Energy Efficient High-rise building (Singapore) - Abdulbary Bin Dajim

HIGH-RISE Department of Architecture

Student: Abdulbary Dajim 1637314 Supervisors: Dr-Ing. Mohannad Bayoumi Eng. Abdulraheem Aalim

Department of Architecture Faculty of Architecture and Planning King Abdulaziz University

1.1

INTRODUCTION Project Brief

This brief applies to the 2nd semester of the academic year 1440/1441 - 2019/2020 and is designed to guide readers through the intentions of providing master level design, research and education at the Faculty of Environmental department of architecture in the Faculty of Architecture and planning, King Abdulaziz University.

Participants of the course will be challenged with the design development of a high-rise building in a city of their choice.

The scope of work involves a successful integration of architectural, structural and HVAC systems.

Background : Worldwide energy demand has increased extraordinarily since the industrial revolution, particularly after the realization of the exploitative benefits of electricity. The resources and emissions implications of the rapidly expanding use of energy have been ignored for three quarters of a century.

The oil crisis of the 1970s served to heighten concerns over the long-term viability of reliance on fossil-based fuels for energy, but this was more through concern for price and security of supply than for any wish to conserve the environment.

1

1.2

INTRODUCTION Problem Statement

Impact of location and climate context: Energy use in buildings is obviously connected with their location, especially when considering (HVAC) components.

Most energy use in commercial building goes to heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) cooling. This is responsible for 55% of energy use in residential buildings and 37% in commercial buildings.

Lighting accounts for up to 30% of energy use in commercial buildings. According to an IEA report, lighting accounts for 19% of the world’s electricity consumption and produces 1.9Gt of CO2 annually . Therefore, it is imperative to look for solutions to optimize the building envelope as it reacts directly and indirectly with the HVAC equipment. Good data on the fraction of a building’s energy use represented by elevators is sparse, but a typical estimate is around 15%.

2

1.3

INTRODUCTION Singapore

Singapore is a sovereign island city-state in Southeast Asia.

Area: 725.1 km2 Population: 5,638,700 Capital: 1°17`N 103°50`E Singapore is the fourth most important financial center in the world and a global city that plays an important role in the global economy. The Port of Singapore is the fifth port in the world in terms of activity.

Singapore has a long history of migrants. Its population of five million is a mixture of Chinese, Malay, Indians, and Asians of different cultures. the world

3

1.3

INTRODUCTION Singapore

42% of the island's population is foreign to work or study Singapore is the third country in the world in terms of population density In the Quality of Life Index published by the Economist Intelligence Unit in The Economist, Singapore ranked ďŹ rst in Asia and ranked eleventh in the world It has the ninth highest reserves in the world

4

2

Climate Analysis 2.1 Temperature & Humidity 2.2 Psychrometric Chart 2.3 Sun Path 2.4 Solar Irradiance 2.5 Wind 2.6 Rain Water 2.7 Historical Architecture

CLIMATE ANALYSIS Temperetures & Humidity 40

100

35

90 80

30 25

Relative humidity [%]

Comfort

20 15 10

60 50 40 30 20

5 0

70

10

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

0

10 11 12

1

2

3

4

Month

Unit

Hours a year

Average Temperature

[°C]

27.7

Min. Temperature

[°C]

20.5

Max. Temperature

[°C]

34.0

7

8

9

10 11 12

max

50

100

50

100

45

90

45

90

40

80

40

80

35

70

35

70

30

60

30

60

25

50

25

50

20

40

20

40

15

30

15

30

10

20

10

20

5

10

5

10

0

0

2

4

6

8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

Daytime [h] Ta (summer)

6

avg.

Rh (summer)

0

Ta - Outside air temperature [°C]

Item

max.

6

Month min

Relative humidity [%]

Outside air Temperature

Ta - Outside air temperature [°C]

min.

5

0

0

2

4

6

8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

Daytime [h] Ta (winter)

Rh (winter)

0

Relative humidity [%]

Singapore is a tropical City-State, therefore the climate is hot humid.

The average outdoor temperatures are between 26°C and 28°C. The average maximum temperatures are between 31°C and 34°C. The humidity is between 45% and 100%.

Ta - Outside air temperature [°C]

2.1

CLIMATE ANALYSIS Psychrometric Chart

Singapore is a tropical City-State, therefore the climate is hot humid.

The average outdoor temperatures are between 26째C and 28째C. The average maximum temperatures are between 31째C and 34째C. The humidity is between 45% and 100%.

The climate hours results can be seen in the psychrometric chart.

The chart also shows the comfort zone in relation with the ventilation.

0.03 30

25

ra tu

Na

20

lV

en

til

at

io

n

0.02

15 0.01 10 5

fort

Com

0 -10

Results Item

-5 0

-10

Unit

Hours a year

Comfort Zone

[%]

0

Natural Ventilation

[%]

85

Uncomfortable

[%]

15

7

Zone

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Dry Bulb Temperature ( C)

40

45

50

55

60

Moisture content [kg/kg]

2.2

CLIMATE ANALYSIS Psychrometric Chart

Singapore is a tropical City-State, therefore the climate is hot humid.

