Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
The first semester (Design + Research) project Supervisor: Dr-Ing. Mohannad Bayoumi The Department of Architecture (KAUARCH) Faculty of Architecture and Planning King Abdulaziz University
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Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
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CONTENT 1. Introduction 2. Research problem 3. Research objective 4. Literature review 4.1 Peer reviewed research articles 4.1.1 Cost-Saving Impacts 4.1.2 Human Performance 4.2 Standerds 4.3 Research question 5. Research Methods 5.1 Research strategy and limitation 5.2 Study framework 6. Study cases 6.1 Measurement and Simulation tools
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6.2 Selected study cases 6.3 Measurement of study cases 6.4 Evaluation of study cases 7. Design alternatives 7.1 Design alternatives of window openings 7.2 Simulation of design alternatives 7.3 Design alternatives of shading devices 7.4 Simulation of design alternatives 8. Results 8.1 Table of design proposals 8.2 Compare and analyze simulation results 8.3 Recommendations 9. References
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
1.INTRODUCTION This study focuses on the quality of natural lighting within educational spaces. Because they are disproportionate to the space function, the lighting is either low or much higher than the space requirement. After studying and evaluating the current situation, we will study one of the most important factors affecting improving the quality of natural lighting is the shading and reflection systems. Then, several proposals were made to design different windows and shading systems and simulate their impact on the quality of the intensity of natural lighting in the classroom and their impact on different facades of various types through simulation programs for natural lighting (Revit daylight analysis - DiaLux). Based on the simulation results, different proposals and their different effects were compared for each interface.
Keywords: Daylighting analysis - Visual comfort - Classrooms - Light shelves - Shading devices.
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
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2. RESEARCH PROBLEM Natural lighting has several benefits, especially in educational spaces and its impact on various aspects of its impact on the performance and productivity of students and their health and also on the other hand its impact on the provision of electricity consumption and many other different benefits, and after proving these benefits and prove their harm when neglected it is necessary to study design variables Effect on the quality of the intensity of natural lighting in the classroom, and although the lighting is sufficiently available at times, but it is difficult to take advantage of the lack of adequate form of space. Â Hence, one of the most important factors influencing the study and its impact was selected: window design and shading and reflection systems and how to improve the current situation once these systems are changed.
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Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
3. RESEARCH OBJECTIVE
Design alternatives of window openings and shading systems to reduce direct sunlight while maintaining visual connection
Reducing direct sunlight penetration
Maintaining visual connection between inside and outside
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
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Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
Potential of facade integrated shading and reflection system to improving visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
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4. LITERATURE REVIEW 4.1 Peer reviewed research articles 4.1.1 History of Lighting in Classroom 4.1.2 Cost-Saving Impacts 4.1.3 Human Performance 4.1.3 Effects of Orientation 4.2 Standerds 4.3 Research question
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Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
4. LITERATURE REVIEW 4.1 Peer reviewed research articles
Cost-Saving Impacts
Augmenting the use of natural light not only helps achieve sustainable solutions, it reduces energy costs. (Mohsenin, 2015). Daylighting could decrease electricity needs by %61 - %45. (Rosin, 2008). The most obvious benefit of natural lighting is the economic one that it is free and unlimited in supply. A 1952 report on office lighting in Great Britain found that offices with sufficient daylighting were significantly less costly to maintain. (Phillips, 1964)
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
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4. LITERATURE REVIEW 4.1 Peer reviewed research articles
4.1.3 Human Performance
Productivity Increasing the size of windows does not just make a room feel bigger and more comfortable, the increase in exposure to natural light has been found to improve outcomes. And negligence regarding window control and shading was found to negatively affect student performance. (Atre, 2003). windowless spaces created a negative feeling and mental discomfort. (Atre, 2003). One such study surveyed 3,000 students in one school with both windowed and windowless classrooms. It found that %94 of the participants preferred classrooms with windows; only %4 specified a preference for windowless classrooms. In addition, the teachers at the school described the students in windowless classrooms as more timid and more likely to complain. (Wu & Ng, 2003).
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Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
4. LITERATURE REVIEW 4.1 Peer reviewed research articles
4.1.3 Human Performance
Improvement to learning ability
A separate study of 12,000 elementary school students found a %14 improvement in student performance for those in classrooms with operable windows. (Dudek, 2007). The study found that students in classrooms with the most daylight performed %20 better on math tests and %26 better on reading tests. Rooms with larger window areas correlated with a %23-15 overall improvement in academic outcomes. (White, 2009). The body’s internal clock depends on awareness of the daylight cycle in order to function properly. Without the exposure to daylight, the human body clock can get confused, this can lead to lack of memory and concentration. (White, 2009).
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
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4. LITERATURE REVIEW 4.1 Peer reviewed research articles
4.1.3 Human Performance
Prevention of eye damage
Some studies have found a connection between artificial lighting and vision issues, including those related to glare. (Hobday, 2015). Adding daylighting to interior spaces through the use of proper windows and shading devices can reduce or prevent eye damage. Daylight is solar radiation visible to the human eye. (Hobday, 2015). Over the last 50 years, myopia, or shortsightedness, has increased among children, to the point where it must be considered a global health problem. Studies estimate that a lack of exposure to daylight may cause short-sightedness or myopia. (Hobday, 2015).
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Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
4. LITERATURE REVIEW 4.1 Peer reviewed research articles
4.1.3 Human Performance
Health benefits
Increasing the amount of daylighting in an environment could improve health by mitigating depression and sleep disorders. (Boubekri, 2014). Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) and depression are triggered by a lack of daylight. Children in windowless classrooms were found to display symptoms of SAD including those of restlessness and irritability. (Dudek, 2007, p. 35). Poor lighting can cause stress and lead to a variety of problems such as eye discomfort, poor vision, and bad posture (Gifford, 2007, White, 2009).
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
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4. LITERATURE REVIEW 4.3 Standards
Illuminance Classrooms :
300 - 500Lux Illuminance and visual tasks
300 Lux
500 Lux
750 1000 Lux
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Classrooms, tutorial rooms Music practice rooms Computer practice rooms Language laboratory Lecture hall Art rooms Practical rooms and laboratories Handicraft rooms Library: reading areas Technical drawing rooms Art rooms in art schools
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
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4. RESEARCH QUESTION 4.3 Research question
What type of facade integrated shading and reflection device minimises daylight availability as well as visual connection and reduces direct sunlight penetration?
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Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
Potential of facade integrated shading and reflection system to improving visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
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5. RESEARCH METHODS 5.1 Research strategy and limitation 5.2 Study framework
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Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
5. RESEARCH METHODS
The research has many different aspects and deals with several topics while going into this experiment, but at the same time it focuses on specific points to reach specific and clear results, the following structure clarifies the limits of the research and the issues affecting it.
