FUNDAMENTALS OF RENEWEABLE ENERGY AR - 484 Supervised By: Dr-Ing. Mohannad Bayoumi
Done By Group C : - Husam Kashkari - Abdullah Bukhari - Abdulbary Dajim - Qussay Dhafar
APPLICATIONS
A software for Photovoltaic production analysis
A software for architectural modeling and analysis
A software for architectural drawing
IDA ICE. A software for consumption loads
A software for processing and presenting data
INDEX
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 The project 1.2 Contextual analysis 1.3 Architectural drawings 1.4 Users and equipment 1.5 ASHRAE 55 standards 2.0 CONSUMPTION LOADS SIMULATION 2.1 Frame work 2.2 Cooling demand total (starting condition) 2.3 Cooling demand zones (starting condition) 2.4 Case zone consumption loads analysis (starting condition) 2.5 Faรงade design and optimization 2.6 Comparison between starting design and modified design 3.0 RENEWABLE SOLAR SYSTEM BATTERIES REASEARCH
4.0 PRODUCTION FROM SOLAR ENERGY 4.1 Introduction 4.2 PV. production 4.3 SWH. production
3
DEFINITIONS & UNITS
• Renewable Energy. Resources such as sunlight and wind, that are not depleted by use (McCombs, 2015) • Thermal comfort. that condition of mind that expresses satis- faction with the thermal environment and is assessed by subjective evaluation. (ASHRAE 55)
• • • • • CLO. a unit used to express the thermal insulation provided by garments and • clothing ensembles, where 1 CLO = 0.155 m2·°C/W (0.88 ft2·h·°F/Btu). (ASHRAE 55) • • • MET. Metabolism, a term used to describe reactions involved in maintaining the living state of the cells and organism. considered in cooling demand calculations. (Medical life science) • Cooling loads. The amount on heat energy that would need to be removed from a space (BASIX)
W = Watt h = hours lx = lux V = volt kWh = Kilowatt hour kWp = Kilowatt peak a = Annual
• Consumption. The amounts of electricity used running electrical equipment • Energy budget. Calculations made that show energy consumption of individual equipment and the total consumption • PV. Photovoltaic, the cells used to convert sunlight into Electricity • SWH. Solar water heater, a system that captures energy from the sun and uses it to heat water 4
PRESENTATION PROGRESS
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 The project 1.2 Contextual analysis 1.3 Architectural drawings 1.4 Users and equipment 1.5 ASHRAE 55 Standards 2.0 CONSUMPTION LOADS SIMULATION 2.1 Frame work 2.2 Cooling demand total (starting condition) 2.3 Cooling demand zones (starting condition) 2.4 Case zone consumption loads analysis (starting condition) 2.5 Faรงade design and optimization 2.6 Comparison between starting design and modified design 3.0 RENEWABLE SOLAR SYSTEM BATTERIES REASEARCH
4.0 PRODUCTION FROM SOLAR ENERGY 4.1 Introduction 4.2 PV. production 4.3 SWH. production
5
1.1 THE PROJECT OFFICE BUILDING
Project: Energy efficiency optimization for an Office Building Location: Jeddah, Arrawdha, Alkayyal St. Longitude: 39.09 Latitude: 21.33 Site Area: 2 ≈1,200 m Designer: Dr-Ing. Mohannad Bayoumi
6
1.2 INTRODUCTION CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS
Solid And Void
Building Heights 2 Floors 4 Floors 7
1.3 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS GROUND FLOOR PLAN
c
c
3 B
c
1 A
c
2 c
Zones 1 2 3
2
Floor area (m ) 262 14 250
Openings 50 % 0 % 50 %
Legend: A. Entrance (East) B. Entrance (west) C. Services
8
1.3 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS MEZZANINE PLAN A
B
C
E
D
G
F
H
J
I
40.50
EL.+4.50
C
5.70
