ENERGY EFFICIENT HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS IN DIFFERENT CLIMATE REGIONS (RIYADH) Instructor: Dr-Ing. Mohannad Bayoumi
AR 408 Studio Design Department of Architecture Faculty of Architecture and Planning King Abdulaziz University
Eng. Abdulraheem Aalim
Students: Hashim Albar
04. DESIGN 04.01 DESIGN CONCEPT 04.02 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT 04.03 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS & FACADES DESIGN 04.04 BUILDING SYSTEMS
04.01 DESIGN CONCEPT FORM
Core
Act as a solid component to give protection from solar radiation.
Cores provide depth on elevations to provide shade .
Office Space
Office Space
Core
Slanting cores provides more shade & increas CP
Cut hight: 80 m
+ 2
-
-
1
1. Low difference in pressure.
Office Space
Core
Office Space
Core
Office Space
Core Office Space
Core
Core
Core
Office Space
Core
3.Cores curved
Core
Office Space
Core
2.Cores exposed & shifted Core
1.Cores on the corner
2. Negative pressure is incresed, wind moves from positive pressure to negative pressure area.
3
04.01 DESIGN CONCEPT FORM
Core
Core
Core
Core
Twisting cores to provide shade & protection on the facade.
Core
Core
Core
Core
Twisting facade & connecting it with twisted core provides more shade.
Core
Core
Core
Core
Core
Core
Core
Core
Form with curved facade.
Corners curve increas as building hight increases.
4
04.01 DESIGN CONCEPT SHADOW ANALYSIS N
South faced
10° 20°
West facade
30° 40°
Summer
50°
18:45 pm
5:05 am
60° 70° 80°
Winter
17:09 pm
6:33 am
Core
Core
9:00 am
12:00 pm
3:00 pm
East facade Core
Core
Core
9:00 pm
12:00 pm
3:00 pm
North facade
Core
Core
Core
9:00 am
12:00 pm
3:00 pm
9:00 pm
12:00 pm
3:00 pm
5
04.01 DESIGN CONCEPT STRATEGIES
ON
SKY GALLERY A T IL
TI
HELIOSTATS
S TA C K
N VE
OFFICES
ATRIUM
OFFICES
CAFE - SKY GARDEN
THERMAL MASS
CAFE - SKY GARDEN
STA CK
OFFICES
ATRIUM
OFFICES
LIGHT WELL
IO N ILAT T N VE
NIGHT COOLING
OFFICES
ATRIUM
OFFICES
CAFE - SKY GARDEN
HELIOSTATS
T TILA EN V K AC ST
IO
N
LOBBY 6
04. DESIGN 04.01 DESIGN CONCEPT 04.02 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT 04.03 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS & FACADES DESIGN 04.04 SYSTEMS
04.02 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
CORE
SKY GALLERY
MAIN ENTR.
Typical OfямБce
SECURIT Y AR
CORE EA
SECONDARY EXIT
OFFICES
ATRIUM
OFFICES
CAFE - SKY GARDEN
LOBBY
PARKING E NTRANCE
CORE
CORE
RECEPTION
CORE
BREAK AREA
COMMON SPACE
COMMON SPACE
BREAK AREA
OFFICE SPACE
CORE
OFFICE SPACE
RECEPTION
OFFICE SPACE
OFFICE SPACE
SECONDARY EXIT
LOBBY
CORE
OFFICE SPACE
Ground Floor
OFFICE SPACE
ZONING
RECEPTION
CORE
Sky Garden CORE
Sky Gallery
BREAK AREA - SEATING
CORE
CORE
EXIBITION SPACE
EXIBITION SPACE
EXIBITION SPACE
CAFE
CAFE
OFFICES
ATRIUM
CAFE
CAFE
OFFICES
EXIBITION SPACE
EXIBITION SPACE
CAFE - SKY GARDEN
LOBBY
CORE
EXIBITION SPACE
OFFICES
ATRIUM
OFFICES
CAFE - SKY GARDEN
EXIBITION SPACE
CORE
BREAK AREA - SEATING
CORE
CORE
EXIBITION SPACE
CORE
8
04.02 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT ATRIUM & SKY-GARDEN
SKY GALLERY
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
TIME: 10:00 AM SUN ANGLE: 34
TIME: 12:00 PM SUN ANGLE: 40
TIME: 02:00 PM SUN ANGLE: 26
OFFICES
ATRIUM
OFFICES
CAFE - SKY GARDEN
OFFICES
ATRIUM
OFFICES
CAFE - SKY GARDEN
14 m
14 m
14 m
OFFICES
ATRIUM
OFFICES
CAFE - SKY GARDEN
LOBBY 9
04.02 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT CORE
PRESSURIZED SHAFT
40.80 m
ELEV. CORE
SERVICE CORE
PLUMBING SHAFT
PLUMBING SHAFT
TOILET
JENITORS ROOM FIRE ESCAPE
SERVICE CORE SERVICE CORE
ELEV. CORE ELEV. CORE
HVAC SHAFT
ENTR.
