Fundamentals of renewable energy - Sayes residence by LESS Studio

KING ABDULAZIZ UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING

AR482

Fundamentals of renewable energy Sayes residence

STUDENTS / Mazen Orayjah

INSTRUCTOR /

Ammar Sayes

Dr-Ing. Mohannad Bayoumi

Khalid Mashi

Ali Banaja

CONTENT 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 2.0 2.1 2.2 3.0 3.1

Solar PV system /

What is solar PV system ?

Solar PV system component Solar PV system history Solar PV system types

National Strategy /

Vision 2030 & solar energy era Renewable energy market

System sizing / Location

5.0

Energy production /

5.1

Solar PV panles

5.3

System synthesis

01 02 04 05 06 06 07 08

3.2

Shading Study

3.4

Consumption & Amount

3.6

Size the PV modules

3.8

Battery sizing

3.3

3.5

3.7 4.0

Energy Budget

Determine powr consumption demands

Inverters sizing

Solutions & Qoutations /

10 11 11 12

12 14

5.2 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 5.0

Inverters

Production scenarios Comparison Power balance Installation Solar hot water system /

What is Solar water heating system ?

How do solar water heating system work ? Solar water heating system component Solar PV system types

System sizing /

22 25 26 28 29 23 24 24 24 25 26

1.0 Solar PV energy

1.0 Solar PV system

Fundamental of renewable energy

1.1 What is Solar PV energy ?

1.2 Solar PV system components ?

Solar photovoltaic system or Solar power system is one of renewable energy system which uses PV modules to convert sunlight into electricity.[1]

Solar PV system includes different components that should be selected according to your system type, site location and applications. The major components for solar PV system are solar charge controller, inverter, battery bank, auxiliary energy sources and loads (appliances)[1]

The electricity generated can be either stored or used directly, fed back into grid line or combined with one or more other electricity generators or more renewable energy source. Solar PV system is very reliable and clean source of electricity that can suit a wide range of applications such as residence, industry, agriculture, livestock, etc.[1]

1.2.1 PV module : converts sunlight into DC electricity[1]

1.2.4 Battery : stores energy for supplying to electrical appliances when there is a demand.[1]

1.2.2 Solar charge controller : regulates the voltage and current coming from the PV panels going to battery and prevents battery overcharging and prolongs the battery life.[1]

1.2.5 Load : is electrical appliances that connected to solar PV system such as lights, radio, TV, computer, refrigerator, etc.[1]

1.2.3 Inverter : converts DC output of PV panels or wind turbine into a clean AC current for AC appliances or fed back into grid line.[1]

1.2.6 Auxiliary energy sources : is diesel generator or other renewable energy sources.[1]

1.0 Solar PV system

Fundamental of renewable energy

1.3 Solar PV system Timeline[2].[3]

1839

First solar cell is invented

1973

The oil crisis

1998

Scientists now know that collecting solar energy on a large scale is a real possibility.

The 1973 oil crisis leads people to invest in solar research. Exxon, designs a cheaper solar panel, bringing the price down from $100 per watt to $20 per watt.

Inventor and scientist Subhendu Guha invents the first flexible thin-film product labeled as a solar shingle for BIPV use.

1941

The Photovoltaic Effect is discovered This effect allows people to make electricity from light with certain materials.

1905

1954

Einstenin publishes information on the photovoltaic effect

Solar cells improved to 6% efﬁciency by Bell Labs

Einstein goes into further detail explaning how photovoltaic effect actually works. This allows other scientists to better understand and us it.

Solar panel efﬁciency continued to improve over the next several decades, making solar panels much more affordable.

BIPV system

1980 ARCO Solar becomes the ﬁrst panel manufacturer to hit 1 MW of yearly production. Through a series of acquisition over decades, ARCO eventually becomes SolarWorld.

2007

The first commercial CIGS thin-film modules Nanosolar ships the first commercialized CIGS thin-film modules. The company estimated it was the world’s lowest-cost solar panel at the time at $0.99/W.

1.0 Solar PV system

Fundamental of renewable energy

1.4 Solar PV system types 1.4.1 DC coupled system Off-grid

1.4.2 AC coupled system Off-grid

1.4.3 AC coupled Battery System Grid-tie

1.4.4

DC coupled Hybrid System Grid-tie

Figure 1. Basic layout diagram of a DC coupled (off-grid) solar battery system using a MPPT solar charge controller

Figure 2. Basic layout diagram of an AC coupled solar battery system - Grid-tie (hybrid) setup

Figure 3. Basic layout diagram of a AC battery coupled with a AC solar system - Grid-tie (no backup shown)

Figure 4. Basic layout diagram of a hybrid solar inverter with DC battery system

DC coupled systems have been used for decades in off-grid solar installations and small capacity automotive/boating power systems. The most common DC coupled systems use solar charge controllers (also known as solar regulators) to charge a battery directly from solar, plus a battery inverter to supply AC power to the household appliances.[4]

Advanced AC coupled systems are often used for larger-scale off-grid systems and use a string solar inverter coupled with an advanced multi-mode inverter or inverter/charger to manage the battery and grid/generator. Although relatively simple to set up and very powerful, they are slightly less efﬁcient (90-94%) at charging a battery compared to DC coupled systems (98%). However, these systems are more efﬁcient at powering high AC loads during the day and some also can be expanded with multiple solar inverters to form micro-grids.[4]

AC coupled batteries or simply ‘AC batteries’ are a relatively new evolution in battery storage for grid connected homes and allow batteries to be easily AC coupled to a new or existing solar installation. AC batteries consist of lithium battery modules, a battery management system (BMS) and inverter/charger all in one compact, simple unit which can be easily connected to most homes.

Hybrid systems can be described as a grid-tie DC coupled solar battery systems. They come in many different conﬁgurations and typically use a hybrid or multi-mode inverter. Modern hybrid inverters incorporate high voltage MPPT controller/s and battery inverter/chargers inside a common unit. The ﬁrst generation hybrid inverters were compatible with 48V lead-acid or lithium battery systems, however over recent years higher voltage (400V+) battery systems have become increasingly popular.[4]

These systems are generally only designed for grid-connected homes, not off-grid homes, as the (transformerless) inverters are typically not powerful enough to run a home completely off-grid and cannot handle the surge loads of many appliances.[4]

2.0 Vision 2030

Fundamental of renewable energy

2.2 Renewable energy market Renewable energy has rapidly been making inroads into the global energy market in the past few years. Last year, global investments in renewable energy were more than double the amount spent on new coal and gas-ﬁred plants. The sector today employs 8.1 million workers globally, and 2.8 million of them are engaging in the production of solar modules. The International Energy Agency predicts that solar energy will account for over 5% of the global power production capacity by 2020.[5]

2.1 Vision 2030 & Solar energy era A solar sector is emerging as part of Saudi Arabia’s economic diversiﬁcation plans under the Vision 2030. Rising domestic oil consumption, young citizens’ entry into the job market, and reduced solar panel production costs have driven the launch of the solar industry in the kingdom. Growth of the industry had previously been hindered by institutional ambiguity and fragmentation, but the government restructuring in May has paved the way to its eventual rise by unifying necessary administrative functions under the newly-created super-ministry.[5]

Vision 2030 identiﬁes renewable energy as one of the pillars of economic diversiﬁcation away from oil. It sets an “initial target” of producing 9.5 gigawatts (GW) of power from renewable energy. The projects will be pursued under the “King Salman Renewable Energy Initiative,” details of which are expected to be announced soon. The National Transformation Program 2020, which was announced in early June following the Vision 2030, set the target of 3.45GW, or 4 % of the total power consumption, by 2020. The program also aims to employ 7,774 workers in the renewable and nuclear energy sectors combined by 2020.[5]

With energy costs and consumption rising at an exponential rate, the need for renewable energy has never been greater. In accordance with the Saudi Vision 2030 plan for energy diversiﬁcation, Sun Capture brings high quality, cost-competitive solar products to help businesses ease the burden of the high cost of energy.[6]