EL.+4.50
5.70
5.70
3.00
2.70
6.30
EL.+4.50
SHAFT
2.40
SHAFT
3.30
SHAFT
5.70
1
EL.+1.20
7.20
EL.+1.20
EL.+1.20 RESTAURANT (EAST)
EL.+4.44
UP
2 B
18.00
1.35
3 UP
4
B
SHAFT
SHAFT
SHAFT
1.35
2
A SHAFT UP 13
EL.+4.44
2
Floor area (m ) 177 130
Openings 50 % 50 %
UP
B
EL.+4.44
6.60
EL.+4.44
1 A
SHAFT
RESTAURANT (WEST)
A
Zones 1 2
EL.+1.20
EL.+1.20 EL.+1.20
EL.+1.20
1.50
5
6
C
Legend: A. Restaurant (East) B. Restaurant (west)
9
1.3 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS FIRST FLOOR PLAN
42 A
39 A B
21 A
23 A
C
35 A C
B 25 A
26 A
2
Zones Floor area (m ) 21 36 23 36 25 36 26 41 35 36 39 32 42 32 Legend: A. Office B. Kitchenette C. W/C
Openings 50 % 50 % 80 % 50 % 50 % 80 % 50 %
10
1.3 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS SECOND FLOOR PLAN
A
A
A B
A C
A C
A B
A
Zones 1
2
Floor area (m ) 290
Openings 100 %
1 D Legend: A. Office B. Kitchenette C. W/C D. Café 11
1.3 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS SECTION
ROOF SECOND F FIRST F MEZZANINE
GF
N
BASEMENT
S 12
1.4 USERS AND EQUIPMENT Zones
Equipment
Offices
1. TV. 2. Monitors 3. Printers 4. PC 5. Telephone
Restaurant & Kitchen
Corridor
1. Fridge 2. Stove 3. Mixer 4. Ice machine 5. Dish washer -
Users CLO = 1.0 MET = 1.0 NO. = 6
CLO = 1.0 MET= 1.0 MET (chef) = 2.0 NO. = 100
CLO = 1.0 MET = 2.0 NO. = -
13
1.5 ASHRAE 55 STANDARDS THERMAL COMFORT
14
1.5 ASHRAE 55 STANDARDS THERMAL COMFORT
15
PRESENTATION PROGRESS
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 The project 1.2 Contextual analysis 1.3 Architectural drawings 1.4 Users and equipment 1.5 ASHRAE 55 standards 2.0 CONSUMPTION LOADS SIMULATION 2.1 Frame work 2.2 Cooling demand total (starting condition) 2.3 Cooling demand zones (starting condition) 2.4 Case zone consumption loads analysis (starting condition) 2.5 Faรงade design and optimization 2.6 Comparison between starting design and modified design 3.0 RENEWABLE SOLAR SYSTEM BATTERIES REASEARCH
4.0 PRODUCTION FROM SOLAR ENERGY 4.1 Introduction 4.2 PV. production 4.3 SWH. production
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2.1 Frame Work IDA ICE ANALYSIS Variables
Framework Factor
Unit
Case 1
case 2
Orient.
-
South
North
Area
m 2
36
32
Opening control
-
No
No
Ext. shading
-
Yes
Yes
U- value glass
W/m k
2.0
2.0
U- value ext. wall
W/m k
0.22
0.22
2
2
The table to right shows the variables or elements that were ta ke n i nto a c co u nt i n t h e simulation of IDA ICE each month to reach realism level of simulation
January February March April May June July August September October November December mean
Internal Walls Window Mech. Infiltration Envelope & Local Local Occupants, Equipment Lighting, Net Thermal bridges, and & Solar, supply air, &Opening heating cooling W , W W losses, W W W W s, W units, W units, W Masses, W -88.97 -87.05 -29.48
-7.61 -4.175 -1.746
114.4 221.4 271.5 342.3 336.5 246.8
77.69 -38.19
1.407 5.761 8.659 8.472 7.854 4.976 -0.291 2 -1.439 -4.579
132
1.465
201.1
187.9 185.4 185.7 171.3 157 151.5 158.5 179.8 186.8
666 654.4 697 860.6 962.5 970.4 1088.1 1086.3 996.2
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
153.1 147.7 141.8 154.4 156.4 142.2 156.9 151.2 149.8
249.5 240.5 228.6 247 249.9 224.5 249.9 238.9 235.9
171.9 171.9 171.9 171.9 171.9 171.9 171.9 171.9 171.9
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
222.1
1001.9
0
157.4
249.6
171.9
0
0
0
205.6 182.1 181.1
837.3 697.8 878
0 0 0
147.8 147.5 150.5
235.6 238.9 240.8
171.9 171.9 171.9
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
