6 20 10.2

25.4

28.9 30

100

53 70 62.6

70 62.6

21 December South - 9 AM

21 December East - 1 PM

100

25.4 53 39

12.1

52.6 55.8

37.2 80 70

40.8 40 35.8

25.4 38.2 50.3

60 50

20.9 18.2 10.2

38.2 52.6

39 30.6

30.6

27.9

18.2

35.8

1000 - 6000 Lux

22.8 22.8 20 20 20 20 26.5 16.4 16.414.4 15 15 500 -1000 Lux 26.5 13.6 13.6 14.4 10 107 107 10.2 10 10 10 10 17.2 17.2 17.8 17.8 15.9 15.9 8.8 9.3 9.3 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.7 8.7 7.4 8.4 8.4 7.4 5.1 4.7 2.8 2.8 300 - 500 Lux 4.7 0 04.6 04.6 0.30 0 0 0 0.3 Design ACurrent Proposed Design B Proposed Design ACurrent Proposed Design B A Current Proposed Design ACurrent Proposed Design B ACurrent Proposed Design ACurrent Design Proposed Design B Design Design Design Design Design Design Proposed Design B Proposed DesignProposed ACurrent Proposed DesignProposed B Scenario B Proposed Scenario B Proposed Scenario B Proposed Scenario B B 0 -A300 LuxProposed Design B

Redesigning classroom windows to control daylight to reduce the risk of infection with the Covid 19 virus - Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah

Redesigning classroom windows to control daylight to reduce the risk of infection with the Covid 19 virus

Redesigning classroom windows to control daylight to reduce the risk of infection with the Covid 19 virus - Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah

8. RESULTS 8.1 Compare and analyze simulation results 8.2 Compare averages of results

Redesigning classroom windows to control daylight to reduce the risk of infection with the Covid 19 virus - Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah

8. RESULTS

After simulating the current design and the new design with the two different cases, the results for the four pre-selected cases were compared between the three designs.

8.1 Compare and analyze simulation results

21 June West - 9 AM

21 June North - 1 PM

21 December South - 9 AM

21 December East - 1 PM

Scenario B

Scenario A

Conventional Design

1000 - 6000 Lux 500 -1000 Lux 300 - 500 Lux 0 - 300 Lux

Redesigning classroom windows to control daylight to reduce the risk of infection with the Covid 19 virus - Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah

8. RESULTS

After simulating the current design and the new design with the two different cases, the results for the four pre-selected cases were compared between the three designs.

8.1 Compare and analyze simulation results

Conventional Design

1000 - 6000 Lux 500 -1000 Lux 300 - 500 Lux 0 - 300 Lux

21 June West - 9 AM

Scenario A

52.5

5.1

10.2

19.1

65.6

10.2 5.1

6 25.6 62.6 0.3

Scenario B

62.6

4.6

17.2 28.9 52.5

65.6

25.6

Current Design Conventional Design

28.9 17.2

7 4.6 Proposed Design A Scenario A

0.3 Proposed Design Scenario B B

100 90 80 70

65.6

62.6

19.1

25.6

10.2

5.1

7 4.6

52.5

60 50 40 30 20

28.9

Conventional Current Design

Scenario A Proposed Design A

17.2 0.3 Scenario B B Proposed Design

Redesigning classroom windows to control daylight to reduce the risk of infection with the Covid 19 virus - Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah

8. RESULTS

After simulating the current design and the new design with the two different cases, the results for the four pre-selected cases were compared between the three designs.