88%

35%

As part of Saudi Vision 2030, the government has set a goal to diversify energy in the Kingdom to meet rising demands – and to cement Saudi Arabia’s position as a global energy power.[6]

drop in cost of solar PV power since 2009

growth of solar PV power worldwide in 2017

Under the new leadership, new players have begun to be promoted in the Saudi solar industry. In July 2015, an announcement was made that the country’s ﬁrst solar power plant will be set up in al-Aﬂaj, near the capital city, Riyadh. This planned 50MW solar power plant will be created through the cooperation of three institutions: Saudi Technology Development and Investment Company (Taqnia), Saudi Electricity Company (S.E.C.), and the King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (K.A.C.S.T.).[5] Taqnia entered the solar industry in 2014 through its 50 percent acquisition of Sun & Life, a developer involved in Saudi Aramco’s 10.5MW solar project.[5]

3.45GW or 4% The target of the total power consumption by 2020

9.5GW

2.5x

The Initial target of renewable energy power production over 2030

increase in electricity consumption in GCC by 2035

3.0 System Sizing

3.0 System sizing

Fundamental of renewable energy

3.1 Location Location: Al Naeem Dist, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Land area: 1300m2 Built up area: 895m2 Available roof area : 520m2

3.0 System sizing

Fundamental of renewable energy

3.1 Location

Bedroom

Guest dining room

Saloon

Bathroom Bedroom

Grand kitchen

Saloon

Ground ﬂoor 360m2

Living room

Toilet

Laundry

Bedroom

Master bedroom

Bathroom Bedroom

Guest dining room

First ﬂoor 395m2

Annex 400m2

3.0 System sizing

Fundamental of renewable energy Spring Equinox - 03/20

3.2 Shading Study Time : 8:00 AM Area : 310 m2

Time : 10:00 AM Area : 420 m2

Time : 12:00 PM Area : 470 m2

Time : 2:00 PM Area : 450 m2

Time : 4:00 PM Area : 390 m2

Time : 10:00 AM Area : 450 m2

Time : 12:00 PM Area : 500 m2

Time : 2:00 PM Area : 490 m2

Time : 4:00 PM Area : 410 m2

Time : 10:00 AM Area : 430 m2

Time : 12:00 PM Area :470 m2

Time : 2:00 PM Area : 440 m2

Time : 4:00 PM Area : 365 m2

Time : 10:00 AM Area : 380 m2

Time : 12:00 PM Area :420 m2

Time : 2:00 PM Area : 380 m2

Time : 4:00 PM Area : 265 m2

Summer Solstice - 06/21

Time : 8:00 AM Area : 380 m2

Fall Equinox - 09/22

Time : 8:00 AM Area : 330 m2

Average

Winter Solstice 12/21

Area : 400 m2

Time : 8:00 AM Area : 250 m2

3.0 System sizing

Fundamental of renewable energy

3.3 Energy budget

Appliance

Quantity

CommonArea AC

BedRoom AC

LivingRoom AC WaterHeater

Steam Press Iron

TV Screen -1 TV Screen -2

Refrigerator -1 Refrigerator -2

Water Dispenser Dishwasher

Water kettle

Clothes Dryer

Automatic Washing Machine

Semi-Automatic Washing Machine Spinnig Machine Laptop

Cooking Stove Oven

Vacuum

3.4 Consumption & Amount

4 1 3 1

Total watts

Hours\ Day used

kWh

kWh per month

kWh per year

Invoice Date

Consumption Quantity kWh

2900

8700

34.8

1044

12528

Oct-20

8010

SAR

5207

SAR

2900 4000

1500

2200

11600

4000

2200

0.5

4500

1600

0.5

515

845

1 1 1 1 2 1

210

530 450

1750 1850

3000

210

2400

1400

1.1

396

0.8

270 24

3240 288

12.72

381.6

4579.2

450

10.8

324

3888

1750

24 3

3700

0.5 4

3000

440

2000

17280

530

220

1440

151.2

12.6

2200

33408

0.42

2200 350

2784

1 2

92.8

2.06

20.28 5.25 1.85 9

8.8

61.8

608.4 157.5 55.5

126

0.35

10.5

240

1.5

0.36

10.8

129.6

2400

4.8

144

1728

2000 1400

1.4

268.81

120 42

8064.3

79.2

1440 504

96771.6

1,585.80

SAR

1,421.10

SAR

1,683.00 937.26 -

SAR

1,249.20

Apr-21

4040

SAR

727.20

Jul-21

3168

7137

SAR

6940

1890 666

7686

Feb-21

May-21

3240

6.6

Jan-21

7300.8

0.5

0.22

Dec-20

Mar-21

700

0.5

Nov-20

741.6

270 264

Sep-20

Consumption Amount

Jun-21

Aug-21 Sep-21

2880

5040

6480 7320

7800 8320

SAR

518.40

907.20

SAR

1,224.00

SAR

1,620.00

SAR

SAR SAR

1,476.00

1,776.00

15,125.16

4.0 System sizing

Fundamental of renewable energy

3.5 Determine power consumption demands

3.6 Size the PV modules

3.6.2 Calculate the number of PV panels for the system

The ﬁrst step in designing a solar PV system is to ﬁnd out the total power and energy consumption of all loads that need to be supplied by the solar PV system as follows:[1]

Different size of PV modules will produce different amount of power. To ﬁnd out the sizing of PV module, the total peak watt produced needs. The peak watt (Wp) produced depends on size of the PV module and climate of site location. We have to consider panel generation factor which is different in each site location. The panel generation factor is 5.5 kWh/m2 a day. To determine the sizing of PV modules, calculate as follows:[1]

Divide the answer obtained in item 4.2.1 by the rated output Watt-peak of the PV modules available to you. Increase any fractional part of result to the next highest full number and that will be the number of PV modules required.[1]

3.5.1 Calculate total Watt-hours per day for each appliance used Add the Watt-hours needed for all appliances together to get the total Watt-hours per day which must be delivered to the appliances.[1]

3.7 Inverter sizing

Total appliance use = (W x hours)+(W x hours)+......... = (11600x8)+(8700x4)+(4000x12)+(4500x2)+(2200x0.5)+(1 600x0.5)+(210x2)+(520x4)+(530x24)+(845x24)+(450x24) +(1750x3)+(3700x0.5)+(3000x3)+(2200x4)+(700x0.5)+(44 0x0.5)+(240x1.5)+(2000x2)+(2400x2)+(1400x1) = 268,810 Wh

3.5.2 Calculate total Watt-hours per day needed from the PV modules

3.6.1 Calculate the total Watt-peak rating needed for PV modules

Multiply the total appliances Watt-hours per day times 1.3 (the energy lost in the system) to get the total Watt-hours per day which must be provided by the panels.[1]

Divide the total Watt-hours per day needed from the PV modules (from item 4.1.2) by 5.2 to get the total Watt-peak rating needed for the PV panels needed to operate the appliances.[1]

Total PV panels energy needed = Wh per day x 1.3 = 268,810 x 1.3 = 349,453 Wh per day

Number of PV panels needed = Wp / Pmax = 63,536.9 / 550 = 115.52 PV panel = 116 PV panel

Total Wp of PV panel capacity needed = Wh per day / PGF = 349,453 / 5.5 = 63,536.9 Wp

An inverter is used in the system where AC power output is needed. The input rating of the inverter should never be lower than the total watt of appliances. The inverter must have the same nominal voltage as your battery. For stand-alone systems, the inverter must be large enough to handle the total amount of Watts you will be using at one time. The inverter size should be 25-30% bigger than total Watts of appliances. In case of appliance type is motor or compressor then inverter size should be minimum 3 times the capacity of those appliances and must be added to the inverter capacity to handle surge current during starting. For grid tie systems or grid connected systems, the input rating of the inverter should be same as PV array rating to allow for safe and efﬁcient operation.[1]

Total Watt of al appliances = W1 + W2+ W3........... = 11600 + 8700+ 4000 + 4500 + 2200 + 1600+ 210 + 515 + 530 + 845 + 1750 + 3700 + 3000 + 2200+ 700 + 440 + 240 + 2000 + 2400 +1400 = 52,980 W For safety, the inverter should be considered 25-30% bigger size The inverter size should be about 66,225 W or greater

3.0 System sizing

Saudi Arabia Vision 2030

3.8 Battery sizing The battery type recommended for using in solar PV system is deep cycle battery. Deep cycle battery is specifically designed for to be discharged to low energy level and rapid recharged or cycle charged and discharged day after day for years. The battery should be large enough to store sufficient energy to operate the appliances at night and cloudy days. To find out the size of battery, calculate as follows:[1]

3.8.1

Calculate total Watt-hours per day used by appliances.