The average outdoor temperatures are between 26째C and 28째C. The average maximum temperatures are between 31째C and 34째C. The humidity is between 45% and 100%.

The climate hours results can be seen in the psychrometric chart.

The chart also shows the comfort zone in relation with the ventilation.

0.03 30

ASHRAE 55 (0-0.2m/s) ASHRAE 55 (0-0.5m/s) ASHRAE 55 (0-1m/s)

25

ra

Na

20

lV

en

til

at

io

n

0.02

15 0.01 10 5

fort

Com

0 -10

Results Item

-5 0

-10

Unit

Hours a year

Comfort Zone

[%]

0

Natural Ventilation

[%]

65

Uncomfortable

[%]

35

8

Zone

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Dry Bulb Temperature ( C)

40

45

50

55

60

Moisture content [kg/kg]

ASHRAE 55 (0-1.5m/s)

tu

2.2

2.2

CLIMATE ANALYSIS Psychrometric Chart

calculations using the psychrometric chart results have been made to understand the basic energy demand and cooling load.

This was made taking the worst point in the psychrometric chart results.

0.03 30

25

0.02

20

15 0.01

Enthalpy: Enthalpy = 95-43 Enthalpy = 52 J/g Enthalpy = 17.3 Wh/m Ta = Outdoor Temperature Ts = Supply air Temperature Tr = Return air Temperature

9

10

Ts

5

fort

Com

0 -10

Zone

-5 0

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Dry Bulb Temperature ( C)

40

45

50

55

60

Moisture content [kg/kg]

Ta

CLIMATE ANALYSIS

2.2

Psychrometric Chart

calculations using the psychrometric chart results have been made to understand the basic energy demand and cooling load.

This was made taking the worst point in the psychrometric chart results, then using the heat exchanger to lower the energy consumption.

0.03

Enthalpy: Enthalpy = 90-43 Enthalpy = 47 J/g Enthalpy = 15.6 Wh/m Energy Saved = 1-(15.6/17.3) Energy Saved = 9.95% Ta = Outdoor Temperature Ts = Supply air Temperature Tr = Return air Temperature Te1 = Ta after exchanging with Tr Te2 = Te considering exchanger efďŹ ciency

25

Te2

0.02

Te1 20

15 0.01 10 5

fort

Com

0 -10

Zone

-5 0

-10

Entha lpy [Wh/m3]

17 16 15 14 13

10

Enthalpy

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Dry Bulb Temperature ( C)

Energy Consumption 18

12

-5

Enthalpy after recooling Tr

40

45

50

55

60

Moisture content [kg/kg]

30

2.3

CLIMATE ANALYSIS Sun Path 12:00

13:00

14:00

11:00 10:00

15:00

9:00 16:00

N 330

8:00

30

10

16°

17:00 15°

15°

18:00

10°

70

June 21st

W

07:00

60 15:00

7:00 15°

60

50 18:00

15 °

° 15

40

19:10

15 °

° 15

30 300

15°

15 °

20

15°

09:00

E

Sun angles per day from east to west

12:00

80

W

E 15:00

18:00

12:00

09:00

19:10

07:00

240

120

210

40cm

° 68

Sun path in singapore

65 °

150

S

11

December 21st

Maximum Sun angle per year from north to south

1m

How to prevent direct sunlight entry

CLIMATE ANALYSIS

2.4 Solar Irradiance

Global Irradiance

IG, horizontal = 1580 kWh/m2.a

1.20

IG , h orizonta l [kW/m2]

SpeciďŹ c annual energy output (per square meter): E = 1580 kWh/m2.a x 15% = 237kWh/m2.a Energy produced if 30% of land Covered with solar panels: E = 237 x 1200 = 284,000 kWh.a

1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 1 January 2219161310 7 4 1 2219161310 7 4 1 2219161310 7 4 1 2219161310 7 4 1 2219161310 7 4 1 2219161310 7 4 1 2219161310 7 4 1 2219161310 7 4 1 2219161310 7 4 1 2219 December

Energy Produced [South] 160

140

140

120

120

100

100

80 60

40 20

0

0

400 200

Energy Produced [West]

Energy Produced [East] 160

160

140

140

120

120

100

100

[kWh/m2]

[kWh/m2]

Irradiation [kWh/m2]

600

South

North

1400

800

60

20

1600

1000

80

40

1800

1200

[kWh/m2]

[kWh/m2]

Energy Produced [North] 160

80 60

80 60

40

40

20

20

0

0

0 West

East

South

North

Horizontal

East

12

Horizontal

2.5

CLIMATE ANALYSIS Wind

NNW NW

14%

N NNW

NNE

12%

6%

ENE

4%

8-10 m/s

WNW

NNW

NE

E

0%

4-6 m/s

W

E

0%

2-4 m/s WSW

ESE SW

SE SSW

SSE

Annual

UH = Umet

αmet

α

( )() H δ

α = 0.32 δ = 460 m Atmospheric boundary layer parameters: the site is located in a large city center, there for; the Layer thickness would be described as δ = 460 m, and the exponent α = 0.32

