HIGH-RISE Department of Architecture
Student: Mohammad Hafazalla 1554376 Supervisors: Dr-Ing. Mohannad Bayoumi Eng. Abdulraheem Aalim
Department of Architecture Faculty of Architecture and Planning King Abdulaziz University
1
INTRODUCTION 1.1 Project Brief 1.2 Problem Statement 1.3 Singapore
1.1
INTRODUCTION Project Brief
This brief applies to the 2nd semester of the academic year 1440/1441 - 2019/2020 and is designed to guide readers through the intentions of providing master level design, research and education at the Faculty of Environmental department of architecture in the Faculty of Architecture and planning, King Abdulaziz University. Participants of the course will be challenged with the design development of a high-rise building in a city of their choice. The scope of work involves a successful integration of architectural, structural and HVAC systems. Background : Worldwide energy demand has increased extraordinarily since the industrial revolution, particularly after the realization of the exploitative benefits of electricity. The resources and emissions implications of the rapidly expanding use of energy have been ignored for three quarters of a century. The oil crisis of the 1970s served to heighten concerns over the long-term viability of reliance on fossil-based fuels for energy, but this was more through concern for price and security of supply than for any wish to conserve the environment.
1
1.2
INTRODUCTION Problem Statement
Impact of location and climate context: Energy use in buildings is obviously connected with their location, especially when considering (HVAC) components. Most energy use in commercial building goes to heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) cooling. This is responsible for 55% of energy use in residential buildings and 37% in commercial buildings. Lighting accounts for up to 30% of energy use in commercial buildings. According to an IEA report, lighting accounts for 19% of the world’s electricity consumption and produces 1.9Gt of CO2 annually . Therefore, it is imperative to look for solutions to optimize the building envelope as it reacts directly and indirectly with the HVAC equipment. Good data on the fraction of a building’s energy use represented by elevators is sparse, but a typical estimate is around 15%.
2
1.3
INTRODUCTION Singapore
Singapore is a sovereign island city-state in Southeast Asia. Area: 725.1 km2 Population: 5,638,700 Capital: 1°17`N 103°50`E Singapore is the fourth most important financial center in the world and a global city that plays an important role in the global economy. The Port of Singapore is the fifth port in the world in terms of activity. Singapore has a long history of migrants. Its population of five million is a mixture of Chinese, Malay, Indians, and Asians of different cultures. the world
3
1.3
INTRODUCTION Singapore
42% of the island's population is foreign to work or study Singapore is the third country in the world in terms of population density In the Quality of Life Index published by the Economist Intelligence Unit in The Economist, Singapore ranked ďŹ rst in Asia and ranked eleventh in the world It has the ninth highest reserves in the world
4
2
Climate Analysis 2.1 Temperature & Humidity 2.2 Psychrometric Chart 2.3 Sun Path 2.4 Solar Irradiance 2.5 Wind 2.6 Rain Water 2.7 Historical Architecture
CLIMATE ANALYSIS Temperetures & Humidity 40
100
35
90 80
30 25
Relative humidity [%]
Comfort
20 15 10
60 50 40 30 20
5 0
70
10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
10 11 12
1
2
3
4
Month
Unit
Hours a year
Average Temperature
[°C]
27.7
Min. Temperature
[°C]
20.5
Max. Temperature
[°C]
34.0
7
8
9
10 11 12
max
50
100
50
100
45
90
45
90
40
80
40
80
35
70
35
70
30
60
30
60
25
50
25
50
20
40
20
40
15
30
15
30
10
20
10
20
5
10
5
10
0
0
2
4
6
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Daytime [h] Ta (summer)
6
avg.
Rh (summer)
0
Ta - Outside air temperature [°C]
Item
max.
6
Month min
Relative humidity [%]
Outside air Temperature
Ta - Outside air temperature [°C]
min.
5
0
0
2
4
6
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Daytime [h] Ta (winter)
Rh (winter)
0
Relative humidity [%]
Singapore is a tropical City-State, therefore the climate is hot humid. The average outdoor temperatures are between 26°C and 28°C. The average maximum temperatures are between 31°C and 34°C. The humidity is between 45% and 100%.
Ta - Outside air temperature [°C]
2.1
CLIMATE ANALYSIS Psychrometric Chart
Singapore is a tropical City-State, therefore the climate is hot humid. The average outdoor temperatures are between 26째C and 28째C. The average maximum temperatures are between 31째C and 34째C. The humidity is between 45% and 100%. The climate hours results can be seen in the psychrometric chart. The chart also shows the comfort zone in relation with the ventilation.
0.03 30
25
ra tu
Na
20
lV
en
til
at
io
n
0.02
15 0.01 10 5
fort
Com
0 -10
Results Item
-5 0
-10
Unit
Hours a year
Comfort Zone
[%]
0
Natural Ventilation
[%]
85
Uncomfortable
[%]
15
7
Zone
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Dry Bulb Temperature ( C)
40
45
50
55
60
Moisture content [kg/kg]
2.2
CLIMATE ANALYSIS Psychrometric Chart
Singapore is a tropical City-State, therefore the climate is hot humid. The average outdoor temperatures are between 26째C and 28째C. The average maximum temperatures are between 31째C and 34째C. The humidity is between 45% and 100%. The climate hours results can be seen in the psychrometric chart. The chart also shows the comfort zone in relation with the ventilation.
0.03 30
ASHRAE 55 (0-0.2m/s) ASHRAE 55 (0-0.5m/s) ASHRAE 55 (0-1m/s)
25
ra
Na
20
lV
en
til
at
io
n
0.02
15 0.01 10 5
fort
Com
0 -10
Results Item
-5 0
-10
Unit
Hours a year
Comfort Zone
[%]
0
Natural Ventilation
[%]
65
Uncomfortable
[%]
35
8
Zone
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Dry Bulb Temperature ( C)
40
45
50
55
60
Moisture content [kg/kg]
ASHRAE 55 (0-1.5m/s)
tu
2.2
2.2
CLIMATE ANALYSIS Psychrometric Chart
calculations using the psychrometric chart results have been made to understand the basic energy demand and cooling load. This was made taking the worst point in the psychrometric chart results.
0.03 30
25
0.02
20
15 0.01
Enthalpy: Enthalpy = 95-43 Enthalpy = 52 J/g Enthalpy = 17.3 Wh/m Ta = Outdoor Temperature Ts = Supply air Temperature Tr = Return air Temperature
9
10
Ts
5
fort
Com
0 -10
Zone
-5 0
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Dry Bulb Temperature ( C)
40
45
50
55
60
Moisture content [kg/kg]
Ta
CLIMATE ANALYSIS
2.2
Psychrometric Chart
calculations using the psychrometric chart results have been made to understand the basic energy demand and cooling load. This was made taking the worst point in the psychrometric chart results, then using the heat exchanger to lower the energy consumption.
