TERM 1
TERM 1 BOOKLET
CITY-FARMLAND-FOREST DEGROWTH-ENGAGE-CONSEQUENTIAL Architectural Association (AA)School of Architecture AA Landscape Urbanism 2020-2021 TERM 1 Portfolio Hantang Li
Architectural Association School of Architecture Msc Landscape Urbanism 2021-2022
CONTENTS
02
[Degrowth : Church Street]
02
[Directors] Jose Alfredo Ramirez Galindo Eduardo Rico-Carranza [Studio master] Clara Oloriz [Technical tutors] Daniel Kiss Camila Arretche
How policies have been shaping and could shape processes of urbanisation using as case study the city and boroughs of LONDON.
Carlotta Olivari
[Engage : Rewilding] Hantang Li
02
Develop ideas of how to make the process more engaging, attractive to the user, easy to work with and, ultimately, more effective.
In Collaboration With: [Degrowth : Church Street] Guang Yang Hengyuan Liu Rulan Xu
[Engage : Rewilding] Yu Zhang Xueyu Wang Jiaxuan LI
[Consequential Landscapes : IPE] Sara Halaoui Yuhan Yin Yuting Liu
[Consequential Landscapes : IPE ] AIms to get to think about consequential landscape through unveiling the stories of material movement. Build Anatomical map with timeline cartography as a series of maps and sections that visualise forms of re-territorialisation through policies, technologies, productive apparatuses and narrative structure to uncover the argu-ment behind the critical cartographies.
02
[Degrowth : Church Street] The writer of Novel helped us find church street area in the north of Westminster borough, the area where we can most feel the gap between the rich and the poor and the sense of alienation in the big city.
[Degrowth : Church Street]
[Degrowth : Church Street]
Draw By Hengyan Liu
Commercial
In community part, Some residents are still struggling in their lives and do not have enough skills and knowledge to support their families. The public facilities such as health care and library that they rely on are too old to lose connection with local residents.
Data Collect: Hengyuan Liu, Guang Yang Image Production: Hengyan Liu
Draw By Hengyan Liu
Community
In commercial part, with the high business rate, many shops and market pits of the same type also intensifies competition.
Focusing on Church Street
In the 1830s wealthy people gathered on Church Street, including the famous writer George Eliot, who came here every week. Church Street was once expected to rival Covent Garden. But the neighbourhood was badly damaged during the Blitz and the old market site was redeveloped as part of the Church Street estate after the war. More council flats filled the street’s hinterland in the following decades, some controversially replacing properties that could have been restored. Church Street Market which is the most diverse ethnic community in this area. By analyzing the social hierarchy of the population, it is found that unemployed people and uneducated groups account for a large proportion.
Hub-Ecology
Image Production: Hengyan Liu
In ecology part, The infrastructure is old and the drainage system will be affected in extreme weather.
[Degrowth : Church Street]
[Degrowth : Church Street]
Draw By Hengyan Liu
Concept
it will provide a place for people from outside the community to learn, interact and share multicultural activities, thus strengthening the ties with the surrounding area and demonstrating the true charm of church street.
Draw By Hengyan Liu
Concept of New Church Street We summarized the different aspect of issues mentioned above, and analyzed the situation on the site and the policy documents of the Westesminster Council. We identify the unused space in the corresponding site based on different needs and problem-solving methods.
Concept
we plan to use market street as a medium to make use of the underutilised space of the site, through renovation and re-organisation, in a prototype of ‘market street + community education hub’, to educate the local residents of the community (especially families who have difficulties in their lives, such as Single mothers who are still unemployed) to teach them the necessary skills and knowledge as well as providing a sustainable market space.
Draw By Hengyan Liu
Base on the founded local communities needs and located Attractive potential spaces. We design and renew several tings in the area and space. including the spaces of community education space, new ecofriendly landscape design and the replaning of business base on the block. Draw By Hantang Li
[Degrowth : Church Street]
[Degrowth : Church Street]
Draw By Hantang LI
Education Space
Draw By Hantang Li
Design Scheme
Draw By Hantang Li
The design scheme is based on the problem solving. We tried to renovate the old site with series of new methodologies regarding to different aspects.
Poverty rates interact with low education rates. Provide educational activities to local and neighboring residents through community-led educational spaces as a medium Modular furniture landscapes are used and combined according to different educational use scenarios, such as discussions, demonstrations and field practice. The furniture can be freely combined and moved and easily replicated in other areas.
Draw By Hantang Li
Detailed Design And Community
The additional structure is derived from the roof of the store, as part of the residential roof garden landscape, and also allows the store and the stall to form an integral part and an inward facing street between the stall and the store. People can find the message of the store on both sides as they walk through, instead of the tent of the original stall blocking the signage of the store facing the street.