13

WSW

ESE SW

SE SSW

SSE

Summer

In flat terrain and with a neutrally stratisfied atmosphere, the logarithmic wind profile is a good estimation for the vertical wind shear:

NE ENE

10%

6-8 m/s

5% W

E

0%

4-6 m/s 2-4 m/s 0-2 m/s

0-2 m/s

S

S

δmet Hmet

0-2 m/s

2-4 m/s

NNE

15%

WNW

4-6 m/s

N

20%

6-8 m/s

5%

30% 25%

NW

ENE

10%

6-8 m/s

2% W

NNE

15%

8% WNW

N

20%

NW

NE

10%

25%

WSW

ESE SW

SE SSW

SSE S

Winter

CLIMATE ANALYSIS

2.6 Rain Water

Waterfall

Singapore is a tropical city-state therefore it’s rainy, the rain in the site is about 2300mm.a, the rain water can be used in the building’s green areas, cooling and supplying the toilets

Monthly Waterfall [mm]

300 260 220 180 140 100

Rainfall

Cooling Tower Water Supply

Annual Water Conserved: Assuming Catchment area of 1000m2 Rainwater Delivered = 1000 x 2375 Rainwater Delivered = 2,375,000 L of water annualy Water Tank: Assuming Catchment area of 1000m2 Rainwater Delivered = 1000 x 9.5 Rainwater Delivered = 9500 L

Rainwater for toilet & Urinal flushing Vegetation

14

2.7

CLIMATE ANALYSIS Historical Architecture

The architecture of Singapore displays a range of inuences and styles from different places and periods. These range from the eclectic styles and hybrid forms of the colonial period to the tendency of more contemporary architecture to incorporate trends from around the world. In both aesthetic and technological terms, Singapore architecture may be divided into the more traditional pre-World War II colonial period, and the largely modern post-war and post-colonial period.

Traditional architecture in Singapore includes vernacular Malay houses, local hybrid shophouses and black and white bungalows, a range of places of worship reecting the ethnic and religious diversity of the city-state as well as colonial civic and commercial architecture in European Neoclassical, gothic, palladian and renaissance styles.

Malay houses built in the 'kampong' style were common before the British came.

15

Double Sheet Roof

Kampung

2.7

CLIMATE ANALYSIS Historical Architecture Climatic Design of Malay House

How it can be applied

Building Materials

Traditional Malay houses use lightweight construction of wood and other natural materials. The lightweight construction of low thermal capacity holds little heat and cools adequately at night. The attap roof is an excellent thermal insulator. Glazed areas are seldom found in the traditional Malay house. lanted.

Layout

Traditional Malay houses are randomly arranged. This ensures that wind velocity in the houses in the latter path of the wind will not be substantially reduced.

Use double skin to reduce direct heat on the building Use of building materials that do not retain heat

Consider the urban fabric to know the wind movement and beneďŹ t from it

Vegetation

The use of coconut trees and other tall trees in the kampong not only provides good shade but also does not block the passage of winds at the house level Often, because of the limited size of the compound of the housing estate house and the need to provide privacy, only hedges and small trees are planted.

16

Note that shading device does not prevent natural ventilation

2.7

CLIMATE ANALYSIS Historical Architecture Climatic Design of Malay House

Cross Ventilation

The elongated open plans of the traditional Malay house allow easy passage of air and good cross ventilation. There are minimal interior partitions in the Malay house which restrict air movement in the house.

Wind Velocity Gradient

The velocity of wind increases with altitude. The traditional Malay house on stilts capture winds of higher velocity at a higher level. This is especially vital in areas where there are plant cover on the ground which restricts air movement.

How it can be applied

Study the form to ďŹ nd what is the best form for cross ventilation

Consider the urban fabric to know the wind movement and beneďŹ t from it and Lift the building to allow ventilation to pass through

Ventilation at Body Level

The body level is the most vital area for ventilation for comfort. The traditional Malay house allows ventilation at the body level by having many full-length fully openable windows and doors at body level.

Trying to make the wind move in the body level because it helps the user to reach thermal comfort

Body level

Double skin

17

2.7

CLIMATE ANALYSIS Historical Architecture Climatic Design of Malay House

How it can be applied

Overhangs and Exposed Vertical Areas

-Large overhangs and the low exposed vertical areas windows and walls) in the traditional Malay house provide good protection against driving rain, provide good shading, and allow the windows to be left open -most of the time for ventilation.

Try to take advantage of the rain

Lighting Level

Having a shading device reduces the amount of light gained from the sun and this creates an area with little illumination

-The traditional Malay house tends to be underlighted. This gives the psychological effect of coolness. The underlighting, however, can be remedied by artiďŹ cial lighting.