Total appliance use =

3.8.3 Divide the answer obtained in item 4.4.2 by 0.6 for depth of discharge 3.8.4 Divide the answer obtained in item 4.3 by the nominal battery voltage

3.8.5 Multiply the answer obtained in item 4.4 with days of autonomy (the number of days that you need the system to operate when there is no power produced by PV panels) to get the required Ampere-hour capacity of deep-cycle battery.

(0.85 x 0.6 x nominal battery voltage)

speciﬁcations

Nominal battery voltage = 12 V Days of autonomy = 3 Days Total Watt-hours per day used by appliances = 349,453 Wh per day Total appliance use =

3.8.2 Divide the total Watt-hours per day used by 0.85 for battery loss

Total Watt-hours per day used by appliances

349,453 (0.85 x 0.6 x 12) 349,453 6.12

= 57,100 x 3 = 171,300 Ah

Total appliance use

= 268,810 Wh

Total PV panels energy needed

= 349,453 Wh per day

Total Wp of PV panel capacity needed

= 63,536.9 Wp

Number of PV panels needed

= 116 PV panel

Inverter size

= 66,225 W or greater

Battery size

= 171,300 Ah

4.0 Solutions & Quotation

Fundamental of renewable energy

System size : 12 kW

System size : 7.2 kW

System size : 16.32 kW

Number of solar panels : 22

Number of solar panels : 16

Number of solar panels : 48

Area : 100m2

Area : 48m2

Area : 110m2

kWh produced : 1800 kW per month

kWh produced : 1125 kW per month

kWh produced : 1500 kW per month

12 * 5 = 60kW

7.2 * 5 = 36 kW

16.32 * 5 = 36 kW

60 * 30 = 1800 kW

36 * 30 = 1125 kW

36 * 30 = 2,448 kW

Project cost : 56,580 SAR

Project cost : 31,400 SAR

Project cost : 123,000 SAR

4.0 Solutions & Quotation

Fundamental of renewable energy

Mono

Mult i

Solutions

TSM-DE19

1096

1057

530-555W

21.2 %

Current (A)

10.0

5.0

400

1400

4- Φ7×10

2384

0~+5W

A 15.0

2384

555W+

20.0 A

4- Φ9×14

Voltage(V) 6- Φ4.3 600

System) cost, shorter payback time

500

• Designed for compatibility with existing mainstream system

Silicon Sealant

Laminate

Frame

technology

400 300 200 100

components

Power (W)

Front View

Frame

A-A

Voltage(V)

Lorem ipsum

series resistance and improved current collection • Minimized micro-cracks with innovative non-destructive cutting technology

Peak Power Watts-P Power Tolerance-P

MAX

(Wp)*

• Mechanical performance up to 5400 Pa positive load and 2400 Pa negative load

540

545

555

550

0 ~ +5 MPP

MPP

(V)

(A)

30.8

31.0

31.2

31.4

31.6

31.8

17.21

17.28

17.33

17.37

17.40

17.45

Solar Cells

Monocrystalline

No. of cells

110 cells

Module Dimensions

2384×1096×35 mm (93.86×43.15×1.38 inches)

Weight

28.6 kg (63.1 lb) 3.2 mm (0.13 inches),

Encapsulant material White Frame

OC (V)

Open Circuit Voltage-V

SC (A)

ηm

• The unique design provides optimized energy production under

(%)

37.1

37.3

37.5

37.7

37.9

38.1

18.31

18.36

18.41

18.47

18.52

18.56

20.3

20.5

20.7

20.9

21.0

21.2

Maximum Power-P

MAX

(Wp)

Maximum Power Voltage-V

Cables Length can be customized Connector

MPP

(V)

401

405

409

413

417

420

28.6

28.8

29.0

29.2

29.3

29.5

14.01

14.06

14.10

14.15

14.19

14.23

35.0

35.1

35.3

35.5

35.7

35.9

14.76

14.80

14.84

14.88

14.92

14.96

NOCT (Nominal Operating Cell Temperature)

MPP

(A)

90%

84.8% 5

Open Circuit Voltage-V

(V)

(A)

43°C (±2°C)

MAX

Operational Temperature

-40~+85 ºC

Maximum System Voltage

OC SC

Trina standard

98.0%

35mm(1.38 inches) Anodized Aluminium Alloy

*Measuring tolerance: ±3%.

inter-row shading conditions

100%

535

(W)

Maximum Power Voltage-V

control

530

Max Series Fuse Rating

30A

12 year Product Workmanship Warranty

Modules per box: 31 pieces

25 year Power Warranty

Modules per 40’ container: 620 pieces

0.55% Annual Power Attenuation (Please refer to product warranty for details)

×× × × × × × × × ×

REC CLA LE PACKA N

E -28 WEEE COMPL ANT

Version number: TSM_EN_2020_A

www.trinasolar.com

4.0 Solutions & Quotation

Fundamental of renewable energy

4.0 Solutions & Quotation

Fundamental of renewable energy

cryﬆalline Solar Panel

Electrical Data Maximum Power at STC Optimum Operating Voltage (Vmp) Optimum Operating Current (Imp) Open Circuit Voltage (Voc) Short Circuit Current (Isc)

Maximum Power at STC Optimum Operating Voltage (Vmp) Optimum Operating Current (Imp) Open Circuit Voltage (Voc) Short Circuit Current (Isc) Maximum Syﬆem Voltage Maximum Series Fuse Rating

W V A 2 V A VDC UL 15 A

Thermal Characteriﬆics

Operating Module Temperature -40ºC to +80ºC Nominal Operating Cell Temerature (NOCT) 47±2ºC -0. %/ºC Temperature Coefficient of Pmax Temperature Coefficient of Voc -0. %/ºC Temperature Coefficient of Isc 0.0 %/ºC

47±2ºC cryﬆalline ( x ) Solar Cell Type -0. %/ºC Temperature Coefficient of Pmax (4 x ) Number of Cells Temperature Coefficient of Voc -0. %/ºC x x 35 mm Dimensions Temperature Coefficient of Isc 0.0 %/ºC kg Weight Tempered Glass 0.13 in (3.2 mm) Front Glass Anodized Aluminium Alloy Frame Junction Box MC4 Connectors Connectors IP Rating IP 65 Class Fire Rating Diode Type HY 10SQ050C Number of Diodes Output MC4 Cables Connectors

Rated Current Maximum Voltage Module Diagram Maximum AWG Size Range Temperature Range IP Rating

5.0 Energy production IP Rating Diode Type Number of Diodes Output Cables

Module Diagram

IP 65 HY 10SQ050 2 Diode(s) 1 AWG (2. ft long)

x 35 mm

x (4 x

MC4 Connectors

Rated Current Maximum Voltage Maximum AWG Size Range Temperature Range IP Rating

30A V DC 10 AWG -40ºF to 194ºF IP 67

Certiﬁcations

2 Diode(s) 1 AWG (2. ft long)

30A V DC 10 AWG -40ºF to 194ºF IP 67

IV-Curve

) )

kg Tempered Glass 0.13 in (3.2 mm) Anodized Aluminium Alloy MC4 Connectors Class C

IV-Curve

Certiﬁcations

Voltage (V)

*All specifications and data described in this data sheet are teﬆed under Standard Teﬆ Conditions (STC - Irradiance: 1000W/m 2 , Temperature: 25 º C, Air Mass: 1.5) and may deviate marginally from actual values. Renogy and any of its affiliates has reserved the right to make any modifications to the information on this data sheet without notice. It is our goal to supply our cuﬆomers with the moﬆ recent information regarding our products. These data t (A)

Junction Box

cryﬆalline (

Power (W)

Electrical Data

Thermal Characteriﬆics Operating Module Temperature -40ºC to +80ºC Mechanical Data Nominal Operating Cell Temerature (NOCT)

Solar Cell Type Number of Cells Dimensions Weight Front Glass Frame Connectors Fire Rating

Current (A)

cryﬆalline Solar Panel

VDC UL 15 A

(W)

Maximum Syﬆem Voltage Maximum Series Fuse Rating

W V A 2 V A

Mechanical Data

5.0 Energy production

Fundamental of renewable energy

5.1 Solar PV Panles Renogy RSP200D 200W

5.1.2

Electrical Data Maximum Power at STC Optimum Operating Voltage (Vmp) Optimum Operating Current (Imp) Open Circuit Voltage (Voc) Short Circuit Current (Isc)

cryﬆalline Solar Panel

Electrical Data Maximum Power at STC Optimum Operating Voltage (Vmp) Optimum Operating Current (Imp) Open Circuit Voltage (Voc) Short Circuit Current (Isc) Maximum Syﬆem Voltage Maximum Series Fuse Rating

W V A 2 V A VDC UL 15 A

Thermal Characteriﬆics

Junction Box

IP Rating Diode Type Number of Diodes Output Cables

Module Diagram

IP 65 HY 10SQ050 2 Diode(s) 1 AWG (2. ft long)

Maximum Syﬆem Voltage Maximum Series Fuse Rating

W V A 2 V A VDC UL 15 A

Thermal Characteriﬆics Operating Module Temperature -40ºC to +80ºC Mechanical Data Nominal Operating Cell Temerature (NOCT)

47±2ºC cryﬆalline ( x ) Solar Cell Type -0. %/ºC Temperature Coefficient of Pmax (4 x ) Number of Cells Temperature Coefficient of Voc -0. %/ºC x x 35 mm Dimensions Temperature Coefficient of Isc 0.0 %/ºC kg Weight Front Glass Tempered Glass 0.13 in (3.2 mm) Frame Anodized Aluminium Alloy Junction Box MC4 Connectors Connectors IP Rating IP 65 Class C Fire Rating Diode Type HY 10SQ050 Number of Diodes Output MC4 Cables Connectors

Rated Current Maximum Voltage Module Diagram Maximum AWG Size Range Temperature Range IP Rating

Mechanical Data Solar Cell Type Number of Cells Dimensions Weight Front Glass Frame Connectors Fire Rating

MC4 Connectors

cryﬆalline ( x 35 mm

x (4 x

Rated Current Maximum Voltage Maximum AWG Size Range Temperature Range IP Rating

30A V DC 10 AWG -40ºF to 194ºF IP 67

Certiﬁcations

2 Diode(s) 1 AWG (2. ft long)

30A V DC 10 AWG -40ºF to 194ºF IP 67

IV-Curve

Certiﬁcations

IV-Curve

) )

kg Tempered Glass 0.13 in (3.2 mm) Anodized Aluminium Alloy MC4 Connectors Class C

Power (W)

AE SOLAR AE P6-72 Series 315W

cryﬆalline Solar Panel

Current (A)

5.1.1

5.0 Energy production

Fundamental of renewable energy

5.1 Solar PV Panles 5.1.3

Eging PV 156 Series 255W

5.1.4

Amerisolar AS-6M18 160W

haracteriﬆics Electrical Characteristics Electrical parameters at STC Nominal Power (Pmax)

135W

140W

145W

150W

155W

160W

Open Circuit Voltage (VOC)

21.8V

22.0V

22.2V

22.4V

22.6V

22.8V

Short Circuit Current (ISC)

8.30A

8.45A

8.61A

8.75A

8.90A

9.05A

Voltage at Nominal Power (Vmp)

17.4V

17.6V

17.8V

18.0V

18.2V

18.4V

Current at Nominal Power (Imp)

7.76A

7.95A

8.15A

8.33A

8.52A

8.70A

Module Efﬁciency (%)

13.69

14.20

14.70

15.21

15.72

16.22

STC: lrradiance 1000W/m , Cell temperature 25°C, AM1.5 2

haracteriﬆics Mechanical Characteristics Cell type Number of cells Module dimension Weight Front cover Frame Junction box

Monocrystalline 156x156mm 36(4x9) 1483x665x35mm 12kg 3.2mm low-iron tempered glass Anodized aluminum alloy IP65, 2 diodes

5.0 Energy production

Fundamental of renewable energy

5.1 Solar PV Panles

5.2 Inverters

5.1.5

5.2.1

Eging PV 156 Series 255W

www.jinkosolar.com

Sungrow SG3125HV-30

SG3125HV-30/ SG3400HV-30

Tiger Mono-facial 455-475 Watt

Mechanical Characteriﬆics

Outdoor Inverter for

SG 3125HV-30 /SG 3400HV-30

New

1500 Vdc

System SG3125HV-30

Type designation

P type Mono-crystalline

Cell Type

SG3400HV-30

Input (DC) Max. PV input voltage

Tiling Ribbon (TR) Technology

No.of cells

156 (2×78)

Positive power tolerance of 0~+3%

Dimensions

2182×1029×40mm (85.91×40.51×1.57 inch)

1500 V

Min. PV input voltage / Startup input voltage MPP voltage range

875 – 1300 V

No. of independent MPP inputs

No. of DC inputs 28 inputs negative grounding)

Weight Front Glass Frame

KEY FEATURES

Output Cables

TR technology with Half cell aims to eliminate the cell gap to increase module efﬁciency (mono-facial up to 21.16%)

Max. DC short-circuit current

Harmonic (THD) DC current injection Power factor at nominal power / Adjustable power factor

HIGH YIELD

9BB technology using circular ribbon that could avoid debris, cracks and broken gate risk effectively

LINEAR PERFORMANCE WARRANTY

ISO9001:2015, ISO14001:2015, OHSAS18001 certiﬁed factory IEC61215, IEC61730 certiﬁed product

Guaranteed Power Performance

12 Year Product Warranty 25 Year Linear Power Warranty 0.6% Annual Degradation Over 25 years

Add

97.5%

ition

om J

inko

90%

Sola

475Wp 43.38V

SAVED INVESTMENT

NOCT 353Wp

10.95A

8.88A

Open-circuit Voltage (Voc)

52.26V

49.33V

ear w

Yes

Q at night function

Optional

General Data Dimensions (W*H*D)

2280 * 2280 * 1600 mm

Weight

Compliance with standards: IEC 61727, IEC 62116 Low / High voltage ride through (L/HVRT) Active & reactive power control and power ramp rate control

3.2 T

Topology

Transformerless

Degree of protection

IP55 (optional: IP65)

Night power consumption Operating ambient temperature range

Cooling method

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Max. operating altitude

EFFICIENCY CURVE

Display Communication

< 200 W -35 to 60

-35 to 60 derating)

(> 45

DC EMI Filter

AC Filter

AC EMI Filter

9.51A

DC Switch

DC Bus

DC SPD

Inverter Circuit 1 (DC/AC)

L2 L3

21.16%

AC Filter

AC EMI Filter

AC SPD

M DC Switch

DC SPD

DC Bus

Inverter Circuit 2 (DC/AC)

4000 m (> 3000 m derating) Touch screen Standard: RS485, Ethernet Q at night function (optional), L/HVRT, active & reactive power control and power ramp rate control

96%

AC Breaker

DC DC EMI Filter

Grid support

98% M

DC Fuse

Temperature controlled forced air cooling

AC Breaker

94% Vdc=875V

92%

Vdc=1100V

90%

Vdc=1300V

88% 0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Normalized Output Power

arra

nty

derating)

Compliance

100%

Overheat protection

Allowable relative humidity range

DC Fuse

r’s lin

Yes

Insulation monitoring

(> 50

11.77A

Yes / Yes

Grid monitoring / Ground fault monitoring

39.80V

Maximum Power Current (Imp)

DC Type I + II / AC Type II

Surge protection

GRID SUPPORT

Low transportation and installation cost due to outdoor design DC 1500 V system, low system cost Q at night function optional

83.1%

lue fr

Maximum Power Voltage (Vmp)

Module Efficiency STC (%)

Standard performance warranty

al va

Maximum Power (Pmax)

Short-circuit Current (Isc)

linear performance warranty

100%

JKM475M-7RL3

Circuit breaker

AC output protection

Integrated zone monitoring function for online analysis and trouble shooting Modular design, easy for maintenance Convenient external touch screen

Effective cooling, full power operation at 50 (SG3125HV-30)

Load break switch + fuse

DC input protection

SMART O&M

Advanced three-level technology, max.

STC

3 / 3-PE

Feed-in phases / AC connection

JKM475M-7RL3-V

Avoid debris, cracks and broken gate risk effectively

50 Hz / 45 – 55 Hz, 60 Hz / 55 – 65 Hz

Nominal grid frequency / Grid f requency range 2

SPECIFICATIONS

12 year product warranty, 25 year linear power warranty

25 year

510 – 660 V

AC voltage range

TUV 1×4.0mm (+): 290mm , (-): 145 mm or Customized Length

Best Warranty

600 V

Nominal AC voltage

IP67 Rated

Module Type

3308 A

Max. AC output current

Efficiency

POWER YIELD

3437 kVA @ 45

3125 kVA @ 50

Higher lifetime Power Yield 2.5% ﬁrst year degradation, 0.6% linear degradation

3437 kVA @ 45

AC output power

9BB instead of 5BB 9BB technology decreases the distance between bus bars and ﬁnger grid line which is beneﬁt to power increase.

10000 A

Output (AC)

3.2mm,Anti-Reflection Coating, High Transmission, Low Iron, Tempered Glass Anodized Aluminium Alloy

Junction Box

TR technology + Half Cell

Max. PV input current

26.1 kg (57.54 lbs)

years

5.0 Energy production

Fundamental of renewable energy

5.2 Inverters 5.2.2

MUST PV18-3024 LHM

5.2.3

Eging PV 156 Series 255W

Unit description

Ingeteam

Solar Power Syﬆem

PV1800 LHM Series (AC120V: 1-3KW)

2.9. Specification table Features

MODEL

•

Rated power : 1KW -3KW

•

Pure sine wave solar inverter

•

Output power factor 1

•

Built-in 80A MPPT solar charger

Surge Power

•

Built-in anti-dusk kit for harsh environment

Waveform

•

Support parallel operation up to 3 units (available for 3KW 48V)

•

WIFI remote monitoring (optional)

•

Compatible to generator

PV18-1024 LHM

PV18-1524 LHM

Nominal Battery Syﬆem Voltage Rated Power

PV18-2024 LHM 24VDC

1000W

1500W

INVERTER OUTPUT

AC Voltage Regulation (Batt.Mode)

Selectable Voltage Range Frequency Range

power support with portable size. Its comprehensive LCD display

ch as battery charging BATTERY

Solar syﬆem connection

2500W

2000W

3000W

4000W

5000W

LAPTOP 3

SOLAR CHARGER & AC CHARGER

MECHANICAL SPECIFICATIONS FANS

LCD Display Status Indicator Charging Indicator Fault Indicator Function Buttons AC Input AC Output RS-485 Communication port

9. USB 10.Dry Contact 11. PV Input 12. 13.Battery Input 14.Parallel communication port 15.Parallel switch 16.Circuit breaker

Maximum input current

92.8 / 85.9 /

Overcharge Protection

30VDC

60VDC

Package Dimensions (W*H*D)(mm)

Rated voltage Nominal frequency Power factor Adjustable power factor (4) THD

(5)

Type of grid

Maximum efficiency

99.1%

Euroefficiency

98.7%

98%

General data

60A

INGECON SUN 3Play

140A 297.5*468*125 618*415*261

Gross Weight(kg)

16.4 5% to 95% Relative humidity (Non-condensing) 0°C~50°C -15

<3% TT, TN, IT

80A

13.3

Storage Temperature

1 Yes. 0.8 ~ 1

Performance

2880W/3840W

465*373*231

~60

160.1 / 148.2 /

Configurable rated voltages

272*355*100

150.9 / 139.6 /

Maximum output overcurrent protection

60-130VDC

Net Weight(kg)

Operating Temperature

146.2 / 135.3 /

Maximum output fault current

145VDC

Maximum Solar Charge Current

139.3 / 128.9 /

Inrush current

54VDC

1440W/1920W

111.4 / 103.1 /

Maximum continuous power

27VDC

PV Input Power

(3)

AC output

50Hz \ 60Hz(Auto sensing)

30-130VDC

1 / 20

Maximum input current per string

Floating Charge Voltage

Humidity

BATTERY

OTHER

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

MPPT number

48VDC

Machine Dimensions (W*H*D)(mm)

AC INPUT

Maximum inverter backfeed current to the PV array.

90~145VAC(UPS), 60~145VAC(APL), 107~132VAC(VDE4105)

Maximum Charge Current

INVERTER

Minimum voltage for Pnom

Cooling system

PRINTER

(2)

Maximum short circuit current

120VAC

Maximum AC Charge Current

AC OUTPUT

6000W

10ms (UPS \ UL) 20ms (APL)

LIGHTING

GENERATOR

MPP voltage range

(100VAC ~ 120VAC)±5%

6000W

24VDC

PV Array MPPT Voltage Range

Maximum input voltage (1)

3000W

Pure sine wave

Standby Power Consumption

3000W

Normal voltage

Maximum PV Array Open Circuit Voltage

SOLAR PANELS

Recommended power range of PV array

93%

Introduction

DC inputs

Number of strings (STD version / PRO version)

AC INPUT

160TL

PV18-3048 LHM 48VDC

2000W

Voltage

PV18-3024 LHM

Operating voltage range

Transfer Time

Back panel printing description

PV18-2524 LHM

160TL

Handbuch für Montage und Betrieb Installation and Operation Manual Manual de instalación y uso Manuel d'installation et usage Manuale d'installazione e uso Manual de instalaçao e uso

Forced ventilation

Air flow

Weight (STD version / PRO version) Dimensions (height x width x depth) Stand-by consumption (4) Night consumption Operating temperature Relative humidity (without condensation)

0 ~ 100%

Maximum altitude of the installation Protection class

IP65 / NEMA 4

Durability

C5-H

Markings

RCD EMC and safety regulations

Grid connection regulations

EN 61000-6-1, EN 61000-6-2, EN 61000-6-3, EN 61000-6-4, EN 61000-3-2, EN 61000-3-3, EN 610003-11, EN 61000-3-12, EN 62109-1, EN 62109-2, IEC62103, EN 50178, FCC Part 15, IEC60068-2-1:2007, IEC60068-2-2:20007, IEC60068-2-14:2009, IEC60068-2-30:2005, IEC62116, IEC61683 and EN50530 DIN V VDE V 0126-1-1, Arrêté du 23 avril 2008, EN 50438, EN 50439, EN 50549, CEI 0-21, CEI 0-16 VDE-AR-N 4105:2011-08, G59/3, P.O.12.3, AS4777.2, BDEW, IEC 62116, IEC 61727, UNE 206007-1, ABNT NBR 16149, ABNT NBR 16150, Brazilian Grid Code, South African Grid Code, Chilean Grid Code, DEWA 2.0, Jordanian Grid Code, Thailand MEA & PEA requirements

(2) The inverter does not start operating until V DC V mpp.min is for nominal conditions (V AC 1) V mpp.min depends on the grid voltage (V AC), according to V mpp.min = 1.44* V AC . (3) In the PRO version the maximum current per string is (4) Extended setting range for nominal operating points. (5) For rated PAC and voltage according to IEC 61000-3-4 .

(1)

5.0 Energy production

Fundamental of renewable energy

5.3 System synthesis

Solar Panel Model 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Renogy RSP200D 200W Jinko 475W AE Solar 320W Eging PV 255W Amerisolar 160W Renogy RSP200D 200W Jinko 475W AE Solar 320W Eging PV 255W Amerisolar 160W Renogy RSP200D 200W Jinko 475W AE Solar 320W Eging PV 255W Amerisolar 160W

Module Vpc

PV efficiency

22.6 43.38 36.75 30.62 18.4 22.6 43.38 36.75 30.62 18.4 22.6 43.38 36.75 30.62 18.4

[%] 18.1 21.16 16.49 15.6 16.22 18.1 21.16 16.49 15.6 16.22 18.1 21.16 16.49 15.6 16.22

Inverter Model Inverter efficiency Inverter maximum alloweable voltage Installed capacity PV Panels Needed

Ingeteam

Sungrow SG3125HV-30/ SG3400HV-30

MUST PV182024 LHM

[%] 99.1 99.1 99.1 99.1 99.1 99 99 99 99 99 93 93 93 93 93

[V] 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 120 120 120 120 120

[kWp] 0.8 1.8 1.2 1.0 0.6 0.8 1.8 1.2 1.0 0.6 0.8 1.8 1.2 1.0 0.6

[m²] 346 146 216 271 432 346 146 216 271 432 346 146 216 271 432

Panel area

Module power

Number of modules

Installing Area

Free space

Production / Day

[m²] 1.1 2.24 1.94 1.54 0.99 1.1 2.24 1.94 1.54 0.99 1.1 2.24 1.94 1.54 0.99

[w] 200 475 320 255 160 200 475 320 255 160 200 475 320 255 160

[-] 314 65 111 176 436 314 65 111 176 436 314 65 111 176 436

[m²] 345.68 145.55 216.05 271.12 432.10 345.68 145.55 216.05 271.12 432.10 345.68 145.55 216.05 271.12 432.10

[m²] 174.3 374.4 303.9 248.9 87.9 174.3 374.4 303.9 248.9 87.9 174.3 374.4 303.9 248.9 87.9

[W.d] 374840 184073 212538 267742.5789 416488 374461 183887 212323 267472.4047 416068 351767 172743 199455 251262 390852

5.0 Energy production

Fundamental of renewable energy

5.4 Scenarios Average sp ecific irradiance in Jeddah [W/m ²]

Installed cap acity Num b er of m odules

345.7

145.6

216 .1

271.1

432.1

345.7

145.6

216 .1

271.1

432.1

345.7

145.6

216 .1

271.1

432.1

314.3

65.0

111.4

176.1

436.5

314.3

65.0

111.4

176.1

436.5

314.3

65.0

111.4

176.1

436.5

Average daily electrical load

13425

0.8

1.8

1.2

1.0

0.6

0.8

1.8

1.2

1.0

0.6

0.8

1.8

1.2

1.0

Area

345.68

145.55

216.05

271.12

432.10

345.68

145.55

216.05

271.12

432.10

345.68

145.55

216.05

271.12

432.10

1:00am

2:00am

3:00am

4:00am

5:00am

6:00am

7:00am

1731

850

9 81

1236

19 23

1729

849

9 80

1235

19 21

16 24

79 8

9 21

116 0

1804

8:00am

170

1056 4

5187

59 9 0

7545

11737

10553

5182

59 84

7538

11725

9 9 13

486 8

56 21

7081

11015

9:00am

376

23431

11507

13286

16 737

26 035

23408

1149 5

13272

16 720

26 009

219 89

1079 8

1246 8

15707

24432

10:00am

571

35556

1746 1

2016 1

2539 7

39 507

35520

17443

20140

25372

39 46 7

3336 8

16 386

189 20

23834

37075

11:00am

722

449 53

22075

25489

32109

49 9 47

449 07

22053

2546 3

32077

49 89 7

42186

20716

239 20

30133

46 873

12:00pm

811

50526

24812

286 49

36 09 0

56 140

50475

24787

286 20

36 053

56 083

47416

23285

26 885

3386 8

526 84

1:00pm

842

5246 1

2576 2

29 746

37472

5829 0

52408

25736

29 716

37434

58231

49 232

24176

279 15

3516 5

54702

2:00pm

79 8

49 730

24421

2819 8

35522

55256

49 6 80

2439 7

2816 9

35486

55200

46 6 6 9

229 18

26 46 2

33335

51855

3:00pm

692

43113

21172

24445

3079 5

479 03

4306 9

21150

24421

3076 4

47855

40459

19 86 8

229 41

2889 9

449 55

4:00pm

532

33105

16 257

18771

236 47

36 784

33072

16 241

18752

236 23

36 746

3106 7

15256

176 16

2219 1

34519

5:00pm

332

206 54

10142

11711

14753

229 49

206 33

10132

116 9 9

14738

229 25

19 382

9 518

109 9 0

13845

21536

6:00pm

130

8077

39 6 6

4580

576 9

89 74

806 9

39 6 2

4575

576 3

89 6 5

7580

3722

429 8

5414

8422

7:00pm

9 37

46 0

531

6 70

1041

9 36

46 0

531

669

1040

880

432

49 9

6 28

9 77

8:00pm

9:00pm

10:00pm

11:00pm

12:00am

13425

374840

184073

212538

267743

416488

374461

183887

212323

267472

416068

351767

172743

199455

251262

390852

265910

[W]

13425 13425 13425 13425 1825 6300 4845 8675

15325 16825 18895 16425 11685 9275

11090 6550 6550 6460 5825

11960 13425 13425

5.0 Energy production

Fundamental of renewable energy

Comparison of different solar power installa on capaci es produc on against average daily load - Inlina on = 0, Loca on: Jeddah

5.5 Comparison

Highest Energy Production: 416,488 W.d

60000

Power [W]

50000 40000 30000

Lowest Energy Production: 172,743 W.d

20000 10000 0

Time of the day

Solar Panel Model 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Module Vpc

PV efficiency

22.6 43.38 36.75 30.62 18.4 22.6 43.38 36.75 30.62 18.4 22.6 43.38 36.75 30.62 18.4

[%] 18.1 21.16 16.49 15.6 16.22 18.1 21.16 16.49 15.6 16.22 18.1 21.16 16.49 15.6 16.22

1st Scenario

2nd Scenario

3rd Scenario

4th Scenario

5th Scenario

6th Scenario

7th Scenario

8th Scenario

9th Scenario

10th Scenario

11th Scenario

12th Scenario

13th Scenario

14th Scenario

15th Scenario

Average electricity load

Inverter Model Inverter efficiency Inverter maximum alloweable voltage Installed capacity PV Panels Needed

Ingeteam

Sungrow SG3125HV-30/ SG3400HV-30

MUST PV182024 LHM

[%] 99.1 99.1 99.1 99.1 99.1 99 99 99 99 99 93 93 93 93 93

[V] 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 120 120 120 120 120

[kWp] 0.8 1.8 1.2 1.0 0.6 0.8 1.8 1.2 1.0 0.6 0.8 1.8 1.2 1.0 0.6

[m²] 346 146 216 271 432 346 146 216 271 432 346 146 216 271 432

Panel area

Module power

Number of modules

Installing Area

Free space

Production / Day

[m²] 1.1 2.24 1.94 1.54 0.99 1.1 2.24 1.94 1.54 0.99 1.1 2.24 1.94 1.54 0.99

[w] 200 475 320 255 160 200 475 320 255 160 200 475 320 255 160

[-] 314 65 111 176 436 314 65 111 176 436 314 65 111 176 436

[m²] 345.68 145.55 216.05 271.12 432.10 345.68 145.55 216.05 271.12 432.10 345.68 145.55 216.05 271.12 432.10

[m²] 174.3 374.4 303.9 248.9 87.9 174.3 374.4 303.9 248.9 87.9 174.3 374.4 303.9 248.9 87.9

[W.d] 374840 184073 212538 267742.5789 416488 374461 183887 212323 267472.4047 416068 351767 172743 199455 251262 390852

Renogy | www.renogy.com | support@renogy.com | T: 2775 E. Philadelphia St., Ontario, CA 91761

5.0 Energy production

Fundamental of renewable energy

Voltage (V)

Renogy | www.renogy.com | support@renogy.com | T: 2775 E. Philadelphia St., Ontario, CA 91761