ELEV. CORE
SERVICE CORE
40.80 m
ENTR.
ELEV. LOBBY
STORAGE
ELEC. ROOM
10
04.02 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT FIRE ESCAPE
Ground Floor
Typical OfямБce 40.80 m
ELEV. CORE
40.80 m
SERVICE CORE
ELEV. CORE
SERVICE CORE
32 m
32 m
40.80 m
40.80 m
FIRE EXIT
32 m
SERVICE CORE
ELEV. CORE
SERVICE CORE
FIRE EXIT
SERVICE CORE
ELEV. CORE
SERVICE CORE
32 m
ELEV. CORE ELEV. CORE
11
04.02 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT MODULE
Opan office space
Meeting room
7.20 m
7.20 m
3.60 m
3.60 m
40.80 m
Seminar
7.20 m
Common space
7.20 m
3.60 m
5.40 m
5.4 m
40.80 m
3.6 m 3.6 m
Braek area
Office cell 1
5.40 m
5.40 m
3.6 m
SERVICE CORE
ELEV. CORE
Office cell 2
Reseption
5.40 m
3.60 m
5.4 m
3.60 m
3.6 m 3.6 m 3.6 m
3.60 m
5.4 m
3.60 m
3.60 m
5.4 m
12
04. DESIGN 04.01 DESIGN CONCEPT 04.02 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT 04.03 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS & FACADES DESIGN 04.04 SYSTEMS
04.03 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS SITE PLAN
King Fahad Road
Plaza
Parking building
20
N
0m
10
40 30
50
14
04.03 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS GOUND FLOOR ON SITE
40.80 m
1 6
5
2 3
40.80 m
King Fahad Road
4
2
A.A 10
20
1. Entrance N
0m
5
15
25
2. Security
3. Lobby
4. Reception
5. Elevators(core)
6. Toilet & Fire escape(core)
15
04.03 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS TYPICAL OFFICE PLAN
6 6
3
4
3
4
2
2
5
5
3
5
5
5 3
3
5
3
2
3
4
2
1
3
1
4
6
6
A.A 10
N
20
1. Front desk 0m
5
15
25
2. Common space
3. OfямБce
4. Break area
5. Meeting room
6.Toilet
16
04.03 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS TYPICAL SKY-GARDEN PLAN
3
1
2 2
1
3
A.A 10
N
0m
5
20 15
25
1. Entr. to floor
2. Cafe
3. Break sitting area
17
04.03 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS PARKING BUILDING
18
04.03 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS SKY GALERIA
40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24
SKY GARDEN
23 22
185 m
SECTION A-A
41
21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6
GARDEN
5 4 3 2
1
19
04.03 FACADE DESIGN RADIATION ANALYSIS 2
kWh/m .a
South facade East facade
West facade
North facade
415.37 373.84 332.30 290.76 249.22 207.69 166.15 124.61 83.07 41.54 0.00
2.1
20
04.03 FACADE DESIGN RADIATION ANALYSIS 2
kWh/m .a 415.37 373.84 332.30 290.76 249.22 207.69 166.15 124.61 83.07 41.54 0.00
7.20 2.15
2.20
1.55
Shading panels angle is open on the less radiation part of the facade.