5.1 Research strategy and limitation
Indoor Comfort Temperature
Air velocity
Lighting
Daylighting
Acoustics
Materials
Artificial lighting
Daylight is affected by:
Design variables Window openings
Shading devices
Space dimensions
Environmental variables Materials
date
Time
Orientations
Affect to:
Visual Communication
Direct Sunlight Reduction
Summer Solstice
8 AM
Winter Solstice
East
West
North
12 PM
3 PM
South
*The topics specified in the gray background are the topics that will be emphasized in this research
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
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5. RESEARCH METHODS 5.2 Study framework The research goes through several main stages
Study Cases Case One - east
Case Two - west Measurements Matching with simulation software
First stage: evaluation of the current situation  Choose a research sample and make measurements of its lighting level and then compare it with the international standards for lighting level in the classroom. The second stage: design proposals Work on design proposals for window openings and measure their impact through simulation programs and then choose the best proposals, and then make design proposals for shading and reflection systems and simulate their effect on natural lighting within a space. The third stage: evaluation of proposals The last stage is to evaluate the proposals, write the advantages and disadvantages of each of the proposals, and give a guide for how to benefit from each type.
Proposals for window openings Type A
Type B
Type C
Type D
Simulation during different times and different dates Date Summer Solstice
Time Winter Solstice
8 AM
12 PM
3 PM
Simulation results Choose the type of window to work on Type 1 Type 2
Choose cases that need shading devices SHADING DEVICES proposals
Type 3 Type 4
SIMULATE the effect of shading devicess on selected cases Reduce direct sunlight
EVALUATE the performance of shading systems through their impact on:
Visual Communication
RECOMMENDATIONS: Advantages and disadvantages of the design proposal
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Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
Potential of facade integrated shading and reflection system to improving visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
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6. STUDY CASES 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4
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Measurement and Simulation tools Selected study cases Measurement of study cases Evaluation of study cases
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
6. STUDY CASES 6.1 Measurement and Simulation tools
MEASUREMENT
SIMULATION
Light Meter Light Meter :The instrument used to measure the illumination in the study cases
Building performance analysis The Light Analysis Revit (LA/R) software
Features:High precision, measurement range: 200,000-1Lux. Automatic measuring level selection.Max and min reading hold function.LUX/FC unit selection.Reading locked hold.Automatic data recording.Low battery indication.Specifications:Color: RedDisplay: 2/1-3 digit LCD with a maximum reading of 1999Measuring range: 200000 /20000 /2000LuxSpectral response: CIE Photopic.
The Light Analysis Revit (LA/R) plug-in uses the Autodesk 360 Rendering cloud service to perform very fast and physically accurate daylighting analyses from within Revit.
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
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6. STUDY CASES 6.2 Selected study cases Case one
Location: Building 535 - King Abdulaziz University. Measurement date: 2019/10/9 Measurement times: 8 am - 1 pm - 3 pm. Facade: West Facade
Case two
Location: Building 535 - King Abdulaziz University. Date of measurement: 2019/10/14 Measurement times: 8 am - 1 pm - 3 pm. Facade: East Facade
Classroom Plan
The selected classrooms have the same design specifications but only with a different orientation.
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Classroom Interior Elevation
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
6. STUDY CASES 6.4 Method of measurement The measurements were made by dividing the interior space into several areas to measure the illumination of each area and then grouping them into the plan floor. The measurements were made at several different times from day 8 am, 1 pm and 3 pm
Measurement grid
Pictures of the selected classroom
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
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6. STUDY CASES
N
6.3 Measurement of study cases Case one 95
110
90
80
75
70
65
50
40
450
400
250
200
150
150
100
90
80
370
640
3080
540
360
205
180
160
140
265
160
120
95
90
80
75
70
60
850
450
300
250
200
150
100
90
90
4.350
3940
770
650
350
200
200
190
180
220
150
130
105
100
80
70
70
60
700
450
300
250
200
200
150
100
90
850
1050
1.740
370
220
200
180
180
200
270
160
150
100
95
75
70
65
65
850
500
350
300
200
200
100
100
90
5.850
4.650
870
690
320
220
200
180
190
190
120
130
115
105
80
65
65
60
800
600
300
250
200
150
100
90
90
640
960
1520
550
430
205
160
160
180
250
180
140
120
110
90
70
60
55
900
500
250
200
150
100
90
90
80
6.000
4.560
1.150
460
380
190
140
120
140
135
100
90
85
75
70
60
45
40
400
300
200
150
150
100
90
90
80
460
480
430
320
180
140
130
120
160
2019/10/9 8 a.m. West Elevation
2019/10/9
1 p.m.
West Elevation
2019/10/9 3 p.m. West Elevation
Lux 6000 4000 2000 1000 800 600 400 200 100 50 0
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Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
6. STUDY CASES
N
6.3 Measurement of study cases Case one
Illuminance values at different distances from window
95
110
90
80
75
70
65
50
40
265
160
120
95
90
80
75
70
60
220
150
130
105
100
80
70
70
60
270
160
150
100
95
75
70
65
65
190
120
130
115
105
80
65
65
60
Illuminance level (Lux)
300 250 200 150 100 50 0
8 a.m. 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Distance from window (m)
250
180
140
120
110
90
70
60
55
135
100
90
85
75
70
60
45
40
2019/10/9 8 a.m. West Elevation
270
160
150
100
95
75
70
Maximum illumination : 270 Lux Minimum illumination : 65 Lux
0% more than 500Lux 0% between 300-500Lux 100% less than 300Lux
65
65
Lux 6000 4000 2000 1000 800 600 400 200 100 50 0
The level of natural lighting is below the level required in the classroom, but the contrast level of lighting is generally good. So natural lighting must be included in the space more.
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
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6. STUDY CASES
N
6.3 Measurement of study cases Case one
Illuminance values at different distances from window 900
400
250
200
150
150
100
90
850
450
300
250
200
150
100
90
90
700
450
300
250
200
200
150
100
90
850
500
350
300
200
200
100
100
90
800
600
300
250
200
150
100
90
90
900
500
250
200
150
100
90
90
80
400
300
200
150
150
100
90
90
80
2019/10/9 1 p.m. West Elevation
800
80
4.8% more than 500Lux 20.6% between 300-500Lux 74.6‏less than 300Lux
Illuminance level (Lux)
450
700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0
1 p.m. 1
2
850
500
3
4
5
6
Distance from window (m) 350 300 200 200
Maximum illumination : 850 Lux Minimum illumination : 90 Lux 300-500 Lux
7
100
8
9
100
90
Lux 6000 4000 2000 1000 800 600 400 200 100 50 0
The level of natural light inside the space is high in some areas and may be sufficient, but its presence in a poorly distributed manner limits the use of it.