5.5 Comparison

The Best to cover consumption

2nd Scenario (184.1 kW.d)

4th Scenario (267.7 kW.d)

5th Scenario (416.5 kW.d) 60000

50000

40000

20000 10000 0

30000 20000

Time of the day Power production

20000 10000

10000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

30000

Average electricity load

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Time of the day

6th Scenario (374.4 kW.d)

Power produc on

Average electricity load

30000 20000 10000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Power produc on

30000 20000 10000 0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Average electricity load

Power produc on

Time of the day

Average electricity load

Power produc on

9th Scneario (267.5 kW.d)

50000

40000

20000

10000

10000 0

20000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Time of the day

Time of the day Power produc on

Average electricity load

20000 10000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Power produc on

30000

Power [W]

60000

Power [W]

60000

Power [W]

60000

Power [W]

60000

30000

30000 20000

Power produc on

Average electricity load

20000

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Time of the day

Average electricity load

30000

10000

10000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Average electricity load

10th Scenario (416.1 kW.d)

60000

30000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Time of the day

8th Scenario (212.3 kW.d)

7th Scenario (183.8 kW.d)

Power [W]

60000

Power [W]

60000

Power [W]

60000

30000

Power [W]

3rd Scenario (212.5 kW.d)

60000

Power [W]

1st Scenario (374.8 kW.d)

Over and above the requirement

Power produc on

Average electricity load

Lowest energy production 12th Scenario (172.7 kW.d)

15th Scenario (390.9 kW.d)

14th Scenario (251.3 kW.d) 60000

50000

40000

30000 20000

30000 20000 10000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Average electricity load

20000 10000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Power produc on

Average electricity load

30000 20000 10000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Time of the day

Time of the day Power produc on

30000

Power [W]

60000

Power [W]

60000

Power [W]

60000

10000

13th Scenario (199.5kW.d)

60000

Power [W]

11th Scenario (351.8 kW.d)

Average electricity load

20000 10000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Time of the day Power prodcu on

30000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Time of the day Power produc on

Average electricity load

Time of the day Power produc on

Average electricity load

Voltage (V)

5.0 Energy production

Fundamental of renewable energy

Power (W)

Current (A)

Renogy | www.renogy.com | support@renogy.com | T: 2775 E. Philadelphia St., Ontario, CA 91761

5.6 Power balance Consumption (1am - 7am) 75.25kW

Voltage (V)

*All specifications and data described in this data sheet are teﬆed under Standard Teﬆ Conditions (STC - Irradiance: 1000W/m , Temperature: 25 º C, Air Mass: 1.5) and may deviate marginally from actual values. Renogy and any of its affiliates has reserved the right to make any modifications to the information on this data sheet without notice. It is our goal to supply our cuﬆomers with the moﬆ recent information regarding our products. data BattryThese Capacity 5th Scenario sheets can be found in the downloads section of our website, www.renogy.com Specific irradiance Consumption 2

13.43

2:00a m

13.43

0.00

-13.43

47.16

3:00a m

13.43

0.00

-13.43

33.74

4:00a m

13.43

0.00

-13.43

20.31

5:00a m

13.43

0.00

-13.43

6.89

6:00a m

1.83

0.00

-1.82

5.06

7:00a m

6.30

1.24

-5.06

0.00

8:00a m

170

4.85

7.55

2.70

9:00a m

376

8.68

16.74

8.06

10.76

10:00a m

571

15.33

25.40

10.07

20.83

11:00a m

722

16.83

32.11

15.28

36.12

12:00pm

811

18.90

36.09

17.19

53.31

1:00pm

842

16.43

37.47

21.05

74.36

23.84

98.20

60.59

2:00pm

798

11.69

35.52

3:00pm

692

9.28

30.79

21.52

119.72

4:00pm

532

11.09

23.65

12.56

132.27

5:00pm

332

6.55

14.75

8.20

140.48

6:00pm

130

6.55

5.77

-0.78

137.86

7:00pm

6.46

0.67

-5.79

132.07

8:00pm

5.83

0.00

-5.83

126.25

9:00pm

11.96

0.00

-11.96

114.29

10:00pm

13.43

0.00

-13.43

100.86

11:00pm

13.43

0.00

-13.43

87.44

12:00a m

13.43

0.00

-13.43

74.01

No. of Batterries = 140.48 / 25.6 = 5.49 = 6 Baterries

Ma x

153.60

excess of electricity 1.83kW

140.00 120.00 100.00 80.00 60.00 40.00

140.48kW

71.07kW

75.25kW Production = 260.07kW

20.00

Seriece Capacity = Number of batteries X Capacity = 6 X 25.6 = 153.60 kWh

Start taking electricity from the battery

1:00a m

Mi n

Battery charging ends

[kW]

[kWh]

Battery charging starts

Renogy | www.renogy.com | support@renogy.com | T: [kW] [kW] 2775 CA 91761 0.00E. Philadelphia St., Ontario, -13.43

Stored in Battry - [kW]

[W/m²]

SUNGROW SBR256 ( 8 Modules ) Battery Capacity = 25.6 kW

(Production - Consumption)

Consumption (5am - 12am) 71.07kW

160.00

Power [kW]

Production

Consumption (7am - 5pm) 119.59kW

119.59kW

0.00

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Tima of the day

Average electricity load

Energy production

Ba ery Charging

Max. Ba ery Capacity

Excess power = Power stored in battery - Total energy consumed outside charging times = 140.48 - 138.64 = 1.83 kW

5.0 Energy production

Fundamental of renewable energy

5.7 Alternatives

panel

8.08m 8.55m

9.69m

180

panel

18.58m

panel

11.40m

panel

2.48m

panel

8.55m

180

panel

6.46m

panel

panel 18.05m

6.46m

5.0 Energy production

Fundamentals of renewable energy

5.8 Installation 0.99

13.86

3.96

0.99

1.65

Frame bolting

1.65

PV Module frame 4.96

Seal

Frame bolting

Center Clamp 16.54

3.31

18.19

EVA

Front Glass Solar Cell Cross Rail Connector

6.61

Mounting Rail

10.89

2.71

5.8.1 Top view

7.92

Support Edge

5.8.2 Exploded Axonometric

5.0 Energy production

Fundamentals of renewable energy

5.8 Installation Solar Modules 11.19m

Column

Strips of Building Protection Mat

3.69

Conceret block (Rooftop foundation)

Base Plate

Roof 7.50m

5.8.3 Column

5.0 Energy production

Fundamentals of renewable energy

5.8 Installation

PV Module Frame

Center Clamp Cross Rail Connector Mounting Rail

Support Edge Cross Rail Connector

Support Edge

5.8.5 Cross Rail System

Mounting Rail

5.0 Energy production

Fundamentals of renewable energy

5.8 Cleaning & Maintenance

11m 5.9.1 Top view

5.9.2 Isometric

6.0 Solar hot water systems

Fundamental of renewable energy

6.1 What is Solar water heating systems ?

6.2 Solar water heating system components

6.3 How do solar water heating systems work?

Solar water heating systems, or solar thermal systems, use free heat from the sun to warm water. A conventional boiler or immersion heater can be used to make the water hotter, or to provide hot water when solar energy is unavailable.[5]

The following components commonly found in a solar water heating system. Your system may not require some of these components, depending on the type of solar collector you use:[7]

Solar water heating systems use solar panels, called collectors, fitted to your roof. These collectors are filled with a special fluid, typically a mix of water and glycol (anti-freeze), which absorb heat from the sun and use it to heat up water stored in a hot water cylinder. A boiler or immersion heater can be used as a backup to heat the water further to reach the temperature you need.[6]

4.2.1 Solar collectors: convert sunlight to heat energy.[7]

4.2.4 Storage tanks: store hot water when it is not in use. Find out what type of storage tank is best for your home.[7]

4.2.2 Heat transfer ﬂuids: carry the heat from solar collectors to water storage tanks. In warm climates, the heat transfer ﬂuid may be potable water; in cold climates, a non-toxic anti-freeze.[7]