2 1 17
2.2 COOLING DEMAND TOTAL BUILDING RESULTS Purchased energy kWh/m2•a
Source
kWh•a
Lighting, facility
82688
20.7
Electric cooling
293649
73.4
HVAC aux
30601
7.7
Total, Facility electric
406938
101.7
Total
406939
101.7
Equipment, tenant
63421
15.9
Total Energy Demand (kWh) Lighting, facility
Electric cooling
Total Energy Demand (kWh/m²) 15
HVAC aux
13 8%
11 20%
9 7 5
72%
Total, Tenant electric
63421
15.9
Grand total
470360
117.5
25.4 25.2 25 3
4
5
6
7
Months
8
9
10 11 12
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
10
11
12
Mech. supply air, W
25.6
2
3
Operative temperature, °C 25.8
1
2
Month
Total Energy Demand (kWh) 60000 50000 40000 30000 20000 10000 0
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Month
8
9
10
11
12
1200 1100 1000 900 800 700 600 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Month
The results of IDA ICE simulation were taken to Excel sheet where they were analyzed and visually represented in charts, which revealed which equipment consume more energy and which equipment needed optimization 18
2.3 COOLING DEMAND ZONES
Op. temp., °C
Lighting, W
Zone 40 Zone 24 Zone 12 Zone 10 Zone 9 Zone 8 Zone 7 Zone 6 Zone 2 Zone 5 Zone 4 Zone 13 Zone 3 Zone 1 Room-35 Zone 37 Zone 42 Zone 39 Zone 35 Zone 11 Zone 38 Zone 26 Zone 25 Zone 23 Zone 21
Cooling , W
Zone 40 Zone 24 Zone 12 Zone 10 Zone 9 Zone 8 Zone 7 Zone 6 Zone 2 Zone 5 Zone 4 Zone 13 Zone 3 Zone 1 Room-35 Zone 37 Zone 42 Zone 39 Zone 35 Zone 11 Zone 38 Zone 26 Zone 25 Zone 23 Zone 21 24
24.5
25
25.5
26
26.5
27
27.5
28
28.5
Zone 40 Zone 24 Zone 12 Zone 10 Zone 9 Zone 8 Zone 7 Zone 6 Zone 2 Zone 5 Zone 4 Zone 13 Zone 3 Zone 1 Room-35 Zone 37 Zone 42 Zone 39 Zone 35 Zone 11 Zone 38 Zone 26 Zone 25 Zone 23 Zone 21 0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
These charts display Operative temperature, lighting loads and cooling loads for each zone in the building individually, the charts help quickly point which zones consumes more energy than others and in need for optimization. 19
2.4 Case zone consumption ZONE 25
Daylight at desktop (at first occupant), lx
Total Energy Demand, W
1300
1800
1200
1700
1100
1600
1000
1500
900
1400
800
1300
700
1
600 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
10
11
12
Month
12
Mech. supply air, W
Operative temperature, °C 25.8
1300 1200
25.6
1100 1000
25.4
900
25.2
800 700 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Month
8
9
10
11
12
25 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Month
20
2.4 Case zone consumption ZONE 39
Total Energy Demand, W
Daylight at desktop (at first occupant), lx 700
950
600
900
500
850
400
800
300
750
200
700 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
10
11
12
Month
Month
Mech. supply air, W
Operative temperature, C°
700
25.3
650
25.2
600
25.1
550
25
500
24.9
450
24.8 24.7
400 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Month
8
9
10
11
12
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Month
These charts display various stats for a case zone that is typical in the sense of plan area and opening percentage
21
2.5 WINDOWS DESIGN SITE Jeddah sun path
22
2.5 WINDOWS DESIGN NORTH FAÇADE North Facade
Window in plan
23 23
2.5 WINDOWS DESIGN WEST FAÇADE West Facade
Window in plan
24
2.5 WINDOWS DESIGN SOUTH FAÇADE South Facade
Window in plan
25
2.5 WINDOWS DESIGN EAST FAÇADE East Facade
Window in plan
26
2.6 MODIFIED & STARTING DESIGN COMPARSION Changes For Modified Design Ground Floor
Mezzanine
First Floor
Second Floor
Third Floor
☐
☐
!
!
Already present
Louvers
Mech. supply air, W
Operative temperature, °C Zone 40 Zone 24 Zone 12 Zone 10 Zone 9 Zone 8 Zone 7 Zone 6 Zone 2 Zone 5 Zone 4 Zone 13 Zone 3 Old Design Starting Design Zone 1 Modified Design Room-35 New Design Zone 37 Zone 42 Zone 39 Zone 35 Zone 11 Zone 38 Zone 26 Zone 25 Zone 23 Zone 21
Zone 40 Zone 24 Zone 12 Zone 10 Zone 9 Zone 8 Zone 7 Zone 6 Zone 2 Zone 5 Zone 4 Zone 13 Zone 3 Zone 1 Room-35 Zone 37 Zone 42 Zone 39 Zone 35 Zone 11 Zone 38 Zone 26 Zone 25 Zone 23 Zone 21 0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000 12000 14000 16000 18000
23.5
New Design Modified Design Starting Design Old Design
24
24.5
25
25.5
26
26.5
27
27.5
27
PRESENTATION PROGRESS
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 The project 1.2 Contextual analysis 1.3 Architectural drawings 1.4 Users and equipment 1.5 ASHRAE 55 standards 2.0 CONSUMPTION LOADS SIMULATION 2.1 Frame work 2.2 Cooling demand total (starting condition) 2.3 Cooling demand zones (starting condition) 2.4 Case zone consumption loads analysis (starting condition) 2.5 Faรงade design and optimization 2.6 Comparison between starting design and modified design 3.0 RENEWABLE SOLAR SYSTEM BATTERIES REASEARCH
4.0 PRODUCTION FROM SOLAR ENERGY 4.1 Introduction 4.2 PV. production 4.3 SWH. production
28
3.0 RENEWABLE SOLAR ENERGY RESEARCH Solar System Batteries What are the best batteries for solar? Batteries used in home energy storage typically are made with one of three chemical compositions: lead acid, lithium ion, and saltwater. In most cases, lithium ion batteries are the best option for a solar panel system, though other battery types can be more affordable. 1.  Lead acid
2. Lithium ion
3. Saltwater
Source: Whole sale solar
29
3.0 RENEWABLE SOLAR ENERGY RESEARCH Solar System Batteries Depth of discharge (DoD) Most solar batteries need to retain some charge at all times due to their chemical composition. If you use 100 percent of a battery’s charge, its useful life will be significantly shortened. The depth of discharge (DoD) of a battery refers to the amount of a battery’s capacity that has been used. Most manufacturers will specify a maximum DoD for optimal performance. For example, if a 10 kWh battery has a DoD of 90 percent, you shouldn’t use more than 9 kWh of the battery before recharging it. Generally speaking, a higher DoD means you will be able to utilize more of your battery’s capacity.
Solar panels prices have steadily decreased over the last couple of years. Average domestic solar panels cost around 30000 SAR. Solar arrays in this price range can provide you with a system output of 4 kWh, producing around 3,400 kWh per year, provided the solar panels have an inclination of 30-50 degrees. Below, is an approximation of how much you can expect to spend on solar panels for home use.
Roof Space m2
System Power Peak
Estimated Cost (SAR)
+/- 8
1 kWp
from SAR 10,250
+/- 14
2 kWp
from SAR 12,300
+/- 21
3 kWp
from SAR 20,500
+/- 28
4 kWp
from SAR 24,600 30
PRESENTATION PROGRESS
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 The project 1.2 Contextual analysis 1.3 Architectural drawings 1.4 Users and equipment 1.5 ASHRAE 55 standards 2.0 CONSUMPTION LOADS SIMULATION 2.1 Frame work 2.2 Cooling demand total (starting condition) 2.3 Cooling demand zones (starting condition) 2.4 Case zone consumption loads analysis (starting condition) 2.5 Faรงade design and optimization 2.6 Comparison between starting design and modified design 3.0 RENEWABLE SOLAR SYSTEM BATTERIES REASEARCH
4.0 PRODUCTION FROM SOLAR ENERGY 4.1 Introduction 4.2 PV. production 4.3 SWH. production
31
4.1 INTRODUCTION THE PV SYSTEM Photovoltaic Module - Type: Monocrystalline - Roof & S Façade integrated - Roof panels NO. = 196 - Façade panels NO. = 89 - Tilt Angle: 30° - Nominal power = 300W - Efficiency = 17% - Area = 1.71 m Inverter Type - Type: String inverter - NO. : 1 - Name: REFUsol 46K-MV - MPPT range= 575 ... 850 - Max recommended PV power= 55.2 - By: sunshine-energy Battery Type - Type: Lithium polymer - NO. : 3 - Total nominal capacity - 79.2 kWh - Usage: PCs during power shutdown By: neeomega
System Characteristic Stand Alone System Two grid
Roof PV Panels
Series connection for each grid Emergency batteries System Components Photovoltaic
Roof PV Panels South façade PV Panels
Inverter Batteries Cables
32
4.1 INTRODUCTION THE SWH SYSTEM Collector - Type: Evacuated tube - Roof - NO. = 5 - Tilt Angle: 30° - Area = 1.3 m
System Components Solar water heater
Solar energy Collector Outdoor Storage tank Indoor storage tank Pipes
Hot water tank - Type: Combi boiler - Roof - NO. = 2 - Height = 1.7 - by: Sonnenkraft
System Characteristic Evacuated tubes Combi boiler
SYSTEM | Source: Solar Oregon
33
4.2 PV. PRODUCTION PV. SYSTEM DIAGRAM PV
SWH PV
PV SWH
SWH
SWH
PV PV
34
4.2 PV. PRODUCTION PV. SYSTEM RESULTS Comparison
PV. Production (kWh) 39000
70000
38000
60000
37000
50000
36000
40000
35000
30000
34000
20000
33000
10000 0
32000 JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEP
OCT
NOV
DEC
JAN
FEB MAR APR MAY JUN Production
JUL
AUG SEP
OCT NOV DEC
Consumption
Electronics Consumption (kWh) 70000 60000 50000 40000 30000 20000 10000 0 JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEP
OCT
NOV
DEC
The upper right chart is a direct comparison between PV production and building consumption. According to polysun software PV production can cover up to 40% of the building`s electricity needs 35
4.3 SWH. PRODUCTION SWH. SYSTEM DIAGRAM
PV
SWH PV
PV SWH SWH
SWH SWH
SWH SWH
PV PV
Collector
Outdoor Tank
Indoor Tank
36
4.3 SWH. PRODUCTION SWH. SYSTEM RESULTS
Captured solar energy, (kWh)
Solar fraction, %
600
95 94.5
500
94 400
93.5 93
300
92.5
200
92 100
91.5 91
0 JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEP
OCT
NOV
DEC
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEP
OCT
NOV
DEC
Mean solar fraction = 93.5 % The chart to the left displays the amount of solar energy captured be the collectors and the cart to the right displays the percentage of the energy successfully transferred to the water.
37
REFRENCES • LEED v4 (McCombs, 2015) • ASHARE 55 | Thermal Comfort • http://arco-hvac.ir/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/ASHRAE-55-2010.pdf • Medical life science | What is metabolism? • https://www.news-medical.net/life-sciences/What-is-Metabolism.aspx • BASIX | Heating and cooling loads • https://www.basix.nsw.gov.au/iframe/basix-help-notes/thermal/heating-and-cooling-loads.html • Andrewmarch | sun path diagram • http://andrewmarsh.com/apps/staging/sunpath3d.html • Sun-shine | inverters • https://www.sunshine-energy.gr/sites/default/files/refusol_40-46k_data_sheet_v1_en.pdf • Neeomega | solar batteries • Solar Oregon | Solar water heater • Sonnenkraft | How water tanks • https://sonnenkraft.c-dn.cloud/assets/images/d/set_compact-77818eed.png • https://www.energysage.com/solar/solar-energy-storage • https://www.sma.de/en/products/solarinverters/sunny-tripower-core1.html • https://news.energysage.com •
https://www.wholesalesolar.com/solar-information/commercial-solar
•
https://www.greenmatch.co.uk/solar-energy/solar-panels
38