Draw By Rulan Xu
Internal Service of Community Education Hub
The vault enhances the community accessibility, improves the building permeability and more importantly, creates a strong suggestion for people to travel across the spaces with varies levels of publicness.
[Degrowth : Church Street]
[Degrowth : Church Street]
Final Consequence
Selected Five
We then selected five market streets with similar conditions to church street and analysed the unutilised space of market street and treat it as the potential space for community education hub.
Methodology of Prototype
By exploring and transforming under-utilised spaces within the site and using market street as a medium to provide the whole community with a place for education, skills, psychological counselling and other events,at the same time, we provide the surrounding communities and different groups with a good environment for cultural exchange and learning, further promoting the commercial development of the local market to reach a virtuous cycle.
In the long run, more and more market streets will be connected by community education hubs. Especially for underdeveloped communities, our market + community education hubs may not change their lives instantly, but they are able to give those communities a more positive consequence on their future outcomes. Draw By Guang Yang
[Engage : Rewilding]
£1.6 billion annual subsidy farmers receive for owning or renting land will be phased out, and the money will be used to pay them to restore wild habitats, create new woodlands, improve soils and reduce pesticide use.
[Engage : Rewilding]
[Engage : Rewilding]
Draw BY: Yu Zhang
Draw BY: Yu Zhang
ARGICULTURAL LAND CLASSIFICATION PROVISIONAL ENGLAND
Agriculture
Greenhouse gas emissions are distributed across the various parts of the food system. But the transport of food – the famous “food mile” – actually accounts for only 13% of the food system’s total carbon footprint. In fact, agriculture accounts for the most.
Agriculture in the United Kingdom uses 69% of the country’s land area. Agricultural acti vity occurs in most rural locations. It is concentrated in the drier east (for crops) and the wetter west (for livestock). There are 212,000 farm holdings, which vary widely in size. Therefore, in order to reduce the greenhouse eff ect, it is necessary to design the farm reasonably.
[Engage : Rewilding]
[Engage : Rewilding]
Draw By: Xueyu Wang Hantang Li Yu Zhang
Engage Rewilding Website Rewilding is a gradual method of protecti on. It’s about let-ti ng nature take care of itself so that natural processes can shape land and oceans, repair damaged ecosystems and restore degraded landscapes. Through re-wildization, the natural rhythm of wild animals creates a wilder and more biologically diverse habitat. The eight steps of Rewilding. This is to let people know from the start what rewilding is all about Draw By: Xueyu Wang, Jiaxuan Li, Hantang Li
Data Collection and Feedback share their designs on the platf orm and also click to display drawings by other designers with the identi -ty of the person who drew them and the benefi ts of the site he drew next to them for others to refer to and collect.
[Engage : Rewilding]
[Engage : Rewilding]
Locate The Farm
Draw BY: Yu Zhang
Planting Information
Agricultural Data Computing The data contains specific location information, land properties, some field photos, and biodiversity information
Unite And Share
Draw BY: Jiaxuan LI
Visualization Draw Your Farm
Draw BY: Yu Zhang Hantang LI
Generate sectional perspectives to show specific agricultural planting areas and projected impacts and benefits
[Engage : Rewilding]
[Engage : Rewilding]
Draw BY: Yu Zhang
APP Display
Draw BY: Hantang Li
Expord
The rewilding farm transformation can be extended to a wide range of private farmers in the surrounding area
Rewilding Farming
Draw BY: Jiaxuan LI
[Consequential Landscapes : IPE] “ The construction of landscape in one place is related to transformation elsewhere” Both time and space get transformed when exploring the origin of materials and its journey from source to site. The finished products project far beyond the limits of a project, it becomes part of an anthropogenic transformation o
Ipê
LIFE CYCLE
EKKI
2years
10years
GREENHEART
1year
1000years
1200years
15years
REDWOOD 3years
IPE
20years
2000years
3years
30years
2500years US WOOD CONSUMPTION HISTORY
BRAZIL
DEFORESTATION
HUMAN INTERVENTION 1980S
1956
2006
2009
Wood Demand curves Redwood
Softwoods Tropical woods Reclaimed woods IPE
WOOD MATERIALS CONSUMPTION
US
Early settler loggers used dynamite to break redwood into pieces
1904
1850
The American Wood Protection Association established
the first commercial redwood logging area
1937
1940
‘’without any cutting restrictions’’
Tropical woods uesd for railroads and public works
Around 1980s
1960
1956
redwoods: “most versatile materials’’
Tropical woods import increased by 400% in the following twenty years
!
near-decimation of redwoods the remaining were listed as protection chemically treated softwoods and a few tropical woods entered the market
1990
Three speciesof tropical woods have become the most popular materials for landscape architects
Greenheart
Ipe
2003
2009 High Line phase I
toxic softwoods
2011 High Line phase II
CCA
suck sap and air out of wood
Fir
MERRY X’MAS AALUers
7% OLD GROWTH FOREST OLD GROWTH FOREST
res ist
support
US
AIR
suppier
AIR
USA
WEST COAST
US
supervise
(SEQUOIA SEROPERVIRENS)
US
AIR
an international non-governmental organization wilderness preservation reduction of human impact on the environment
supervise
chromated copper arsenate
SAP
Southern pine
REDWOOD
USA
The World Wide Fund for Nature
Forest Stewardship Council -an international non-profit, multistakeholder organization -promotes responsible management of the world's forests.
