HIGH-RISE Department of Architecture
Student: Abdulbary Dajim 1637314 Supervisors: Dr-Ing. Mohannad Bayoumi Eng. Abdulraheem Aalim
Department of Architecture Faculty of Architecture and Planning King Abdulaziz University
1.1
INTRODUCTION Project Brief
This brief applies to the 2nd semester of the academic year 1440/1441 - 2019/2020 and is designed to guide readers through the intentions of providing master level design, research and education at the Faculty of Environmental department of architecture in the Faculty of Architecture and planning, King Abdulaziz University. Participants of the course will be challenged with the design development of a high-rise building in a city of their choice. The scope of work involves a successful integration of architectural, structural and HVAC systems. Background : Worldwide energy demand has increased extraordinarily since the industrial revolution, particularly after the realization of the exploitative benefits of electricity. The resources and emissions implications of the rapidly expanding use of energy have been ignored for three quarters of a century. The oil crisis of the 1970s served to heighten concerns over the long-term viability of reliance on fossil-based fuels for energy, but this was more through concern for price and security of supply than for any wish to conserve the environment.
1
1.2
INTRODUCTION Problem Statement
Impact of location and climate context: Energy use in buildings is obviously connected with their location, especially when considering (HVAC) components. Most energy use in commercial building goes to heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) cooling. This is responsible for 55% of energy use in residential buildings and 37% in commercial buildings. Lighting accounts for up to 30% of energy use in commercial buildings. According to an IEA report, lighting accounts for 19% of the world’s electricity consumption and produces 1.9Gt of CO2 annually . Therefore, it is imperative to look for solutions to optimize the building envelope as it reacts directly and indirectly with the HVAC equipment. Good data on the fraction of a building’s energy use represented by elevators is sparse, but a typical estimate is around 15%.
2
1.3
INTRODUCTION Singapore
Singapore is a sovereign island city-state in Southeast Asia. Area: 725.1 km2 Population: 5,638,700 Capital: 1°17`N 103°50`E Singapore is the fourth most important financial center in the world and a global city that plays an important role in the global economy. The Port of Singapore is the fifth port in the world in terms of activity. Singapore has a long history of migrants. Its population of five million is a mixture of Chinese, Malay, Indians, and Asians of different cultures. the world
3
1.3
INTRODUCTION Singapore
42% of the island's population is foreign to work or study Singapore is the third country in the world in terms of population density In the Quality of Life Index published by the Economist Intelligence Unit in The Economist, Singapore ranked ďŹ rst in Asia and ranked eleventh in the world It has the ninth highest reserves in the world
4
2
Climate Analysis 2.1 Temperature & Humidity 2.2 Psychrometric Chart 2.3 Sun Path 2.4 Solar Irradiance 2.5 Wind 2.6 Rain Water 2.7 Historical Architecture
CLIMATE ANALYSIS Temperetures & Humidity 40
100
35
90 80
30 25
Relative humidity [%]
Comfort
20 15 10
60 50 40 30 20
5 0
70
10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
10 11 12
1
2
3
4
Month
Unit
Hours a year
Average Temperature
[°C]
27.7
Min. Temperature
[°C]
20.5
Max. Temperature
[°C]
34.0
7
8
9
10 11 12
max
50
100
50
100
45
90
45
90
40
80
40
80
35
70
35
70
30
60
30
60
25
50
25
50
20
40
20
40
15
30
15
30
10
20
10
20
5
10
5
10
0
0
2
4
6
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Daytime [h] Ta (summer)
6
avg.
Rh (summer)
0
Ta - Outside air temperature [°C]
Item
max.
6
Month min
Relative humidity [%]
Outside air Temperature
Ta - Outside air temperature [°C]
min.
5
0
0
2
4
6
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Daytime [h] Ta (winter)
Rh (winter)
0
Relative humidity [%]
Singapore is a tropical City-State, therefore the climate is hot humid. The average outdoor temperatures are between 26°C and 28°C. The average maximum temperatures are between 31°C and 34°C. The humidity is between 45% and 100%.
Ta - Outside air temperature [°C]
2.1
CLIMATE ANALYSIS Psychrometric Chart
Singapore is a tropical City-State, therefore the climate is hot humid. The average outdoor temperatures are between 26째C and 28째C. The average maximum temperatures are between 31째C and 34째C. The humidity is between 45% and 100%. The climate hours results can be seen in the psychrometric chart. The chart also shows the comfort zone in relation with the ventilation.
0.03 30
25
ra tu
Na
20
lV
en
til
at
io
n
0.02
15 0.01 10 5
fort
Com
0 -10
Results Item
-5 0
-10
Unit
Hours a year
Comfort Zone
[%]
0
Natural Ventilation
[%]
85
Uncomfortable
[%]
15
7
Zone
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Dry Bulb Temperature ( C)
40
45
50
55
60
Moisture content [kg/kg]
2.2
CLIMATE ANALYSIS Psychrometric Chart
Singapore is a tropical City-State, therefore the climate is hot humid. The average outdoor temperatures are between 26째C and 28째C. The average maximum temperatures are between 31째C and 34째C. The humidity is between 45% and 100%. The climate hours results can be seen in the psychrometric chart. The chart also shows the comfort zone in relation with the ventilation.