Orientation

- Traditional Malay houses are often oriented to face Mecca (i.e., in an east-west direction) for religious reasons. The east-west orientation minimizes areas exposed to solar radiation.

18

Observe the direction to take advantage of the wind

3

Site 3.1 Site Sellection 3.2 Site Analysis 2.3 Sun Path 2.4 Solar Irradiance 2.5 Wind 2.6 Rain Water 2.7 Historical Architecture

3.2

Site Site Analysis

Site analysis

Site response

5

2

3

Better possibility to place a commercial segment

Site Comme rc

ial

1

Hotels Commercial Offices Residential

30

4

3.2

Site Site Analysis

Site analysis

Site response

Better possibility to place a commercial segment

Site

Street Pedestrian Bus station Metro station

31

3.2

Site Site Analysis

Site analysis

Site response

2

2

3

3

1

Closed Semi Closed Semi open View

23

1

3.2

Site Site Analysis

Site analysis

Site response

3

Closed Semi Closed Semi open View

33

1

2

3.2

Site Site Analysis

58m

54m

2m

3747m2

2m

57m

34

53m

2m

62m

63m

3747m2

66m

67m

2m

3.2

Site Site Analysis

5:00 PM N 330

30

10 20 30 40

300

60

50 19:10 15:00

70

June 21st

07:00

60 18:00

09:00 12:00

80

W

21 June

E 15:00

18:00

12:00

09:00

19:10

07:00

240

120

210

December 21st

150

S

N 330

30

10 20 30 40

300

60

50 19:10 15:00

70

June 21st

07:00

60 18:00

09:00 12:00

80

W

21 March

E 15:00

18:00

12:00

09:00

19:10

07:00

240

120

210

December 21st

150

S

N 330

30

10 20 30 40

300

60

50 19:10 18:00 15:00

70

June 21st

07:00

60 09:00 12:00

80

W

E 15:00

18:00

12:00

19:10

07:00

240

120

210

150

S

35

21 December

09:00

December 21st

3:00 PM

1:00 AM

11:00 AM

9:00 AM

4

Form Finding 4.1 Pressure CoefďŹ cient 4.2 Cooling Demand 4.3 Views 4.4 Basic Form 4.5 Form Location & Orientation 4.6 Core Location 4.7 Conclusion

Form Finding

4.1

Pressure Coefficient

Framework

Cp Var

Cp Var

0.5

0.4

0.4

0.3

Item

Unit

Value

0.3

0.2

0.2

0.1

Umet

[m/s]

2.10

0.1

0.0

0.0

-0.1

0.33

-0.1

-0.2

-0.2

-0.3

460

-0.3

-0.4

-0.4

-0.5

-0.5

-0.6

[-]

Exponent α

Layer Thickness δ

[m]

Plane Height

[m]

80

ΔCp = 0.47

-0.5 0.3 Cp Var

∆Cp 0.7

0.2

0.6

0.1

0.5

0.0

0.4

-0.1

0.3

-0.2

ΔCp = 0.47

Cp Var 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0

0.2 0.1

-0.1

-0.3

-0.2

-0.4

-0.3

0 1

2

3

-0.4

4

ΔCp = 0.48

37

ΔCp = 0.58

ΔCp = 0.49

Form Finding

4.2

10m

Cooling Demand

Zone 10m

Cooling Demand Framework WF

35

g-Value

Orientation

Window

Consumption

1

0.50

0.20

SSW

Closed

66.7 kWh.a

2

0.50

0.20

SEE

Closed

72.1 kWh.a

3

0.50

0.20

NNE

Closed

66.5 kWh.a

4

0.50

0.20

NWW

Closed

72.2 kWh.a

Cooling Demand

Cooling Load [kWh/m2]

65.0 62.0 59.0

34 33 32 31

56.0

30

53.0

1

50.0 SSW

SEE

NNE

2

NWW

Simulations show that the cooling load increases in the east and west sides, south and north facades consume less energy in cooling than others.

38

Cooling Demand [kWh/m2]

Case no.

Square and rectangular shapes consume less energy in cooling than the triangles; because of the less west and east cooling load.

3

4

Form Finding

4.3 View

The project has a good view on a park and a low rise neighborhood that makes the view on the north very admirable, this view would be classiďŹ ed as strong view, the other views are considered the same and would be classiďŹ ed as weak view.