21
04.03 FACADE DESIGN NORTH ELEVATION
22
04.03 FACADE DESIGN SOUTH ELEVATION
23
04.03 FACADE DESIGN WEST ELEVATION
24
04.03 FACADE DESIGN EAST ELEVATION
25
04. DESIGN 04.01 DESIGN CONCEPT 04.02 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT 04.03 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS & FACADES DESIGN 04.04 SYSTEMS
04.04 BUILDING SYSTEMS SHADING PANELS
1
2 3
4 5 1. Slab 2. Steal beam 3. Enclocure panel 4. Steel plate 5. Suspended ceiling
1
2 1
3
1. Glass 2. Defflection track
1. Slab
3. Slab
2. Steal frame
2
3. Shading panel 3
27
04.04 BUILDING SYSTEMS
2.15
STRUCTURE
Load flow
Structural plan
5.40 m
12.60 m
7.20 m
21.60 m
5.40 m
40.80 m
5.40 m
12.60 m
12.60 m
5.40 m
12.60 m
7.20 m
Core
21.60 m
28
7.20
9.00
1.60
2.20SYSTEMS 2.1504.04 BUILDING CORE DETAIL
3.40 7.20 2.20
2.15
1.60
1.55
1.55
9.00
2.15
5.15
Drainage pipe
Exhaust
5.15 9.00
Vent
Hot water return
1.60
Fire drain
5.15
Fire supply Hot water supply Potable water supply Treated water supply
STORAGE
3.75
9.00
0.60
0.60
3.75
3.35
4.0 29
04.04 BUILDING SYSTEMS
2.20 0.95 CORE DETAIL
2.20
0.95
2.15
2.15
3.40
CBW Supply
HVAC Shaft
CBW Return
2.20 3.35
ELEC. & DATA Room
ELEC. Shaft
2.15
7.20
2.20
STORAGE
7.20
5.15
Ventilation duct ( fresh air )
2.15
ELEC. & DATA Room
9.00
4.00
7.20
30
04.04 BUILDING SYSTEMS
Fresh air duct
HVAC
Primary air
Chilled Beam System A chilled beam system has lower operating cost. Cooled water temperature is higher than cooled air, but it provides the same cooling ability. This helps to lower the cost of this unit type. Because the building does not rely on the delivery of air for cooling or heating, it can run air circulation fans at a lower speed or not at all. It has been estimated that this system can handle anywhere from 25 to 50 percent less air than a traditional air delivery unit. There is also a reduction in the need for air distribution duct networks upon installation. As a result, this can help to lower the cost.
Convection
Cooling coil
Ceiling Induced air
Convection
CHW & Heating Pipe
Chilled beam
Ventilation Pipe
Convection
Chilled beam size
Fall ceiling
Varies: 3 m
2.4 m
1.8 m
1.2 m
OfďŹ ce oor 0.6 m
Air side system
Closed loop system (water side) Chilled water pipes two & from chiller
Chiller 1
Chiller 2
Pumps
Outside air
Fesh air AHU
Supply air to chilled beams
31
04.04 BUILDING SYSTEMS HVAC
Water side
Chiller size Cooling load = 50.2 kW CAP. kW = 1100 50.2 x 40(number of floors) = 2008 kW 7.20 4.00
STORAGE ELEC. Shaft
2.20
7.20
2.3 m
5.15
Pumps
3.35
2.15
Chillers x 2
CHILLED WATER PUMP
HVAC Shaft 2.15
9.2 m 3.40
2.20
0.95
9.00
HVAC Shaft
AHU
AHU
Air side
9.00
2.3 m
0.95
HVAC Shaft
9.2 m
2.15
ELEC. Shaft
STORAGE
3.35
AHU
7.20
5.15 2.20
CHILLED WATER PUMP
2.20
2.15
3.40
4.00
7.20
Legend Fresh air duct
Filter
Noise absorber
Heater/cooler
Chilled beam
Chiller
Outlet water pipe
Humidifier
Fan
Inlet water pipe
32
04.04 BUILDING SYSTEMS HVAC PLAN
40.80 m
40.80 m
SERVICE CORE
ELEV. CORE
33
04.04 BUILDING SYSTEMS ENERGY CONSUMPTION
Typical OfďŹ ce
Frame work Item
Unit
U value wall
[W/m K]
2
Case 1
Case 2
0.53
0.22
6
3
2
[W/m K]
U value glass
1.9
0.7
4 2
Shading Device
[-]
No
Yes
HVAC System
[-]
VAV Temp.