8.1 Compare and analyze simulation results

Conventional Design

1000 - 6000 Lux 500 -1000 Lux 300 - 500 Lux 0 - 300 Lux

21 June North - 1 PM

60 50

8.8

25.4

50.8

Scenario A

8.7

0 100

44.7

9.3 22.8 55.8 12.1

55.8 50.8 44.7

30.2 25.4

16.4 30.2

Scenario B

22.8

16.4

8.8

8.7

12.1 9.3

Proposed Design A Scenario A

Proposed Design Scenario B B

Current Design Conventional Design

12.1

30.2 50.8

55.8

50 40 30 20 10 0

44.7 25.4 22.8

16.4

8.8

8.7

9.3

Scenario A Proposed Design A

Scenario B B Proposed Design

Conventional Design Current Design

Redesigning classroom windows to control daylight to reduce the risk of infection with the Covid 19 virus - Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah

8. RESULTS

After simulating the current design and the new design with the two different cases, the results for the four pre-selected cases were compared between the three designs.

8.1 Compare and analyze simulation results

Conventional Design

1000 - 6000 Lux 500 -1000 Lux 300 - 500 Lux 0 - 300 Lux

21 December South - 9 AM

100%

15.9

10.2

20.9

Scenario A

8.4

0 100

40.8

25.4 Scenario B

13.6 37.2

39 18.2 17.8

60 53 40.8 37.2

20.9 15.9 10.2

Current Design Conventional Design

25.4 13.6 8.4 Proposed Design A Scenario A

37.2

20.9

10.2

15.9

Proposed Design Scenario B B

25.4

18.2 17.8

Current Design Conventional Design

40.8 18.2 13.6 8.4 Proposed Design A Scenario A

17.8 Proposed Design Scenario B B

Redesigning classroom windows to control daylight to reduce the risk of infection with the Covid 19 virus - Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah

8. RESULTS

After simulating the current design and the new design with the two different cases, the results for the four pre-selected cases were compared between the three designs.

8.1 Compare and analyze simulation results

Conventional Design

1000 - 6000 Lux 500 -1000 Lux 300 - 500 Lux 0 - 300 Lux

21 December East - 1 PM

7.4

27.9

50.3

Scenario A

8.8 35.8 52.6 4.7 26.5 30.6 38.2

52.6

50.3

14.4

2.8

Scenario B

35.8

38.2 30.6 26.5

27.9

14.4 8.8

7.4 Current Design Conventional Design

2.8 Proposed Design A Scenario A

4.7 Proposed Design Scenario B B

100 90 80 70

38.2

50.3

52.6

60 50 40 30 20 10 0

30.6 27.9

35.8 26.5

14.4 8.8 2.8

4.7

Proposed Design A Scenario A

Proposed Design Scenario B B

7.4 Current Design Conventional Design

Redesigning classroom windows to control daylight to reduce the risk of infection with the Covid 19 virus - Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah

8. RESULTS 8.2 Compare averages of results Comparison of outcome averages for the design proposals

Conventional Design

Scenario A

Scenario B

100

60 54.925

90 80 70

54.925

45.7

33.4833

50 45.7 40

36.725

60 50

39.575

40 30 20 10 0

23.325 12.45 9.3 Conventional Design Current Design

36.725

11.45

30 20

22.175

6.125

4.766

Scenario A Proposed Design A

Scenario B B Proposed Design

10 0

23.325 12.45 9.3

Conventional Design Current Design

39.575 33.4833 22.175

11.45 6.125 Scenario A Proposed Design A

4.766 Scenario B B Proposed Design

1000 - 6000 Lux 500 -1000 Lux 300 - 500 Lux 0 - 300 Lux

Redesigning classroom windows to control daylight to reduce the risk of infection with the Covid 19 virus - Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah

8. RESULTS 8.2 Compare averages of results

60 54.925 50

Comparison of outcome averages for the design proposals

45.7 40

36.725

30 23.325

12.45 9.3

Conventional Design

Scenario A

Scenario B

Conventional Design Current Design

39.575 33.4833 22.175

11.45 6.125 Scenario A Proposed Design A

4.766 Scenario B B Proposed Design

100 90 -9%

80 70

54.925

45.7

-12%

33.4833

60 50

39.575

40 30 20

1000 - 6000 Lux 500 -1000 Lux 300 - 500 Lux 0 - 300 Lux

10 0

23.325

+13%

12.45

-1%

9.3

-3%

Conventional Design Current Design

36.725

11.45 6.125 Scenario A Proposed Design A

+3%

+11% -1%

22.175 4.766 Scenario B B Proposed Design

Redesigning classroom windows to control daylight to reduce the risk of infection with the Covid 19 virus - Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah

8. RESULTS 8.2 Compare averages of results

60 54.925 50

Comparison of outcome averages for the design proposals

45.7 40

36.725

30 23.325

Conventional Design

Scenario A

Scenario B

22.175

12.45 9.3

Conventional Design Current Design

39.575 33.4833

11.45 6.125 Scenario A Proposed Design A

4.766 Scenario B B Proposed Design

100 90 -9%

80 70

54.925

45.7

-12%

-21%

60 50

39.575

40 30 20

1000 - 6000 Lux 500 -1000 Lux 300 - 500 Lux 0 - 300 Lux

10 0

Reducing areas not exposed to natural sunlight

33.4833

23.325

+13%

12.45

-1%

9.3

-3%

Conventional Design Current Design

36.725

11.45 6.125 Scenario A Proposed Design A

+3%

+11% -1%

22.175 4.766

Reducing areas not exposed to natural sunlight with values less than 300 lux from 54.92% to 33.48%. That is, the illuminated area increased by about %21.

Scenario B B Proposed Design

Redesigning classroom windows to control daylight to reduce the risk of infection with the Covid 19 virus - Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah

8. RESULTS 8.2 Compare averages of results

60 54.925 50

Comparison of outcome averages for the design proposals

45.7 40

36.725

30 23.325

Conventional Design

Scenario A

Scenario B

22.175

12.45 9.3

Conventional Design Current Design

39.575 33.4833

11.45 6.125 Scenario A Proposed Design A

4.766 Scenario B B Proposed Design

100

Increase desirable natural lighting (300-500Lux)

54.925

45.7

-12%

33.4833

60 50

39.575

40 30 20

1000 - 6000 Lux 500 -1000 Lux 300 - 500 Lux 0 - 300 Lux

10 0

23.325

+13%

12.45

-1%

9.3

-3%

Conventional Design Current Design

36.725

11.45 6.125 Scenario A Proposed Design A

+3%

+11% -1%

22.175 4.766

+16%

-9%

Increase the desired natural light, which is lighting values between 300 to 500 lux. This lighting is the most effective in terms of using space and is best suited for most school activities. And the most healthy for students.

Scenario B B Proposed Design

Redesigning classroom windows to control daylight to reduce the risk of infection with the Covid 19 virus - Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah

8. RESULTS 8.2 Compare averages of results

60 54.925 50

Comparison of outcome averages for the design proposals

45.7 40

36.725

30 23.325

Conventional Design

Scenario A

Scenario B

22.175

12.45 9.3

Conventional Design Current Design

11.45 6.125 Scenario A Proposed Design A

100 -9%

54.925

45.7

-12%

33.4833

60 50

30 20

1000 - 6000 Lux 500 -1000 Lux 300 - 500 Lux 0 - 300 Lux

10 0

23.325 12.45 9.3 Conventional Design Current Design

+13%

36.725

+3%

-4%

11.45

+10%

22.175

6.125

4.766

Scenario A Proposed Design A

Scenario B B Proposed Design

-4% A B +10%

39.575

4.766 Scenario B B Proposed Design

Reducing the high illumination ratio in the scenario A. Increase it in Scenario B.

90 80

39.575 33.4833

Reducing the high light ratio in scenario A, which is useful for reducing glare caused by natural lighting and reducing the resulting hazards. Increase it in scenario B and that helps in countering the risks of Coronavirus.