4.2.5 Pumps: control the ﬂow of the transfer ﬂuid through the collector and storage tank.[7]

4.2.3 Heat exchangers: transfer solar heat from the transfer ﬂuid to the home water supply. Learn more about the types of heat exchangers.[7]

4.2.6 Pump station/system controller. These are optional.[7]

The hot water can be used throughout your home for bathing, showering and your hot taps.[5] The Deﬁnition of Solar water heaters according to U.S. Department of Energy's consumer resource on saving energy: “sometimes called solar domestic hot water systems - can be a cost-effective way to generate hot water for your home. They can be used in any climate, and the fuel they use - sunshine - is free.”[6]

6.0 Solar hot water systems

Fundamental of renewable energy

6.4 Types of Solar Water Heating Systems There are two major types of solar water heating systems:[5]

1.0 Active Solar Water Heating Systems

2.0 Passive Solar Water Heating Systems

Figure [6]. Active Open Loop System

Figure [7]. Closed Loop, Freeze-Protection System

Figure [9]. Batch Collector Passive System

Figure [10]. Thermosyphon System

1.2 Direct circulation systems

1.2 Indirect circulation systems

2.1 Integral collector-storage passive systems

2.2 Thermosyphon systems

(open loop systems) use pumps to circulate potable water through the collectors. These systems are appropriate in areas that do not freeze for long periods and do not have hard or acidic water. These systems may require a recirculation freeze protection (circulating warm tank water during freeze conditions) and this in return requires electrical power for the protection to be effective. An open loop system operates at atmospheric pressure.[8]

(closed loop) uses a heat-transfer fluid (water or a diluted antifreeze fluid) to collect heat and a heat exchanger to transfer the heat to the potable water indirectly. Heat exchangers transfer the heat from the heated fluid to the potable water (or other fluid). Some indirect systems have "overheat protection" by-pass which removes the heat that cannot be used.[8]

These consist of a storage tank covered with a transparent material to allow the sun to heat the water. Water from the tank then ﬂows into the plumbing system. These work best in areas where temperatures rarely fall below freezing. They also work well in households with signiﬁcant daytime and evening hot-water needs.[8]

Thermosyphon systems work on the principal of heat rising. In an open-loop system (for nonfreezing climates only), potable water enters the bottom of the collector and rises to the tank as it warms. In colder climates, an antifreeze solution, such as propylene glycol, is used in the closed solar loop, and freeze-tolerant piping, such as cross-linked polyethylene (PEX), is used for the potable water lines in the attic and on the roof.[9]

7.0 Solar Water Heating System : System Sizing

7.0 Solar Water Heating System : System Sizing Fundamental of renewable energy

7.3 Water Useage

7.1 Rules of thumb for sizing 01

Higher the teperature requirement, Lower the total utilization.

High solar function = low system efﬁciency.[10]

Try to never exceed 100% (June load may be low and insolation high).[10]

04 05 06

[10]

Must understand consumption VS production i.e., insolation level vary as does load but never are they directly related.[10] 30-60% SF are showing greatest ROI.[10]

(SF = Solar reﬂectance , ROI = Return on Investment)

Storage with water-each gallon per degree can storage 8.3 BTU’s = 2.4 Wh (6.6-9.8 gallons of storage per meter of collector area).[10] (BTU = British Thermal Unit)

7.2 Guidlines for DHW systems (DHW = Domestic Hot Water)

Small-Residential System 01

0.9m2 of collector per person (52% SF).[10]

DHW accounts for 30% of household fuel bill.[10]

In industrialized countries, average of 75 liters of hot water per person per day (l/d.p).[11]

In industrialized countries, people use an average of 75 liters hot water per day per person (l/d.p).[11] Water store = Family members (persons) x Average useage for person (75 l/.d.p) Water store = 8 x 75 liter

Daily hot water demand

litres/d

600

Energy content of hot water used

kWh/a

11893

Distribution loss

kWh/a

2099

m²

9.66

Collector APERTURE area Zero-loss eﬀiciency ηØ

0.6

Collector heat loss coeﬀicient α1

W/m²K

Collector performance ratio

Water store = 600 l/d

kWh/m².a

Solar energy available, S

Collector Size = 1.86 + ( additional people x 1.30 ) Collector Size = 1.86 + ( 6 x 1.30 ) Collector Size = 9.66 m2 Overshading

ηØ

α1

Ratio of aperture area to gross area

Evacuated tube

0.6

0.72

Flat plate, glazed

0.75

0.90

Unglazed

0.9

1.00

None or very little

kWh/a

14258

Solar to load ratio

1.019

Utilisation factor

0.625

Collector performance factor

0.715

Dedicated solar storage vol

litres

Total cylinder volume (if combined)

litres

Eﬀective solar volume

litres

600 600.0

Volume ratio

1.000

Solar storage volume factor

1.000

Solar Energy Captured, Qs

Overshading factor

Default collector

2460 1

Overshading factor

the general rule of thumb is that your south-facing roof/surface needs a minimum of 1.86 m2 of collector area for each of the ﬁrst two people in the home. For each additional person using hot water, add a minimum of 1.11 to 1.3 m2.[11]

3.0 5

Annual solar radiation per m²

7.3 Collector Sizing / Roof Space

Collector type

Temperature diﬀerence

kWh/a

6374

% of sky blocked by obstacles Overshading factor

Heavy

> 80%

0.5

Significant

> 60%-80%

0.65

Modest

20%-60%

0.8

< 20%

Energy per month = 6374 / 12 = 531.17 kWh/month

Energy per day = 531.17 / 12 = 17.7 kWh.d

kWh/m².a Orientation of collector

Tilt of collector

South

North

30°

2460

2390

2180

1910

1760

45°

2320

2240

2010

2000

1610

1360

60°

2050

2000

1770

1310

1020

Vertical

1210

1300

1290

1180

749

428

Horizontal

2350

Electrical water heater consumption = 9 kWh.d The electricity consumption with electrical water heater = 268.81 kWh.d = Affect the electricity consumption Electrical water heater consumption = 17.7 kWh.d The electricity consumption without water heater = 259.81 kWh.d = Do not affect the electricity consumption The solar water heating system do not affect the electricity consumption because it does not need the electrical energy to heat the water

7.0 Solar Water Heating System : System Sizing Fundamental of renewable energy

CWV CWV

CWV

HWV CWV

CWV

2.1 Vision 2030 & Solar energy era

HWV

HWV CWV HWV CWV

HWV CWV

2.1 Vision 2030 & Solar energy era

References [1] LEONICS® Co., Ltd. is an ASEAN leading microgrid technology company Website : https://www.leonics.com/support/article2_12j/articles2_12j_en.php [2] Solar Power World website, “The long history of solar PV” an article by Kelly Pickerel : https://www.solarpowerworldonline.com/2018/01/long-history-solar-pv/ [3] Vivint.Solar Co., Learning center>Solar 101>History of solar energy “History of solar energy: Who Invented solar panels?” : https://www.vivintsolar.com/learning-center/history-of-solar-energy [4] Clear Energy Reviews website, “Solar battery system types - AC Vs DC coupled” an article by Jason Svarc : https://www.cleanenergyreviews.info/blog/ac-coupling-vs-dc-coupling-solar-battery-storage [5] Energy saving trust website, “Solar water heating”: https://energysavingtrust.org.uk/advice/solar-water-heating/ [6] the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) consumer resource on saving energy website, “Solar water heaters”: https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/solar-water-heaters [7] Solar Tribune, “Components of a Solar Hot Water Heating System”: https://solartribune.com/solar-hot-water-parts/ [8] Northern Lights Solar Solutions, “Types of Solar Heating Systems”: https://www.solartubs.com/types-of-solar-heating.html [9] Energy Grid Solutions Inc., “Solar Hot Water - Thermosyphon”: http://www.energygridsolutions.com/deﬁned/solar-hot-water-thermosyphon.html [10] Solar Hot Water System sizing “YouTube Video”: https://youtu.be/R9BlzPQ_3-w [11] Exploring Energy Efﬁciency & Alternatives“Solar ht water”: https://www.e3a4u.info/energy-technologies/solar-hot-water/system-sizing/