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Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
6. STUDY CASES
N
6.3 Measurement of study cases Case one
Illuminance values at different distances from window 7000
640
3080
540
360
205
180
160
140
4.350
3940
770
650
350
200
200
190
180
850
1050
1.740
370
220
200
180
180
200
5.850 640
4.650 960
870 1520
690 550
320 430
220 205
200 160
180 160
190 180
6000 Illuminance level (Lux)
370
5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0
3 p.m. 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
200
180
190
Distance from window (m)
6.000
4.560
1.150
460
380
190
140
120
140
460
480
430
320
180
140
130
120
160
2019/10/9 3 p.m. West Elevation
33.3% more than 500Lux 20.6% between 300-500Lux 46.1% less than 300Lux
5.850 4.650
870
690
320
220
Maximum illumination : 5.850 Lux Minimum illumination : 190 Lux 300-500 Lux
Lux 6000 4000 2000 1000 800 600 400 200 100 50 0
The level of natural light inside space is very high in more than %30 of the space, so the lighting must be redistributed commensurate with the depth of the space and reduce illumination near the windows. Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
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6. STUDY CASES 6.3 Measurement of study cases Case one
Illuminance level (Lux)
8000 Compare lighting values at different distances from the 7000 window at different times
8000
Illuminance level (Lux)
7000
31
6000 5000
6000 5000
2019/10/9 West Elevation
4000 3000 2000
3 p.m.
1000
1 p.m.
0
1
2
4000
3
4
5
6
7
Distance from window (m)
8
9
8 a.m.
300-500 Lux
3000 2000
3 p.m.
1000 0
The maximum 1 p.m.acceptable illumination in classrooms
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Distance from window (m)
8
9
8 a.m.
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
6. STUDY CASES
N
6.3 Measurement of study cases Case two 230
480
375
260
195
170
150
105
120
320
230
175
140
125
110
100
90
95
95
100
75
60
50
40
35
30
30
5.405
4.805
1.630
420
220
160
130
115
115
740
360
190
125
115
110
105
100
95
340
165
85
55
40
40
45
35
35
2.180
3800
2.305
990
380
180
140
120
120
390
520
330
190
145
125
115
105
100
110
120
80
65
45
36
30
30
35
5.640
2.805
940
690
320
215
130
120
120
960
450
280
215
155
115
100
95
95
360
170
115
70
50
45
40
35
40
1.450
1.170
810
520
210
160
135
115
110
340
460
355
200
160
115
100
95
95
105
135
105
75
55
50
40
35
40
5.850
3.550
2.080
440
260
180
125
100
75
940
460
275
190
145
105
85
80
80
340
145
110
80
55
45
45
35
30
320
4.850
1.630
550
280
175
120
100
75
280
300
255
190
130
115
100
85
75
80
120
100
75
50
40
35
30
30
2019/10/14 8 a.m. East Elevation
2019/10/14 1 p.m. East Elevation
2019/10/14 3 p.m. East Elevation
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
Lux 6000 4000 2000 1000 800 600 400 200 100 50 0
32
6. STUDY CASES
N
6.3 Measurement of study cases Case two 6000
480
375
260
195
170
150
105
120
5.405
4.805
1.630
420
220
160
130
115
115
2.180
3800
2.305
990
380
180
140
120
120
5.640
2.805
940
690
320
215
130
120
120
1.450
1.170
810
520
210
160
135
115
110
5.850
3.550
2.080
440
260
180
125
100
75
320
4.850
1.630
550
280
175
120
100
75
2019/10/14 8 a.m. East Elevation
5000
Illuminance level (Lux)
230
Illuminance values at different distances from window
4000 3000 2000 1000
31.7% more than 500Lux 12.7% between 300-500Lux 55.6% less than 300Lux
0
1
2
5.640 2.805
3
4
5
6
7
Distance from window (m) 940 690 320 215 130
Maximum illumination : 5.640 Lux Minimum illumination : 120 Lux 300-500 Lux
8
9
120
120
Lux 6000 4000 2000 1000 800 600 400 200 100 50 0
The level of natural light inside space is very high in more than %30 of the space, so the lighting must be redistributed commensurate with the depth of the space and reduce illumination near the windows.
33
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
6. STUDY CASES
N
6.3 Measurement of study cases Case two
Illuminance values at different distances from window 1200
230
175
140
125
110
100
90
95
740
360
190
125
115
110
105
100
95
390
520
330
190
145
125
115
105
100
960
450
280
215
155
115
100
95
95
340
460
355
200
160
115
100
95
95
940
460
275
190
145
105
85
80
80
280
300
255
190
130
115
100
85
75
1000
Illuminance level (Lux)
320
800 600 400 200 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
4.8% more than 500Lux 20.6% between 300-500Lux 74.6‏less than 300Lux
9
Distance from window (m)
960
450
280
215
155
115
100
Maximum illumination : 960 Lux Minimum illumination : 95 Lux 2019/10/14 1 p.m. East Elevation
8
300-500 Lux
95
95
Lux 6000 4000 2000 1000 800 600 400 200 100 50 0
The level of natural light inside the space is high in some areas and may be sufficient, but its presence in a poorly distributed manner limits the use of it.
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
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6. STUDY CASES
N
6.3 Measurement of study cases Case two
Illuminance values at different distances from window 6000
100
75
60
50
40
35
30
30
340
165
85
55
40
40
45
35
35
110
120
80
65
45
36
30
30
35
360
170
115
70
50
45
40
35
40
105
135
105
75
55
50
40
35
40
340
145
110
80
55
45
45
35
30
80
120
100
75
50
40
35
30
30
5000
Illuminance level (Lux)
95
4000 3000 2000 1000 0
1
2
3
4
5
0% more than 500Lux 4.8% between 300-500Lux 95.2% less than 300Lux
7
8
9
Distance from window (m)
360
170
115
70
50
Maximum illumination : 360 Lux Minimum illumination : 40 Lux 2019/10/14 8 a.m. East Elevation
6
300-500 Lux
45
40
35
40
Lux 6000 4000 2000 1000 800 600 400 200 100 50 0
The level of natural lighting is below the level required in the classroom, but the contrast level of lighting is generally good. So natural lighting must be included in the space more.
35
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
6. STUDY CASES 6.3 Measurement of study cases Case two
Illuminance level (Lux)
8000 from the Compare lighting values at different distances window at different times 7000
Illuminance level (Lux) Illuminance level (Lux)
8000 8000 7000 7000 6000 6000 5000 5000
6000 5000
2019/10/9 West Elevation
4000 3000 2000
3 p.m.