39

Strong View: 25% Weak View: 75%

Strong View: 36% Weak View: 64%

Strong View: 33% Weak View: 67%

Strong View: 33% Weak View: 67%

Form Finding

4.4 Basic Form

Shape

Very Weak

40

Normal

Very Strong

Cross Ventilation (∆Cp)

Cooling Demand

View

4.5

Form Finding Form Location & Orientation

Shape

0°

10°

20°

ΔCp 1.2 1

North (∆Cp) = 0.98

North (∆Cp) = 0.83

North (∆Cp) = 0.81

South (∆Cp) = 0.04

South (∆Cp) = 0.06

South (∆Cp) = 0.08

ΔCp

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 N

S

Back

N

S

Middle 0°

North (∆Cp) = 0.95

North (∆Cp) = 0.92

South (∆Cp) = 0.16

South (∆Cp) = 0.17

South (∆Cp) = 0.52

North (∆Cp) = 0.95

North (∆Cp) = 0.95

North (∆Cp) = 0.85

South (∆Cp) = 0.35

South (∆Cp) = 0.50

South (∆Cp) = 0.52

S

Front

N

S

Back

N

S

Middle 10°

N

S

Front

N

S

Back

N

S

Middle 20°

Cooling Load 60

Cooling Load [kWh/m2]

North (∆Cp) = 0.96

N

58 56 54 52 50 0°

41

10°

20°

N

S

Front

Form Finding

4.6 Core Location

Offices Location When the core is in the middle, the offices will be around it, and when the cores are on sides, the offices will be in the middle.

Locating offices on north and south.

Locating offices around the building on four directions.

Cross Ventilation When the cores are located on sides, cross ventilation would be better, unlike when it’s in the middle, the core will prevent wind from crossing.

Open from north to south which would work better for cross ventilation.

33% of offices area won’t allow cross ventilation

Sun Cores on sides will prevent the sun from the eastern and western facade; which consume more cooling load than the others.

Protects from east and west sun, while allowing the daylight from the north and south.

Solar panels Core on the west facade can generate solar energy for having solar irradiation that can be considered good.

Possibility of applying solar panels at west facade.

42

Allowing the sun ligh to get through from the four different directions.

Form Finding

4.6 Core Location

Core Location

Very Weak

43

Normal

Very Strong

Cross Ventilation

Cooling Demand

View

1

CONCEPT APPROACH 2.0 Architectural designs 3.0 Structure 4.0 Building systems 5.0 Energy conspsion 6.0 3D Shots

1

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT Form ďŹ nding

13

O

Building Shape

The basic form of the building would be Rectangular, after comparing to other shapes, it would provide the better solution for the cross ventilation, view, and would also has low energy consumption.

Building Orientation

Core Location

the orientation of the building rather be oriented more positive to maximize the cross ventilation in the summer and winter.

13

O

3

the core would be better if it was on sides of the building, for cross ventilation and energy consumption.

1

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT Form ďŹ nding Wind and views Wind

2

3

1 Wind

Accessibility and movement

Better possibility to place a commercial segment

forming the The commercial podium responding to all site analyzes

4

1

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT Concept Sun movment

° 68

65 °

N

The angle of the sun from the north and south

Using floors as a shading device, to shade and allow indirect light to the building

5

1

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT Module and zoning

Grid on plan

Module 7.5m

35m

4.5m

7.5m

1.5m

Offices

Offices 7.5m

6

7.5m

CORE

CORE

Sitting and meeting room

12-15m

1

DESIGN OfďŹ ces module

work station

Meeting rooms

7

single office

office types

1

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT Concept Using floors as a shading device, to shade and allow indirect light to the building

8

1.0 Consept approach 2

Architectural designs 3.0 Structure 4.0 Building systems 5.0 Energy conspsion

Simulations on different window shading device orientation were made to understand the relation between the outdoor and indoor air velocity with the window opening.

6.0 3D Shots

2

PLANS Site plan

N

10

35.60

2

PLANS

8.20

8.20

5.25

8.72

5.24

8.20

8.20

Ground floor 4.36

4.36

8.00

19.20

N 8.30

7.50

Entr.

8.00

Entr.

8.60

8.00

8.00

UP

6.60

6.60

7.97

15.50

11

35.60

2

PLANS

8.20

8.20

5.25

8.20

8.20

5.25

8.72

5.24

8.20

8.20

5.24

8.20

8.20

1st floor 4.36

4.36

4.36

4.36

8.00

8.00

19.20

N 8.30

0.50 0.50

8.30

7.50

8.00

Entr.

8.00

Entr.