0.03 30
ASHRAE 55 (0-0.2m/s) ASHRAE 55 (0-0.5m/s) ASHRAE 55 (0-1m/s)
25
ra
Na
20
lV
en
til
at
io
n
0.02
15 0.01 10 5
fort
Com
0 -10
Results Item
-5 0
-10
Unit
Hours a year
Comfort Zone
[%]
0
Natural Ventilation
[%]
65
Uncomfortable
[%]
35
8
Zone
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Dry Bulb Temperature ( C)
40
45
50
55
60
Moisture content [kg/kg]
ASHRAE 55 (0-1.5m/s)
tu
2.2
2.2
CLIMATE ANALYSIS Psychrometric Chart
calculations using the psychrometric chart results have been made to understand the basic energy demand and cooling load. This was made taking the worst point in the psychrometric chart results.
0.03 30
25
0.02
20
15 0.01
Enthalpy: Enthalpy = 95-43 Enthalpy = 52 J/g Enthalpy = 17.3 Wh/m Ta = Outdoor Temperature Ts = Supply air Temperature Tr = Return air Temperature
9
10
Ts
5
fort
Com
0 -10
Zone
-5 0
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Dry Bulb Temperature ( C)
40
45
50
55
60
Moisture content [kg/kg]
Ta
CLIMATE ANALYSIS
2.2
Psychrometric Chart
calculations using the psychrometric chart results have been made to understand the basic energy demand and cooling load. This was made taking the worst point in the psychrometric chart results, then using the heat exchanger to lower the energy consumption.
0.03
Enthalpy: Enthalpy = 90-43 Enthalpy = 47 J/g Enthalpy = 15.6 Wh/m Energy Saved = 1-(15.6/17.3) Energy Saved = 9.95% Ta = Outdoor Temperature Ts = Supply air Temperature Tr = Return air Temperature Te1 = Ta after exchanging with Tr Te2 = Te considering exchanger efďŹ ciency
25
Te2
0.02
Te1 20
15 0.01 10 5
fort
Com
0 -10
Zone
-5 0
-10
Entha lpy [Wh/m3]
17 16 15 14 13
10
Enthalpy
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Dry Bulb Temperature ( C)
Energy Consumption 18
12
-5
Enthalpy after recooling Tr
40
45
50
55
60
Moisture content [kg/kg]
30
2.3
CLIMATE ANALYSIS Sun Path 12:00
13:00
14:00
11:00 10:00
15:00
9:00 16:00
N 330
8:00
30
10
16°
17:00 15°
15°
18:00
10°
70
June 21st
W
07:00
60 15:00
7:00 15°
60
50 18:00
15 °
° 15
40
19:10
15 °
° 15
30 300
15°
15 °
20
15°
09:00
E
Sun angles per day from east to west
12:00
80
W
E 15:00
18:00
12:00
09:00
19:10
07:00
240
120
210
40cm
° 68
Sun path in singapore
65 °
150
S
11
December 21st
Maximum Sun angle per year from north to south
1m
How to prevent direct sunlight entry
CLIMATE ANALYSIS
2.4 Solar Irradiance
Global Irradiance
IG, horizontal = 1580 kWh/m2.a
1.20
IG , h orizonta l [kW/m2]
SpeciďŹ c annual energy output (per square meter): E = 1580 kWh/m2.a x 15% = 237kWh/m2.a Energy produced if 30% of land Covered with solar panels: E = 237 x 1200 = 284,000 kWh.a
1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 1 January 2219161310 7 4 1 2219161310 7 4 1 2219161310 7 4 1 2219161310 7 4 1 2219161310 7 4 1 2219161310 7 4 1 2219161310 7 4 1 2219161310 7 4 1 2219161310 7 4 1 2219 December
Energy Produced [South] 160
140
140
120
120
100
100
80 60
40 20
0
0
400 200
Energy Produced [West]
Energy Produced [East] 160
160
140
140
120
120
100
100
[kWh/m2]
[kWh/m2]
Irradiation [kWh/m2]
600
South
North
1400
800
60
20
1600
1000
80
40
1800
1200
[kWh/m2]
[kWh/m2]
Energy Produced [North] 160
80 60
80 60
40
40
20
20
0
0
0 West
East
South
North
Horizontal
East
12
Horizontal
2.5
CLIMATE ANALYSIS Wind
NNW NW
14%
N NNW
NNE
12%
6%
ENE
4%
8-10 m/s
WNW
NNW
NE
E
0%
4-6 m/s
W
E
0%
2-4 m/s WSW
ESE SW
SE SSW
SSE
Annual
UH = Umet
αmet
α
( )() H δ
α = 0.32 δ = 460 m Atmospheric boundary layer parameters: the site is located in a large city center, there for; the Layer thickness would be described as δ = 460 m, and the exponent α = 0.32
13
WSW
ESE SW
SE SSW
SSE
Summer
In flat terrain and with a neutrally stratisfied atmosphere, the logarithmic wind profile is a good estimation for the vertical wind shear:
NE ENE
10%
6-8 m/s
5% W
E
0%
4-6 m/s 2-4 m/s 0-2 m/s
0-2 m/s
S
S
δmet Hmet
0-2 m/s
2-4 m/s
NNE
15%
WNW
4-6 m/s
N
20%
6-8 m/s
5%
30% 25%
NW
ENE
10%
6-8 m/s
2% W
NNE
15%
8% WNW
N
20%
NW
NE
10%
25%
WSW
ESE SW
SE SSW
SSE S
Winter
CLIMATE ANALYSIS
2.6 Rain Water
Waterfall
Singapore is a tropical city-state therefore it’s rainy, the rain in the site is about 2300mm.a, the rain water can be used in the building’s green areas, cooling and supplying the toilets
Monthly Waterfall [mm]
300 260 220 180 140 100
Rainfall
Cooling Tower Water Supply
Annual Water Conserved: Assuming Catchment area of 1000m2 Rainwater Delivered = 1000 x 2375 Rainwater Delivered = 2,375,000 L of water annualy Water Tank: Assuming Catchment area of 1000m2 Rainwater Delivered = 1000 x 9.5 Rainwater Delivered = 9500 L
Rainwater for toilet & Urinal flushing Vegetation
14
2.7
CLIMATE ANALYSIS Historical Architecture
The architecture of Singapore displays a range of inuences and styles from different places and periods. These range from the eclectic styles and hybrid forms of the colonial period to the tendency of more contemporary architecture to incorporate trends from around the world. In both aesthetic and technological terms, Singapore architecture may be divided into the more traditional pre-World War II colonial period, and the largely modern post-war and post-colonial period. Traditional architecture in Singapore includes vernacular Malay houses, local hybrid shophouses and black and white bungalows, a range of places of worship reecting the ethnic and religious diversity of the city-state as well as colonial civic and commercial architecture in European Neoclassical, gothic, palladian and renaissance styles. Malay houses built in the 'kampong' style were common before the British came.
15
Double Sheet Roof
Kampung
2.7
CLIMATE ANALYSIS Historical Architecture Climatic Design of Malay House
How it can be applied
Building Materials
Traditional Malay houses use lightweight construction of wood and other natural materials. The lightweight construction of low thermal capacity holds little heat and cools adequately at night. The attap roof is an excellent thermal insulator. Glazed areas are seldom found in the traditional Malay house. lanted.
Layout
Traditional Malay houses are randomly arranged. This ensures that wind velocity in the houses in the latter path of the wind will not be substantially reduced.
Use double skin to reduce direct heat on the building Use of building materials that do not retain heat
Consider the urban fabric to know the wind movement and beneďŹ t from it
Vegetation
The use of coconut trees and other tall trees in the kampong not only provides good shade but also does not block the passage of winds at the house level Often, because of the limited size of the compound of the housing estate house and the need to provide privacy, only hedges and small trees are planted.
16
Note that shading device does not prevent natural ventilation
2.7
CLIMATE ANALYSIS Historical Architecture Climatic Design of Malay House
Cross Ventilation
The elongated open plans of the traditional Malay house allow easy passage of air and good cross ventilation. There are minimal interior partitions in the Malay house which restrict air movement in the house.
Wind Velocity Gradient
The velocity of wind increases with altitude. The traditional Malay house on stilts capture winds of higher velocity at a higher level. This is especially vital in areas where there are plant cover on the ground which restricts air movement.
How it can be applied
Study the form to ďŹ nd what is the best form for cross ventilation
Consider the urban fabric to know the wind movement and beneďŹ t from it and Lift the building to allow ventilation to pass through
Ventilation at Body Level
The body level is the most vital area for ventilation for comfort. The traditional Malay house allows ventilation at the body level by having many full-length fully openable windows and doors at body level.
Trying to make the wind move in the body level because it helps the user to reach thermal comfort
Body level
Double skin
17
2.7
CLIMATE ANALYSIS Historical Architecture Climatic Design of Malay House
How it can be applied
Overhangs and Exposed Vertical Areas
-Large overhangs and the low exposed vertical areas windows and walls) in the traditional Malay house provide good protection against driving rain, provide good shading, and allow the windows to be left open -most of the time for ventilation.
Try to take advantage of the rain
Lighting Level
Having a shading device reduces the amount of light gained from the sun and this creates an area with little illumination
-The traditional Malay house tends to be underlighted. This gives the psychological effect of coolness. The underlighting, however, can be remedied by artiďŹ cial lighting.
Orientation
- Traditional Malay houses are often oriented to face Mecca (i.e., in an east-west direction) for religious reasons. The east-west orientation minimizes areas exposed to solar radiation.
18
Observe the direction to take advantage of the wind
3
Site 3.1 Site Sellection 3.2 Site Analysis 2.3 Sun Path 2.4 Solar Irradiance 2.5 Wind 2.6 Rain Water 2.7 Historical Architecture
3.2
Site Site Analysis
Site analysis
Site response
5
2
3
Better possibility to place a commercial segment
Site Comme rc
ial
1
Hotels Commercial Offices Residential
30
4
3.2
Site Site Analysis
Site analysis
Site response
Better possibility to place a commercial segment
Site
Street Pedestrian Bus station Metro station
31
3.2
Site Site Analysis
Site analysis
Site response
2
2
3
3
1
Closed Semi Closed Semi open View
23
1
3.2
Site Site Analysis
Site analysis
Site response
3
Closed Semi Closed Semi open View
33
1
2
3.2
Site Site Analysis
58m
54m
2m
3747m2
2m
57m
34
53m
2m
62m
63m
3747m2
66m
67m
2m
3.2
Site Site Analysis
5:00 PM N 330
30
10 20 30 40
300
60
50 19:10 15:00
70
June 21st
07:00
60 18:00
09:00 12:00
80
W
21 June
E 15:00
18:00
12:00
09:00
19:10
07:00
240
120
210
December 21st
150
S
N 330
30
10 20 30 40
300
60
50 19:10 15:00
70
June 21st
07:00
60 18:00
09:00 12:00
80
W
21 March
E 15:00
18:00
12:00
09:00
19:10
07:00
240
120
210
December 21st
150
S
N 330
30
10 20 30 40
300
60
50 19:10 18:00 15:00
70
June 21st
07:00
60 09:00 12:00
80
W
E 15:00
18:00
12:00
19:10
07:00
240
120
210
150
S
35
21 December
09:00
December 21st
3:00 PM
1:00 AM
11:00 AM
9:00 AM
4
Form Finding 4.1 Pressure CoefďŹ cient 4.2 Cooling Demand 4.3 Views 4.4 Basic Form 4.5 Form Location & Orientation 4.6 Core Location 4.7 Conclusion
Form Finding
4.1
Pressure Coefficient
Framework
Cp Var
Cp Var
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.3
Item
Unit
Value
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
Umet
[m/s]
2.10
0.1
0.0
0.0
-0.1
0.33
-0.1
-0.2
-0.2
-0.3
460
-0.3
-0.4
-0.4
-0.5
-0.5
-0.6
[-]
Exponent α
Layer Thickness δ
[m]
Plane Height
[m]
80
ΔCp = 0.47
-0.5 0.3 Cp Var
∆Cp 0.7
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.5
0.0
0.4
-0.1
0.3
-0.2
ΔCp = 0.47
Cp Var 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0
0.2 0.1
-0.1
-0.3
-0.2
-0.4
-0.3
0 1
2
3
-0.4
4
ΔCp = 0.48
37
ΔCp = 0.58
ΔCp = 0.49
Form Finding
4.2
10m
Cooling Demand
Zone 10m
Cooling Demand Framework WF
35
g-Value
Orientation
Window
Consumption
1
0.50
0.20
SSW
Closed
66.7 kWh.a
2
0.50
0.20
SEE
Closed
72.1 kWh.a
3
0.50
0.20
NNE
Closed
66.5 kWh.a
4
0.50
0.20
NWW
Closed
72.2 kWh.a
Cooling Demand
Cooling Load [kWh/m2]
65.0 62.0 59.0
34 33 32 31
56.0
30
53.0
1
50.0 SSW
SEE
NNE
2
NWW
Simulations show that the cooling load increases in the east and west sides, south and north facades consume less energy in cooling than others.
38
Cooling Demand [kWh/m2]
Case no.
Square and rectangular shapes consume less energy in cooling than the triangles; because of the less west and east cooling load.
3
4
Form Finding
4.3 View
The project has a good view on a park and a low rise neighborhood that makes the view on the north very admirable, this view would be classiďŹ ed as strong view, the other views are considered the same and would be classiďŹ ed as weak view.
39
Strong View: 25% Weak View: 75%
Strong View: 36% Weak View: 64%
Strong View: 33% Weak View: 67%
Strong View: 33% Weak View: 67%
Form Finding
4.4 Basic Form
Shape
Very Weak
40
Normal
Very Strong
Cross Ventilation (∆Cp)
Cooling Demand
View
4.5
Form Finding Form Location & Orientation
Shape
0°
10°
20°
ΔCp 1.2 1
North (∆Cp) = 0.98
North (∆Cp) = 0.83
North (∆Cp) = 0.81
South (∆Cp) = 0.04
South (∆Cp) = 0.06
South (∆Cp) = 0.08
ΔCp
0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 N
S
Back
N
S
Middle 0°
North (∆Cp) = 0.95
North (∆Cp) = 0.92
South (∆Cp) = 0.16
South (∆Cp) = 0.17
South (∆Cp) = 0.52
North (∆Cp) = 0.95
North (∆Cp) = 0.95
North (∆Cp) = 0.85
South (∆Cp) = 0.35
South (∆Cp) = 0.50
South (∆Cp) = 0.52
S
Front
N
S
Back
N
S
Middle 10°
N
S
Front
N
S
Back
N
S
Middle 20°
Cooling Load 60
Cooling Load [kWh/m2]
North (∆Cp) = 0.96
N
58 56 54 52 50 0°
41
10°
20°
N
S
Front
Form Finding
4.6 Core Location
Offices Location When the core is in the middle, the offices will be around it, and when the cores are on sides, the offices will be in the middle. Locating offices on north and south.
Locating offices around the building on four directions.
Cross Ventilation When the cores are located on sides, cross ventilation would be better, unlike when it’s in the middle, the core will prevent wind from crossing. Open from north to south which would work better for cross ventilation.
33% of offices area won’t allow cross ventilation
Sun Cores on sides will prevent the sun from the eastern and western facade; which consume more cooling load than the others. Protects from east and west sun, while allowing the daylight from the north and south.
Solar panels Core on the west facade can generate solar energy for having solar irradiation that can be considered good. Possibility of applying solar panels at west facade.
42
Allowing the sun ligh to get through from the four different directions.
Form Finding
4.6 Core Location
Core Location
Very Weak
43
Normal
Very Strong
Cross Ventilation
Cooling Demand
View
1
CONCEPT APPROACH 2.0 Architectural designs 3.0 Structure 4.0 Building systems 5.0 Energy conspsion 6.0 3D Shots
1
DESIGN DEVELOPMENT Form ďŹ nding
13
O
Building Shape
The basic form of the building would be Rectangular, after comparing to other shapes, it would provide the better solution for the cross ventilation, view, and would also has low energy consumption.
Building Orientation
Core Location
the orientation of the building rather be oriented more positive to maximize the cross ventilation in the summer and winter.
13
O
3
the core would be better if it was on sides of the building, for cross ventilation and energy consumption.
1
DESIGN DEVELOPMENT Form ďŹ nding Wind and views Wind
2
3
1 Wind
Accessibility and movement
Better possibility to place a commercial segment
forming the The commercial podium responding to all site analyzes
4
1
DESIGN DEVELOPMENT Concept Sun movment
° 68
65 °
N
The angle of the sun from the north and south
Using floors as a shading device, to shade and allow indirect light to the building
5
1
DESIGN DEVELOPMENT Module and zoning
Grid on plan
Module 7.5m
35m
4.5m
7.5m
1.5m
Offices
Offices 7.5m
6
7.5m
CORE
CORE
Sitting and meeting room
12-15m
1
DESIGN OfďŹ ces module
work station
Meeting rooms
7
single office
office types
1
DESIGN DEVELOPMENT Concept Using floors as a shading device, to shade and allow indirect light to the building
8
1.0 Consept approach 2
Architectural designs 3.0 Structure 4.0 Building systems 5.0 Energy conspsion
Simulations on different window shading device orientation were made to understand the relation between the outdoor and indoor air velocity with the window opening.
6.0 3D Shots
2
PLANS Site plan
N
10
35.60
2
PLANS
8.20
8.20
5.25
8.72
5.24
8.20
8.20
Ground floor 4.36
4.36
8.00
19.20
N 8.30
7.50
Entr.
8.00
Entr.
8.60
8.00
8.00
UP
6.60
6.60
7.97
15.50
11
35.60
2
PLANS
8.20
8.20
5.25
8.20
8.20
5.25
8.72
5.24
8.20
8.20
5.24
8.20
8.20
1st floor 4.36
4.36
4.36
4.36
8.00
8.00
19.20
N 8.30
0.50 0.50
8.30
7.50
8.00
Entr.
8.00
Entr.
8.60
8.00 8.00
8.00
8.00
UP
12
6.60 6.60
7.97
6.60 6.60
7.97
15.50
PLANS
2
Basement floor
Nomber of parking = 69
N
14
PLANS
2
Typical oor plan
6.56 8.20
Core percentage= %24
7.50
0.00
7.90
34.26 2.40
6.00
N
7.50 2.39
Storage 6.70
12.01
4.02
8.20
4.97
Electrical room 1.50
6.40
2.50
2.40
Storage 2.35 12.76
Mechanical room 4.95 2.51
15
8.20
PLANS
2
Typical floor plan
Core percentage= %27
6.55
7.50
34.11
N
7.90
6.00
7.50
6.55
7.90
34.12
16
2
DESIGN
6.56
offices Flexibility
0.00
8.20 7.90
7.50 34.26
2.40
6.00
7.50
Typical floor plans Outdoor persentage= %15
2.39
Storage 6.70
12.01
4.02
4.97
Electrical room 1.50
8.20 6.40
2.50
2.40
Storage
8.20
2.35 12.76
Mechanical room 4.95 2.51 6.55
7.50
34.11
7.90
6.00
7.50
6.55
7.90
Flexibility in the use of split floors for offices
17
34.12
DESIGN
2
Fire escape Distance to ďŹ re escape
6.56 8.20
Maximum Distance from outside = 34m Maximum Distance from inside = 22m
0.00
7.90
34.26 2.40
N
7.50
6.00
7.50
4.02
Electrical room
1.50
6.40
2m
2.50
2 ce =
n Dista 2.40
Storage 2.35 12.76
Mechanical room 4.95 2.51
18
4.97
8.20
34m
12.01
nce=
Dista
2.39
Storage 6.70
8.20
DESIGN
2
Fire escape Distance to ďŹ re escape Maximum Distance from inside = 23m
6.55
7.50
34.11
N
7.90
6.00
7.50
6.55
7.90
nce Dista
= 23m
34.12
19
DESIGN
2
Mechanical
6.55
7.50
34.11
N
7.90
6.00
7.50
6.55
7.90
Ret sup
Fresh
20
Air
34.12
2
DESIGN Core Design
Storage
Mechanical room
21
Storage
Electrical room
Service and ďŹ re elevator
Service and ďŹ re elevator
Staircase
Staircase
2
DESIGN Plumbing
Water Supply layout 1.25m Potable water supply Hot water supply Treated water Supply
1.2m Mainutenance Access
Drainage Piping Layout Floor drain
Clean out
22
Section
Hot water retutn
0.5m
Veut stack Solid stack with Ventilation
2
PLANS Elevation and Secsion
North Elevation
13
Section A-A
1.0 Consept approach 2.0 Architectural designs 3
Structure 4.0 Building systems 5.0 Energy conspsion 6.0 3D Shots
3
STRUCTURE Wood structural types
All Wood
24
Wood Steel Hybrids
Wood Concrete Hybrid
3
STRUCTURE Wood structural types
Wood Steel Hybrids
OfďŹ ces tower
All Wood
Commercial
25
Wood Steel Hybrids
3
26
STRUCTURE Wood structural
3
27
STRUCTURE Wood structural joints
3
28
STRUCTURE Wood structural joints
3
29
STRUCTURE Wood structural joints
3
30
STRUCTURE Wood structural joints
3
31
STRUCTURE Wood structural Design
3
32
STRUCTURE Wood structural Design
3
STRUCTURE Wood structural Design
3D shot
Section and Plan
Manufacturing and cutting method to make it faster and less waste
33
3
34
STRUCTURE Wood structural Design
STRUCTURE
3
Wood structural Design
Step 1
35
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
3
36
STRUCTURE Wood structural Design
3
31
STRUCTURE Wood structural Design
3
31
STRUCTURE Wood structural Design
3
39
STRUCTURE Wood structural Design
3
STRUCTURE Wood structural Design
Step 1
40
Step 2
Step 3
3
STRUCTURE Wood structural Design
Step 4
41
Step 5
3
STRUCTURE Wood structural Design
Step 6
42
Step 7
3
STRUCTURE Wood structural Design
Step 8
43
1.1
3.0 Structure 1.0 Consept approach 2.0 Architectural designs 3.0 Structure 4
Building systems 5.0 Energy conspsion 6.0 3D Shots
33
4
VENTILATION Ventilation
Study the wind movement and ventilation to find solutions to benefit from it and raise the quality of the user experience and to save energy
NNW
30%
N NNE
25%
NW
NE
20% 15%
WNW
ENE
10%
6-8 m/s
5% W
E
0%
4-6 m/s 2-4 m/s 0-2 m/s
WSW
ESE SW
SE SSW
SSE S
Winter
NNW
25%
N NNE
20%
NW
NE
15% WNW
ENE
10%
6-8 m/s
5% W
E
0%
4-6 m/s 2-4 m/s 0-2 m/s
WSW
ESE SW
SE SSW
SSE S
Summer
45
4
VENTILATION Podium Ventilation
Study the wind movement and ventilation to find solutions to benefit from it and raise the quality of the user experience and to save energy Study ventilation in the commercial part
NNW
30%
N NNE
25%
NW
NE
20% 15%
WNW
ENE
10%
6-8 m/s
5% W
E
0%
4-6 m/s 2-4 m/s 0-2 m/s
WSW
ESE SW
SE SSW
SSE S
Winter
NNW
25%
N NNE
20%
NW
NE
15% WNW
ENE
10%
6-8 m/s
5% W
E
0%
4-6 m/s 2-4 m/s 0-2 m/s
WSW
ESE SW
SE SSW
SSE S
Summer
46
VENTILATION
4
Podium Ventilation
Plane Height 2m
Framework
Plane Height 6m
Wind Velocity 3.0
Item
Unit
Value
2.5
Umet
[m/s]
2.10
2.0
Exponent α
[-]
0.33
[m]
460
Plane Height
[m]
2-6
Layer Thickness δ
1.5 1.0 0.5 0 m/s Wind Direction
Wind Direction
Wind Velocity
Comfortable Wind velocity range
3.0
Activity
Unit
Wind velocity
Sitting
[m/s]
0- 2.6
Standing
[m/s]
0- 3.9
Walking
[m/s]
0- 5.4
Uncomfortable
[m/s]
> 5.5
2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0 m/s Wind Direction
47
Wind Direction
VENTILATION
4
OfďŹ ses Ventilation
Study the wind movement and ventilation to find solutions to benefit from it and raise the quality of the user experience and to save energy Study ventilation in the offices
NNW NW
14%
N NNE
12%
NE
10% 8% 6%
WNW
ENE
4%
8-10 m/s 6-8 m/s
2% W
E
0%
4-6 m/s 2-4 m/s
WSW
0-2 m/s
ESE SW
SE SSW
SSE S
Annual Wind Profile 140
Height above ground [m]
120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Wind speed [m/s]
48
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
4
VENTILATION OfďŹ ses Ventilation Concept
Cross Ventilation AHU
AHU
49
4
VENTILATION Offises Ventilation Concept 4.8 4.0 3.2 2.4
Hight: 30m 7th Floor
1.6 0.8 0 Framework
Comfortable Wind velocity range
50
Activity
Unit
Wind velocity
Item
Unit
Value
Sitting
[m/s]
0- 2.6
Umet
[m/s]
2.10
Standing
[m/s]
0- 3.9
[-]
0.33
Walking
[m/s]
0- 5.4
Exponent α
[m]
460
Uncomfortable
[m/s]
> 5.5
Plane Height
[m]
2-6
Layer Thickness δ
m/s Hight: 90m 21th Floor
4
VENTILATION Offises Ventilation Concept 4.8
Framework
Comfortable Wind velocity range Activity
Unit
Wind velocity
Item
Unit
Value
Sitting
[m/s]
0- 2.6
Umet
[m/s]
2.10
Standing
[m/s]
0- 3.9
[-]
0.33
Walking
[m/s]
0- 5.4
Exponent α
[m]
460
Uncomfortable
[m/s]
> 5.5
Plane Height
[m]
2-6
Layer Thickness δ
4.0 3.2 2.4
Hight: 30m 7th Floor
1.6 0.8 0
AHU
51
m/s Hight: 90m 21th Floor
4
VENTILATION OfďŹ ses Ventilation Concept
Cross Ventilation in high floors Wind speed 4.6 [m/s]
Allow air to enter from above to purification the air
Wind speed 3.5 [m/s]
52
4
VENTILATION Offises Ventilation Concept 3.2
Framework
Comfortable Wind velocity range Activity
Unit
Wind velocity
Item
Unit
Value
Sitting
[m/s]
0- 2.6
Umet
[m/s]
2.10
Standing
[m/s]
0- 3.9
[-]
0.33
Walking
[m/s]
0- 5.4
Exponent α
[m]
460
Uncomfortable
[m/s]
> 5.5
Plane Height
[m]
2-6
Layer Thickness δ
2.4
1.6
0.8
0
m/s
Hight: 30m 7th Floor
Wind speed 4.6 [m/s]
o
30
Wind speed 3.5 [m/s]
Hight: 90m 21th Floor
53
VENTILATION Offises Ventilation Concept Comfortable Wind velocity range
3.2
Framework
Activity
Unit
Wind velocity
Item
Unit
Value
Sitting
[m/s]
0- 2.6
Umet
[m/s]
2.10
Standing
[m/s]
0- 3.9
0.33
[m/s]
0- 5.4
Exponent α
[-]
Walking
[m]
460
Uncomfortable
[m/s]
> 5.5
Plane Height
[m]
2-6
Layer Thickness δ
2.4
1.6
0.8
0
m/s
Hight: 30m 7th Floor
Wind speed 4.6 [m/s]
o
45
Wind speed 3.5 [m/s]
Hight: 90m 21th Floor
54
4
VENTILATION Offises Ventilation Concept 3.2
Framework
Comfortable Wind velocity range Activity
Unit
Wind velocity
Item
Unit
Value
Sitting
[m/s]
0- 2.6
Umet
[m/s]
2.10
Standing
[m/s]
0- 3.9
[-]
0.33
Walking
[m/s]
0- 5.4
Exponent α
[m]
460
Uncomfortable
[m/s]
> 5.5
Plane Height
[m]
2-6
Layer Thickness δ
2.4
1.6
0.8
0
m/s
Hight: 30m 7th Floor
Wind speed 4.6 [m/s]
o
60
Wind speed 3.5 [m/s]
Hight: 90m 21th Floor
55
RAIN WATER
1.1 4
Area
Water tank size
Water Tank:
3
2x2.5x4=20m
x2
2
Catchment area = 3828 m Maximum daily rainfall = 9.5mm
790 sqm
2.5m
Rainwater Delivered = 3828 x 9.5 Rainwater Delivered = 36,366 L Water Tank Size = 37 m3
3028 sqm
2m
Rain water tank should be located close to the shaft, therefore it’s located north to the shaft Tank location
56
4m
RAIN WATER
4
Grey Water
Area
Water usage The Average employee water consumption in ofďŹ ce buildings is 60L 60 x 1370 = 82,000 Total water consumption = 82,000L/day Distributed as follow: - Toilet Flushing 63% - Washing 27% - Other 10%
3
2x2x3=12m
2m 3028 sqm
2m
Tank location
57
x2
790 sqm
Grey water = 78,000 x 0.27 = 22,140L 3 Grey water = 22m
Grey water tank should be located close to the shaft, therefore it’s located north to the shaft
Water tank size
3m
RAIN WATER
4
Water Tanks
Area
3
2x4x5=40m
Potable Water Tank 78m
x2
790 sqm
3m
Rain Water Tank 19+19=38m
3028 sqm
2m
Grey Water Tank 11+11= 22m Water tanks will be locetd near to the shaft to deliver water to the roof through the shaft Tank location
58
Water tank size
5m
SOLAR SYSTEM
4
-
+ +
-
Ba�ery Bank
Solar Panels used for the systems were chosen on Efficiency and width and length cpmpatability with the building
Building Electricity
Charge Controller Solar PV Panels
Inverter
PV Panel Item
Unit
Amount
Type
[-]
Monocrystalline
Temperature coefficient
[%]
0
Efficiency
[%]
20.49
Width
[m]
1.00
Length
[m]
1.65
Output Voltage
[V]
32.40
Output Current
[A]
10.36
1.65 m
1.00 m
59
anels 306 P anels 306 P
4
SOLAR SYSTEM Solar Panels
PV array can work on series or parallel, the series will collect volts, while the parallel will collect the amperes
Series
32.4V 10.4A
32.4V 10.4A
Parallel
32.4V 10.4A
32.4V 10.4A
Total Voltage: 32.4 V Total Current: 41.6 A Total Power: 1350 W
V N
Horizontal Series
Voltage
306 Panels
N Parallel Current
A
The system will work on parallel to avoid the high voltage on the invertor
60
Number of modules: 612 Total Voltage: 32.4 V Total Current: 41.6 A Total Power: 1350 W
306 Panels
4
SOLAR SYSTEM Energy Production
Roof Energy Production (South)
14000 ١٤٠٠٠
14000 ١٤٠٠٠
12000 ١٢٠٠٠
12000 ١٢٠٠٠
Enegy Produced [kWh]
Enegy Produced [kWh]
Roof Energy Production (Norh)
10000 ١٠٠٠٠ 8000 ٨٠٠٠ 6000 ٦٠٠٠ 4000 ٤٠٠٠ 2000 ٢٠٠٠ 0٠
8000 ٨٠٠٠ 6000 ٦٠٠٠ 4000 ٤٠٠٠ 2000 ٢٠٠٠
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Total energy: 109,797 kWh
Item
Oct
Nov
0٠
Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Total energy: 109,986 kWh
PV System
61
10000 ١٠٠٠٠
PV System Unit
Amount
Modules
[-]
306
Cable losses
[%]
1
Item
Unit
Amount
Modules
[-]
306
Cable losses
[%]
1
Oct
Nov
Dec
1.1
1.0 Consept approach 2.0 Architectural designs 3.0 Structure 4.0 Building systems 5
Energy conspsion 6.0 3D Shots
5
ENERGY CONSUMPTION
Energy calculations for several cases of a building to see the building's consumption and know how much energy was saved in it.
Case 2:Energy consumption of the building after the concept and preventing the sun from entering directly. Case 3:Building energy consumption after raising the efficiency of glass and making the (U-value 1.1).
35 ٣٥
Energy Consumption (kWh/m٢2 )
Case 1:Calculate the energy consumption of the building in case it had glass facades with (U-value 1.9) ,and without any treatmen.
Energy Consumption 30 ٣٠
Case 1
25 ٢٥
Case 2
20 ٢٠
Case 3 Case 4
١٥ 15 10 ١٠ 5 ٥
٠ 0
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Case ١1
Case 4:Energy consumption of the building after using solar energy.
Jun
Case Case ٢2
Jul
Aug
Sep
Case ٣3 Case
Oct
Nov
Dec
Case Case ٤4
2
Average energy consumption (kWh/m .a) Note:these calculations without calculating how much natural ventilation provided in the building after its application and this will be a very important factor because air conditioning is the most energy-consuming element in the building
62
Case 1= 28.3
Case 2= 23.7
-16%
Case 3=17.3
-39%
Case 4 =15.1
-47%
1.1
1.0 Consept approach 2.0 Architectural designs 3.0 Structure 4.0 Building systems 5.0 Energy conspsion 6
3D Shots
6
3D SHOTS
6
3D SHOTS
6
3D SHOTS
Thank you