0.03
Enthalpy: Enthalpy = 90-43 Enthalpy = 47 J/g Enthalpy = 15.6 Wh/m Energy Saved = 1-(15.6/17.3) Energy Saved = 9.95% Ta = Outdoor Temperature Ts = Supply air Temperature Tr = Return air Temperature Te1 = Ta after exchanging with Tr Te2 = Te considering exchanger efďŹ ciency
25
Te2
0.02
Te1 20
15 0.01 10 5
fort
Com
0 -10
Zone
-5 0
-10
Entha lpy [Wh/m3]
17 16 15 14 13
10
Enthalpy
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Dry Bulb Temperature ( C)
Energy Consumption 18
12
-5
Enthalpy after recooling Tr
40
45
50
55
60
Moisture content [kg/kg]
30
2.3
CLIMATE ANALYSIS Sun Path 12:00
13:00
14:00
11:00 10:00
15:00
9:00 16:00
N 330
8:00
30
10
16°
17:00
° 15
7:00
15°
10°
70
18:00 W
07:00
60 15:00
June 21st
15°
60
50 18:00
15 °
15°
40
19:10
15 °
° 15
30 300
15°
15 °
20
15°
09:00
E
Sun angles per day from east to west
12:00
80
W
E 15:00
18:00
12:00
09:00
19:10
07:00
240
120
210
40cm
° 68
Sun path in singapore
65 °
150
S
11
December 21st
Maximum Sun angle per year from north to south
1m
How to prevent direct sunlight entry
CLIMATE ANALYSIS
2.4 Solar Irradiance
Global Irradiance
IG, horizontal = 1580 kWh/m2.a
1.20
IG , h orizonta l [kW/m2]
SpeciďŹ c annual energy output (per square meter): E = 1580 kWh/m2.a x 15% = 237kWh/m2.a Energy produced if 30% of land Covered with solar panels: E = 237 x 1200 = 284,000 kWh.a
1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 1 January 2219161310 7 4 1 2219161310 7 4 1 2219161310 7 4 1 2219161310 7 4 1 2219161310 7 4 1 2219161310 7 4 1 2219161310 7 4 1 2219161310 7 4 1 2219161310 7 4 1 2219 December
Energy Produced [South] 160
140
140
120
120
100
100
80 60
40 20
0
0
400 200
Energy Produced [West]
Energy Produced [East] 160
160
140
140
120
120
100
100
[kWh/m2]
[kWh/m2]
Irradiation [kWh/m2]
600
South
North
1400
800
60
20
1600
1000
80
40
1800
1200
[kWh/m2]
[kWh/m2]
Energy Produced [North] 160
80 60
80 60
40
40
20
20
0
0
0 West
East
South
North
Horizontal
East
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Horizontal
2.5
CLIMATE ANALYSIS Wind
NNW NW
14%
N NNW
NNE
12%
6%
ENE
4%
8-10 m/s
WNW
NNW
NE
E
0%
4-6 m/s
W
E
0%
2-4 m/s WSW
ESE SW
SE SSW
SSE
Annual
UH = Umet
αmet
α
( )() H δ
α = 0.32 δ = 460 m Atmospheric boundary layer parameters: the site is located in a large city center, there for; the Layer thickness would be described as δ = 460 m, and the exponent α = 0.32
13
WSW
ESE SW
SE SSW
SSE
Summer
In flat terrain and with a neutrally stratisfied atmosphere, the logarithmic wind profile is a good estimation for the vertical wind shear:
NE ENE
10%
6-8 m/s
5% W
E
0%
4-6 m/s 2-4 m/s 0-2 m/s
0-2 m/s
S
S
δmet Hmet
0-2 m/s
2-4 m/s
NNE
15%
WNW
4-6 m/s
N
20%
6-8 m/s
5%
30% 25%
NW
ENE
10%
6-8 m/s
2% W
NNE
15%
8% WNW
N
20%
NW
NE
10%
25%
WSW
ESE SW
SE SSW
SSE S
Winter
CLIMATE ANALYSIS
2.6 Rain Water
Waterfall
Singapore is a tropical city-state therefore it’s rainy, the rain in the site is about 2300mm.a, the rain water can be used in the building’s green areas, cooling and supplying the toilets
Monthly Waterfall [mm]
300 260 220 180 140 100
Rainfall
Cooling Tower Water Supply
Annual Water Conserved: Assuming Catchment area of 1000m2 Rainwater Delivered = 1000 x 2375 Rainwater Delivered = 2,375,000 L of water annualy Water Tank: Assuming Catchment area of 1000m2 Rainwater Delivered = 1000 x 9.5 Rainwater Delivered = 9500 L
Rainwater for toilet & Urinal flushing Vegetation
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2.7
CLIMATE ANALYSIS Historical Architecture
The architecture of Singapore displays a range of inuences and styles from different places and periods. These range from the eclectic styles and hybrid forms of the colonial period to the tendency of more contemporary architecture to incorporate trends from around the world. In both aesthetic and technological terms, Singapore architecture may be divided into the more traditional pre-World War II colonial period, and the largely modern post-war and post-colonial period. Traditional architecture in Singapore includes vernacular Malay houses, local hybrid shophouses and black and white bungalows, a range of places of worship reecting the ethnic and religious diversity of the city-state as well as colonial civic and commercial architecture in European Neoclassical, gothic, palladian and renaissance styles. Malay houses built in the 'kampong' style were common before the British came.
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Double Sheet Roof
Kampung
2.7
CLIMATE ANALYSIS Historical Architecture Climatic Design of Malay House
How it can be applied
Building Materials
Traditional Malay houses use lightweight construction of wood and other natural materials. The lightweight construction of low thermal capacity holds little heat and cools adequately at night. The attap roof is an excellent thermal insulator. Glazed areas are seldom found in the traditional Malay house. lanted.
Layout
Traditional Malay houses are randomly arranged. This ensures that wind velocity in the houses in the latter path of the wind will not be substantially reduced.
Use double skin to reduce direct heat on the building Use of building materials that do not retain heat
Consider the urban fabric to know the wind movement and beneďŹ t from it
Vegetation
The use of coconut trees and other tall trees in the kampong not only provides good shade but also does not block the passage of winds at the house level Often, because of the limited size of the compound of the housing estate house and the need to provide privacy, only hedges and small trees are planted.