VAV Temp.
Window Opening
[-]
No
No
Occupants
[-]
96
96
Ecuipment
[-]
88
88
5 3
2
1
3
4 6
Energy Consumption Case 2 16
Energy Consumption (kWh/m2 )
16
Energy Consumption (kWh/m2 )
3
5
Energy Consumption Case 1 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
5
14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Total Energy Demand
Total Energy Demand
98.1 kWh/m2
65.6 kWh/m2
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
34
04.04 BUILDING SYSTEMS
40.80 m
ENERGY CONSUMPTION Item
Unit
Case 1
Case 2
Case 3
U value wall
[W/m K]
2
0.53
0.22
0.22
U value glass
[W/m K]
2
1.9
0.7
0.7
Shading Device
[-]
No
Yes
Yes
HVAC System
[-]
VAV Temp.
VAV Temp.
Window Opening
[-]
No
No
Chilled Beam/ Ceiling No
Occupants
[-]
96
96
96
Ecuipment
[-]
88
88
88
40.80 m
Frame work
SERVICE CORE
Energy Consumption Case 3
Operative Temperature 28
14
Operative Temperature (°C)
Energy Consumption (kWh/m2 )
16
12 10 8 6 4 2 0
ELEV. CORE
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
27 26 25 24 23 22 21
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Total Energy Demand 39.4 kWh/m2 35
04.04 BUILDING SYSTEMS ENERGY CONSUMPTION Frame work Item
Unit
Case 1
Case 2
Case 3
Case 4
2
0.53
0.22
0.22
0.22
2
THERMAL MASS
U value wall
[W/m K]
U value glass
[W/m K]
1.9
0.7
0.7
0.7
Shading Device
[-]
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
HVAC System
[-]
VAV Temp.
VAV Temp.
Window Opening
[-]
No
No
Chilled Beam/ Ceiling
Chilled Beam/ Ceiling PI Temp. Control
No
Energy Consumption Case 4 28
14
Operative Temperature (°C)
Energy Consumption (kWh/m2 )
0.60
Operative Temperature
16
12 10 8 6 4 2 0
NIGHT COOLING
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
27 26 25 24 23 22 21
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Total Energy Demand 31 kWh/m2 36
04.04 BUILDING SYSTEMS ENERGY CONSUMPTION
5.15
7.20
Frame work Item
Unit
Case 1
Case 2
Case 3
Case 4
U value wall
[W/m K]
2
0.53
0.22
0.22
0.22
U value glass
[W/m K]
2
1.9
0.7
0.7
0.7
Shading Device
[-]
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
HVAC System
[-]
VAV Temp.
VAV Temp.
Window Opening
[-]
No
No
Chilled Beam/ Ceiling
Chilled Beam/ Ceiling PI Temp. Control
No
Energy Consumption 120
3.75
100
kWh/m2
80 60 40 20 0
Case 1
Case 2
Case 3
Case 4
37
04.04 BUILDING SYSTEMS NATURAL VENTILATION
Grid Independence analysis aims to deďŹ ne the best mesh size by testing different mesh sizes, and to see the result and wheather it is acceptable or not, then choosing the right mesh size for the wind analysis, that would help to get good results in a good time.
Pressure at Point A 0.08 0.06
Pres s ure [p]
0.04 0.02 0 -0.02 -0.04 -0.06 -0.08
1
2
1
4
2
4
6
6
8
8
38
04.04 BUILDING SYSTEMS NATURAL VENTILATION
Veocity [m/s] 11.1 9.8 8.3 7.4 6.0 4.8 3.7 2.6 1.0 0.0
The air velocity in the offices zone is acceptable for the users
Age of Air [s] 36.0 32.5 28.5 24.5 20.5 16.5 12.5 8.0 4.0 0.0
Simulation show the potential for ventilating through the court
Simulation show the age of air reducing through natural ventil ation in the offices zone
39