Ekki
?
2014 High Line phase III
inject preservatives
t
por
sup
2% MATURE 2ND GENERATION
WEST AFRICA
41% INTERMEDIATE SECOND GENERATION
INSULATION
DEFORESTED AREAS
IPE (TABEBUIA IMPETIGINOSA)
1.6 MILLION ACRES OF REDWOOD FOREST
SS
ate
Export
d d
at
ed
resis
Insect
tant
-re
sistan
t
Heat-re
N PI
E
TEAK
GLOBAL WOOD CONSUMERS:
BIGGEST CONTRIBUTORS TO DEFORESTATION
IPE
Sawmill / Field of domed charocal oven
NORTH AMERICA
LATIN AMERICA
EUROPE
THE 7 INDICATORS Botanical Identification
COMMODITY DRIVEN
AND THE CYCLE GOES ON! The drivers causing deforestation and forest degradation are diverse, operate at multiple scales, and their specific influence may change over time.
DEFORSTATION
PARA
The following sheds light on the natural lifecycle of different precious species. It highlights the years from which a seed grows to a young tree and then a matures, followed by the years were it strives within its habitat to decay naturally into the soil
RUSSIA, CHINA, SOUTH ASIA
Logging management
AFRICA
TIMBER
1986
1999
Location of trees list(IPE)
Remaining trees
Logging
AUSTRIA
CHINA
GUADELOUPE
ISRAEL
100-Hectare work units
Ipe Mahogany Paricá
IPE TREE
90years
30years
BRAZIL
Browse Anatomical Mapping
URBANIZATION
OCEANA
Identification tags
Stump (height)
A 5,000-Hectare forest site
Logging
SHIFTING AGRICULTURE
USA
Size (dimaeter)
Illegal logging
FORESTRY CHINA
UK
Transport
WILDFIRE
2020
GERMANY
Slaves
SOUTH EAST ASIA
2010
ITALY
Weste wood
1990
2000
CANADA
Grade and Cut
Shaped wood
N
LLA HY OP CR MA
ER
HARDNESS
Cut and burn
PROCESS
Refined wood
M
OOD
Non-fillet Frozen fish
al
ic ed
GR EEN HE ART BL AC K LO TE CUS AK T
Sawn wood
io
ct
ru
st
Con
n
Processed fish
USE
ON MM CO
r
rio
Inte
FIR
BLACK LOCUST
EK K I
/port
ing
build
UTH
EKKI
REDW
d
Railroa
Boat
SO
IPE REDWOOD GREENHEART
IPE
Tools/Furniture
PRICE
EKKI
TEAK
US
IPE REDWOOD GREENHEART BLACK LOCUST
FRANCE
Water-resistant
SPAIN
nt
DENMARK
sista
PANAMA
DURA BLEN E
te
trea
re
w
re
Lo
al-
AVERAGE SIZE
m -t
-t
rate
TEAK
er ure
al
High
ess
ic
Fire-
de
Th
BLACK LOCUST
actions to stop destroying rainforestsand heating up the planet
One of the largest wood exporters in the state of Pará
Mo
Pr
m
EKKI
Rainforest and new york climate change action group campaign
Cikal
TH ENG STR
T EN
Che
IPE REDWOOD GREENHEART
The Instituto Floresta Tropical - Environment protection - Forest extraction
JAPAN
EKKI
TEAK
GUYANA GREEN HEART (CHLOROCARDIUM RODIEI)
2020 BRAZIL EXPORTS
IPE REDWOOD GREENHEART BLACK LOCUST
EKKI (LOPHIRA ALATA)
NETHERLANDS
0.13 MILLION ACRES LEFT
BELGIUM
2.2 MILLION ACRES OF REDWOOD FOREST
TR EA TM
22
HOUSES
AVERAGE AGE
1
COASTAL REDWOOD TREE
PROTUGAL
YOUNG 2ND GENERATION
+ COAST REDWOOD FOREST RANGE Giant Sequoia Forest Range
BRAZIL_PARA
50% YOUNG 2ND GENERATION
2009
60years
Four of these are harvested each years and then rest for 30- years
2021
Soybeans
Chocolate
Coffee
Corn Sugar Vanilla
Mine
Rubber
Palm oil Rice Bananas Pineapples
Cocoa
Brazil nuts
Draw By Yihan Yin Yuting Liu Sara Halaoui, Hantang Li
[Consequential Landscapes : IPE]
[Consequential Landscapes : IPE]
Ipê
LIFE CYCLE
EKKI
2years
10years
GREENHEART
1year
1000years
1200years
15years
REDWOOD 3years
IPE
20years
2000years
3years
30years
2500years US WOOD CONSUMPTION HISTORY
BRAZIL
DEFORESTATION
HUMAN INTERVENTION 1980S
1956
Wood Demand curves Softwoods Tropical woods Reclaimed woods IPE
2009
Around 1980s
1960
1956