1000
1 p.m.
0
1
2
4000 4000
3
4
5
6
7
Distance from window (m)
8
9
8 a.m.
3000 3000
2000
3 p.m.
1000 0
The maximum acceptable 1 p.m. illumination in classrooms
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Distance window Distancefrom from window (m)(m)
8
9
8 a.m.
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
36
6. STUDY CASES 6.4 Evaluation of study casesdesign proposals
8000
Compare lighting values at different distances from the window at different times
Case one
Case two
2019/10/9 West Elevation
2019/10/14 East Elevation
8000
Illumunanace level (Lux) Illuminance level (Lux)
7000
7
(m)
8
5000 8000
4000
7000
3000 2000 1000 0
9
1
Illuminance level (Lux)
Illuminance level (Lux)
6000
2
6000 5000 4000 30003
3 p.m.
2000
1 p.m.
1000
8 a.m.
0
4
5
6
7
8
6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0
9
Distance from window (m)
1 illumination 2 3 classrooms 4 The maximum acceptable in
1
2 3 p.m.
Distance from window (m)
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Distance from window (m)
Distance from window (m)
1 p.m. 5
6
7
Distance from window (m) The contrast in the natural light of the eastern facade is clearly increased at 8 am and gradually decreases over time and becomes less completely at 3 pm.Unlike the western facade in the morning, the contrast is slight and increases in the afternoon until it is at its highest level at 3 pm.
37
7000
8
9
8 a.m.
According to this study, the level of illumination of natural lighting in the classroom is generally lower than the required level with the standards, where the highest percentage of lighting recorded in a classroom measured is %25 of the area.
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
6. STUDY CASES Illumination: current space measurements and simulation by Revit
Measure the actual design by Light Meter
3 PM
Lux 6000 4000 2000 1000 800 600 400 200 100 50 0
Simulations the actual design by Revit Analysis
Component
Reflectance
Internal walls Floor Ceiling
0.70 0.40 0.80
Windows
Transmittance
0.55
Others
Double glasing
Specifications
simulation hours 8am–1pm–3pm Surroundings No obstruction from adjacent buildings simulation plane hight 0.75m
8 AM
glazing
White Polished granite Flat
12 PM
Optical parameters for lighting simulations.
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
38
39
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
Potential of facade integrated shading and reflection system to improving visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
40
7. DESIGN ALTERNATIVES 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4
41
Design alternatives of window openings Simulation of design alternatives Design alternatives of shading devices Simulation of design alternatives
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
7. DESIGN ALTERNATIVES 7.1 Design alternatives of window openings
Type A
Type B
Type C
Type D
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
42
7. DESIGN ALTERNATIVES
N
7.2 Simulation of design alternatives 21 June 2019 - East Facade Types
8 AM
12 PM
3 PM
Notes - High contrast of natural lighting at 8 am in the space. - Lighting illuminates the space well at noon, but solutions must be found to move it deep into the classroom.
- High contrast of natural lighting at 8 am in the space. - Lighting illuminates the space well at noon, but solutions must be found to move it deep into the classroom. - The contrast in light levels decreases at 3 pm.
- The daylighting in the space is very high, specifically at 8 am. - Natural lighting should be minimized within the space in general.
- The daylighting in the space is very high, specifically at 8 am. - Natural lighting should be minimized within the space in general.
43
Lux 6000 4000 2000 1000 800 600 400 200 100 50 0
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
7. DESIGN ALTERNATIVES
N
7.2 Simulation of design alternatives 22 December 2019 - East Facade Types
8 AM
12 PM
3 PM
Notes - Lighting illuminates the space well at noon, but solutions must be found to move it deep into the classroom. - High contrast of daylighting at 8 am in the space.
- Lighting illuminates the space well at noon, but solutions must be found to move it deep into the classroom. - High contrast of daylighting at 8 am in the space.
.- High contrast of daylighting in the space. - Natural lighting should be minimized within the space in general at 8 am and 12 pm. And redistributed in space at 3 pm.
.- High contrast of daylighting in the space. - Natural lighting should be minimized within the space in general at 8 am and 12 pm. And redistributed in space at 3 pm.
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
Lux 6000 4000 2000 1000 800 600 400 200 100 50 0
44
7. DESIGN ALTERNATIVES
N
7.2 Simulation of design alternatives 21 June 2019 - West Facade Types
8 AM
12 PM
3 PM
Notes - The lighting must be redistributed within the classroom to reach the depth of the space. - Lighting at 8am is low in the space in general and we get better in the afternoon. - Natural light does not reach the depth of the classroom sufficient. - Lighting at 8am is low in the space in general and we get better in the afternoon. - The lighting must be redistributed within the classroom to reach the depth of the space.
- The daylighting in the space is very high, specifically at 3 pm. - Natural lighting should be minimized within the space in general. - At 8 am, lighting increases near the windows, but lighting is appropriate in the inner half of the class. - The daylighting in the space is very high, specifically at 3 pm. - Natural lighting should be minimized within the space in general. - At 8 am, lighting increases near the windows, but lighting is appropriate in the inner half of the class.
45
Lux 6000 4000 2000 1000 800 600 400 200 100 50 0
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
7. DESIGN ALTERNATIVES
N
7.2 Simulation of design alternatives 22 December 2019 - West Facade Types
8 AM
12 PM
3 PM
Notes - Lighting at 8am is low in the space in general - Lighting illuminates the space well at noon, but solutions must be found to move it deep into the classroom. - High contrast of daylighting at 3 pm in the space.
- Lighting at 8am is low in the space in general - Lighting illuminates the space well at noon, but solutions must be found to move it deep into the classroom. - High contrast of daylighting at 3 pm in the space.
- Lighting at 8am is low in the space in general - The daylighting in the space is very high at 3 pm. - Natural lighting should be minimized within the space in general at 12 and 3 pm.
- Lighting at 8am is low in the space in general - The daylighting in the space is very high at 3 pm. - Natural lighting should be minimized within the space in general at 12 and 3 pm.