8.60

8.00 8.00

8.00

8.00

UP

12

6.60 6.60

7.97

6.60 6.60

7.97

15.50

PLANS

2

Basement floor

Nomber of parking = 69

N

14

PLANS

2

Typical oor plan

6.56 8.20

Core percentage= %24

7.50

0.00

7.90

34.26 2.40

6.00

N

7.50 2.39

Storage 6.70

12.01

4.02

8.20

4.97

Electrical room 1.50

6.40

2.50

2.40

Storage 2.35 12.76

Mechanical room 4.95 2.51

15

8.20

PLANS

2

Typical floor plan

Core percentage= %27

6.55

7.50

34.11

N

7.90

6.00

7.50

6.55

7.90

34.12

16

2

DESIGN

6.56

offices Flexibility

0.00

8.20 7.90

7.50 34.26

2.40

6.00

7.50

Typical floor plans Outdoor persentage= %15

2.39

Storage 6.70

12.01

4.02

4.97

Electrical room 1.50

8.20 6.40

2.50

2.40

Storage

8.20

2.35 12.76

Mechanical room 4.95 2.51 6.55

7.50

34.11

7.90

6.00

7.50

6.55

7.90

Flexibility in the use of split floors for offices

17

34.12

DESIGN

2

Fire escape Distance to ďŹ re escape

6.56 8.20

Maximum Distance from outside = 34m Maximum Distance from inside = 22m

0.00

7.90

34.26 2.40

N

7.50

6.00

7.50

4.02

Electrical room

1.50

6.40

2m

2.50

2 ce =

n Dista 2.40

Storage 2.35 12.76

Mechanical room 4.95 2.51

18

4.97

8.20

34m

12.01

nce=

Dista

2.39

Storage 6.70

8.20

DESIGN

2

Fire escape Distance to ďŹ re escape Maximum Distance from inside = 23m

6.55

7.50

34.11

N

7.90

6.00

7.50

6.55

7.90

nce Dista

= 23m

34.12

19

DESIGN

2

Mechanical

6.55

7.50

34.11

N

7.90

6.00

7.50

6.55

7.90

Ret sup

Fresh

20

Air

34.12

2

DESIGN Core Design

Storage

Mechanical room

21

Storage

Electrical room

Service and ďŹ re elevator

Service and ďŹ re elevator

Staircase

Staircase

2

DESIGN Plumbing

Water Supply layout 1.25m Potable water supply Hot water supply Treated water Supply

1.2m Mainutenance Access

Drainage Piping Layout Floor drain

Clean out

22

Section

Hot water retutn

0.5m

Veut stack Solid stack with Ventilation

2

PLANS Elevation and Secsion

North Elevation

13

Section A-A

1.0 Consept approach 2.0 Architectural designs 3

Structure 4.0 Building systems 5.0 Energy conspsion 6.0 3D Shots

3

STRUCTURE Wood structural types

All Wood

24

Wood Steel Hybrids

Wood Concrete Hybrid

3

STRUCTURE Wood structural types

Wood Steel Hybrids

OfďŹ ces tower

All Wood

Commercial

25

Wood Steel Hybrids

3

26

STRUCTURE Wood structural

3

27

STRUCTURE Wood structural joints

3

28

STRUCTURE Wood structural joints

3

29

STRUCTURE Wood structural joints

3

30

STRUCTURE Wood structural joints

3

31

STRUCTURE Wood structural Design

3

32

STRUCTURE Wood structural Design

3

STRUCTURE Wood structural Design

3D shot

Section and Plan

Manufacturing and cutting method to make it faster and less waste

33

3

34

STRUCTURE Wood structural Design

STRUCTURE

3

Wood structural Design

Step 1

35

Step 2

Step 3

Step 4

Step 5

3

36

STRUCTURE Wood structural Design

3

31

STRUCTURE Wood structural Design

3

31

STRUCTURE Wood structural Design

3

39

STRUCTURE Wood structural Design

3

STRUCTURE Wood structural Design

Step 1

40

Step 2

Step 3

3

STRUCTURE Wood structural Design

Step 4

41

Step 5

3

STRUCTURE Wood structural Design

Step 6

42

Step 7

3

STRUCTURE Wood structural Design

Step 8

43

1.1

3.0 Structure 1.0 Consept approach 2.0 Architectural designs 3.0 Structure 4

Building systems 5.0 Energy conspsion 6.0 3D Shots

33

4

VENTILATION Ventilation

Study the wind movement and ventilation to find solutions to benefit from it and raise the quality of the user experience and to save energy

NNW

30%

N NNE

25%

NW

NE

20% 15%

WNW

ENE

10%

6-8 m/s

5% W

E

0%

4-6 m/s 2-4 m/s 0-2 m/s

WSW

ESE SW

SE SSW

SSE S

Winter

NNW

25%

N NNE

20%

NW

NE

15% WNW

ENE

10%

6-8 m/s

5% W

E

0%

4-6 m/s 2-4 m/s 0-2 m/s

WSW

ESE SW

SE SSW

SSE S

Summer

45

4

VENTILATION Podium Ventilation

Study the wind movement and ventilation to find solutions to benefit from it and raise the quality of the user experience and to save energy Study ventilation in the commercial part

NNW

30%

N NNE

25%

NW

NE

20% 15%

WNW

ENE

10%

6-8 m/s

5% W

E

0%

4-6 m/s 2-4 m/s 0-2 m/s

WSW

ESE SW

SE SSW

SSE S

Winter

NNW

25%

N NNE

20%

NW

NE

15% WNW

ENE

10%

6-8 m/s

5% W

E

0%

4-6 m/s 2-4 m/s 0-2 m/s

WSW

ESE SW

SE SSW

SSE S

Summer

46

VENTILATION

4

Podium Ventilation

Plane Height 2m

Framework

Plane Height 6m

Wind Velocity 3.0

Item

Unit

Value

2.5

Umet

[m/s]

2.10

2.0

Exponent α

[-]

0.33

[m]

460

Plane Height

[m]