redwoods: “most versatile materials’’
Tropical woods import increased by 400% in the following twenty years
near-decimation of redwoods the remaining were listed as protection chemically treated softwoods and a few tropical woods entered the market
1990
Three speciesof tropical woods have become the most popular materials for landscape architects
Greenheart
Ipe
2003
2009 High Line phase I
toxic softwoods
2011 High Line phase II
CCA
OLD GROWTH FOREST
41% INTERMEDIATE SECOND GENERATION
1.6 MILLION ACRES OF REDWOOD FOREST
TH ENG STR
actions to stop destroying rainforestsand heating up the planet
One of the largest wood exporters in the state of Pará
Export
d
ted
-res
SS
ista
nt
Insec
t-res
istan
t
Heat-re
GREENHEART BLACK LOCUST
ing/
build
GREE NHE
rior
Inte
BL ACK
n
tio
ruc
nst Co
TEA K
al
dic
Me
FIR
E
PHYLL
A
TEAK
GLOBAL WOOD CONSUMERS:
BIGGEST CONTRIBUTORS TO DEFORESTATION
IPE
PROCESS
NORTH AMERICA
LATIN AMERICA
EUROPE
Botanical Identification
URBANIZATION
OCEANA
RUSSIA, CHINA, SOUTH ASIA
Logging management
AFRICA
IPE TREE
PARA
BRAZIL
TIMBER Soybeans
Chocolate
Coffee
Corn Sugar Vanilla
Mine
Rubber
Palm oil Rice Bananas Pineapples
Cocoa
Brazil nuts
1986
1999
Location of trees list(IPE)
Remaining trees
Logging
100-Hectare work units
Ipe Mahogany Paricá 90years
30years
DEFORSTATION
Identification tags
Stump (height)
A 5,000-Hectare forest site
Logging
SHIFTING AGRICULTURE COMMODITY DRIVEN
USA
Size (dimaeter)
Illegal logging
FORESTRY
2020
AUSTRIA
CHINA
GUADELOUPE
ISRAEL
Image Production: Yuting Liu THE 7 INDICATORS
WILDFIRE
CHINA
UK
Weste wood
Slaves
Transport
SOUTH EAST ASIA
2010
GERMANY
Grade and Cut
Sawmill / Field of domed charocal oven
1990
2000
FRANCE
Cut and burn
T
N PI
CRO MA
HARDNESS
ART
LOC US
RN HE UT
ON MM CO
Boat
US
EKKI
port
SO
IPE EKKI
REDWOOD
d
Railroa
USE
TEAK
REDWOOD GREENHEART BLACK LOCUST
IPE
re
Tools/Furnitu
PRICE
EKKI
ITALY
sistant
Water-resistant
IPE REDWOOD
CANADA
DURA BLEN E
AVERAGE SIZE
d ate
tre
ate
ea
Rainforest and new york climate change action group campaign
Cikal
e
tre
Low
TEAK
al-
GREENHEART
rm
re-
l-tr
erat
ssu
ica
Fire
High
The
Pre
em
BLACK LOCUST
Mod
T EN
Ch
IPE EKKI
rt
po
sup
The Instituto Floresta Tropical - Environment protection - Forest extraction
SPAIN
EKKI
TEAK
REDWOOD
GUYANA
GREEN HEART (CHLOROCARDIUM RODIEI)
DENMARK
IPE REDWOOD GREENHEART BLACK LOCUST
US
WEST AFRICA
EKKI (LOPHIRA ALATA)
PANAMA
0.13 MILLION ACRES LEFT
IPE (TABEBUIA IMPETIGINOSA)
2009
60years
2021
Four of these are harvested each years and then rest for 30- years
Shaped wood
2.2 MILLION ACRES OF REDWOOD FOREST
Refined wood
Giant Sequoia Forest Range
DEFORESTED AREAS
22
HOUSES
TR EA TM
1
COASTAL REDWOOD TREE
BRAZIL_PARA
50% YOUNG 2ND GENERATION
INSULATION
AVERAGE AGE
COAST REDWOOD FOREST RANGE
US
inject preservatives
2% MATURE 2ND GENERATION
YOUNG 2ND GENERATION
+
support
AIR
suck sap and air out of wood
Fir
MERRY X’MAS AALUers
7% OLD GROWTH FOREST
US
AIR
AIR
USA
suppier
(SEQUOIA SEROPERVIRENS)
res ist
supervise
SAP
Southern pine
REDWOOD
USA
The World Wide Fund for Nature
an international non-governmental organization wilderness preservation reduction of human impact on the environment
supervise
chromated copper arsenate
WEST COAST
2014 High Line phase III
Forest Stewardship Council -an international non-profit, multistakeholder organization -promotes responsible management of the world's forests.