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Note that shading device does not prevent natural ventilation
2.7
CLIMATE ANALYSIS Historical Architecture Climatic Design of Malay House
Cross Ventilation
The elongated open plans of the traditional Malay house allow easy passage of air and good cross ventilation. There are minimal interior partitions in the Malay house which restrict air movement in the house.
Wind Velocity Gradient
The velocity of wind increases with altitude. The traditional Malay house on stilts capture winds of higher velocity at a higher level. This is especially vital in areas where there are plant cover on the ground which restricts air movement.
How it can be applied
Study the form to ďŹ nd what is the best form for cross ventilation
Consider the urban fabric to know the wind movement and beneďŹ t from it and Lift the building to allow ventilation to pass through
Ventilation at Body Level
The body level is the most vital area for ventilation for comfort. The traditional Malay house allows ventilation at the body level by having many full-length fully openable windows and doors at body level.
Trying to make the wind move in the body level because it helps the user to reach thermal comfort
Body level
Double skin
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2.7
CLIMATE ANALYSIS Historical Architecture Climatic Design of Malay House
How it can be applied
Overhangs and Exposed Vertical Areas
-Large overhangs and the low exposed vertical areas windows and walls) in the traditional Malay house provide good protection against driving rain, provide good shading, and allow the windows to be left open -most of the time for ventilation.
Try to take advantage of the rain
Lighting Level
Having a shading device reduces the amount of light gained from the sun and this creates an area with little illumination
-The traditional Malay house tends to be underlighted. This gives the psychological effect of coolness. The underlighting, however, can be remedied by artiďŹ cial lighting.
Orientation
- Traditional Malay houses are often oriented to face Mecca (i.e., in an east-west direction) for religious reasons. The east-west orientation minimizes areas exposed to solar radiation.
18
Observe the direction to take advantage of the wind
3
Site 3.1 Site Sellection 3.2 Site Analysis 2.3 Sun Path 2.4 Solar Irradiance 2.5 Wind 2.6 Rain Water 2.7 Historical Architecture
3.2
Site Site Analysis
Site analysis
Site response
5
2
3
Better possibility to place a commercial segment
Site Comme rc
ial
1
Hotels Commercial Offices Residential
30
4
3.2
Site Site Analysis
Site analysis
Site response
Better possibility to place a commercial segment
Site
Street Pedestrian Bus station Metro station
31
3.2
Site Site Analysis
Site analysis
Site response
2
2
3
3
1
Closed Semi Closed Semi open View
23
1
3.2
Site Site Analysis
Site analysis
Site response
3
Closed Semi Closed Semi open View
33
1
2
3.2
Site Site Analysis
58m
54m
2m
3747m2
2m
57m
34
53m
2m
62m
63m
3747m2
66m
67m
2m
3.2
Site Site Analysis
5:00 PM N 330
30
10 20 30 40
300
60
50 19:10 15:00
70
June 21st
07:00
60 18:00
09:00 12:00
80
W
21 June
E 15:00
18:00
12:00
09:00
19:10
07:00
240
120
210
December 21st
150
S
N 330
30
10 20 30 40
300
60
50 19:10 15:00
70
June 21st
07:00
60 18:00
09:00 12:00
80
W
21 March
E 15:00
18:00
12:00
09:00
19:10
07:00
240
120
210
December 21st
150
S
N 330
30
10 20 30 40
300
60
50 19:10 18:00 15:00
70
June 21st
07:00
60 09:00 12:00
80
W
E 15:00
18:00
12:00
19:10
07:00
240
120
210
150
S
35
21 December
09:00
December 21st
3:00 PM
1:00 AM
11:00 AM
9:00 AM
4
Form Finding 4.1 Pressure CoefďŹ cient 4.2 Cooling Demand 4.3 Views 4.4 Basic Form 4.5 Form Location & Orientation 4.6 Core Location 4.7 Conclusion
Form Finding
4.1
Pressure Coefficient
Framework
Cp Var
Cp Var
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.3
Item
Unit
Value
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
Umet
[m/s]
2.10
0.1
0.0
0.0
-0.1
0.33
-0.1
-0.2
-0.2
-0.3
460
-0.3
-0.4
-0.4
-0.5
-0.5
-0.6
[-]
Exponent α
Layer Thickness δ
[m]
Plane Height
[m]
80
ΔCp = 0.47
-0.5 0.3 Cp Var
∆Cp 0.7
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.5
0.0
0.4
-0.1
0.3
-0.2
ΔCp = 0.47
Cp Var 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0
0.2 0.1
-0.1
-0.3
-0.2
-0.4
-0.3
0 1
2
3
-0.4
4
ΔCp = 0.48
37
ΔCp = 0.58
ΔCp = 0.49
Form Finding
4.2
10m
Cooling Demand
Zone 10m
Cooling Demand Framework WF
35
g-Value
Orientation
Window
Consumption
1
0.50
0.20
SSW
Closed
66.7 kWh.a
2
0.50
0.20
SEE
Closed
72.1 kWh.a
3
0.50
0.20
NNE
Closed
66.5 kWh.a
4
0.50
0.20
NWW
Closed
72.2 kWh.a
Cooling Demand
Cooling Load [kWh/m2]
65.0 62.0 59.0
34 33 32 31
56.0
30
53.0
1
50.0 SSW
SEE
NNE
2
NWW
Simulations show that the cooling load increases in the east and west sides, south and north facades consume less energy in cooling than others.
38
Cooling Demand [kWh/m2]
Case no.
Square and rectangular shapes consume less energy in cooling than the triangles; because of the less west and east cooling load.
3
4
Form Finding
4.3 View
The project has a good view on a park and a low rise neighborhood that makes the view on the north very admirable, this view would be classiďŹ ed as strong view, the other views are considered the same and would be classiďŹ ed as weak view.