2-6

Layer Thickness δ

1.5 1.0 0.5 0 m/s Wind Direction

Wind Direction

Wind Velocity

Comfortable Wind velocity range

3.0

Activity

Unit

Wind velocity

Sitting

[m/s]

0- 2.6

Standing

[m/s]

0- 3.9

Walking

[m/s]

0- 5.4

Uncomfortable

[m/s]

> 5.5

2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0 m/s Wind Direction

47

Wind Direction

VENTILATION

4

OfďŹ ses Ventilation

Study the wind movement and ventilation to find solutions to benefit from it and raise the quality of the user experience and to save energy Study ventilation in the offices

NNW NW

14%

N NNE

12%

NE

10% 8% 6%

WNW

ENE

4%

8-10 m/s 6-8 m/s

2% W

E

0%

4-6 m/s 2-4 m/s

WSW

0-2 m/s

ESE SW

SE SSW

SSE S

Annual Wind Profile 140

Height above ground [m]

120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

Wind speed [m/s]

48

4.0

4.5

5.0

5.5

4

VENTILATION OfďŹ ses Ventilation Concept

Cross Ventilation AHU

AHU

49

4

VENTILATION Offises Ventilation Concept 4.8 4.0 3.2 2.4

Hight: 30m 7th Floor

1.6 0.8 0 Framework

Comfortable Wind velocity range

50

Activity

Unit

Wind velocity

Item

Unit

Value

Sitting

[m/s]

0- 2.6

Umet

[m/s]

2.10

Standing

[m/s]

0- 3.9

[-]

0.33

Walking

[m/s]

0- 5.4

Exponent α

[m]

460

Uncomfortable

[m/s]

> 5.5

Plane Height

[m]

2-6

Layer Thickness δ

m/s Hight: 90m 21th Floor

4

VENTILATION Offises Ventilation Concept 4.8

Framework

Comfortable Wind velocity range Activity

Unit

Wind velocity

Item

Unit

Value

Sitting

[m/s]

0- 2.6

Umet

[m/s]

2.10

Standing

[m/s]

0- 3.9

[-]

0.33

Walking

[m/s]

0- 5.4

Exponent α

[m]

460

Uncomfortable

[m/s]

> 5.5

Plane Height

[m]

2-6

Layer Thickness δ

4.0 3.2 2.4

Hight: 30m 7th Floor

1.6 0.8 0

AHU

51

m/s Hight: 90m 21th Floor

4

VENTILATION OfďŹ ses Ventilation Concept

Cross Ventilation in high floors Wind speed 4.6 [m/s]

Allow air to enter from above to purification the air

Wind speed 3.5 [m/s]

52

4

VENTILATION Offises Ventilation Concept 3.2

Framework

Comfortable Wind velocity range Activity

Unit

Wind velocity

Item

Unit

Value

Sitting

[m/s]

0- 2.6

Umet

[m/s]

2.10

Standing

[m/s]

0- 3.9

[-]

0.33

Walking

[m/s]

0- 5.4

Exponent α

[m]

460

Uncomfortable

[m/s]

> 5.5

Plane Height

[m]

2-6

Layer Thickness δ

2.4

1.6

0.8

0

m/s

Hight: 30m 7th Floor

Wind speed 4.6 [m/s]

o

30

Wind speed 3.5 [m/s]

Hight: 90m 21th Floor

53

VENTILATION Offises Ventilation Concept Comfortable Wind velocity range

3.2

Framework

Activity

Unit

Wind velocity

Item

Unit

Value

Sitting

[m/s]

0- 2.6

Umet

[m/s]

2.10

Standing

[m/s]

0- 3.9

0.33

[m/s]

0- 5.4

Exponent α

[-]

Walking

[m]

460

Uncomfortable

[m/s]

> 5.5

Plane Height

[m]

2-6

Layer Thickness δ

2.4

1.6

0.8

0

m/s

Hight: 30m 7th Floor

Wind speed 4.6 [m/s]

o

45

Wind speed 3.5 [m/s]

Hight: 90m 21th Floor

54

4

VENTILATION Offises Ventilation Concept 3.2

Framework

Comfortable Wind velocity range Activity

Unit

Wind velocity

Item

Unit

Value

Sitting

[m/s]

0- 2.6

Umet

[m/s]

2.10

Standing

[m/s]

0- 3.9

[-]

0.33

Walking

[m/s]

0- 5.4

Exponent α

[m]

460

Uncomfortable

[m/s]

> 5.5

Plane Height

[m]

2-6

Layer Thickness δ

2.4

1.6

0.8

0

m/s

Hight: 30m 7th Floor

Wind speed 4.6 [m/s]

o

60

Wind speed 3.5 [m/s]

Hight: 90m 21th Floor

55

RAIN WATER

1.1 4

Area

Water tank size

Water Tank:

3

2x2.5x4=20m

x2

2

Catchment area = 3828 m Maximum daily rainfall = 9.5mm

790 sqm

2.5m

Rainwater Delivered = 3828 x 9.5 Rainwater Delivered = 36,366 L Water Tank Size = 37 m3