Redesigning classroom windows to control daylight to reduce the risk of infection with the Covid 19 virus - Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah

8. RESULTS 8.2 Compare averages of results

60 54.925 50

Comparison of outcome averages for the design proposals

45.7 40

36.725

30 23.325

Conventional Design

Scenario A

Scenario B

22.175

12.45 9.3

Conventional Design Current Design

11.45 6.125 Scenario A Proposed Design A

100% 100

Protected from UV rays

The Conventional design and Scenario A protect the interior space from UV rays

33.48%

80 54.925

33.4833

60 50

39.575

40 30 20

1000 - 6000 Lux 500 -1000 Lux 300 - 500 Lux 0 - 300 Lux

45.7

10 0

23.325

36.725

66.52% 12.45 9.3 Conventional Design Current Design

11.45

22.175

6.125

4.766

Scenario A Proposed Design A

Scenario B B Proposed Design

Redesigning classroom windows to control daylight to reduce the risk of infection with the Covid 19 virus - Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah

39.575 33.4833

4.766 Scenario B B Proposed Design

Poor exposure to UV rays Poor exposure to sunlight, leading to poor exposure to UV rays. The internal space may need UV rays from unnatural sources.

Exposed to UV rays Exposed to sun rays and not protected from ultraviolet rays, and the illumination values of it start from 300 lux and more.

8. RESULTS

1000 - 6000 Lux 500 -1000 Lux

8.2 Compare averages of results Comparison of outcome averages for the design proposals

300 - 500 Lux 0 - 300 Lux

100 -21%

90 -9%

80 70

54.925

45.7

-12%

33.4833

+16%

39.575

60 50 40 30 20

Conventional Design

Scenario A

Scenario B

10 0

(With UV protection)

(No UV protection)

23.325

+13%

12.45

-1%

9.3

-3%

Current Design

36.725

11.45 6.125 Proposed Design A

+3%

+11% -1%

22.175 4.766 Proposed Design B

60 54.925 50 45.7 40

36.725

30 20 10 0

23.325 12.45 9.3

Current Design

39.575 33.4833 22.175

11.45 6.125

4.766

Proposed Design A

Proposed Design B

Redesigning classroom windows to control daylight to reduce the risk of infection with the Covid 19 virus - Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah

8. RESULTS Advantages, disadvantages and recommendations Advantages of the proposed design:

The proposed design allows greater control over the window and the type of rays passing through it through the specifications of the glass used and the new dimensions of the window opening, in addition to the flexible light shelf. These changes have several advantages, including:

1- Exposing internal surfaces to ultraviolet rays. This helps speed up killing viruses on surfaces. 2- Increase exposure of space users to visible rays. This mainly helps in strengthening immunity. 3- Increase visual communication between the inside and outside space. This is caused by increasing the window opening dimensions compared to standard windows in current schools. 4- Reducing the variance in lighting levels within the space. Reducing the contrast in lux levels between the area near the window and in the depth of the classroom. This reduces glare caused by the large disparity between lighting levels. And through the proposed light shelves. 5- Other health and psychological benefits. General benefits of higher quality and greater exposure to daylight.

Redesigning classroom windows to control daylight to reduce the risk of infection with the Covid 19 virus - Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah

8. RESULTS Advantages, disadvantages and recommendations Advantages of the proposed design:

Recommendations for developing the design proposal for the window:

1- The effect of the proposed window on heat transfer within the space must be investigated. This research did not focus on aspects related to thermal comfort and the impact of the design proposal on interior space. 2- Study the time required to kill viruses on surfaces by means of ultraviolet rays. The proposed design allows the entry of ultraviolet rays of the sun to increase the speed of killing viruses, but we do not know how long it will take to do this, so we must research the strength of this ray and how long it takes to kill viruses on surfaces. 3- Study the implementation aspects and the manufacturing cost. The implementation details have not been fully worked on in this research, but the main ideas of it in terms of flexibility in use are mentioned. Therefore, the implementation aspects must be studied in more detail in order to know the feasibility of its implementation and the cost of its manufacture.