39
Strong View: 25% Weak View: 75%
Strong View: 36% Weak View: 64%
Strong View: 33% Weak View: 67%
Strong View: 33% Weak View: 67%
Form Finding
4.4 Basic Form
Shape
Very Weak
40
Normal
Very Strong
Cross Ventilation (∆Cp)
Cooling Demand
View
4.5
Form Finding Form Location & Orientation
Shape
0°
10°
20°
ΔCp 1.2 1
North (∆Cp) = 0.98
North (∆Cp) = 0.83
North (∆Cp) = 0.81
South (∆Cp) = 0.04
South (∆Cp) = 0.06
South (∆Cp) = 0.08
ΔCp
0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 N
S
Back
N
S
Middle 0°
North (∆Cp) = 0.95
North (∆Cp) = 0.92
South (∆Cp) = 0.16
South (∆Cp) = 0.17
South (∆Cp) = 0.52
North (∆Cp) = 0.95
North (∆Cp) = 0.95
North (∆Cp) = 0.85
South (∆Cp) = 0.35
South (∆Cp) = 0.50
South (∆Cp) = 0.52
S
Front
N
S
Back
N
S
Middle 10°
N
S
Front
N
S
Back
N
S
Middle 20°
Cooling Load 60
Cooling Load [kWh/m2]
North (∆Cp) = 0.96
N
58 56 54 52 50 0°
41
10°
20°
N
S
Front
Form Finding
4.6 Core Location
Offices Location When the core is in the middle, the offices will be around it, and when the cores are on sides, the offices will be in the middle. Locating offices on north and south.
Locating offices around the building on four directions.
Cross Ventilation When the cores are located on sides, cross ventilation would be better, unlike when it’s in the middle, the core will prevent wind from crossing. Open from north to south which would work better for cross ventilation.
33% of offices area won’t allow cross ventilation
Sun Cores on sides will prevent the sun from the eastern and western facade; which consume more cooling load than the others. Protects from east and west sun, while allowing the daylight from the north and south.
Solar panels Core on the west facade can generate solar energy for having solar irradiation that can be considered good. Possibility of applying solar panels at west facade.
42
Allowing the sun ligh to get through from the four different directions.
Form Finding
4.6 Core Location
Core Location
Very Weak
43
Normal
Very Strong
Cross Ventilation
Cooling Demand
View
6
CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT 6.1 Podium 6.2 OfямБces, Podium 6.3 Structure Concept
CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT 6.1
Podium
Building main concept
As mentioned earlier, the building will be in the front area of the site, and the cores will be on the sides of the rectangular building
1
Podium Approach 1
Podium Approach 2
First approach for the podium was to be part of the building
The second approach is to be different than the building with it’s own character
The approach will be good for the building to look as one, bad for the podium clarity
The approach will beneďŹ t the podium as an independent building, will be bad for the whole project to look as one
CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT 6.2
Offices, Podium
The podium design will make it look like a part of the building while it has it’s own character, will also create a large open space beneath it; the site was used as a park
The podium will be seperated from the offices zone to make them look different from the each others; for the different uses, and to make everyone distinguish in his own way.
3
7
DESIGN DEVELOPMENT 7.1 Basic Structure 7.2 Core Design 7.3 Mechanical System 7.4 Elevators 7.5 Module
7.1
Design Approach Basic Structure
The structure will depens on the concrete cores on sides of the building, other structural parts in the ofďŹ ces area will be wooden; because of it’s sustainability.
Concrete Core Wood Columns
5
7.2
Design Approach Core Design
The two seperated cores have been approached tto design by seperating the users’ services from the building operation services The left core will be used for the users vertical transportation Other services must appear in the two cores; the toilets and the stairs
Stairs
Stairs
Toilets
Toilets
Elevators
Mechanical services Electrical Services Storage
6
7.3
Design Approach Mechanical System
Calculating the needed space for the ducts per floor through the cooling load as follow
5.6 sqm 4.2 sqm 2.8 sqm 1.4 sqm
Q=VxA Q: Air flow rate (CFM) V: Air velocity in the duct (fpm) A: Duct Area (m2 )
1.4 sqm 2.8 sqm 2.8 sqm 5.6 sqm
To find the area of the duct we have to find the velocity and the flow rate first
Chillers AHU Supply
Velocity Duct air velocity in offices is set for 2000fpm
Area A = Q/V A = 0.7m
2
Supply Air Duct 2 2.8m 3.4m
Flow Rate Cooling Load = 14.7kW Cooling Load = 4.2 Ton Air flow rate = 4.2 x 350 Air flow rate = 1465 CFM
Return
Return Air Duct 2 2.8m
Chillers 2.7m
7
AHU
7.3
Design Approach Mechanical System
2.2m
Chillers and AHU were chosen based on the cooling load per oor Cooling Load = 16.8kW
AHU The cooling load AHU shoud cover is calculated for the desired serviced oors Air Flow = 1465 x 9 Air Flow = 13184 CFM
2.5m
Chillers The cooling load chillers shoud cover the entire building Cooling Load = 16.8 x 29 Cooling Load = 487kW
8.2m
260 kW Chillers x 2
14,000 CFM AHU
8
Design Approach
7.4 Elevators
The six elevators will work as two groups, each will service 15 floors, 13 for the group, one transmission floor (14th floor) and the ground floor The fire fighting elevator will be the on;y elevator that services the entire building, will also work as aservice elevator
Users Elevators
Group B
Elevators number was chosen based on the thumb rule; 250 person/elevator
Group A
T
T Transmission Floor
9
Fire Fighting Elevators (Service)
Design Approach Module
5.4
7.2
7.5
Meeting Room
7.2
7.2 3.6
3.6
3.6
10
Open Plan
5.4
Two Offices
5.4
One Office
5.4
8
OFFICES DESIGN 8.1 Typical Floor Plan 8.2 Core Design 8.3 Structure Design
8.1
Design Typical Floor Plan
Mechanical Room
UP
11
8.1
Design Typical Floor Plan
Mechanical Room
UP
12
8.2
Design Core Design
Potable Water Treated Water
Shaft
The mechanical room will be in floors (3,8,13,18,23,26), in other floors will turn to a storage. Storage
Mech. Room
Mech. Shaft
Potable Water Hot Water Treated Water
Drainage Pipe Vent Pipe
Supply Air Duct 2 2.9m
Return Air Duct 2 2.9m
Fire Fighting Elevator Services Elevator
13
CW Supply
Fire Supply
CW Return
Fire Drain
8.3
Design Structural Design
The continiuous hanging structure system will beneďŹ t the project in different ways explained as follow:
Approach 1
Approach 2
1- Wood works better on tension. 2- The loads will be well distributed from up, transported to the cores in a good way. 3- The stucture will carry less, not having to go down to basement. 4- The structure will leave the space beneath without structure, that will help the building-podium seperation. 5- The new structure above the building can work as a PV carrier and leave a good roof space beneath it.
columns connected to the ground
Columns load goes to the top then load distributed on the cores Distributing Loads from above
14
8.3
Design Structural Design
Continuous Hanging Structure The load distribution works on tension for the wooden parts, hanged on the steel trusses, transporting all the loads to the cores on the right and left, the steel trusses distributes the load in a good way to the cores.