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
Lux 6000 4000 2000 1000 800 600 400 200 100 50 0
46
7. DESIGN ALTERNATIVES
A
7.2 Simulation of design alternatives
B
Types of windows that will be focused on in the upcoming experiences
Choose a sample to compare the effect of design alternatives (21 June 2019 - East Facade)
C
The maximum acceptable illumination in classrooms
D
Accepted zone
Types
3 PM
(Lux) 6000 3000 1000 800 600 400 200 100 0
6000 5000
B
Illuminance level (Lux)
A 4000 3000 2000 1000 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Distance from window (m)
C
4.850
670
540
390
280
240
180
95
90
5.105
960
645
570
410
380
335
305
260
990
845
590
430
390
340
300
960
690
620
5.250 3.450
D 5.840 5.200 4.650 3.300 2.230 1.100
47
Type A
%22
Type B
%55
Type C
%44
Type D
%0
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
7. DESIGN ALTERNATIVES
N
7.2 Simulation of design alternatives Choosing the cases most exposed to sunlight from the results of the previous simulations, to study them later and design proposals for shading and reflection systems in order to improve these cases
Lux 6000 4000 2000 1000 800 600 400 200 100 50 0
Summer Solstice
Winter Solstice
Summer Solstice
Winter Solstice
East Facade
East Facade
West Facade
West Facade
8 AM
8 AM
3 PM
3 PM
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
48
7. DESIGN ALTERNATIVES
N
7.2 Simulation of design alternatives Choosing the cases most exposed to sunlight from the results of the previous simulations, to study them later and design proposals for shading and reflection systems in order to improve these cases
Lux 6000 4000 2000 1000 800 600 400 200 100 50 0
49
Summer Solstice
Winter Solstice
Summer Solstice
Winter Solstice
East Facade
East Facade
West Facade
West Facade
8 AM
8 AM
3 PM
3 PM
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
7. DESIGN ALTERNATIVES 7.3 Design alternatives of shading devices
Type 1
Type 2
Type 3
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
50
7. DESIGN ALTERNATIVES 7.3 Design alternatives of shading devices How to name types of design alternatives:
B2.1
Orientation of elevation Shading device type Window type
Type 1
Type 2
Type 3
1.1 East Facade
1.2 West Facade
2.1 East Facade
2.2 West Facade
3.1 East Facade
3.2 West Facade
B1.1
B1.2
B2.1
B2.2
B3.1
B3.2
C1.1
C1.2
C2.1
C2.2
C3.1
C3.2
Type B
Type C
51
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
7. DESIGN ALTERNATIVES 7.3 Design alternatives of shading devices
Lux 6000 2000 800 400 100 0
Summer Solstice
Type B
East Facade
8 AM
Type C
Summer Solstice Winter Solstice
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
52
7. DESIGN ALTERNATIVES 7.3 Design alternatives of shading devices Type B1.1
21 June 2019 - East Facade
Type B1.1 East Facade Curved ends for increased light diffusion
Double glasing Transmittance 70%
Aluminum, highly polished Reflection Factor 87%
Aluminum, matt Reflection Factor 60%
Movable shelf To benefit from it in different times
Aluminum, matt Reflection Factor 60%
Double glasing Transmittance 55%
3D Section
53
Design proposal specifications
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
7. DESIGN ALTERNATIVES 7.3 Design alternatives of shading devices Type B1.1
21 June 2019 - East Facade
Summer Solstice Winter Solstice
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
54
7. DESIGN ALTERNATIVES
Lux 6000 4000 2000 1000 800 600 400 200 100 50 0
7.3 Design alternatives of shading devices Type B1.1
21 June 2019 - East Facade The maximum acceptable illumination in classrooms
Accepted zone
6000
The existing window
Illuminance level (Lux)
5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Distance from window (m) Current status
Proposed status
260
395
430
510
680
120
210
215
245
320
1.450 4.200 5.450 3.950
360
435
480
495
The Proposed window with shading devices
55
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
7. DESIGN ALTERNATIVES 7.3 Design alternatives of shading devices Type B1.1
21 June 2019 - East Facade
Interior perspective for existing design of windows
Interior perspective for proposed design of windows
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
56
7. DESIGN ALTERNATIVES 7.3 Design alternatives of shading devices Type C1.1
21 June 2019 - East Facade
Type C1.1 East Facade Curved ends for increased light diffusion
Double glasing Transmittance 70%
Aluminum, highly polished Reflection Factor 87%
Aluminum, matt Reflection Factor 60%
Movable shelf To benefit from it in different times
Aluminum, matt Reflection Factor 60%
Double glasing Transmittance 55%
3D Section
57
Design proposal specifications
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
7. DESIGN ALTERNATIVES
Lux 6000 4000 2000 1000 800 600 400 200 100 50 0
7.3 Design alternatives of shading devices Type C1.1
21 June 2019 - East Facade The maximum acceptable illumination in classrooms
Accepted zone
6000 5000
8 AM
The existing window
Illuminance level (Lux)
Type
4000 3000 2000 1000 0
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Distance from window (m) Current status
435
520
610
290
310
360
Proposed status
1.150 1.620 4.560 5.780 5.900 5.250
420
450
480
515
645
1.050
The Proposed window with shading devices
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
58
7. DESIGN ALTERNATIVES 7.3 Design alternatives of shading devices Type C1.1
21 June 2019 - East Facade
Interior perspective for existing design of windows
59
Interior perspective for proposed design of windows
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
7. DESIGN ALTERNATIVES 7.3 Design alternatives of shading devices
Type B2.1 East Facade
Double glasing Transmittance 70%
Aluminum, highly polished Reflection Factor 87%
Aluminum, matt Reflection Factor 60%
Double glasing Transmittance 55%
3D Section
Design proposal specifications
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
60
7. DESIGN ALTERNATIVES 7.3 Design alternatives of shading devices Type B2.1
21 June 2019 - East Facade
Summer Solstice Winter Solstice
61
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
7. DESIGN ALTERNATIVES
Lux 6000 4000 2000 1000 800 600 400 200 100 50 0
7.3 Design alternatives of shading devices Type B2.1
21 June 2019 - East Facade The maximum acceptable illumination in classrooms
8 AM
Accepted zone
6000
The existing window
Illuminance level (Lux)
5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Distance from window (m) Current status
Proposed status
260
395
430
510
680
190
210
215
230
360
1.450 4.200 5.450 3.950
380
470
585
620
The Proposed window with shading devices
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
62
7. DESIGN ALTERNATIVES 7.3 Design alternatives of shading devices Type B2.1
21 June 2019 - East Facade
Interior perspective for existing design of windows
63
Interior perspective for proposed design of windows
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
7. DESIGN ALTERNATIVES 7.3 Design alternatives of shading devices
Type C2.1 East Facade
Double glasing Transmittance 70%
Aluminum, highly polished Reflection Factor 87%
Aluminum, matt Reflection Factor 60%
Double glasing Transmittance 55%
3D Section
Design proposal specifications
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
64
7. DESIGN ALTERNATIVES
Lux 6000 4000 2000 1000 800 600 400 200 100 50 0
7.3 Design alternatives of shading devices Type C2.1
21 June 2019 - East Facade The maximum acceptable illumination in classrooms