Ekki
JAPAN
Tropical woods uesd for railroads and public works
NETHERLANDS
1940
!
BELGIUM
1937
‘’without any cutting restrictions’’
Processed fish
The American Wood Protection Association established
Non-fillet Frozen fish
1904
1850
the first commercial redwood logging area
PROTUGAL
used dynamite to break redwood into pieces
Sawn wood
Early settler loggers
Ipe, is a tropical hardwood sourced primarily from Brazil and Peru. There are over 30 subspecies of Ipe ?with different colours such as yellow, purple and pink; and appear at very low densities. Their slight, winged seeds get caught in foliage as they fall from the canopy and are quickly consumed by tapir and deer on the forest floor, reducing its chances to grow abundantly in the forest.
2020 BRAZIL EXPORTS
WOOD MATERIALS CONSUMPTION
US
2006
Tree Lifecycle
Redwood
[Consequential Landscapes : IPE]
[Consequential Landscapes : IPE]
Drivers of deforestation
Draw By Sara Halaoui
Draw By Sara Halaoui
Global deforestation
Draw By Sara Halaoui
Both forest degradation and deforestation tend to reflect wider political, social and economic transitions facing societies such as urbanization, commodification, globalization, agricultural intensification and lately growing environmental effects linked to climate change. The most common direct pressures causing deforestation and severe forest degradation can be classified in five groups: 1.Shifting Agriculture 2. Commodity driven deforestation3. Forestry 4. wildfire 5. urbanization
Drivers of deforestation This wood trade has led to massive deforestation. USA imported most of its hardwoods, especially ipe from the state of para in brazil. Brazil’s economy relied previously on the trade of several products such as cocoa and rubber. At later stages the economy shifted towards timber trade. This wood trade has led to massive deforestation.
Draw By Sara Halaoui
AIR
WOOD CON
USA
WEST COAST 7% OLD GROWTH FOREST
AIR
suck sap and air out of wood
Fir
MERRY X’MAS AALUers
OLD GROWTH FOREST
inject preservatives
2% MATURE 2ND GENERATION
41% INTERMEDIATE SECOND GENERATION 50% YOUNG 2ND GENERATION
YOUNG 2ND GENERATION
1
COASTAL REDWOOD TREE
DEFORESTED AREAS
22
2.2 MILLION ACRES OF REDWOOD FOREST
HOUSES
0.13 MILLION ACRES LEFT
IPE REDWOOD EKKI GREENHEART
T EN
SS
DURA BLEN E
AVERAGE SIZE
e
rat
High
sis
ct-re
de
TEAK
Inse
at
ed
d
BLACK LOCUST
-re
re
at
w Lo
EKKI GREENHEART
Fire
-t
re
te
REDWOOD
re
l-t
a re
IPE
su
ica
-t
es
em
al
Pr
Ch
Mo
TEAK
TH ENG STR
m er Th
BLACK LOCUST
BRAZIL_
IPE (TABEBUIA IMPETI
1.6 MILLION ACRES OF REDWOOD FOREST
TR EA TM
COAST REDWOOD FOREST RANGE
Giant Sequoia Forest Range
[Consequential Landscapes : IPE]
INSULATION
AVERAGE AGE
[Consequential Landscapes : IPE]
+
ed
tan
t
sista
nt
Heat-
resist
ant
Water-resistan
t
IPE EKKI GREENHEART BLACK LOCUST
ns
Co
n
tio
c tru
al
ic
ed
GR EEN HE AR BL T AC KL TE OC AK US T
N PI
E
HARDNESS
OOD
RN HE UT
M
SO
ON MM CO
r
erio
Int
LLA HY OP CR MA
GREENHEART BLACK LOCUST
tb
Boa
EK K I
ort
g/p
in uild
FI R
IPE EKKI
REDW
oad
Railr
USE
TEAK
REDWOOD
IPE
niture
Tools/Fur
PRICE
REDWOOD
TEAK
GLOBAL WOOD CONSUMERS:
BIGGEST CONTRIBUTORS TO DEFORESTATION
1990
NORTH AMERICA
2000
LATIN AMERICA
EUROPE
SOUTH EAST ASIA WILDFIRE FORESTRY
2010
SHIFTING AGRICULTURE COMMODITY DRIVEN
CHINA 2020
URBANIZATION
USA
OCEANA
RUSSIA, CHINA, SOUTH ASIA
AFRICA
IPE TREE
Draw By Yihan Yin Yuting Liu Sara Halaoui,
DEFORSTATION Drivers Of Deforestation
TIMBER
ZIL
Both forest degradation and deforestation tend to reflect wider political, social and economic transitions facing societies such as urbanization, commodification, globalization, agricultural intensification and lately growing environmental effects linked to climate change.