Tension Compression
Tension Compression
16
8.3
Design Structural Design
Wood has very small temperature movements, compared with many other materials. The thermal conductivity and thermal capacity of CLT is practically the same as for solid wood. The thermal conductivity, which describes the material’s insulating capacity, is signiďŹ cantly better than for concrete and steel. CLT comprises at least three and usually a maximum of nine layers of boards, each layer perpendicular to the next, where the cross-section is usually symmetrical with an odd number of layers. This give us a component with high transverse stiffness and small moisture- related deformations. 13mm Plasterboard 3mm Foam
350mm CLT slab
50mm Heavy insulation
17
Floor-Floor Joist
8.3
Design Structural Design
Glulam Column
Background
Glulam Column Joints
Glulam Beam
Option 1
The Glulam Beams are preferred to be continuous; to transform the load in a propper way, and to make the system work as one, the way to make this happen is one of the two options mentioned, the second one was considered better because of it being part of the column, which would make it better
Beam goes on sides of the glulam column
Option 2
Glulam Column
Glulam Column Primary Beam Secondary Beam
18
Beam goes on the middle of the glulam column
8.3
Design Structural Mechanical Integration
2.7m
0.7m
0.4m
Mechanical ducts were designed to not intersect with the main beams in the project, this way the space above ceiling will be lowest it could be.
UP
Supply Duct
19
Glulam Column
Return Duct
Primary Beam
Supply Duct (secondary, Beam height)
Secondary Beam
Return Duct (secondary, Beam height)
8.3
Design Structural Mechanical Integration
The penetration rate is slow since the char layer that forms provides thermal insulation and combats the heat flow from the source of the fire to the pyrolysis zone. The pyrolysis zone is subject to temperatures of between around 250 °C and 350 °C and it is here that flammable gases are formed and then diffuse through the char layer until they encounter oxygen on the surface and begin to burn.
Unaffected Wood
Pyrolisis Zone Charred Layer
03 lev eL 4.4 01
92 lev eL 8.0 01
19
82 lev eL 2 .79
72 lev eL 6 .39
9
FACADE DESIGN 9.1 Facade Design Criteria 9.2 Glazing Types 9.3 Shading 9.4 Daylight 9.5 Wind 9.6 Grid Independence Analysis 9.7 Cross Ventilation Stratigies
9.1
FACADE DESIGN Criteria
The facade design had to be based on the climate, as mentioned earlier, Singapore climate is hot humid, therefore:
Shading
Lighting
- The facade should function as a propper shading device, protecting from the sun and it’s direct light. - The facade should also allow the indirect light to get in the offices zone in a propper way with an intensity that suits the users. - The facade should also provide a good view, and can be part of it.
Shading is the most important factor in the tropical building facade based on the previous climate studies, therefore a propper shading device should be applied.
- The facade should allow the wind to cross ventilate the building.
View
The facade should make the view from the offices zones better.
20
Facade should allow the indirect daylight to enter the zone, offices requireabout 500lux of illumination.
Ventilating
Facade should allow the building to be natural ventilated.
FACADE DESIGN
1.1
Glazing Types & WF
Case 1 Three different window fractions have been simulated to observe and understand the light on offices space in relation to the WF. The results show that the more WF will allow more light, but the distribution of the light wouldn’t be good for the offices space.
Lux 4000
3000
2000
1000 750 250 107
Case 2 Lux
Framework
4000
Unit
C ase 1
C ase �
C ase�
Window Fraction
[%]
��
��
��
Shading Device
[-]
Not Shaded
Not Shaded
Not Shaded
Item
2000
1000 750 250 107
Case 3
Comfortable Light Intensity Open Plan Offices
3000
[Lux]
Lux
500 4000
Conference Rooms
[Lux]
300-500
Meeting Rooms
[Lux]
300-500
3000
2000
1000 750 250 107
21
1.1
FACADE DESIGN Glazing Types & WF
Three Types of glazing have been examined to see the better type that can be used for the facade based on the cooling demand. first type is clear, the second one is absorptive and the third is reflective [specified in the table, can be seen in the photos].
22
Glazing Types Glazing Type Double glazed, clear glass window
Describtion 6 mm clear glass + 12 mm air space + 6 mm clear glass
Double glazed, solar control 6 mm solar control (absorptive) glass + (absorptive) window 12 mm air space + 6 mm clear glass Double glazed, solar control (reflective) window
6 mm solar control (reflective) glass + 12 mm air space + 6 mm clear glass
U value [W/m2 K]
g value
1.80
0.68
2.80
0.24
1.95
0.10
FACADE DESIGN
1.1
Background
Three Types of glazing have been examined to see the better type that can be used for the facade based on the cooling demand. The results show that the reective is better for its low g value, and the WF is recommended to be between 50% and 75% to maximize the daylight for the ofďŹ ces.
Window types, WF Comparison
Cooling Demend [kWh/m2]
80 k 70 k 60 k 50 k 40 k 30 k 20 k 10 k 0k 0.25
0.5 WF
Framework Item
Unit
C ase 1
C ase 2
C ase 3
U value wall
[W/m 2K]
0.23
0.23
0.23
U value glass
[W/m 2K]
1.80
2.80
1.95
[-]
0.68
0.24
0.10
g value
23
0.75
Clear
Absorptive
Reflective
62 lev eL 0 .09
52 lev eL 4 .68
1.1
FACADE DESIGN Shading
42 lev eL 8 .28
32 lev eL 2 .97
A module from the facade has been taken in the facade design process, the module should shade itself and allow indirect light to enter its oor, it also should allow the view to the users and the wind.
22 lev eL 6 .57
12 lev eL 0 .27
02 lev eL 4 .86
91 lev eL 8 .46
81 lev eL 2 .16
71 lev eL 6 .75
61 lev eL 0 .45
1.8m
51 lev eL 4 .05
41 lev eL 8 .64
31 lev eL 2 .34
3.8m
21 lev eL 6 .93
11 lev eL 0 .63
01 lev eL 4 .23
9 lev eL 8 .82
8 lev eL 2 .52
7 lev eL 6 .12
6 lev eL 0 .81
5 lev eL 4 .41
4 lev eL 8 .01
3 lev eL 2 .7
24
2 lev eL 6 .3
1.1
FACADE DESIGN Shading North Sun N 330
30
10
Level 5 14.6
20 30 40
300
60
50 19:10
60 18:00 15:00
70
June 21st Level 4 11.0
07:00 09:00 12:00
80
W
E 15:00
18:00
12:00
09:00
19:10
1.2
07:00
240
120
210
Level 5 14.6
December 21st
Level 4 11.0
150
S
25
North Sun
1.2m
East Sun
North Sun
FACADE DESIGN Shading
0.4m
1.2m
2.7m
A module from the facade has been taken in the facade design process, the module should shade itself and allow indirect light to enter its oor, it also should allow the view to the users and the wind.
0.7m
1.1
3.8m
1.8m
26
WF= 0.53
WF= 0.61
WF= 0.68
WF= 0.76
WF= 0.84
1.1
FACADE DESIGN Shading
The purpose of lux is to provide the number of lumens needed to sufficiently light a given space. For example, a sufficiently lit office requires around 500 lux.
Case 1 Lux
1000 750 500 250 107 0
Framework Item
Unit
C ase 1
C ase 2
Window Fraction
[%]
75
68
Shading Device
[-]
Not Shaded
Developed Shading Device
Case 2 Lux
1000
Comfortable Light Intensity
750
Open Plan Offices
[Lux]
500
Conference Rooms
[Lux]
300-500
Meeting Rooms
[Lux]
300-500
27 33
500 250 107 0
FACADE DESIGN
1.1
Grid Independence Analysis
Grid Independence analysis aims to deďŹ ne the best mesh size by testing different mesh sizes, and to see the result and wheather it is acceptable or not, then choosing the right mesh size for the wind analysis, that would help to get good results in a good time.
Grid Independence analysis 0 -0.05
Pressure [p]
-0.1 -0.15 -0.2 -0.25 -0.3
Comfortable Wind velocity range
-0.4
Describtion
0.05
Stagnant air, uncomfortable
0.20
Barely noticeable, comfortable
0.40
Noticeable and comfortable
0.80
Very Noticeable
1.00
Upper limit for air conditioned spaces, good for hot dry climate
Wind tunnel sizing
5H
Air Velocity [m/s]
-0.35
10
5H
5H
5H
H
0
2
4
6
Mesh max face size [m]
8
1.1
FACADE DESIGN Cross Ventilation Stratigies
Approach 1
Making the glass connected to the shading device.
Approach 2
Making the glass connected to the upper oor slab.
2P 6.3-
1P 2.7-
FACADE DESIGN
1.1
r oolF G 8.01-
Cross Ventilation Stratigies
The results show that thďŹ rst option is better because of directing the winds upwards which will make the ofďŹ ces zone have less wind velocity than the upper layers.
Framework
Approach 1 Veocity [m/s]
Veocity [m/s]
5.0
5.0
4.5
4.5
3.8
3.8
3.3
3.3
2.8
2.8
2.3
2.3
1.8
1.8
1.1
1.1
0.6
0.6
0.0
Item
Unit
Value
Wind velocity
[m/s]
4
Mesh size
[m]
2
Plane Height
[m]
0.8
0.0
The wind take the high level because of the facade direction.
The wind speed at the sitting level is considered good.
Approach 2 Veocity [m/s]
Comfortable Wind velocity range Air Velocity [m/s]
Describtion
0.05
Stagnant air, uncomfortable
0.20
Barely noticeable, comfortable
0.40
Noticeable and comfortable
0.80
Very Noticeable
1.00
Upper limit for air conditioned spaces, good for hot dry climate
Veocity [m/s]
5.0
5.0
4.5
4.5
3.8
3.8
3.3
3.3
2.8
2.8
2.3
2.3
1.8
1.8
1.1
1.1
0.6
0.6
0.0
0.0
The wind is seperated on all the levels, which would be uncomfortable to the on desk users.
The wind speed at the sitting level is considered not comfortable for the users.
FACADE DESIGN
1.1
Cross Ventilation Stratigies
Simulations on different window height were made to understand the relation between the outdoor and indoor air velocity with the window opening.
Window height: 0.5m Veocity [m/s]
Veocity [m/s]
4.7
4.7
4.2
4.2
3.7
3.7
3.2
3.2
2.7
2.7
2.2
2.2
1.7
1.7
1.2
1.2
0.6
0.6
0.0
Framework Item
Unit
Value
Wind velocity
[m/s]
4
[m]
2
Mesh size Plane Height
[m]
Wind velocity [m/s]
Wind Velocity (Indoor) 4 Outdoor wind velocity 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0.5
at 0.7m window height, the wind speed in the floor is averaging 1.2
the indoor wind velocity calculates 20% of the outdoor wind velocity
the indoor wind velocity calculates 30% of the outdoor wind velocity
Window height: 0.9m 4.7
4.7
4.2
4.2
3.7
3.7
3.2
3.2
2.7
2.7
2.2
2.2
1.7
1.7
1.2
1.2
0.6
0.6 0.0
at 0.9m window height, the wind speed in the floor is averaging 1.5m/s the indoor wind velocity calculates 37% of the outdoor wind velocity 0.7
0.9
1.1
Window height: 1.1m Veocity [m/s]
0.0
Opening height
31 34
0.0
at 0.5m window height, the wind speed in the floor is averaging 0.8 m/s
Veocity [m/s]
1.6
Window height: 0.7m
at 0.7m window height, the wind speed in the floor is averaging 1.8m/s the indoor wind velocity calculates 45% of the outdoor wind velocity
1.1
FACADE DESIGN Cross Ventilation Stratigies
Approach 1
First approuch is to make wind breakers that rotate on the facade to slow down the air velocity
35 32
Approach 2
Second approach is to use parallel window to slow down the air velocity
FACADE DESIGN
1.1
Cross Ventilation Stratigies
Simulations on different window shading device orientation were made to understand the relation between the outdoor and indoor air velocity with the window opening.
Veocity [m/s] 5.6 4.9 4.4 3.8 3.0 2.6 1.9 1.4 0.7 0.0
Outdoor wind velocity 4m/s Outdoor wind velocity 1.4m/s
35%
Outdoor wind velocity 4m/s Outdoor wind velocity 2.6m/s
65%
Outdoor wind velocity 4m/s Outdoor wind velocity 1.2m/s
30%
Veocity [m/s] 5.6 4.9 4.4 3.8
Wind Direction
3.0 2.6 1.9 1.4 0.7 0.0
Veocity [m/s]
Framework
5.6 4.9
Item
Unit
Value
Wind velocity
[m/s]
4
Mesh size
[m]
2
Plane Height
[m]
1.6
4.4 3.8 3.0 2.6 1.9 1.4 0.7 0.0
33 36
FACADE DESIGN
1.1
Cross Ventilation Stratigies
Simulations on different window shading device orientation were made to understand the relation between the outdoor and indoor air velocity with the window opening.