Redesigning classroom windows to control daylight to reduce the risk of infection with the Covid 19 virus - Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah

9. REFERENCES Robson, E. R., (1972). School architecture (Original work published 1874). New York, NY: Leicester University Press.

lished master›s thesis). Texas A & M University, College Station, TX. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/2293

Hobday, R. (2015). Myopia and daylight in schools: A neglected aspect of public health?.Perspectives in Public Health, 136(1), 50-55. doi:10.1177/1757913915576679

Lechner, N. (2014). Heating, cooling, lighting: Sustainable design methods for architects (4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.

Mohsenin, S. M. (2015). Assessing daylight performance in atrium buildings by using climatebased daylight modeling (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest.

Wu, W., & Ng, E. (2003). A review of the development of daylighting in schools. Lighting Research & Technology, 35(2), 111125. doi:10.1191/1477153503li072oa

Mohsenin, M., & Hu, J. (2015). Assessing daylight performance in atrium buildings by using climate based daylight modeling. Solar Energy, 119(September), 553-560. doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2015.05.011

White, J. R. (2009). Didactic daylight design for education (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest.

Rosin, B., Bodart, M., Deneyer, A., & Herdt, P. D. (2008). Lighting energy savings in offices using different control systems and their real consumption. Energy and Buildings, 40(4), 514-523. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2007.04.006 Phillips, D. (1997). Lighting Historic Buildings: A Prospectus. Boston, MA: Butterworth- Heinemann. Phillips, D. (1964). Lighting in Architectural Design. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Atre, U. V. (2003). Effect of daylighting on energy consumption and daylight quality in an existing elementary school (Unpub-

Dudek, M. (2007). Schools and kindergartens: A design manual. Boston, MA: Birkhauser. Heschong Mahone Group. (1999). Daylighting in schools: An investigation into the relationship between daylighting and human performance. Retrieved from http://h-mg.com/ downloads/Daylighting/schoolc.pdf Gifford, R. (2007). Environmental psychology: Principles and practice (4th ed.). Colville: WA: Optimal Books. CIBSE (2002) Code for Lighting, Oxford: Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers.

Redesigning classroom windows to control daylight to reduce the risk of infection with the Covid 19 virus - Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah

9. REFERENCES (D’Orazio et al., 2013) D’Orazio, J., Jarrett, S., Amaro-Ortiz, A., & Scott, T. (2013). UV radiation and the skin. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 14(6), 12222–12248. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms140612222 (Ratnesar-Shumate et al., 2020) Ratnesar-Shumate, S., Williams, G., Green, B., Krause, M., Holland, B., Wood, S., Bohannon, J., Boydston, J., Freeburger, D., Hooper, I., Beck, K., Yeager, J., Altamura, L. A., Biryukov, J., Yolitz, J., Schuit, M., Wahl, V., Hevey, M., & Dabisch, P. (2020). Simulated Sunlight Rapidly Inactivates SARS-CoV-2 on Surfaces. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 222(2), 214–222. https:// doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaa274

(1) https://ledspan.com/ultra-violet/ (2) https://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancer-causes/radiation-exposure/uv-radiation.html (3) https://www.fda.gov/radiation-emitting-products/tanning/ultraviolet-uv-radiation (4) https://ledspan.com/ultra-violet/

(Ali, 2020) Ali, N. (2020). Role of vitamin D in preventing of COVID-19 infection, progression and severity. Journal of Infection and Public Health, 13(10), 1373–1380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jiph.2020.06.021 (Asyary & Veruswati, 2020) Asyary, A., & Veruswati, M. (2020). Sunlight exposure increased Covid-19 recovery rates: A study in the central pandemic area of Indonesia. Science of the Total Environment, 729, 139016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139016

Redesigning classroom windows to control daylight to reduce the risk of infection with the Covid 19 virus - Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah

Redesigning classroom windows to control daylight to reduce the risk of infection with the Covid 19 virus

Redesigning classroom windows to control daylight to reduce the risk of infection with the Covid 19 virus - Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah

Thank you

Redesigning classroom windows to control daylight to reduce the risk of infection with the Covid 19 virus - Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah