Potential of The Townhouse Building Type for Energy Efficiency Over Conventional Housing Typologies

KING ABDULAZIZ UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING

AR 602 Advanced Studio III

Potential of The Townhouse Building Type for Energy Efficiency Over Conventional Housing Typologies (A Comparative Study)

STUDY BY / Hosam M. Qadry

SUPERVISOR / Dr-Ing. Mohannad Bayoumi

1.0

1.1 1.2 1.3

2.0

2.1

2.2 2.3 3.0

3.1 3.2

4.0

4.1 4.2

4.3 4.4 5.0

Content

5.1 5.2

5.3 5.4 6.0

6.1 6.2

Introduction / Background Knowledge Research Aim

00 05 06

Research Problem

07

Literature Review /

08

Market Analysis: Energy Efficiency point of view

09

Literature Reviw Summary

20

Townhouse Energy Performane Compared to Residential Typologies 12

Hypothesis / Effect of built-up Area on Housing Efficiency Building Typologies Energy Performane Measurment Methodology / Methodology: Analysis Process Methodology Framework Simulation Tools and Identification Cases Selection Method Results and Discussion / Building Typologies Comparison Effects of Minor Enchantments on Townhouse Case Alignment of Area Reduction on Townhouse Model Cases Feasibility Comparison Conclusion / Conclusion and Recommendations References

22 23 24 25 26 27

29 32 37 38 40

44 46 49 50 51

1.0 Introduction / 1.1 Background Knowledge 1.2 Research Aim 1.3 Research Problem

1.0 Introduction

00 00 00 00

1.0 Introduction

Housing Affordability in Saudi Arabia Residential Sector Energy Performance Risk Indicators

1.0 Introduction / 1.1.0

Background knowledge

1.1.1 Housing Affordability in Saudi Arabia 1.1.2 Residential Sector Energy Performance Risk Indicators 1.2.0

Research Aim

1.2.1 Potential of The Townhouse 1.3.0

Research Problem

1.3.1 Problem Statement 2.0 Leterature Review /

1.1.1 Housing Affordability In Saudi Arabia

Owning a home is perhaps one of the largest investments that families make in most societies. An adequate house ensures that this house is comfortable, safe, and satisfies all the family’s requirements, based on a cooperative selection process that includes many aspects to consider that will affect the decision.

3.0 Hypothesis / 4.0 Methodology/ 5.0 Results And Discussion / 6.0 Conclusion /

In general, we find that the energy efficiency of the dwelling in the Kingdom is one of the least priorities because of low electricity prices and so the effects are not felt by the individuals.

Housing sector is the most energy consuming sector in KSA Net Electricity Consumption Percentage in KSA by Sector (2019)

The issue of energy consumption in the residential sector is not clear because its effects does not apear on the surface, and because of the lack of sufficient data and statistics that may provide indications of the performance in this sector.

Many factors affect this sector, but it can be said that some indicators are showing that the performance of housing in terms of energy in KSA is low compared to other countries.

Residential Sector Energy Performane Negative Indicators:

6%

Residential

12%

Industrial Commercial

1.1.2 Residential Sector Energy Performance Risk Indicators

ENERGY DEMAND PER CAPITA

RESIDENTIAL SECTOR ENERGY CONSUMPTION

HIGH CONSUMPTION EFFECTS

HUMAM ATTITUDE

48%

14%

Government Others

05

20%

1.0 Introduction Research Aim

1.0 Introduction / 1.1.0

Background knowledge

1.1.1 Housing Affordability in Saudi Arabia 1.1.2 Residential Sector Energy Performance Risk Indicators 1.2.0

Research Aim

1.2.1 Potential of The Townhouse 1.3.0

Research Problem

1.3.1 Problem Statement 2.0 Leterature Review /

Potential in the Townhouse

1.2.0 Research Aim

1.2.1 Potentialof The Townhouse

Energy efficiency in a house is not a stand-alone factor that if it is obtained it could be enough for a dwelling. The Saudi families had different cultures and activities in their houses which affected the selections of their houses[45][46].To provide an adequate solution, it must be ensured that this energy-efficient solution does not affect other housing considerations.

According to Hachem-Vermette and Singh &Takano et al., the Townhouse has performed well in the aspect of a sustainable building type. Recognized for their high density and resources conservation, townhouses are attracting homebuyers and builders once again. With housing affordability being an issue in many nations, the interior and the exterior must be cost effective.Friedman & Whitwham.[3][4][5]

3.0 Hypothesis /

Housing Consideration Categorise

4.0 Methodology/ 5.0 Results And Discussion / 6.0 Conclusion /

ENERGY EFFICIENCY EX: Operation Consumption, Renewable energy

USER REQUIREMENTS

AFFORDABILITY EX: Initial price, Resale price

QUALITY OF LIFE STANDARDS https://www.more-arch.de/proj-

EX: More space, Extra privicy, Location to family

EX: Daylighting, Location to services, Facilities

This study is concerned with achieving energy efficiency in terms of operation.

06

An energy-efficient house is a house that reduces energy consumption and Co2 emissions produced by this energy.[6]

1.0 Introduction

Research Problem

1.0 Introduction / 1.1.0

Background knowledge

1.1.1 Housing Affordability in Saudi Arabia 1.1.2 Residential Sector Energy Performance Risk Indicators 1.2.0

Research Aim

1.2.1 Potential of The Townhouse 1.3.0

Research Problem

1.3.1 Problem Statement 2.0 Leterature Review / 3.0 Hypothesis / 4.0 Methodology/ 5.0 Results And Discussion /

Problem Statement

Research Gap

Research Question

Research Goals

Thesis Statement

1.3.1 Problem Statement

Research Gap

Research Question

Today in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, we find that the housing sector is active, and therefore the market encourages the production of units, and families to own homes hastily, which leads to a selection of a house that does not meet the needs of the family, and is inefficient in terms of energy efficiency.

There is no direct evidence that proves that the Saudi dwellings are energy efficient.

What is the potential for energy efficiency in the townhouse compared to conventional residential building types in Saudi Arabia?

6.0 Conclusion /

ENERGY EFFICIENCY

AFFORDABILITY

USER REQUIREMENTS

QUALITY OF LIFE STANDARDS

07

There is no direct evidence or a comparison of actual samples between the townhouse and other topologies that can test the energy performance quantitatively in Saudi Arabia.

Research Goals To prove that the townhouse in a raw case is more efficient than its rivals.

To measure the differences in energy performance brtween housing typologies To come up with a concept of a townhouse that achieves maximum energy efficiency

Thesis Statement

The argument in this research is that the townhouse can outperform the conventional dwelling types (Apartments, Townhouses, Villas) in Saudi Arabia in terms of energy efficiency.

00 2.0 Literature Review 2.1 Market Analysis: Energy Efficiency Point of View 00 2.2 Townhouse Energy Performance Compared to Other Residential Typologies 00 2.3

2.0 Literature Review

Literature Review Summary

00

2.0 Literature Review

Market Analysis: Residential Sector Consumption

1.0 Introduction / 2.0 Leterature Review / 2.1.0

Market Analysis: Energy Efficiency Point of View

2.1.1 Residential Sector Energy Demand Growth 2.1.2 Residential Sector Energy Performance Indicators 2.1.3 Domestic Behavior and Standards 2.2.0

Townhouse Energy Performance Compared to Other Residential Typologies

2.2.1 Building Type Effect on Neighborhoods Energy Performance

2.1.0 Market Analysis: Energy Efficiency 2.1.1 Residential Sector Energy Demand Growth Point Of View The residential sector is the most energy-consuming sector in Saudi Arabia, where it consumes almost half of the energy generated. Considering the statistics and numbers, there is no evidence that the residential sector is performing well in the aspect of energy efficiency.[2] Net Electricity Consumption in KSA by Sector (2019)

2.2.2 Building Life Cycle Energy Balance 2.2.3 Townhouse Capability of Passive Cooling Strategies 2.3.0

Literature Review Summary

Market Analysis: Resources and Prices

Sector

2.3.1 Literature Review Summary 2.3.2 Literature Review Response 3.0 Hypothesis / 4.0 Methodology/ 5.0 Results And Discussion / 6.0 Conclusion /

138.9

Industrial

57.9

Commercial

40.5

Government

34.7

Others

17.4

To t al

289.3

Residential

12%

Industrial

48%

14%

Government Others 20%

Electricity prices change in between 2016 - 2018

300

2016

250

Establishment of SEEC 2012

200

2018

2012

150

OECD show that the member countries has a close propotion between energy demand and population growth .[52]

6% Average Annual Growth

100 50 0 1990

Saudi Arabia Population Growth (1990 - 2019)

6%

09

According to Soman, the electricity demand in Saudi Arabia has been increasing by a 6% average annual growth.

Consumption (TWh)

Resedential

Commercial

Net Electricity Sales Growth (TWh) in KSA ( 1990 - 2019 )

350

Population growth in Saudi Arabia could be almost constant from the 90s, comparing the two graphs shows that the population did not affect energy demand which could mean that people use electricity inefficiently.

IEA stated that it is expexted that the electricity prices might grow by 4% by the end of 2022 driven by the global economic recovery.[8][31]

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

2020

40000000 35000000 30000000 25000000 20000000

3% Average Annual Growth

15000000 10000000 5000000 0 1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

2020

2.0 Literature Review

Residential Sector Energy Performance Indicators

1.0 Introduction / 2.0 Leterature Review / 2.1.0

Market Analysis: Energy Efficiency Point of View

2.1.2.1 Residential Sector Consumption Percentage Comparison

2.1.1 Residential Sector Energy Demand Growth

2.1.3 Domestic Behavior and Standards Townhouse Energy Performance Compared to Other Residential Typologies

47.6% Saudi Arabia

151

137.7

44.8%

2.2.1 Building Type Effect on Neighborhoods Energy Performance

Kuwait

2.2.2 Building Life Cycle Energy Balance

33

27.0

44.7% Oman

2.2.3 Townhouse Capability of Passive Cooling Strategies 2.3.0

When comparing the same countries with the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in terms of per capita energy share, we find that the average of this figure was 3,128 kWh in 2019, while we find that the per capita share in the Kingdom is 8,301kWh, equivalent to 2.6 times the global average.

Final Energy Consumption and Residential Sector Consumption Comparison (TWh)

2.1.2 Residential Sector Energy Performance Indicators

2.2.0

2.1.2.2 Energy Demand per Capita

19

15.1

3,128 kWh

8,301 kWh

19.5

Global Average Consumption per Capita

KSA Average Consumption per Capita

44.7%

Literature Review Summary Qatar

2.3.1 Literature Review Summary

24

2.3.2 Literature Review Response

39.2%

3.0 Hypothesis /

Turkey

154

99.2

4.0 Methodology/

37.5%

5.0 Results And Discussion / 6.0 Conclusion /

USA

2,393

Capita Share of Energy Consumption (kWh)

1,436.6

33.3% UAE

18,000.00

84

16,000.00

41.8

15,395.12

14,332.97

14,000.00

31.6% Germany

373

0%

172.7

156

10%

20%

30%

40%

10,000.00

Other Sectors Consumption

10

60%

70%

80%

8,301.29

8,213.00

8,000.00

90%

Residential Sector Consumption

6,517.96

6,793.99

6,000.00

58.7

50%

11,570.76

12,000.00

27.4% Australia

12,865.22

3,034.89

4,000.00 100%

2,000.00 0.00 Qatar

Kuwait

UAE

USA

Saudi Arabia

Australia

Germany

Oman

Turkey

2.0 Literature Review

Residential Sector Energy Performance Indicators

1.0 Introduction / 2.0 Leterature Review / 2.1.0

2.1.2.4 HUMAN ATTITUDE

2.1.3

There are several factors that encourage high energy consumption by people.

Regulations play an important role in decreasing energy in housing. When comparing these regulations in the Kingdom with other countries, we find that the standards are low locally, and thus stimulates the market to maintain low-quality products.

Market Analysis: Energy Efficiency Point of View

2.1.1 Residential Sector Energy Demand Growth 2.1.2 Residential Sector Energy Performance Indicators 2.1.3 Domestic Behavior and Standards 2.2.0

Energy Demand

High Average Family Income

Townhouse Energy Performance Compared to Other Residential Typologies

11,986

2.2.1 Building Type Effect on Neighborhoods Energy Performance 2.2.2 Building Life Cycle Energy Balance

SR

Average monthly household income in Saudi Arabia in 2018.[52]

Increasing the demand on AC systems https://www.purple-roof.com/post/how-green-roofs-mitigate-heat-island-effects

2.2.3 Townhouse Capability of Passive Cooling Strategies 2.3.0

Domestic Behavior And Standards

Country

Large Houses

Literature Review Summary

2.3.1 Literature Review Summary 2.3.2 Literature Review Response

197

3.0 Hypothesis / 4.0 Methodology/ 5.0 Results And Discussion / 6.0 Conclusion /

m

2

Average Saudi dwelling area after Australia and America, (214) and (201).[53]

+

Energy Consumption

+

Co2 Emissions.

Hot Climate

According to GAS, 21% of Saudis pay more than 15% of the income on energy bils.[52]

11

U-Value Comparison in Selected Countries

+

Electricity Bills

U-Value (W/m2K)

Australia

2.0

Germany

1.3

Saudi Arabia

2.7

USA

1.4

China

1.6

These regulations focus mainly on the energy consumption of HVAC systems, as it is the highest consumer in the residential sector

70%

52%

Of Residential buildings are not thermally insulated

Of Residential Sector Consumtion is by HVAC system

2.0 Literature Review 2.2 Townhouse Energy Performane Compared to Other Residential Typologies

2.0 Literature Review

Building Type Effect on Neighborhods Energy Performane

1.0 Introduction / 2.0 Leterature Review / 2.1.0

Market Analysis: Energy Efficiency Point of View

2.1.1 Residential Sector Energy Demand Growth 2.1.2 Residential Sector Energy Performance Indicators 2.1.3 Domestic Behavior and Standards 2.2.0

Townhouse Energy Performance Compared to Other Residential Typologies

2.2.1 Building Type Effect on Neighborhoods Energy Performance

2.2.1 Building Type Effect On Neighborhoods Energy Performane

An example of the mixed-use neighborhood scenarios

Hachem-Vermette and Singh Conducted an experiment to make a selection method between different mixtures within a mixed-use neighborhood, to investigate the best energy performance mixture. The method includes energy Consumption, PV potential, waste energy potential, and GHG emissions.[3]

2.2.2 Building Life Cycle Energy Balance 2.2.3 Townhouse Capability of Passive Cooling Strategies 2.3.0

Literature Review Summary

Main Parameters

2.3.1 Literature Review Summary 2.3.2 Literature Review Response 3.0 Hypothesis / 4.0 Methodology/ 5.0 Results And Discussion / 6.0 Conclusion /

Total Built-up Proption Residential

Commerical

75%

25%

Parameter Description SD single detached proportion TH townhouse proportion AP apartment proportion O office proportion R retail proportion SD supermarket proportion

Commercial 25%

SD %

Townhouse Single Detached

Measured Parameters

Parameter

13

Unit

NEC

GWh/y

RoP

-

PV

GWh/y

WtE

GWh/y

GHG

kt CO2e/y

Description net energy consumption ratio of RE to net energy consumption PV electricity generation potential waste to energy generation green house gasses emissions

AP %

Apartment TH %

Commercial

2.0 Literature Review

Building Type Effect on Neighborhods Energy Performane

1.0 Introduction /

Best Scenario for PV

2.0 Leterature Review / 2.1.0

Market Analysis: Energy Efficiency Point of View

2.1.1 Residential Sector Energy Demand Growth 2.1.2 Residential Sector Energy Performance Indicators 2.1.3 Domestic Behavior and Standards 2.2.0

Townhouse Energy Performance Compared to Other Residential Typologies

2.2.1 Building Type Effect on Neighborhoods Energy Performance

Hachem-Vermette and Singh Conducted an experiment to make a selection method between different mixtures within a mixed-use neighborhood, to investigate the best energy performance mixture. The method includes energy Consumption, PV potential, waste energy potential, and GHG emissions.[3]

Best Scenario for NEC

SD 5%

Best Scenario for WtE

C 25%

C 25%

C 25%

SD 27%

SD 36% AP 3%

AP 7%

TH 63%

AP 7%

TH 36%

TH 41%

2.2.2 Building Life Cycle Energy Balance 2.2.3 Townhouse Capability of Passive Cooling Strategies 2.3.0

Literature Review Summary

Scenario 1

2.3.1 Literature Review Summary 2.3.2 Literature Review Response

PV

17.76 (GWh/y)

WtE 7.55 (GWh/y)

3.0 Hypothesis /

Scenario 10

NEC 15.01 (GWh/y)

PV

16.07 (GWh/y)

GHG -2.69 (kt CO2e/y)

WtE 7.28 (GWh/y)

Scenario 5

NEC 13.73 (GWh/y)

PV

16.76 (GWh/y)

GHG -2.34 (kt CO2e/y)

WtE 8.21 (GWh/y)

4.0 Methodology/ 5.0 Results And Discussion / 6.0 Conclusion /

Summary of near optimal combinations for combined residential and commercial mixture optimization

Table Keys Residential buildings composition Commercial buildings composition Results

14

NEC 14.89 (GWh/y) GHG -2.00 (kt CO2e/y)

2.0 Literature Review

Building Life Cycle Energy Balance

1.0 Introduction / 2.0 Leterature Review / 2.1.0

Market Analysis: Energy Efficiency Point of View

2.1.1 Residential Sector Energy Demand Growth 2.1.2 Residential Sector Energy Performance Indicators

2.2.2 Building Life Cycle Energy Balance An experiment conducted by Takano et al., Where they made a comparison between four different typologies within a complex context that contains:[4]

2.1.3 Domestic Behavior and Standards 2.2.0

Deatached House Row House Townhouse Apartment

Townhouse Energy Performance Compared to Other Residential Typologies

2.2.1 Building Type Effect on Neighborhoods Energy Performance

(DH) (RH) (TH) (AB)

Light weight timber Cross laminated timber Reinforced concrete light gauge steel

(LWT) (CLT) (RC) (STL)

2.2.2 Building Life Cycle Energy Balance 2.2.3 Townhouse Capability of Passive Cooling Strategies 2.3.0

Renewable Energy Non-renewable Energy

Literature Review Summary

2.3.1 Literature Review Summary 2.3.2 Literature Review Response

Manufacuring Maintenance Operation End Life Net Energy benifit

(PER) (PENR)

3.0 Hypothesis / 4.0 Methodology/

Cases basic information and Parameters

5.0 Results And Discussion / 6.0 Conclusion /

Units Story Gross Flor Area Net Heated Floor Area Foundation + ground floor slab Exterior wall party wall Interior structural wall Intermediate floor Party floor Roof Window / Door Staircase

15

DH 1 2 120 96 48 186 0 0 52 0 60 10

RH 3 2 360 316 154 301 103 0 166 0 180 32

TH 3 3 540 475 154 453 230 0 166 166 180 47

included in the intermediate and party floor

AB 20 4 1,920 1,775 425 933 684 197 0 1,335 480 178

Plan and section of the reference building models with the indication of building elements

2.0 Literature Review

Building Life Cycle Energy Balance

(LCEB): Construction Frame Effect

1.0 Introduction /

2.2.2.1 (LCEB): CONSTRUCTION FRAME EFFECT

2.0 Leterature Review / 2.1.0

Market Analysis: Energy Efficiency Point of View

Life cycle primary energy balance (renewable (PER) and non-renewable (PENR)) of the reference building with the four structural frame materials

2.1.1 Residential Sector Energy Demand Growth 2.1.2 Residential Sector Energy Performance Indicators 2.1.3 Domestic Behavior and Standards 2.2.0

Townhouse Energy Performance Compared to Other Residential Typologies

This result indicates the importance of looking out over the building life cycle when selecting the building material. For instance, CLT showed the largest primary energy consumption, which mainly originates in module A1-3.

2.2.1 Building Type Effect on Neighborhoods Energy Performance 2.2.2 Building Life Cycle Energy Balance 2.2.3 Townhouse Capability of Passive Cooling Strategies 2.3.0

Takano et al Stated that in general, the influence of the frame material selection seems to be relatively minor compared to the differences in the housing types. However, the differences between the wooden buildings (LWT and CLT) and non-wooden buildings (RC and Steel) are quite visible in module A1-3, C and D, corresponding with.

On the other hand, it also has the largest energy ben- efit from recycling of the building materials at the EoL stage. As a consequence, CLT shows the best results on the basis of the life cycle energy balance, which are more or less the same as LWT, which has the lowest energy consumption.[4]

Literature Review Summary

2.3.1 Literature Review Summary 2.3.2 Literature Review Response 3.0 Hypothesis / 4.0 Methodology/ 5.0 Results And Discussion / 6.0 Conclusion /

LCEB differnce percentage from detached house

Construction Frame doesn't influence Energy consumption as significantly as Building types.

50%

45%

45% 40% 35%

30%

30% 25% 20%

20%

15% 10% 5% 0% Row house

16

Townhouse

Apartment Block

2.0 Literature Review

Building Life Cycle Energy Balance

1.0 Introduction / 2.0 Leterature Review / 2.1.0 2.1.1 Residential Sector Energy Demand Growth 2.1.2 Residential Sector Energy Performance Indicators 2.1.3 Domestic Behavior and Standards 2.2.0

Compactness Index

2.2.2.3 Compactness Index According to Bekkouche et al., Compactness inex is the ratio between the building’s envelop surface to the inner volume, the detached house is the highest energy consumer, the and hence, the rate of heat exchange of the building with the outdoors. row house the second (about 20% less), the townhouse the third (about 30% less) and the apartment block the However, A favourable compactness ratio is considered to be one were the A/V ratio ≤ 0.7 m2/m3.[18] lowest (about 45% less).

Townhouse Energy Performance Compared to Other Residential Typologies

20m

EX1

20m

EX2

Detached House, Row House, Townhouse, Apartment Block,

2.2.1 Building Type Effect on Neighborhoods Energy Performance 2.2.2 Building Life Cycle Energy Balance 2.2.3 Townhouse Capability of Passive Cooling Strategies

- 20% - 30% - 45%

2.3.0

The differences appear evenly among the building life cycle stages.

2.3.1 Literature Review Summary

20m

2.3.2 Literature Review Response 3.0 Hypothesis /

20m

4.0 Methodology/

The influence of structural material selection is relatively minor compared to the differences in the housing types.

5.0 Results And Discussion / 6.0 Conclusion /

Net Floor Area

XxYx3

20x40x3

Number of Facades Exposed Facade Area Compactness Ratio

17

2XxZ

2,400 m2

Facade Area

600

Net Floor Area

2,400

XxYx3

20x40x3

Number of Facades Exposed

2

2x20x15

Net Floor Area

600 m

2

0.25

Facade Area Compactness Ratio

2(X+Y)xZ

In principle, the life cycle energy efficiency of a building increases as the number of stories and floor area increase.

The

2,400 m2

4

2x(20+40)x15

Facade Area

1,800

Net Floor Area

2,400

1,800 m

2

0.75

2.0 Literature Review

Townhouse Capability of Passive Cooling Strategies

1.0 Introduction / 2.0 Leterature Review / 2.1.0 2.1.1 Residential Sector Energy Demand Growth 2.1.2 Residential Sector Energy Performance Indicators 2.1.3 Domestic Behavior and Standards 2.2.0

Townhouse Energy Performance Compared to Other Residential Typologies

2.2.4 Townhouse Capability of Passive Cooling Strategies An optimization experiment was conducted by David Mrugala in a townhouse in Bangkok. In the simplest form, he aims to reduce the indoor quality passively through design which shall reduce the heat gain and energy consumption.[43] The next graphs will preview the building before and after the optimization.

2.2.1 Building Type Effect on Neighborhoods Energy Performance 2.2.2 Building Life Cycle Energy Balance 2.2.3 Townhouse Capability of Passive Cooling Strategies 2.3.0

Building Materials - Base Case

Materials Roof Concrete tile Ceiling Gypsum board, 10mm Brick with plaster, 10cm Wall 20cm Window / Sliding Door Green glass, 6mm Concrete slab and Ceramic All Floor finishing tile

U-Value (W/m2K) R=0.0524 m2K/W 3.322 1.942 5.25 -

Building Materials - Revised Case Materials Concrete tile, Fiberglass, Roof 50mm Ceiling Gypsum board, 10mm Exterior wall: Cement plaster 1.5cm, Cool block 7cm, Cement plaster Wall 1.5cm Interior wall: Brick with plaster 10cm 20cm Window / Sliding Door Green glass, 6mm Concrete slab and Ceramic All Floor finishing tile

U-Value (W/m2K) R=1.515 m2K/W R=0.0524 m2K/W 0.6755

3.322 1.942 5.25 -

2.3.1 Literature Review Summary 2.3.2 Literature Review Response 3.0 Hypothesis / 4.0 Methodology/ 5.0 Results And Discussion / 6.0 Conclusion /

GF

1ST Indication 1 2 3 4 5 6

2ND

18

Description Living room Dining Room Family room Bedroom 3 Bedroom 1 Bedroom 2

Roof material, shape

Window sunshade

Interior walls

Exterior walls

2.0 Literature Review

Townhouse Resistance to Heat Load

1.0 Introduction / 2.0 Leterature Review / 2.1.0 2.1.1 Residential Sector Energy Demand Growth 2.1.2 Residential Sector Energy Performance Indicators 2.1.3 Domestic Behavior and Standards 2.2.0

Townhouse Energy Performance Compared to Other Residential Typologies

2.2.1 Building Type Effect on Neighborhoods Energy Performance 2.2.2 Building Life Cycle Energy Balance 2.2.3 Townhouse Capability of Passive Cooling Strategies 2.3.0 2.3.1 Literature Review Summary 2.3.2 Literature Review Response 3.0 Hypothesis / 4.0 Methodology/ 5.0 Results And Discussion / 6.0 Conclusion /

Passive Cooling Strategies

2.2.4.1 Passive Cooling Strategies

The results are a chain of reasoning due to taken measures, such as zoning (buffer zones) and employment of materials with higher thermal resistance for the building envelope. According to the simulation, materials with small thermal capacity are recommended particularly for the exterior walls where the direct sunlight is unavoidable.[43] However a reduction of interior temperature by means of a suitable design can reduce the cooling load of the air conditioner and decreases the electric consumption of the building significantly.[43]

19

Base Case - Interior temperature in April As the figure shows, we find that the temperature of some rooms exceeds the outside temperature, due to poor ceiling insulation and heat retention(Bedroom 1, Bedroom 2).

Revised Case - Interior temperature in April After the optimization, the researcher was able to reduce the internal temperature of all rooms without the HVAC system. After spliting roof, he was able to divide the heat load and make it limited to one space.

2.0 Literature Review 2.3 Literature Review Summary

2.0 Literature Review

Townhouse Resistance to Heat Load

1.0 Introduction / 2.0 Leterature Review /

Literature Review Summary

Literature Review Response

2.3.1 LITERATURE REVEW SUMMARY

2.3.2 LITERATURE REVEW RESPONSE

2.1.0 2.1.1 Residential Sector Energy Demand Growth 2.1.2 Residential Sector Energy Performance Indicators 2.1.3 Domestic Behavior and Standards 2.2.0

Townhouse Energy Performance Compared to Other Residential Typologies

2.2.1 Building Type Effect on Neighborhoods Energy Performance 2.2.2 Building Life Cycle Energy Balance 2.2.3 Townhouse Capability of Passive Cooling Strategies 2.3.0 2.3.1 Literature Review Summary 2.3.2 Literature Review Response 3.0 Hypothesis / 4.0 Methodology/ 5.0 Results And Discussion / 6.0 Conclusion /

The Residential sector in the Kingdom consumes 48% of the total energy consumption, which showed a large discrepancy when compared to the world.

The compactness ratio is one of the main features that the townhouse possesses, which significantly affects energy consumption.

Statistics of the energy sector and its comparison globally are the first indications of an issue, so a solution must be presented, and this is the first response. The Townhouse could be a solution as a dwelling that meets the requirements of a Saudi family yet is comfortable, eco-friendly, and energy-efficient.

The Residential sector faces several risks in terms of energy, such as the increase in the annual demand rate, dependence on a single source of energy, and global price crises.

Photovoltaics sunshade (PVSD) is an effective BIPV type that is uncommonly used, according to this study it can make a good positive effect on energy performance.

life cycle energy balance is a method that inspects the building's energy performance from a better perspective, which then results in this study will mainly depend on it.

The Kingdom plans to raise the share of renewable energy to 50% of the total energy, but there are no actual results at the current time.

Regarding building envelope materials, windows were the most effective element on indoor and outdoor heat exchange.

The energy performance of the residential sector in the Kingdom compared to other countries showed a deficit in several areas, which may be evidence that the houses in Saudi Arabia are energy in-efficient.

In terms of life cycle balance, the townhouse house outperformed the detached house and the row house by a large margin.

Energy performance optimization strategies The townhouse has a high potential for heat load reduction because it has a smaller facade exposed to the outdoor compared to other typologies. It could be an initiative to perform an optimization on a townhouse to seek the maximum energy efficiency potential.

HVAC systems are the most consuming element in a ouse according to the statistics and literarture so it will be focused in the the optimization process.

The Saudi laws regarding energy efficiency are considered low for a hot climate.

21

Life cycle energy balance is a better method to investigate and compare the energy performance The townhouse showed a high potential for renewable energy in a mixed-use neighborhood.

Previous studies and comparisons show an advantage of the townhouse in terms of energy efficiency, which strengthens the argument.

A Comparative Methodology will be conducted between the three conventional building types in Saudi Arabia (Apartment, Townhouse, Villa) using life cycle energy and energy demand per m2.

The comparison will depend mainly on the number of occupants which means what are the differences if the same people used different houses?

3.0 Hypothesis 3.1 Effect of Built-up Area on Housing Efficiency 3.2 Energy Performance Measurement

3.0 Hypothesis

00 00 00

3.0 Hypothesis

Effect of Built-up Area on Housing Efficiency

1.0 Introduction / 2.0 Leterature Review / 3.0 Hypothesis / 3.1.0

Effect of Built-up Area on Housing Efficiency

3.1.1 Considerations of Housing Categories by Typology 3.2.0

3.2.1 Building Typologies Energy Performance Measurement

3.1.1 Considerations Of Housing Categories By Typology

4.0 Methodology/ 5.0 Results And Discussion / 6.0 Conclusion /

AFFORDABILITY

A relation was assumed between housing considerations, building typology, and built-up area. In general, apartments cost less money and consume less energy due to space. While the villas offer independence and more privacy. Based on a study on 500 people in the Kingdom, it proved that most of them prefer villas, then duplexes, then apartments at rates of 43%, 31.5%, and 25.5%.[46][49][50][51]

t ee e Sw n

a +

23

QUALITY OF LIFE STANDARDS

Zo

USER REQUIREMENTS

AFFORDABILITY

re

ENERGY EFFICIENCY

-A

As it was previously mentioned that housing has four main categories that must be considered[45]. To achive a solution that does not contradict any of these aspects, we can connect them through space. For example, when the area is small, we find that two sides are achieved and the other two are not, and so on, and vice versa.

Apartments Zone

ENERGY EFFICIENCY

3.2.2 Net Annual Energy Balance Method

3.1.0 Effect Of Built-up Area On Housing Efficiency

Villas Zone

USER REQUIREMENTS

QUALITY OF LIFE STANDARDS

Energy Performance Measurement

Considerations of Housing Categorise by typology

3.0 Hypothesis

Buildin Typologies Energy Performance Measurement Net Annual Energy Balance Method

1.0 Introduction / 2.0 Leterature Review / 3.0 Hypothesis / 3.1.0

Effect of Built-up Area on Housing Efficiency

3.1.1 Considerations of Housing Categories by Typology 3.2.0

Energy Performance Measurement

3.2.1 Building Typologies Energy Performance Measurement 3.2.2 Net Annual Energy Balance Method 4.0 Methodology/ 5.0 Results And Discussion /

3.2.1 Building Typologies Energy Performane Measur- 3.2.2 Net Annual Energy Balance Method ment

Regardless of the house typology, to compare the energy efficiency of this building, the energy performance of the same number of occupants must be compared.

To prove that a dwelling is energy efficient, energy performance shoulde be compared according to the graph:

6.0 Conclusion /

APARTMENT

TOWNHOUSE

VILLA

5

5

5

Energy Performance Measured By

Annual Energy Balance 24

Energy Consump2 tion per m

The Life Cycle Energy Balance is a method that calculates the building’s net energy from the point of the manufactureing of the materils crossing by operation and ending by its demolition.

Since Life Cycle Energy Balance require a lot of data that may not be available, the energy performance will be measured by the Annual Energy Balance method, which is simply the total annual energy consumption minus the total solar energy production.

Annual Solar Energy Production

Annual Energy Consumption

kWh

Net Annual Energy Balance

4.0 Methodology 4.1 Methodology: Analysis Process 4.2 Methodology Framework 4.3 Simulation Tools 4.4 Cases Selection and Method

4.0 Methodology

00 00 00 00 00

4.0 Methodology

Methodology: Analysis Process

1.0 Introduction / 2.0 Leterature Review / 3.0 Hypothesis / 4.0 Methodology/ 4.1.0

Methodology: Analysis Process

4.1.1 Methodology Introduction 4.1.2 4.1.2. Methodology Outputs 4.2.0

Methodology Framework

4.3.0

Simulation Tools

4.3.1 Cases Selection Method 4.3.2 Energy Consumption Simulation

Methodology Introduction

4.1.1 Methodology Introduction

4.1.2 Methodology Outputs

The comparison expiriement will be conducted by IDA ICE 4.8 which is a simulation tool to simulate the energy consumption for a year. The cases taken by the comparison were three different typologies which are: Apartment, Townhouse, and Villa. All three cases were taken from Sakani project provided by the Ministry.

4.3.3 Solar Energy Production Simulation 4.4.0

Cases Selection and Identification

4.4.1 Case 1: Apartment Unit 4.4.2 Case 2: Townhouse Unit 4.4.3 Case 3: Villa Unit 4.4.4 Cases Spatial Comparison

APARTMENT

Methodology Outputs

TOWNHOUSE

VILLA

1

STEP 1: INVESTIGATING

TOWNHOUSE EFFICIENCY OVER CONVENTIONAL DWELLINGS

According to the previous literature, the HVAC system is the number one energy consumer in the resedential sector so it will be the focus in this study.

The Energy Efficiency parameter that will be used in this study is th Annual Energy Balance, which is the Annual HVAC energy consumption minus the Annula Energy produced by the solar panels.

2

As shown previously, to conduct a fair comparison all parameters has been taken in account to be equal exept for the spicific parameters like the space and volume.

All spicifications of the materials has been taken from The Saudi Energy Conservation Code for Low-rise (Residential) Building, SBC 602 - CR 1

2

Location: KSA, Jeddah

Materials: Exterior walls Interior walls Roofs Floors

26

3

4

HVAC System: AHU

Glazing: According to the SBC 602

5

Area: According to each case

kWh

Net Annual Energy Balance

OF THE CASE TOWNHOUSE

Seeking the limits of how far a regular townhouse con be more efficient, the same comparison shall be executed again but only on the townhouse building type, with the optimizations that were previewed in the literature before, seeking the limit that the townhouse is able to reach and to measure the effect of each optimization tool.

5.0 Results And Discussion / 6.0 Conclusion /

STEP 2: ENHANCEMENT

3

STEP 3: CONCEPT MODEL AN ENERGY EFFICIENT TOWNHOUSE

After measuring the optimization tools on the case study townhouse, with the literature, a new model should be deThree real conventional resedential building types will be signed according to parameters tha should achive the compared through this aspect to decide which provides maximum energy consumption reduction, with the maximum solar energy production increase. desires and needs of a saudi family dwelling.

4.0 Methodology 4.2 Methodology Framework

4.0 Methodology

Methodology Framework

1.0 Introduction / 2.0 Leterature Review /

STEP1

3.0 Hypothesis / 4.0 Methodology/ 4.1.0

STEP2

STEP3

Methodology: Analysis Process

4.1.1 Methodology Introduction 4.1.2 4.1.2. Methodology Outputs 4.2.0

Methodology Framework

4.3.0

Simulation Tools

4.3.1 Cases Selection Method 4.3.2 Energy Consumption Simulation

Case1: Apartment Unit

4.3.3 Solar Energy Production Simulation 4.4.0

Sakani Project Identification

Case2: Townhouse Unit Sakani Project Identification

Case3: Villa Unit Sakani Project Identification

Apply Enhancements on Case2

Case5: Conept Townhouse Model

Energy Consumption and Solar Production Simulation

Test Model’s Energy Performance

Cases Selection and Identification

4.4.1 Case 1: Apartment Unit 4.4.2 Case 2: Townhouse Unit 4.4.3 Case 3: Villa Unit 4.4.4 Cases Spatial Comparison

Energy Consumption and Solar Production Simulation

5.0 Results And Discussion / 6.0 Conclusion /

COMPARE RESULTS

28

4.0 Methodology 4.3 Simulation Tools

4.0 Methodology

Cases Selection Method

1.0 Introduction / 2.0 Leterature Review / 3.0 Hypothesis / 4.0 Methodology/ 4.1.0

Methodology: Analysis Process

4.1.1 Methodology Introduction 4.1.2 4.1.2. Methodology Outputs 4.2.0

Methodology Framework

4.3.0

Simulation Tools

4.3.1 Cases Selection Method

To make the comparison, a case study was selected for each building typology (apartment, townhouse, and villa) from Sakani projects to compare energy performance.

To ensure that the cases are considered typical, 10 samples were taken for each typology for 5 users, then the average area was calculated to be considered as a reference for choosing the study case.

The three cases that were selected are: Case1: Apartment(Sama Jeddah), Case2: Towmhouse(Ruwaa), and Case3: Villa(Al-Muhanadiya) were selected as the comparisn cases.

4.3.1 Cases Selection Method

Cases Selection Average Area for Each Typology for 5 Ocuupants(m2)

4.3.2 Energy Consumption Simulation 4.3.3 Solar Energy Production Simulation

Cases

Apartments

Townhouses

Villas

1

195

258

322

4.4.1 Case 1: Apartment Unit

2

190

249

355

4.4.2 Case 2: Townhouse Unit

3

217

260

342

4.4.3 Case 3: Villa Unit

4

196

273

373

5

191

223

353

6

175

223

350

7

195

288

365

8

162

250

350

9

167

258

352

10

178

258

355

Average Area

187

254

352

4.4.0

Cases Selection and Identification

5-6

4.4.4 Cases Spatial Comparison 5.0 Results And Discussion / 6.0 Conclusion /

The first parameter to ensure a fair comparison is the number of occupants so that it will be assumed that the same family members used the three types of housing. Also, samples were taken from major cities to ensure a typical area case.

30

187

m2

Average Apartment

254

m2

Average Townhouse

352

Comparison Selected Cases

Apartment

190

Townhouse

m2

Selected Apartment

m2

Average Villa

258

m2

Selected Townhouse

Villa

355

m2

Selected Villa

4.0 Methodology

Energy Consumption Simulation

1.0 Introduction / 2.0 Leterature Review / 3.0 Hypothesis / 4.0 Methodology/ 4.1.0

Methodology: Analysis Process

4.1.1 Methodology Introduction 4.1.2 4.1.2. Methodology Outputs 4.2.0

Methodology Framework

4.3.0

Simulation Tools

4.3.1 Cases Selection Method

Solar Energy Production Simulation

4.3.2 Energy Consumption Simulation

4.3.3 Solar Energy Production Simulation

4.3.3.1 Energy Production Calculation

To calculate the operational energy, the case study buildings were simulated using the IDA ICE building simulation software. The first step was to make a BIM model of each case and then simulate the energy consumption using IDA.

POLYSUN software is a simulation tool that can simulate a whole solar energy system with the expexcted outputs. The Software depends on the Area available for the PV modules and spicifications of the system and parameters.

The energy production simulation will depend mainly on the roof’s area. For the apartment case, it will be considered that the whole roof will be devided on the number of units, while for the other two, it will be the whole roof.

Energy Consumption Simulation Parameters

Solar Energy Production Simulation Parameters

4.3.2 Energy Consumption Simulation 4.3.3 Solar Energy Production Simulation 4.4.0

Cases Selection and Identification

4.4.1 Case 1: Apartment Unit 4.4.2 Case 2: Townhouse Unit 4.4.3 Case 3: Villa Unit 4.4.4 Cases Spatial Comparison 5.0 Results And Discussion / 6.0 Conclusion /

Parameters

Setpoints

Parameters

Setpoints

Simulation Software

EQUA - IDA ICE

Simulation Software

VILLA SOLARIS - POLYSUN

Duration

01/01/2021 - 31/12/2021

Duration

01/01/2021 - 31/12/2021

Location

KSA, Jeddah

Location

KSA, Jeddah

Ventelation System

AHU, VAV

PV Model

AS6-M360-

HVAC Operation

06 - 18 Everyday

Tilt angle

30

Area

Depends on the Case

Inverter Type

JH40-CB2

Occupants

5-6

Number of modules

Depends on Roof Area

System Type

On-Grid: Three-Phase (220V/380V, 60 Hz, WYE)

31

Component

Thickness (m)

U-Value (W/m2K)

Exteriro Walls

0.35

0.403

Interior Walls

0.10 - 0.20

0.619

Roof

0.25

0.272

Floors

0.20

0.272

Glazing

0.02

2.668

APARTMENT

VILLA

TOWNHOUSE

4.0 Methodology 4.4 Cases Selection and Method

4.0 Methodology

Cases Selection and Identification

Case 1: Apartment Unit

4.4.1 Case 1: Apartment 1.0 Introduction /

Sama Jeddah, Jeddah

2.0 Leterature Review / 3.0 Hypothesis / 4.0 Methodology/ 4.1.0

Methodology: Analysis Process

Apartment Building Type: 190 m² Built up Area: 0 m² Land Area: 5 Occupants: Area Per Person: 38 m²

4.1.1 Methodology Introduction 4.1.2 4.1.2. Methodology Outputs 4.2.0

Methodology Framework

4.3.0

Simulation Tools

4.3.1 Cases Selection Method 4.3.2 Energy Consumption Simulation

Land Area

-

Built-up Area Number of Ocuupants Area per Ocuupant

Cases Selection and Identification

4.4.1 Case 1: Apartment Unit 4.4.2 Case 2: Townhouse Unit 4.4.3 Case 3: Villa Unit 4.4.4 Cases Spatial Comparison 5.0 Results And Discussion / 6.0 Conclusion /

Net Roof Area # of Apartments

806.84 m² 28

33

Roof Area

28.8 m²

Windows Area: 9.36 m²

Parameter

Value

Area Exposed to Façade

4.3.3 Solar Energy Production Simulation 4.4.0

Parameter

Floor Plan

190 m²

Envelope Volume Number of Ventilated Zones

Value 450.8 m³ 7

5

Available Roof Area

28.8 m²

38 m²

Windows Net Area

9.36 m²

109.4 m²

Windows Percentage of Façade

9%

4.0 Methodology

Cases Selection and Identification

Case 2: Townhouse Unit

4.4.2 Case 2: Townhouse 1.0 Introduction /

Ruuwaa Project, Jeddah

2.0 Leterature Review / 3.0 Hypothesis / 4.0 Methodology/ 4.1.0

Methodology: Analysis Process

Building Type: Built up Area: Land Area: Occupants: Area Per Person:

4.1.1 Methodology Introduction 4.1.2 4.1.2. Methodology Outputs 4.2.0

Methodology Framework

4.3.0

Simulation Tools

4.3.1 Cases Selection Method

Townhouse 258 m² 200 m² 5 51.6 m²

4.3.2 Energy Consumption Simulation

Value

Parameter

Land Area

200 m²

Envelope Volume

Built-up Area

258 m²

Number of Ventilated Zones

Number of Ocuupants Area per Ocuupant Area Exposed to Façade

4.3.3 Solar Energy Production Simulation 4.4.0

Parameter

79.9 m²

51.6 m²

Windows Net Area

32.3 m²

Windows Percentage of Façade

15.2%

212.3 m²

4.4.2 Case 2: Townhouse Unit 4.4.3 Case 3: Villa Unit 4.4.4 Cases Spatial Comparison 5.0 Results And Discussion / 6.0 Conclusion /

34

Windows Area: 32.3 m²

Second Floor

8

Available Roof Area

4.4.1 Case 1: Apartment Unit

Roof Area: 79.9 m²

571.1 m³

5

Cases Selection and Identification

Ground Floor

Value

First Floor

4.0 Methodology

Cases Selection and Identification

Case 3: Villa

4.4.3 Case 3: Villa 1.0 Introduction /

Al Muhanadiya, Jeddah

2.0 Leterature Review / 3.0 Hypothesis / 4.0 Methodology/ 4.1.0

Methodology: Analysis Process

Villa Building Type: 355 m² Built up Area: 300 m² Land Area: 6 Occupants: Area Per Person: 59.2 m²

4.1.1 Methodology Introduction 4.1.2 4.1.2. Methodology Outputs 4.2.0

Methodology Framework

4.3.0

Simulation Tools

4.3.1 Cases Selection Method 4.3.2 Energy Consumption Simulation 4.3.3 Solar Energy Production Simulation 4.4.0

Parameter

Value

Parameter

Land Area

300 m²

Envelope Volume

Built-up Area

355 m²

Number of Ventilated Zones

98.5 m²

Area per Ocuupant

59.2 m²

Windows Net Area

28.4 m²

Area Exposed to Façade

336.8 m²

Windows Percentage of Façade

4.4.2 Case 2: Townhouse Unit 4.4.3 Case 3: Villa Unit 4.4.4 Cases Spatial Comparison 5.0 Results And Discussion / 6.0 Conclusion /

Ground Floor

35

11

Available Roof Area

4.4.1 Case 1: Apartment Unit

Windows Area: 28.4 m²

724.5 m³

6

Number of Ocuupants

Cases Selection and Identification

Roof Area: 98.2 m²

Value

Second Floor

First Floor

8%

5.0 Results And Discussion 5.1 Building Typologies Comparison 5.2 Effects of Minor Enchantments on Townhouse Case 5.3 Alignment of Area Reduction on Townhouse Model 5.4 Cases Feasibility Comparison

5.0 Results And Discussion

00 00 00 00 00

5.0 Results and Discussion

Building Typologies Comparison Results

1.0 Introduction / 2.0 Leterature Review / 3.0 Hypothesis / 4.0 Methodology/ 5.0 Results And Discussion / 5.1.0

Building Typologies Comparison

5.1.1 Annual Energy Balance Comparison Results 5.1.2 Annual Energy Balance per Built-up Area 5.2.0

Effects of Minor Enchantments on Townhouse Case

5.2.1 Enhancement Process 5.2.2 Case 4: Enhanced Townhouse 5.2.3 Enhanced Townhouse Compared to Base Townhouse 5.2.4 Annual Energy Balance per Built-up Area 5.3.0

Alignment of Area Reduction on Townhouse Model

5.3.1 Case 5: Concept Model Townhouse 5.3.2 Concept Townhouse Compared to Townhouses Cases

5.1.1 Annual Energy Balance Comparison Results

Case1: Sama Jeddah Apartment

Case2: Ruuwaa Project Townhouse

Case3: Al Muhanadiya Villa

As shown in the figures, the Apartment shows an advantage on the energy consumption. The Villa shows a high annual energy balance which shows that it might fulfill the desires in a dwelling, but it is weak from the aspect of energy efficiency.

In terms of Anuual energy balance, the townhouse case outperformed both other cases, where it comes near to the apartment from built-up area which reduced consumption, and closer to the villa from the aspect of roof area.

kWh

45,000.0

Cases Feasibility Comparison

40,000.0

5.4.1 Energy Performance Comparison Results

35,000.0 30,000.0

5.4.2 All Cases Feasibility Data Comparison

42,176.7

-29%

kWh

26,853.7

-103,985

Annual Energy Balance

Annual Energy Balance

Annual Energy Balance

140,000

Apartment

Townhouse

Villa

38,526

34,989

40,000

9,865

-10,000

15,000.0 10,000.0

-60,000

5,000.0 0.0 Apartment

Towmhouse

Villa

-

-73,897

90,000

31,131.7

20,000.0

-110,000 -160,000

38

kWh

Annual Energy Balance Comparison (kWh)

25,000.0

6.0 Conclusion /

-18%

-85,443

Annual Energy Consumption Bill (SR)

5.3.3 Annual Energy Balance per Built-up Area 5.4.0

Annual Energy Balance Comparison Results

95,308

-33%

108,886

-24%

142,511

5.0 Results and Discussion

Building Typologies Comparison Results

1.0 Introduction / 2.0 Leterature Review / 3.0 Hypothesis / 4.0 Methodology/ 5.0 Results And Discussion / 5.1.0

Building Typologies Comparison

5.1.1 Annual Energy Balance Comparison Results 5.1.2 Annual Energy Balance per Built-up Area 5.2.0

Effects of Minor Enchantments on Townhouse Case

Annual Energy Balance per Built-up Area

5.1.2 Annual Energy Balance Per Built-up Area

Annual Cycle Balance and Built-up Area Comparison Chart

The next figures shows the Annual Energy Balance and Built-up Area. The Parameters shows an advantage to the townhouse from all aspects considering the area factor.

Villa

Annual Energy Balance (kWh) per m2

100 Villa

293

5.2.3 Enhanced Townhouse Compared to Base Townhouse

Towmhouse

Alignment of Area Reduction on Townhouse Model

5.3.1 Case 5: Concept Model Townhouse

Apartment

5.3.2 Concept Townhouse Compared to Townhouses Cases 5.3.3 Annual Energy Balance per Built-up Area 5.4.0

286

Cases Feasibility Comparison

450

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

Built-up Area (m2)

5.2.2 Case 4: Enhanced Townhouse

5.3.0

Townhouse

50

5.2.1 Enhancement Process

5.2.4 Annual Energy Balance per Built-up Area

Apartment

150

AP 200

TH

250

Annual Energy Consumption (kWh) per m2

300

5.4.1 Energy Performance Comparison Results 5.4.2 All Cases Feasibility Data Comparison

Villa

VI

401

350

6.0 Conclusion / Towmhouse

Better Solution

422

400 Apartment

20,000

502

40,000

60,000

80,000

Annual Energy Balance (kWh) 0

39

100

200

300

400

500

600

100,00

120,000

5.0 Results and Discussion

Effects of Minor Enchantments on Townhouse Case Enhancement Process

1.0 Introduction / 2.0 Leterature Review /

5.2.1 Enhancement Process

5.2.1.1 Enhancement Issue

5.2.1.2 Enhancement Strategies

3.0 Hypothesis / 4.0 Methodology/ 5.0 Results And Discussion / 5.1.0

Available Roof Area for PV System

Building Typologies Comparison

5.1.1 Annual Energy Balance Comparison Results

79.9 m2

5.1.2 Annual Energy Balance per Built-up Area 5.2.0

Available Roof Area for PV System

90.9 m2 PVSD

Effects of Minor Enchantments on Townhouse Case

5.2.1 Enhancement Process 5.2.2 Case 4: Enhanced Townhouse

Area Exposed to Facade

5.2.3 Enhanced Townhouse Compared to Base Townhouse

Case Townhouse - First Floor

212.3 m2

5.2.4 Annual Energy Balance per Built-up Area 5.3.0

Area Exposed to Facade

Alignment of Area Reduction on Townhouse Model

Optimized Townhouse - First Floor

170.7 m2

Reduce Compactness

5.3.1 Case 5: Concept Model Townhouse 5.3.2 Concept Townhouse Compared to Townhouses Cases 5.3.3 Annual Energy Balance per Built-up Area 5.4.0

Cases Feasibility Comparison

5.4.1 Energy Performance Comparison Results

Windows Net Area

Windows Net Area

32.3 m2

32.3 m2 Window Sunshade

5.4.2 All Cases Feasibility Data Comparison 6.0 Conclusion /

Windows U-Value

Windows U-Value

2.668 W/m2k Normal Window

40

0.20 W/m2k Vacumed Window

5.0 Results and Discussion

Effects of Minor Enchantments on Townhouse Case

Case4: Enhanced Townhouse

5.2.2 Case 4: Enhanced Townhouse 1.0 Introduction /

Ruuwaa Project, Jeddah

2.0 Leterature Review / 3.0 Hypothesis /

Parameter

Value

Parameter

Value

4.0 Methodology/ 5.0 Results And Discussion / 5.1.0

Building Type: Built up Area: Land Area: Occupants: Area Per Person:

Building Typologies Comparison

5.1.1 Annual Energy Balance Comparison Results 5.1.2 Annual Energy Balance per Built-up Area 5.2.0

Villa 355 m² 300 m² 6 59.2 m²

Effects of Minor Enchantments on Townhouse Case

Land Area

200 m²

Envelope Volume

Built-up Area

258 m²

Number of Ventilated Zones

Area Exposed to Façade

5.2.1 Enhancement Process

8

5

Available Roof Area

79.9 m²

51.6 m²

Windows Net Area

32.3 m²

Windows Percentage of Façade

18.9%

Number of Ocuupants Area per Ocuupant

571.1 m³

170.7 m²

5.2.2 Case 4: Enhanced Townhouse 5.2.3 Enhanced Townhouse Compared to Base Townhouse 5.2.4 Annual Energy Balance per Built-up Area 5.3.0

Enhancement Factors

Alignment of Area Reduction on Townhouse Model

5.3.1 Case 5: Concept Model Townhouse

Sourrounding Shades

5.3.2 Concept Townhouse Compared to Townhouses Cases 5.3.3 Annual Energy Balance per Built-up Area 5.4.0

Pv On Sunshading

Cases Feasibility Comparison

5.4.1 Energy Performance Comparison Results 5.4.2 All Cases Feasibility Data Comparison

Case Townhouse - First Floor

Reduced Exposed Area

6.0 Conclusion /

Vacuumed Window

Roof Area: 79.9 m² 41

Windows Area: 32.3 m²

Optimized Townhouse - First Floor

5.0 Results and Discussion

Effects of Minor Enchantments on Townhouse Case

1.0 Introduction / 2.0 Leterature Review / 3.0 Hypothesis / 4.0 Methodology/ 5.0 Results And Discussion / 5.1.0

Building Typologies Comparison

5.1.1 Annual Energy Balance Comparison Results 5.1.2 Annual Energy Balance per Built-up Area 5.2.0

Effects of Minor Enchantments on Townhouse Case

5.2.3 Enhanced Townhouse Compared To Base Townhouse

The optimized townhouse showed progress in energy efficiency in terms of consumption and production, as it outperformed the base case with 9.9 % less consumption, and in terms of production 6.3 % more.

5.2.3 Enhanced Townhouse Compared to Base Townhouse

These optimizations led to a deacrease in annual energy balance by 17.8 %.

70,000 -18%

60,000

73,897

30,000

60,758

20,000

Townhouse

Enhanced Townhouse

Cases Feasibility Comparison

5.4.1 Energy Performance Comparison Results 5.4.2 All Cases Feasibility Data Comparison 6.0 Conclusion /

10000 8000

Annual Energy Production of Base Townhouse compared to Enhanced Townhouse (kWh)

Annual Energy Consumption of Base Townhouse compared to Enhanced Townhouse (kWh)

5.3.2 Concept Townhouse Compared to Townhouses Cases

5.4.0

14000 12000

5.3.1 Case 5: Concept Model Townhouse

5.3.3 Annual Energy Balance per Built-up Area

18000 16000

50,000

0

Alignment of Area Reduction on Townhouse Model

Daily Average Energy Consumption and Production Comparison for Base and Enhanced Townhouse (kWh)

80,000

10,000

5.2.4 Annual Energy Balance per Built-up Area 5.3.0

Annual Energy Balance of Base Townhouse compared to Enhanced Townhouse (kWh)

40,000

5.2.1 Enhancement Process 5.2.2 Case 4: Enhanced Townhouse

Optimized Townhouse Compared to Base Townhouse

110,000 108,000

37,500

106,000

37,000

104,000

36,500

102,000

36,000

100,000

35,500 98,114

98,000

35,000

96,000

34,500

94,000

34,000

92,000

33,500 Townhouse

42

6000

38,000

108,886

Enhanced Townhouse

37,356

4000 2000 0

34,989

0

5

10

15

20

25

-2000 Townhouse

Enhanced Townhouse

Base Townhouse Consumption Base Townhouse Production

Enhanced Townhouse Consumption Enhanced Townhouse Production

30

5.0 Results and Discussion

Effects of Minor Enchantments on Townhouse Case

1.0 Introduction / 2.0 Leterature Review / 3.0 Hypothesis / 4.0 Methodology/ 5.0 Results And Discussion / 5.1.0

Building Typologies Comparison

5.1.1 Annual Energy Balance Comparison Results 5.1.2 Annual Energy Balance per Built-up Area 5.2.0

Effects of Minor Enchantments on Townhouse Case

Annual Energy Balance per Built-up Area

5.2.4 Annual Energy Balance Per Built-up Area

Annual Cycle Balance and Built-up Area Comparison Chart

The next figures shows the Annual Energy Balance and Built-up Area. The Parameters shows an advantage to the townhouse from all aspects considering the area factor.

Villa

100 235

Villa

293

Townhouse

286

Alignment of Area Reduction on Townhouse Model

5.3.1 Case 5: Concept Model Townhouse

Apartment

5.3.2 Concept Townhouse Compared to Townhouses Cases

5.4.0

Cases Feasibility Comparison

450 0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

150 200 250

Annual Energy Consumption (kWh) per m2

300

5.4.1 Energy Performance Comparison Results 5.4.2 All Cases Feasibility Data Comparison

Built-up Area (m2)

Enhanced Townhouse

5.2.4 Annual Energy Balance per Built-up Area

5.3.3 Annual Energy Balance per Built-up Area

Enhanced Townhouse

Annual Energy Balance (kWh) per m2

5.2.3 Enhanced Townhouse Compared to Base Townhouse

5.3.0

Townhouse

50

5.2.1 Enhancement Process 5.2.2 Case 4: Enhanced Townhouse

Apartment

Enhanced Townhouse

380

350

6.0 Conclusion /

Villa

401

Townhouse

422

Apartment

502 0

43

100

Better Solution

400 20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

Annual Energy Balance (kWh) 200

300

400

500

600

100,00

120,000

5.0 Results and Discussion

Alignment of Area Reduction on Townhouse Model

1.0 Introduction / 2.0 Leterature Review /

Case5: Concept Model Townhouse

5.3.1 Case5: Concept Model Townhouse

3.0 Hypothesis / 4.0 Methodology/

Conceptual Model Parameters

5.0 Results And Discussion / 5.1.0

Building Typologies Comparison

5.1.1 Annual Energy Balance Comparison Results

Parameter

5.1.2 Annual Energy Balance per Built-up Area 5.2.0

Effects of Minor Enchantments on Townhouse Case

5.2.1 Enhancement Process 5.2.2 Case 4: Enhanced Townhouse 5.2.3 Enhanced Townhouse Compared to Base Townhouse

Value

Value

Land Area

142.5 m²

Envelope Volume

Built-up Area

243.3 m²

Number of Ventilated Zones

Number of Ocuupants

Maintenance Door

Parameter

Area per Ocuupant Area Exposed to Façade

243.1 m³ 7

5

Available Roof Area

75.2 m²

48.7 m²

Windows Net Area

80.3 m²

Windows Percentage of Façade

61 %

131.9 m²

5.2.4 Annual Energy Balance per Built-up Area 5.3.0

Alignment of Area Reduction on Townhouse Model

Compactness Ration Comparison for all Cases

5.3.1 Case 5: Concept Model Townhouse

Raw Cases

5.3.2 Concept Townhouse Compared to Townhouses Cases

5.4.0

0.95

1

5.3.3 Annual Energy Balance per Built-up Area

0.9

Cases Feasibility Comparison

Skylight

5.4.1 Energy Performance Comparison Results 5.4.2 All Cases Feasibility Data Comparison

New Cases

0.82

0.8 0.7 0.6

0.66 0.58

0.54

0.5

6.0 Conclusion /

0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 Apartment

44

Townhouse

Villa

Enhanced Townhouse

Concept Townhouse

5.0 Results and Discussion

Alignment of Area Reduction on Townhouse Model

1.0 Introduction / 2.0 Leterature Review / 3.0 Hypothesis / 4.0 Methodology/ 5.0 Results And Discussion / 5.1.0

Building Typologies Comparison

5.1.1 Annual Energy Balance Comparison Results 5.1.2 Annual Energy Balance per Built-up Area 5.2.0

Effects of Minor Enchantments on Townhouse Case

5.3.2 Concept Townhouse Compared To Townhouses Cases

The conceptual townhouse showed progress in energy efficiency in terms of consumption and production, as it outperformed the base case with 19 % less consumption, and in terms of production 13.2 % less.

5.2.1 Enhancement Process 5.2.2 Case 4: Enhanced Townhouse 5.2.3 Enhanced Townhouse Compared to Base Townhouse

These optimizations led to a deacrease in annual energy balance by 31.9 %.