Accepted zone
6000 5000
8 AM Illuminance level (Lux)
Type
The existing window
4000 3000 2000 1000 0
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Distance from window (m) Current status
435
520
610
210
245
370
Proposed status
1.150 1.620 4.560 5.780 5.900 5.250
390
440
510
645
940
1.520
The Proposed window with shading devices
65
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
7. DESIGN ALTERNATIVES 7.3 Design alternatives of shading devices Type C2.1
21 June 2019 - East Facade
Interior perspective for existing design of windows
Interior perspective for proposed design of windows
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
66
7. DESIGN ALTERNATIVES 7.3 Design alternatives of shading devices Type B3.1
21 June 2019 - East Facade
Type B3.1 East Facade Aluminum, matt Reflection Factor 60%
Oak, light polished Reflection Factor 35%
Double glasing Transmittance 55%
3D Section
67
Design proposal specifications
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
7. DESIGN ALTERNATIVES 7.3 Design alternatives of shading devices Type B3.1
21 June 2019 - East Facade
Summer Solstice Winter Solstice
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
68
7. DESIGN ALTERNATIVES
Lux 6000 4000 2000 1000 800 600 400 200 100 50 0
7.3 Design alternatives of shading devices Type B3.1
21 June 2019 - East Facade
Type
The maximum acceptable illumination in classrooms
8 AM
Accepted zone
6000
The existing window
Illuminance level (Lux)
5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Distance from window (m) Current status
Proposed status
260
395
430
510
680
175
190
235
305
380
1.450 4.200 5.450 3.950
490
655
950
1.350
The proposed window with shading devices
69
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
7. DESIGN ALTERNATIVES 7.3 Design alternatives of shading devices Type B3.1
21 June 2019 - East Facade
Interior perspective for existing design of windows
Interior perspective for proposed design of windows
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
70
7. DESIGN ALTERNATIVES 7.3 Design alternatives of shading devices Type C3.1
21 June 2019 - East Facade
Type C3.1 East Facade Aluminum, matt Reflection Factor 60%
Oak, light polished Reflection Factor 35%
Double glasing Transmittance 55%
3D Section
71
Design proposal specifications
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
7. DESIGN ALTERNATIVES
Lux 6000 4000 2000 1000 800 600 400 200 100 50 0
7.3 Design alternatives of shading devices Type C3.1
21 June 2019 - East Facade The maximum acceptable illumination in classrooms
Accepted zone
6000 5000
8 AM Illuminance level (Lux)
Type
The existing window
4000 3000 2000 1000 0
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Distance from window (m) Current status
435
520
610
90
110
125
Proposed status
1.150 1.620 4.560 5.780 5.900 5.250
240
340
380
445
565
825
The Proposed window with shading devices
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
72
7. DESIGN ALTERNATIVES 7.3 Design alternatives of shading devices Type C3.1
21 June 2019 - East Facade
Interior perspective for existing design of windows
73
Interior perspective for proposed design of windows
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
7. DESIGN ALTERNATIVES 7.3 Design alternatives of shading devices
Lux 6000 2000 800 400 100 0
Summer Solstice
Type B
West Facade
3 PM
Type C
Summer Solstice Winter Solstice
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
74
7. DESIGN ALTERNATIVES 7.3 Design alternatives of shading devices
Type B1.2 East Facade Curved ends for increased light diffusion
Double glasing Transmittance 70%
Aluminum, highly polished Reflection Factor 87%
Aluminum, matt Reflection Factor 60% folding louvers
Double glasing Transmittance 55%
3D Section
75
Design proposal specifications
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
7. DESIGN ALTERNATIVES 7.3 Design alternatives of shading devices Type B1.2
3D Section
21 June 2019 - East Facade
Winter Solstice
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
76
7. DESIGN ALTERNATIVES 7.3 Design alternatives of shading devices Type B1.2
3D Section
77
21 June 2019 - East Facade
Summer Solstice
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
7. DESIGN ALTERNATIVES
Lux 6000 4000 2000 1000 800 600 400 200 100 50 0
7.3 Design alternatives of shading devices Type B1.2
21 June 2019 - West Facade The maximum acceptable illumination in classrooms
3 PM
Accepted zone
6000
The existing window
Illuminance level (Lux)
5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Distance from window (m) Current status
Proposed status
5.150
920
660
540
430
340
290
180
140
550
475
440
360
320
305
310
205
180
The Proposed window with shading devices
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
78
7. DESIGN ALTERNATIVES 7.3 Design alternatives of shading devices Type B1.2
21 June 2019 - West Facade
Interior perspective for existing design of windows
79
Interior perspective for proposed design of windows
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
7. DESIGN ALTERNATIVES 7.3 Design alternatives of shading devices
Type C1.2 East Facade Curved ends for increased light diffusion
Double glasing Transmittance 70%
Aluminum, highly polished Reflection Factor 87%
Aluminum, matt Reflection Factor 60% folding louvers
Double glasing Transmittance 55%
3D Section
Design proposal specifications
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
80
7. DESIGN ALTERNATIVES
Lux 6000 4000 2000 1000 800 600 400 200 100 50 0
7.3 Design alternatives of shading devices Type C1.2
21 June 2019 - West Facade The maximum acceptable illumination in classrooms
Accepted zone
6000 5000
3 PM Illuminance level (Lux)
Type
The existing window
4000 3000 2000 1000 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Distance from window (m) Current status
Proposed status
5.450 3.950 1550
850
590
430
340
290
210
720
495
460
345
310
250
190
565
540
The Proposed window with shading devices
81
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
7. DESIGN ALTERNATIVES 7.3 Design alternatives of shading devices Type C1.2
21 June 2019 - West Facade
Interior perspective for existing design of windows
Interior perspective for proposed design of windows
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
82
7. DESIGN ALTERNATIVES 7.3 Design alternatives of shading devices
Type B2.2 East Facade
Double glasing Transmittance 70%
Aluminum, highly polished Reflection Factor 87%
Aluminum, matt Reflection Factor 60%
Double glasing Transmittance 55%
3D Section
83
Design proposal specifications
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
7. DESIGN ALTERNATIVES 7.3 Design alternatives of shading devices Type B2.2
21 June 2019 - West Facade
Summer Solstice Winter Solstice
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
84
7. DESIGN RESULTSALTERNATIVES
Lux 6000 4000 2000 1000 800 600 400 200 100 50 0
7.3 Design alternatives of shading devices Type B2.2
21 June 2019 - West Facade The maximum acceptable illumination in classrooms
3 PM
Accepted zone
6000
The existing window
Illuminance level (Lux)
5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Distance from window (m) Current status
Proposed status
5.150
920
660
540
430
340
290
180
140
740
590
420
340
310
280
230
115
120
The Proposed window with shading devices
85
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
7. DESIGN ALTERNATIVES 7.3 Design alternatives of shading devices Type B2.2
21 June 2019 - West Facade
Interior perspective for existing design of windows
Interior perspective for proposed design of windows
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
86
7. DESIGN ALTERNATIVES 7.3 Design alternatives of shading devices
Type C2.2 East Facade
Double glasing Transmittance 70%
Aluminum, highly polished Reflection Factor 87%
Aluminum, matt Reflection Factor 60%
Double glasing Transmittance 55%
3D Section
87
Design proposal specifications
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
7. DESIGN ALTERNATIVES
Lux 6000 4000 2000 1000 800 600 400 200 100 50 0
7.3 Design alternatives of shading devices Type C2.2
21 June 2019 - West Facade The maximum acceptable illumination in classrooms
Accepted zone
6000 5000
3 PM Illuminance level (Lux)
Type
The existing window
4000 3000 2000 1000 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Distance from window (m) Current status
Proposed status
5.450 3.950 1550
850
590
430
340
290
210
1360
485
390
365
320
240
215
930
720
The Proposed window with shading devices
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
88
7. DESIGN ALTERNATIVES 7.3 Design alternatives of shading devices Type C2.2
21 June 2019 - West Facade
Interior perspective for existing design of windows
89
Interior perspective for proposed design of windows
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
7. DESIGN ALTERNATIVES 7.3 Design alternatives of shading devices Type B3.2
21 June 2019 - East Facade
Type B3.2 East Facade Aluminum, matt Reflection Factor 60%
Double glasing Transmittance 70%
Wood, light polished Reflection Factor 35%
Double glasing Transmittance 55%
3D Section
Design proposal specifications
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
90
7. DESIGN ALTERNATIVES 7.3 Design alternatives of shading devices Type B2.2
21 June 2019 - West Facade
Summer Solstice Winter Solstice
91
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
7. DESIGN RESULTSALTERNATIVES
Lux 6000 4000 2000 1000 800 600 400 200 100 50 0
7.3 Design alternatives of shading devices Type B3.2
21 June 2019 - West Facade The maximum acceptable illumination in classrooms
3 PM
Accepted zone
6000
The existing window
Illuminance level (Lux)
5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Distance from window (m) Current status
Proposed status
5.150
920
660
540
430
340
290
180
140
490
435
350
215
130
95
90
80
80
The Proposed window with shading devices
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
92
7. DESIGN ALTERNATIVES 7.3 Design alternatives of shading devices Type B3.2
21 June 2019 - West Facade
Interior perspective for existing design of windows
93
Interior perspective for proposed design of windows
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
7. DESIGN ALTERNATIVES 7.3 Design alternatives of shading devices Type C3.2
21 June 2019 - East Facade
Type C3.2 East Facade Aluminum, matt Reflection Factor 60%
Double glasing Transmittance 70%
Wood, light polished Reflection Factor 35%
Double glasing Transmittance 55%
3D Section
Design proposal specifications
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
94
7. DESIGN ALTERNATIVES
Lux 6000 4000 2000 1000 800 600 400 200 100 50 0
7.3 Design alternatives of shading devices Type C3.2
21 June 2019 - West Facade The maximum acceptable illumination in classrooms
Accepted zone
6000 5000
3 PM
The existing window
Illuminance level (Lux)
Type
4000 3000 2000 1000 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Distance from window (m) Current status
Proposed status
5.450 3.950 1550
850
590
430
340
290
210
1250
460
430
340
230
190
140
850
560
The Proposed window with shading devices
95
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
7. DESIGN ALTERNATIVES 7.3 Design alternatives of shading devices Type C3.2
21 June 2019 - West Facade
Interior perspective for existing design of windows
Interior perspective for proposed design of windows
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
96
97
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
Potential of facade integrated shading and reflection system to improving visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
98
8. RESULTS 8.1 Table of design proposals 8.2 Compare and analyze simulation results 8.3 Recommendations
99
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
8. DESIGN ALTERNATIVES 8.1 Table of design proposals
Type 1
Type 2
Type 3
1.1 East Facade
1.2 West Facade
2.1 East Facade
2.2 West Facade
3.1 East Facade
3.2 West Facade
B1.1
B1.2
B2.1
B2.2
B3.1
B3.2
C1.1
C1.2
C2.1
C2.2
C3.1
C3.2
Type B
Type C
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
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8. RESULTS 8.2 Compare and analyze simulation results
Lux 6000 4000 2000 1000 800 600 400 200 100 50 0
101
Type 1
Type 2
Type 3
1.1 East Facade
1.2 West Facade
2.1 East Facade
2.2 West Facade
3.1 East Facade
3.2 West Facade
B1.1
B1.2
B2.1
B2.2
B3.1
B3.2
C1.1
C1.2
C2.1
C2.2
C3.1
C3.2
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
8. RESULTS
Simulation results compared to design alternatives for shading and reflection systems. By studying the lighting level at the window to the depth of the space
8.2 Compare and analyze simulation results East Facade - 8 am
West Facade - 3 pm 1600
1600
1400
1200
1200
1000
1000
Illuminance level (Lux)
Type B
Illuminance level (Lux)
1400
800 600 400 200 0
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
800 600 400 200 0
1
2
3
B2.1
B3.1
B1.2
1600
1600
1400
1400
1200
1200
1000
1000
Illuminance level (Lux)
Type C
Illuminance level (Lux)
B1.1
800 600 400 200 0
9
8
7
6
5
4
C2.1
5
6
7
8
9
3
2
1
B2.2
B3.2
800 600 400 200 0
1
Distance from window (m)
C1.1
4
Distance from window (m)
Distance from window (m)
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Distance from window (m)
C3.1
the acceptable illumination standard in classrooms
C1.2
C2.2
C3.2
The maximum acceptable illumination in classrooms
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
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8. RESULTS 8.2 Compare and analyze simulation results
%
Simulation results compared to design alternatives for shading and reflection systems. By studying the lighting level at the window to the depth of the space
Lux 6000 4000 2000 1000 800 600 400 200 100 50 0
Average ratio of acceptable illumination level in area (from window to depth of space) The maximum acceptable illumination in classrooms the acceptable illumination standard in classrooms
1600 1400 1200
Illuminance level (Lux)
21 JUNE 2019 - 8 AM EAST FACADE
1000 800 600 400 200 0
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Distance from window (m)
B1.1
B2.1
B3.1
TYPE
B1.1
TYPE
B2.1
TYPE
B3.1
103
120
210
215
245
320
360
435
480
495
%55
190
210
215
230
360
380
470
585
620
%33
175
190
235
305
380
490
655
950
1.350
%33
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
8. RESULTS 8.2 Compare and analyze simulation results
Lux 6000 4000 2000 1000 800 600 400 200 100 50 0
Average ratio of acceptable illumination level in area (from window to depth of space)
%
Simulation results compared to design alternatives for shading and reflection systems. By studying the lighting level at the window to the depth of the space
The maximum acceptable illumination in classrooms the acceptable illumination standard in classrooms 1600 1400 1200