Veocity [m/s] 5.6 4.9 4.4 3.8 3.0 2.6 1.9 1.4 0.7 0.0
Outdoor wind velocity 4m/s Outdoor wind velocity 1.4m/s
35%
Outdoor wind velocity 4m/s Outdoor wind velocity 2.6m/s
65%
Outdoor wind velocity 4m/s Outdoor wind velocity 1.2m/s
30%
Veocity [m/s] 5.6 4.9 4.4 3.8
Wind Direction
3.0 2.6 1.9 1.4 0.7 0.0
Veocity [m/s]
Framework
5.6 4.9
Item
Unit
Value
Wind velocity
[m/s]
4
Mesh size
[m]
2
Plane Height
[m]
1.6
4.4 3.8 3.0 2.6 1.9 1.4 0.7 0.0
37
FACADE DESIGN
1.1
Cross Ventilation Stratigies
Simulations on different window shading device orientation were made to understand the relation between the outdoor and indoor air velocity with the window opening.
Veocity [m/s] 5.6 4.9 4.4
0.2m
3.8 3.0 2.6 1.9 1.4 0.7 0.0
Outdoor wind velocity 4m/s Outdoor wind velocity 1.4m/s
35%
Outdoor wind velocity 4m/s Outdoor wind velocity 2.6m/s
65%
Outdoor wind velocity 4m/s Outdoor wind velocity 1.2m/s
30%
Veocity [m/s] 5.6
0.3m
4.9 4.4 3.8
Wind Direction
3.0 2.6 1.9 1.4 0.7 0.0
Veocity [m/s]
Framework
5.6
Item
Unit
Value
Wind velocity
[m/s]
4
Mesh size
[m]
2
Plane Height
[m]
1.6
0.4m
4.9 4.4 3.8 3.0 2.6 1.9 1.4 0.7 0.0
38
1.1
FACADE DESIGN Cross Ventilation Stratigies
0.5-0.6m
0.7-0.9m
1.0-1.2m
The window opening size must be different onlevels based on the wind speed at the level
39
The window opens out with differnt spaces based on the given wind speed.
FACADE DESIGN
1.1
Cross Ventilation Stratigies
Simulations on different window shading device orientation were made to understand the relation between the outdoor and indoor air velocity with the window opening.
Veocity [m/s] 2.7 2.5 2.2 1.9 1.5 1.3 0.9 0.7 0.3 0.0
Outdoor wind velocity 4m/s Outdoor wind velocity 0.7m/s Veocity [m/s] 5.6 4.9 4.4 3.8 3.0
Framework
2.6
Item
Unit
C ase 1
C ase 2
C ase3
Wind Velocity
[m/s]
2
4
8
Plane Height
[m]
1
1
1
Mesh Size
[m]
2
2
2
1.9 1.4 0.7 0.0
Outdoor wind velocity 4m/s Outdoor wind velocity 1.0m/s
Comfortable Wind velocity range Air Velocity [m/s]
Describtion
0.05
Stagnant air, uncomfortable
0.20
Barely noticeable, comfortable
0.40
Noticeable and comfortable
0.80
Very Noticeable
1.00
Upper limit for air conditioned spaces, good for hot dry climate
Veocity [m/s] 11.6 10.0 9.3
40
7.7 6.3 5.2 3.9 2.6 1.5 0.0
Outdoor wind velocity 4m/s Outdoor wind velocity 1.6m/s
1.1
FACADE DESIGN Cross Ventilation Stratigies
Air can also be distributed the right way using different opening size based on the wind direction
Veocity [m/s] 5.6 4.9
North wind
4.4 3.8 3.0 2.6 1.9 1.4 0.7 0.0
South wind
41
10
GROUND & PODIUM DESIGN 10.1 Ground & Podium Plans 10.2 Cantilever Structure Design 10.3 Parking Plans 10.4 Sections 10.5 Elevations 10.6 Roof Floor Plan 10.7 Site Plan
Ground & Podium Design
10.1 Ground Floor Plan
DN
DN
UP
Entr.
Entr.
UP
DN
DN
45
Ground & Podium Design
10.2 Podium (First Floor Plan)
DN
UP
UP
DN
46
Ground & Podium Design
10.2 Podium (Second Floor Plan)
DN
DN
UP
47
Ground & Podium Design
10.2 Cantilever Structure Design
M2 mo1
M2
M1 Fo Concrete Core
mo2
M1
M mo
mo1
Fo
X
O
L
Z
2
F= WL 2
To balance the loading force, F, at the free end of the beam, there must be a supporting force, Fo, acting on the beam at the clamped end.
48
Fo
mo2
Ground & Podium Design
10.2 Cantilever Structure Design Messeturm, Trade fair tower, Basel Cantilever structure: Truss Cantilever Length: 8m
49
Ground & Podium Design
10.2 Cantilever Structure Design Busan Cinema Center, Busan Cantilever structure: Truss Cantilever Length: 163m
50
Ground & Podium Design
10.2 Cantilever Structure Design
Lamar Construction Company, Hudsonville Cantilever structure: Truss Cantilever Length: 33m
51
Ground & Podium Design
10.2 Cantilever Structure Design
Trusses Surrounding the podium to make it act as one object Trusses work on compression and tension to transfer the load to the core and the columns
52
Ground & Podium Design
10.2 Cantilever Structure Design
Load on the grid system Causes bending, affecting the column and bending the structure
Vierendeel Beams act like one object that makes it better to handle the force
53
Ground & Podium Design
10.2 Cantilever Structure Design
Adding columns and beams connected to the main structure parts (Trusses & Vierendeel beams) to make the structure more ...... and have less span
54
Ground & Podium Design
10.2 Cantilever Structure Design
55
Ground & Podium Design
10.3 Parking Plan 1
Control Room
56
Water Treating Room
Ground & Podium Design
10.3 Parking Plan 2
Storage
57
Storage
10.4 Sections
57
Section A-A
Section B-B
10.5 Elevations
57
Northern Elevation
Eastern Elevation
10.7 Site Plan
61
11
ENERGY EFFICIENCY 11.1 OfďŹ ces Energy Consumption 11.2 Cooling 11.3 Lighting 11.4 Energy Consumption
11.1
ENERGY EFFICIENCY Offices Energy Consumption
Energy in office buildings breakdown as shown in chart. Office buildings consume most of energy on Cooling, Lighting and equipments (computers, printers, projectors, etc..)