5.4.0

Cases Feasibility Comparison

5.4.1 Energy Performance Comparison Results 5.4.2 All Cases Feasibility Data Comparison

18000

70,000 -18% 60,000 -32%

50,000

16000

73,897 40,000

14000

60,758

30,000

50,329

20,000

12000

Towmhouse

5.3.1 Case 5: Concept Model Townhouse

5.3.3 Annual Energy Balance per Built-up Area

Daily Average Energy Consumption and Production Comparison (kWh)

80,000

0

Alignment of Area Reduction on Townhouse Model

5.3.2 Concept Townhouse Compared to Townhouses Cases

Annual Energy Balance Comparison (kWh)

10,000

5.2.4 Annual Energy Balance per Built-up Area 5.3.0

Concept Townhouse Compared to Townhouses Cases

40,000 108,886 35,000

98,114

100,000

Concept TH

37,356

6000

34,989 30,376

80,705 80,000

30,000

4000

25,000

60,000

20,000

6.0 Conclusion /

2000

15,000

40,000

0

10,000 20,000

0

5,000

0

0 Towmhouse

45

10000 8000

Annual Energy Production Comparison (kWh)

Annual Energy Consumption Comparison (kWh) 120,000

Enhanced Townhouse

Enhanced Townhouse

Concept TH

Towmhouse

Enhanced Townhouse

Concept TH

5 TH Consumption TH Production

10

15

Enhanced TH Consumption Enhanced TH Production

20 Concept TH Consumption Concept TH Production

5.0 Results and Discussion

Alignment of Area Reduction on Townhouse Model

1.0 Introduction / 2.0 Leterature Review / 3.0 Hypothesis / 4.0 Methodology/ 5.0 Results And Discussion / 5.1.0

Building Typologies Comparison

5.1.1 Annual Energy Balance Comparison Results 5.1.2 Annual Energy Balance per Built-up Area 5.2.0

Effects of Minor Enchantments on Townhouse Case

Annual Energy Balance per Built-up Area

5.3.3 Annual Energy Balance Per Built-up Area

Annual Cycle Balance and Built-up Area Comparison Chart

The next figures shows the Annual Energy Balance and Built-up Area. The Parameters shows an advantage to the townhouse from all aspects considering the area factor.

50 100

Concept TH

207

Enhanced Townhouse

235

Villa

293

Towmhouse

286

5.2.4 Annual Energy Balance per Built-up Area Alignment of Area Reduction on Townhouse Model

5.3.1 Case 5: Concept Model Townhouse

29.94 Apartment

5.3.2 Concept Townhouse Compared to Townhouses Cases 5.3.3 Annual Energy Balance per Built-up Area 5.4.0

Cases Feasibility Comparison

0

450 50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

150 200 250

Annual Energy Consumption (kWh) per m2

300

5.4.1 Energy Performance Comparison Results Concept TH

332

Enhanced Townhouse

380

5.4.2 All Cases Feasibility Data Comparison 6.0 Conclusion /

Built-up Area (m2)

5.2.2 Case 4: Enhanced Townhouse

5.3.0

Townhouse Optimized Townhouse Conceptual Townhouse

Annual Energy Balance (kWh) per m2

5.2.1 Enhancement Process

5.2.3 Enhanced Townhouse Compared to Base Townhouse

Villa Apartment

Villa

401

Towmhouse

422

Apartment

502 0

46

350 Better Solution

400 20,000 100

200

300

400

500

600

40,000

60,000

80,000

Annual Energy Balance (kWh)

100,00

120,000

5.0 Results and Discussion

Alignment of Area Reduction on Townhouse Model

1.0 Introduction / 2.0 Leterature Review / 3.0 Hypothesis / 4.0 Methodology/ 5.0 Results And Discussion / 5.1.0

Building Typologies Comparison

5.1.1 Annual Energy Balance Comparison Results 5.1.2 Annual Energy Balance per Built-up Area 5.2.0

Effects of Minor Enchantments on Townhouse Case

5.2.1 Enhancement Process 5.2.2 Case 4: Enhanced Townhouse

5.4.1 Energy Performance Comparison Results

120,000

100,000

-18% 85,443

Alignment of Area Reduction on Townhouse Model

80,000

5.3.1 Case 5: Concept Model Townhouse

-29% 73,897

5.3.2 Concept Townhouse Compared to Townhouses Cases

-42% 60,758

60,000

5.3.3 Annual Energy Balance per Built-up Area

-52% 50,329

Cases Feasibility Comparison

5.4.1 Energy Performance Comparison Results

40,000

5.4.2 All Cases Feasibility Data Comparison 6.0 Conclusion /

Annual Energy Consumption Bill Comparison (SR) 45,000

42,177

40,000

-26% 35,000 31,132 30,000

-35% 27,617

-36% 26,854

25,000

-47% 22,246

20,000

15,000

103,985

5.2.4 Annual Energy Balance per Built-up Area

5.4.0

5.4.1.1 Bills Comparison

Regarding the Net Annual Energy Balance, the concept townhouse showed the If we assume that there is no solar best energy performance in all respects, with a 52% lower rate. The following panel system in the building, we find figure shows a comparison of all cases in terms of the Net Annual Energy Bal- that the concept townhouse achieves the lowest annual energy bill by 47% less than the villa. It also achieved the All Cases Annual Energy Balance Comparison (kWh) best result in terms of the average monthly bill.

5.2.3 Enhanced Townhouse Compared to Base Townhouse

5.3.0

Energy Performance Comparison Results

20,000

When comparing all cases in general, we find that the villa achieved the worst performance in terms of energy, while we find that there is competition between the apartment and the townhouse cases. Although the apartment outperforms two townhouses in terms of energy consumption, when we compare them all as housing and when considering the housing consideration categorize, we find that all townhouses perform more in these terms.

10,000

5,000

0 Villa

Townhouse

Enhanced Townhouse

Apartment

Concept Townhouse

Average Monthly Consumption Bill Comparison (SR) 4000

3500

3514.73

3000 2594.31 2500

2301.4

2237.81

2000

1853.82

1500

1000

0

500

Villa

47

Apartment

Towmhouse

Enhanced Townhouse

Concept TH

0 Villa

Townhouse

Enhanced Townhouse

Apartment

Concept Townhouse

5.0 Results and Discussion

Alignment of Area Reduction on Townhouse Model

1.0 Introduction / 2.0 Leterature Review /

5.4.2. All Cases Feasibility Data Comparison

5.4.2 5.4.2. All Cases Feasibility Data Comparison

3.0 Hypothesis / 4.0 Methodology/ 5.1.0

Building Typologies Comparison

5.1.1 Annual Energy Balance Comparison Results

120,000 100,000

5.1.2 Annual Energy Balance per Built-up Area

80,000

Effects of Minor Enchantments on Townhouse Case

60,000

5.2.0

5.2.2 Case 4: Enhanced Townhouse

40,000

5.2.3 Enhanced Townhouse Compared to Base Townhouse

20,000

85,443

38,526 34,989

35,000 73,897 50,329

30,376

Villa

Alignment of Area Reduction on Townhouse Model

Optimized Townhouse

Concept TH

Annual Energy Balance Variance

5.3.3 Annual Energy Balance per Built-up Area 5.4.0

Cases Feasibility Comparison

9,865

5.4.1 Energy Performance Comparison Results

80%

5.4.2 All Cases Feasibility Data Comparison

60%

6.0 Conclusion /

82% 71% 58%

5,000

20,000

0

0 Apartment

Towmhouse

Villa

Optimized Townhouse

Concept TH

Concept TH

80,705

30,376

Optimized Townhouse

98,114

37,356

Villa

40%

Towmhouse

20%

Apartment

Towmhouse

Villa

Optimized Townhouse

Concept TH

38,526

108,886

34,989

95,308 0%

Apartment

48

142,511

48%

0%

80,705

40,000

120% 100%

98,114

95,308

60,000

Annual Energy Balance percentage

100%

108,886

80,000

5.3.1 Case 5: Concept Model Townhouse 5.3.2 Concept Townhouse Compared to Townhouses Cases

120,000 100,000

20,000 10,000

142,511

140,000

25,000 15,000

Towmhouse

37,356

30,000 60,758

Apartment

160,000

40,000

0

5.2.4 Annual Energy Balance per Built-up Area

Annual Energy Consumption Comparison (kWh)

45,000

103,985

5.2.1 Enhancement Process

5.3.0

Annual Energy Production Comparison (kWh)

Annual Energy Balance Comparison (kWh)

5.0 Results And Discussion /

20%

40%

Energy Consumption

9,865 60%

80%

Energy Production

100%

Apartment

Towmhouse

Villa

Optimized Townhouse

Concept TH

6.0 Conclusion

6.0 Conclusion

1.0 INTRODUCTION /

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW / 3.0 HYPOTHESIS /

6.1.0 STUDY CONCLUSION

4.0 METHODOLOGY/

5.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION / 6.0 CONCLUSION /

In the initial comparison, the apartment outperformed its peers in terms of less energy consumption, while the villa outperformed in terms of solar energy production, despite that, we find that the townhouse has outperformed both rivals in annual energy balance, which proves that the townhouse building type has more potential in energy efficiency over conventional types.

The townhouse solution also proved that it works around different cities in the Kingdom.

During townhouses comparison process, the optimized townhouse showed the highest rates of solar energy production, as it achieved 17.8% less annual energy production from the base townhouse, while the conceptual townhouse achieved 31.9% less.

The passive optimization strategies proved their efficiency as they pushed the optimizer townhouse to be the highest in terms of solar energy production, and it also reduced energy consumption by 9.9%, and reduced the annual energy balance by 17.8%.

Comparing all five cases in the annual energy balance, the results came as follows: Conceptual Townhouse (48%), Optimized Townhouse (58%), Base Townhouse (71%), Apartment (82%), while the Villa came in last place, so it is the reference point. It could be concluded that the conceptual townhouse outperformed all four cases.

50

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