Illuminance level (Lux)
21 JUNE 2019 - 3 PM WEST FACADE
1000 800 600 400 200 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Distance from window (m)
B1.1
B2.2
B3.2
TYPE
B1.2
TYPE
B2.2
TYPE
B3.2
550
475
440
360
320
305
310
205
180
%66
740
590
420
340
310
280
230
115
120
%33
490
435
350
215
130
95
90
80
80
%33
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
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8. RESULTS 8.2 Compare and analyze simulation results
%
Simulation results compared to design alternatives for shading and reflection systems. By studying the lighting level at the window to the depth of the space
Lux 6000 4000 2000 1000 800 600 400 200 100 50 0
Average ratio of acceptable illumination level in area (from window to depth of space) The maximum acceptable illumination in classrooms the acceptable illumination standard in classrooms
1600 1400 1200
Illuminance level (Lux)
21 JUNE 2019 - 8 AM EAST FACADE
1000 800 600 400 200 0
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Distance from window (m)
C1.1
C2.1
C3.1
TYPE
C1.1
TYPE
C2.1
TYPE
C3.1
105
290
310
360
420
450
480
515
645
1.050
%55
210
245
370
390
440
510
645
940
1.520
%33
90
110
125
240
340
380
445
565
825
%33
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
8. RESULTS 8.2 Compare and analyze simulation results
Lux 6000 4000 2000 1000 800 600 400 200 100 50 0
Average ratio of acceptable illumination level in area (from window to depth of space)
%
Simulation results compared to design alternatives for shading and reflection systems. By studying the lighting level at the window to the depth of the space
The maximum acceptable illumination in classrooms the acceptable illumination standard in classrooms 1600 1400 1200
Illuminance level (Lux)
21 JUNE 2019 - 3 PM WEST FACADE
1000 800 600 400 200 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Distance from window (m)
C1.1
C2.2
C3.2
TYPE
C1.2
TYPE
C2.2
TYPE
C3.2
720
565
540
495
460
345
310
250
190
%55
1360
930
720
485
390
365
320
240
215
%44
1250
850
560
460
430
340
230
190
140
%33
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
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8. RESULTS 8.3 Recommendations
Each type of design alternative to shading and reflection systems has advantages and disadvantages, and each can be used according to need and according to the designer’s vision.
Characteristics of design alternatives (advantages and disadvantages): TYPE 1
TYPE 2
TYPE 3
%57.75
%35.75
%33.33
The acceptable illumination rate in the space (according to previous analyzes)
The acceptable illumination rate in the space (according to previous analyzes)
The acceptable illumination rate in the space (according to previous analyzes)
This type of shading and reflection systems helps reduce direct sunlight, and clearly reduces high levels of illumination in all previous cases, especially in type B 1.1 and 1.2.
In general, this type of shading and reflection systems helps reduce direct sunlight, but the amount of lighting limitation is more effective in window type B than window C
This type of shading and reflection system reduces the level of illumination in the area sufficiently in Type B 3.2, but not sufficiently in other cases such as C3.1 and C3.2.
Reflection systems in this type help to enter daylighting well to reach the depth of space, especially in the type S 1.1 and 1.2.
The reflection systems in this proposal help bring lighting to the depth of space, but not enough in all cases.
Illumination levels decrease significantly and not well in the depth of the area, so it is less than the acceptable level in this proposal.
This type of shading and reflection systems gives the flexibility to fold and move the shading elements, so that they can be better utilized and to increase the visual connection between inside and outside at times.
This design proposal is better in the summer period than in the winter period in terms of reducing direct sunlight.
This design proposal is better in the summer period than in the winter period in terms of reducing direct sunlight.
This design is equally effective in the summer and winter periods and is flexible to suit different times.
107
This design proposal allows good visual connection between the interior and exterior.
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
Potential of facade integrated shading and reflection system to improving visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
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9. REFERENCES Robson, E. R., (1972). School architecture (Original work published 1874). New York, NY: Leicester University Press.
lished master›s thesis). Texas A & M University, College Station, TX. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/2293
Hobday, R. (2015). Myopia and daylight in schools: A neglected aspect of public health?.Perspectives in Public Health, 136(1), 50-55. doi:10.1177/1757913915576679
Lechner, N. (2014). Heating, cooling, lighting: Sustainable design methods for architects (4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Mohsenin, S. M. (2015). Assessing daylight performance in atrium buildings by using climatebased daylight modeling (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest.
Wu, W., & Ng, E. (2003). A review of the development of daylighting in schools. Lighting Research & Technology, 35(2), 111125. doi:10.1191/1477153503li072oa
Mohsenin, M., & Hu, J. (2015). Assessing daylight performance in atrium buildings by using climate based daylight modeling. Solar Energy, 119(September), 553-560. doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2015.05.011
White, J. R. (2009). Didactic daylight design for education (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest.
Rosin, B., Bodart, M., Deneyer, A., & Herdt, P. D. (2008). Lighting energy savings in offices using different control systems and their real consumption. Energy and Buildings, 40(4), 514-523. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2007.04.006 Phillips, D. (1997). Lighting Historic Buildings: A Prospectus. Boston, MA: Butterworth- Heinemann. Phillips, D. (1964). Lighting in Architectural Design. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Atre, U. V. (2003). Effect of daylighting on energy consumption and daylight quality in an existing elementary school (Unpub-
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Dudek, M. (2007). Schools and kindergartens: A design manual. Boston, MA: Birkhauser. Heschong Mahone Group. (1999). Daylighting in schools: An investigation into the relationship between daylighting and human performance. Retrieved from http://h-mg.com/ downloads/Daylighting/schoolc.pdf Gifford, R. (2007). Environmental psychology: Principles and practice (4th ed.). Colville: WA: Optimal Books. CIBSE (2002) Code for Lighting, Oxford: Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers.
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
Potential of facade integrated shading and reflection system to improving visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection
Potential of facade integrated shading and light reflection devices to improve visual comfort in classrooms considering daylight availability and visual connection Siraj Mahmoud Mandourah
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