Office Buildings Energy Consumption Breakdown
HVAC
65
Lighting
Electronics
Lifts
Water Heating
Other
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
11.2 Cooling
The chart shows the cooling demand before and after designing the shading device
Typical Floor Cooling Demand Cooling Demand [kWh/m2]
9 8 7 6 5 4
Framework Item
Unit
C ase 1
C ase 2
Floor Area
[m]
525
525
Cooling
[m]
VAV temp. ctrl.
VAV temp. ctrl.
U Value
[W/m2K]
0.23
0.23
U Value (glass)
[W/m2K]
1.95
1.95
[-]
0.10
0.10
g Value
66
Before Shading
After Shading
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
11.2 Cooling
The chart shows the cooling demand before and after using the mixing box (heat exchanger)
Typical Floor Cooling Demand Cooling Demand [kWh/m2]
8
Framework
6 5 4
Item
Unit
C ase 1
C ase 2
Floor Area
[m]
525
525
Cooling
[m]
VAV temp. ctrl.
VAV temp. ctrl.
U Value
[W/m2K]
0.23
0.23
U Value (glass)
[W/m2K]
1.95
1.95
g Value
[-]
0.10
0.10
Mixing Box
[-]
No
Yes
67
7
Before Mixing Box
After Mixing Box
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
11.3 Lighting
Conventional lighting design for offices A matrix solution with panel lights does not reference the visual task of the user. Differing forms of work are supported with the same lighting. This is therefore not optimally matched to the needs of all users, and losses in terms of ambience and concentration must be expected. Furthermore, the low-contrast and undefined appearance of the room may cause fatigue and energy needs for sufficient lighting also increase. Qualitative lighting design for offices Zonal lighting analyses where the user needs which light: luminaires with good glare control and simultaneously high cylindrical illuminances, light the workstations, enable good visual comfort and achieve good, pleasant facial illumination. Illuminated vertical surfaces ensure a bright spatial impression and balanced contrast conditions for work on screens. Illumination of the circulation zone in the central aisle allows pleasant orientation.
68
Conventional lighting design for offices
Qualitative lighting design for offices
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
11.3 Lighting
Lights were made to go through the beams, and the same way between them. The used lights in the project are LED lights
Occupancy / Vacancy sensors automatically switch off lighting when not required Reduced lighting power density to 2.15 Watts/m2
3.5 3 2.5
kWh/m2
OfďŹ ces were ďŹ tted with LED pendant luminaires that utilize cutting edge light distribution and optical control technology that delivers over 75 lumens per watt and virtually eliminates glare.
Lighting
2 1.5 1 0.5 0
Regular
69
LED
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
11.4 Energy Consumption
The chart shows the energy consumption in kWh in total ofďŹ ces spaces
Total Energy Consumption
Occupants & Equipment schedule Monday - Friday
110K 100K
Saturday, Sunday & holywood
90K 80K 70K
Framework Item
Unit
Value
Cooling
[m]
VAV temp. ctrl.
U Value
[W/m2K]
0.23
U Value (glass)
[W/m2K]
1.95
g Value
[-]
0.10
Mixing Box
[-]
No
Occupants
[-]
1300
Computers
[-]
50
70
Total Energy Consumption is 1,122,000 kWh.a
12
RENEWABLE ENERGY 12.1 PV System 12.2 PV Panels 12.3 Inverter & Battery 12.4 Energy Production
RENEWABLE ENERGY
12.1 PV System
The PV system will consist of PV panels, charge controller, DC Battery and inverter, they work as illustrated in the diagram, and will provide the building with electricity
-
+ +
-
Ba�ery Bank
Charge Controller
Solar PV Panels
Building Electricity Inverter
U�lity Grid
71
RENEWABLE ENERGY
12.1 PV System
PV array can work on series or parallel, the series will collect volts, while the parallel will collect the amperes
Series
32.4V 10.4A
32.4V 10.4A
Parallel
32.4V 10.4A
32.4V 10.4A
Total Voltage: 32.4 V Total Current: 41.6 A Total Power: 1350 W
V
Series
Voltage
Horizontal
West
Number of modules: 470
Number of modules: 1076
Total Voltage: 32.4 V Total Current: 4,877 A Total Power: 158,030 W
Total Voltage: 32.4 V Total Current: 11,200 A Total Power: 362,900 W
Parallel Current
A
The system will work on parallel to avoid the high voltage on the invertor
72 33
RENEWABLE ENERGY
1.1 PV Panels 12.2
Solar Panels used for the systems were chosen on EfďŹ ciency, Heat coefďŹ cient and width and length cpmpatability with the building
PV Panel Item
Unit
Amount
Type
[-]
Monocrystalline
Temperature coefficient
[%]
0
Efficiency
[%]
20.47
Width
[m]
0.99
Length
[m]
1.65
Output Voltage
[V]
32.40
Output Current
[A]
10.36
1.04 m
1.64 m
73
RENEWABLE ENERGY
12.3 Inverter & Battery
Inverter
Battery
The invertor were chosen based on the total current on it
The battery was selected based on the energy produced in two days (to save the energy in off days)
Total Voltage: 32.4 V Total Current: 16,080 A Total Power: 520,940 W
Maximum day energy: Two days energy:
Power of inverter (VA) = 520,940/0.9 Power of inverter (VA) = 578 kW
Inverter
Battery
Siemens Sinvert PVS 600kW Power Inverter
BlueNova Lithium Battery
Inverter
Battery
Item
Unit
Amount
Power
[kW] [%]
Efficiency
74
Item
Unit
Amount
600
Capacity
[kWh]
16
90
Charging Efficiency
[%]
88
Discharging Efficiency
[%]
88
Battery Type
[-]
Lithium
WATER SYSTEM
13.2 Grey Water
Water usage The Average employee water consumption in ofďŹ ce buildings is 60L Total water consumption = 78,000L/day Distributed as follow: - Toilet Flushing 63% - Washing 27% - Other 10% Grey water = 78,000 x 0.27 = 21,060L Grey water = 21m3
78
WATER SYSTEM
13.3 Water
Potable Water Tank 78m3 Rain Water Tank 24m3 Grey Water Tank 21m3 Treating Water Room
Water Cycle 30mL 25mL 20mL 15mL 10mL 5mL mL Water Used
Grey Water
Total Reused Water: 46.5%
79
Rain Water
Thank you..