3028 sqm

2m

Rain water tank should be located close to the shaft, therefore it’s located north to the shaft Tank location

56

4m

RAIN WATER

4

Grey Water

Area

Water usage The Average employee water consumption in ofďŹ ce buildings is 60L 60 x 1370 = 82,000 Total water consumption = 82,000L/day Distributed as follow: - Toilet Flushing 63% - Washing 27% - Other 10%

3

2x2x3=12m

2m 3028 sqm

2m

Tank location

57

x2

790 sqm

Grey water = 78,000 x 0.27 = 22,140L 3 Grey water = 22m

Grey water tank should be located close to the shaft, therefore it’s located north to the shaft

Water tank size

3m

RAIN WATER

4

Water Tanks

Area

3

2x4x5=40m

Potable Water Tank 78m

x2

790 sqm

3m

Rain Water Tank 19+19=38m

3028 sqm

2m

Grey Water Tank 11+11= 22m Water tanks will be locetd near to the shaft to deliver water to the roof through the shaft Tank location

58

Water tank size

5m

SOLAR SYSTEM

4

-

+ +

-

Ba�ery Bank

Solar Panels used for the systems were chosen on Efficiency and width and length cpmpatability with the building

Building Electricity

Charge Controller Solar PV Panels

Inverter

PV Panel Item

Unit

Amount

Type

[-]

Monocrystalline

Temperature coefficient

[%]

0

Efficiency

[%]

20.49

Width

[m]

1.00

Length

[m]

1.65

Output Voltage

[V]

32.40

Output Current

[A]

10.36

1.65 m

1.00 m

59

anels 306 P anels 306 P

4

SOLAR SYSTEM Solar Panels

PV array can work on series or parallel, the series will collect volts, while the parallel will collect the amperes

Series

32.4V 10.4A

32.4V 10.4A

Parallel

32.4V 10.4A

32.4V 10.4A

Total Voltage: 32.4 V Total Current: 41.6 A Total Power: 1350 W

V N

Horizontal Series

Voltage

306 Panels

N Parallel Current

A

The system will work on parallel to avoid the high voltage on the invertor

60

Number of modules: 612 Total Voltage: 32.4 V Total Current: 41.6 A Total Power: 1350 W

306 Panels

4

SOLAR SYSTEM Energy Production

Roof Energy Production (South)

14000 ١٤٠٠٠

14000 ١٤٠٠٠

12000 ١٢٠٠٠

12000 ١٢٠٠٠

Enegy Produced [kWh]

Enegy Produced [kWh]

Roof Energy Production (Norh)

10000 ١٠٠٠٠ 8000 ٨٠٠٠ 6000 ٦٠٠٠ 4000 ٤٠٠٠ 2000 ٢٠٠٠ 0٠

8000 ٨٠٠٠ 6000 ٦٠٠٠ 4000 ٤٠٠٠ 2000 ٢٠٠٠

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Total energy: 109,797 kWh

Item

Oct

Nov

0٠

Dec

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Total energy: 109,986 kWh

PV System

61

10000 ١٠٠٠٠

PV System Unit

Amount

Modules

[-]

306

Cable losses

[%]

1

Item

Unit

Amount

Modules

[-]

306

Cable losses

[%]

1

Oct

Nov

Dec

1.1

1.0 Consept approach 2.0 Architectural designs 3.0 Structure 4.0 Building systems 5

Energy conspsion 6.0 3D Shots

5

ENERGY CONSUMPTION

Energy calculations for several cases of a building to see the building's consumption and know how much energy was saved in it.

Case 2:Energy consumption of the building after the concept and preventing the sun from entering directly.

Case 3:Building energy consumption after raising the efficiency of glass and making the (U-value 1.1).

35 ٣٥

Energy Consumption (kWh/m٢2 )

Case 1:Calculate the energy consumption of the building in case it had glass facades with (U-value 1.9) ,and without any treatmen.

Energy Consumption 30 ٣٠

Case 1

25 ٢٥

Case 2

20 ٢٠

Case 3 Case 4

١٥ 15 10 ١٠ 5 ٥

٠ 0

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Case ١1

Case 4:Energy consumption of the building after using solar energy.

Jun

Case Case ٢2

Jul

Aug

Sep

Case ٣3 Case

Oct

Nov

Dec

Case Case ٤4

2

Average energy consumption (kWh/m .a) Note:these calculations without calculating how much natural ventilation provided in the building after its application and this will be a very important factor because air conditioning is the most energy-consuming element in the building

62

Case 1= 28.3

Case 2= 23.7

-16%

Case 3=17.3

-39%

Case 4 =15.1

-47%

1.1

1.0 Consept approach 2.0 Architectural designs 3.0 Structure 4.0 Building systems 5.0 Energy conspsion 6

3D Shots

6

3D SHOTS

6

3D SHOTS

6

3D SHOTS

Thank you