Soybeans
Chocolate
Coffee
Corn Sugar Vanilla
Mine
1986
Comparing Different Wood Materials
1999
The demand for wood depends on the characteristics of the wood itself. The average age, size, price per unit and hardness of the wood are usually the essential criteria for ranking timber. It is worth mentioning that Ipe is five times harder than ordinary hardwood and also performs better in terms of resistances. However, the decay rate of timber increases almost multifold compared to the natural growth of trees.
IP
[Consequential Landscapes : IPE]
Ipê
LIFE CYCLE
EKKI
2years
10years
GREENHEART
1year
1000years
1200years
15years
REDWOOD 3years
IPE
20years
2000years
3years
30years
2500years US WOOD CONSUMPTION HISTORY
BRAZIL
DEFORESTATION
HUMAN INTERVENTION 1980S
1956
2006
2009
Wood Demand curves Redwood
Softwoods Tropical woods Reclaimed woods IPE
WOOD MATERIALS CONSUMPTION
US
Early settler loggers used dynamite to break redwood into pieces
1904
1850
The American Wood Protection Association established
the first commercial redwood logging area
1937
1940
‘’without any cutting restrictions’’
Tropical woods uesd for railroads and public works
Around 1980s
1960
1956
redwoods: “most versatile materials’’
Tropical woods import increased by 400% in the following twenty years
!
near-decimation of redwoods the remaining were listed as protection chemically treated softwoods and a few tropical woods entered the market
1990
Three speciesof tropical woods have become the most popular materials for landscape architects
Greenheart
Ipe
2003
2009 High Line phase I
toxic softwoods
2011 High Line phase II
Ekki
CCA
res ist
support
US
suppier
OLD GROWTH FOREST
US
AIR
suck sap and air out of wood
Fir
MERRY X’MAS AALUers
7% OLD GROWTH FOREST
US
AIR
AIR
USA
supervise
(SEQUOIA SEROPERVIRENS)
WEST COAST
The World Wide Fund for Nature
an international non-governmental organization wilderness preservation reduction of human impact on the environment
supervise
chromated copper arsenate
REDWOOD
USA
SAP
Southern pine
inject preservatives
ort
supp
2% MATURE 2ND GENERATION
WEST AFRICA
41% INTERMEDIATE SECOND GENERATION
INSULATION
DEFORESTED AREAS
SS
ea
te
ted
Export
d
sist
ant
ct-re
sista
nt
Heat-
E
TEAK
GLOBAL WOOD CONSUMERS:
BIGGEST CONTRIBUTORS TO DEFORESTATION
NORTH AMERICA
LATIN AMERICA
EUROPE
IPE
Sawmill / Field of domed charocal oven
THE 7 INDICATORS Botanical Identification
COMMODITY DRIVEN URBANIZATION
OCEANA
RUSSIA, CHINA, SOUTH ASIA
Logging management
AFRICA
RAZIL
RA
TIMBER Soybeans
Chocolate
IPE TREE
Coffee
Corn Sugar Vanilla
Mine
Rubber
Palm oil Rice Bananas Pineapples
1986
1999
Location of trees list(IPE)
Remaining trees
Logging
100-Hectare work units
Ipe Mahogany Paricá 90years
30years
DEFORSTATION
Identification tags
Stump (height)
A 5,000-Hectare forest site
Logging
SHIFTING AGRICULTURE CHINA
Size (dimaeter)
Illegal logging
FORESTRY
USA
AUSTRIA
CHINA
GUADELOUPE
ISRAEL
UK
GERMANY
ITALY
CANADA
Weste wood
Transport
WILDFIRE
2020
SPAIN
Grade and Cut
Slaves
SOUTH EAST ASIA
2010
DENMARK
Cut and burn
PROCESS
1990
2000
PANAMA
FRANCE
US
PIN
LLA HY OP CR MA
HARDNESS
OOD
GREE NH EAR BL T AC K LO CU ST
TE AK
l
ca
di
Me
2009
60years
2021
Four of these are harvested each years and then rest for 30- years
Shaped wood
on
cti
tru
ns
Refined wood
rior
Inte
Co
FIR
O MM CO
EKKI
rt
/po
ding
RN HE UT
GREENHEART BLACK LOCUST
REDW
ad
Railro
Boa
SO
IPE EKKI
t buil
SE NU
TEAK
REDWOOD
Non-fillet Frozen fish
EKKI
PRICE
REDWOOD GREENHEART BLACK LOCUST
IPE
JAPAN
nt
ture
Tools/Furni
NETHERLANDS
resista
Water-resistant
IPE
Sawn wood
DURA BLEN E
AVERAGE SIZE
-tr
ed at
-re
re
Fire Inse
-t
re
rea
Low
TEAK
al
su
l-t
ate
EKKI GREENHEART
actions to stop destroying rainforestsand heating up the planet
Draw ByW Hantang Li
High
es
ica
der
m er Th
Pr
em
BLACK LOCUST
Rainforest and new york climate change action group campaign
Cikal
One of the largest wood exporters in the state of Pará
TH ENG STR
T EN
Ch
IPE
The Instituto Floresta Tropical - Environment protection - Forest extraction
Mo
TEAK
REDWOOD
GUYANA GREEN HEART (CHLOROCARDIUM RODIEI)
Processed fish
GREENHEART BLACK LOCUST
EKKI (LOPHIRA ALATA)
BELGIUM
IPE EKKI
IPE Logging Method
IPE (TABEBUIA IMPETIGINOSA)
1.6 MILLION ACRES OF REDWOOD FOREST
PROTUGAL
0.13 MILLION ACRES LEFT
2020 BRAZIL EXPORTS
2.2 MILLION ACRES OF REDWOOD FOREST
TR EA TM
22
HOUSES
AVERAGE AGE
1
COASTAL REDWOOD TREE
BRAZIL_PARA
50% YOUNG 2ND GENERATION
YOUNG 2ND GENERATION
+ COAST REDWOOD FOREST RANGE Giant Sequoia Forest Range
REDWOOD
The Ipe tree has a sparse yield of typically 0.52 cubic metres per hectare, with a dense distribution of up to 2.6 cubic metres per hectare. Logging centres are set up along the route by logging companies, with logging licences issued and certified by IBAMA and the government, to carry out controlled and continuous exploitation programmes, such as dividing the land into small plots and only allowing the exploitation of Ipe resources within the area every 35 years.
?
2014 High Line phase III
Forest Stewardship Council -an international non-profit, multistakeholder organization -promotes responsible management of the world's forests.
[Consequential Landscapes : IPE]
Ipê
LIFE CYCLE
EKKI
2years
10years
GREENHEART
1year
1000years
1200years
15years
REDWOOD 3years
IPE
20years
2000years
3years
30years
2500years US WOOD CONSUMPTION HISTORY
BRAZIL
DEFORESTATION
HUMAN INTERVENTION 1980S
1956
2006
2009
Wood Demand curves Redwood
Softwoods Tropical woods Reclaimed woods IPE
WOOD MATERIALS CONSUMPTION
US
Early settler loggers used dynamite to break redwood into pieces
1904
1850
The American Wood Protection Association established
the first commercial redwood logging area
1937
1940
‘’without any cutting restrictions’’
Tropical woods uesd for railroads and public works
Around 1980s
1960
1956
redwoods: “most versatile materials’’
Tropical woods import increased by 400% in the following twenty years
!
near-decimation of redwoods the remaining were listed as protection chemically treated softwoods and a few tropical woods entered the market
1990
Three speciesof tropical woods have become the most popular materials for landscape architects
Greenheart
Ipe
2003
2009 High Line phase I
toxic softwoods
2011 High Line phase II
Ekki
CCA
res ist
support
US
suppier
OLD GROWTH FOREST
US
AIR
suck sap and air out of wood
Fir
MERRY X’MAS AALUers
7% OLD GROWTH FOREST
US
AIR
AIR
USA
supervise
(SEQUOIA SEROPERVIRENS)
WEST COAST
The World Wide Fund for Nature
an international non-governmental organization wilderness preservation reduction of human impact on the environment
supervise
chromated copper arsenate
REDWOOD
USA
SAP
Southern pine
inject preservatives
ort
supp
2% MATURE 2ND GENERATION
WEST AFRICA
41% INTERMEDIATE SECOND GENERATION
INSULATION
DEFORESTED AREAS
SS
te
rea
ted
Export
d
sist
ant
ct-re
sista
nt
Heat-
PIN E
LLA HY OP CR MA
HARDNESS
TEAK
GLOBAL WOOD CONSUMERS:
BIGGEST CONTRIBUTORS TO DEFORESTATION
NORTH AMERICA
LATIN AMERICA
EUROPE
IPE
Sawmill / Field of domed charocal oven
THE 7 INDICATORS Botanical Identification
COMMODITY DRIVEN URBANIZATION
OCEANA
RUSSIA, CHINA, SOUTH ASIA
Logging management
AFRICA
RAZIL
RA
TIMBER Soybeans
Chocolate
IPE TREE
Coffee
Corn Sugar Vanilla
Mine
Rubber
Palm oil Rice Bananas Pineapples
1986
1999
Location of trees list(IPE)
Remaining trees
Logging
100-Hectare work units
Ipe Mahogany Paricá 90years
30years
DEFORSTATION
Identification tags
Stump (height)
A 5,000-Hectare forest site
Logging
SHIFTING AGRICULTURE
USA
Size (dimaeter)
Illegal logging
FORESTRY CHINA
AUSTRIA
CHINA
GUADELOUPE
ISRAEL
UK
GERMANY
ITALY
CANADA
Slaves
WILDFIRE
2020
SPAIN
Grade and Cut
Weste wood
Transport
SOUTH EAST ASIA
2010
DENMARK
Cut and burn
PROCESS
1990
2000
PANAMA
FRANCE
OOD
GREE NH EAR BL T AC K LO CU ST
TE AK
l
ca
di
Me
2009
60years
2021
Four of these are harvested each years and then rest for 30- years
Shaped wood
on
cti
tru
ns
Refined wood
SE NU
rior
Inte
Co
FIR
O MM CO
EKKI
rt
/po
ding
RN HE UT
GREENHEART BLACK LOCUST
REDW
ad
Railro
t buil
Boa
SO
IPE EKKI
US
ture
Tools/Furni
TEAK
REDWOOD
Non-fillet Frozen fish
EKKI
PRICE
REDWOOD GREENHEART BLACK LOCUST
IPE
JAPAN
nt
NETHERLANDS
resista
Water-resistant
IPE
Sawn wood
DURA BLEN E
AVERAGE SIZE
ea
ed
-re
-tr
at
re
re
Fire Inse
-t
su
l-t
Low
EKKI
TEAK
al
REDWOOD GREENHEART
actions to stop destroying rainforestsand heating up the planet
High
es
ica
ate der
m er Th
Pr
em
BLACK LOCUST
Rainforest and new york climate change action group campaign
Cikal
One of the largest wood exporters in the state of Pará
TH ENG STR
T EN
Ch
IPE
The Instituto Floresta Tropical - Environment protection - Forest extraction
Draw By Hantang Li
Mo
TEAK
GUYANA GREEN HEART (CHLOROCARDIUM RODIEI)
Processed fish
GREENHEART BLACK LOCUST
EKKI (LOPHIRA ALATA)
2020 BRAZIL EXPORTS
IPE EKKI
Landcover Change And Wood Wasts
IPE (TABEBUIA IMPETIGINOSA)
1.6 MILLION ACRES OF REDWOOD FOREST
BELGIUM
0.13 MILLION ACRES LEFT
PROTUGAL
2.2 MILLION ACRES OF REDWOOD FOREST
TR EA TM
22
HOUSES
AVERAGE AGE
1
COASTAL REDWOOD TREE
BRAZIL_PARA
50% YOUNG 2ND GENERATION
YOUNG 2ND GENERATION
+ COAST REDWOOD FOREST RANGE Giant Sequoia Forest Range
REDWOOD
The desire for highly valuable yet sparsely distributed trees like ipe exacerbates deforestation in the Amazon. For the ipe timber price over $3000 per cub meter . Deforestation patterns typically start with the harvesting of valuable species, then clearing the remaining biomass for charcoal production, which means the rest of more than 1000 species in the rainforest was burning down and cost a huge number of wood wast and greenhouse effect. After that the cleaned land finally planted crops for cattle grazing. The pursuit of high-value species has pushed the logging frontier further into unlogged forests, catalyzing road construction and agricultural production. And as desired species are eradicated, the logging frontier advances even faster.
?
2014 High Line phase III
Forest Stewardship Council -an international non-profit, multistakeholder organization -promotes responsible management of the world's forests.
[Consequential Landscapes : IPE]
Ipê
LIFE CYCLE
EKKI
2years
10years
GREENHEART
1year
1000years
1200years
15years
REDWOOD 3years
IPE
20years
2000years
3years
30years
2500years US WOOD CONSUMPTION HISTORY
BRAZIL
DEFORESTATION
HUMAN INTERVENTION 1980S
1956
2006
2009
Wood Demand curves Redwood
Softwoods Tropical woods Reclaimed woods IPE
WOOD MATERIALS CONSUMPTION
US
Early settler loggers used dynamite to break redwood into pieces
1904
1850
The American Wood Protection Association established
the first commercial redwood logging area
1937
1940
‘’without any cutting restrictions’’
Tropical woods uesd for railroads and public works
Around 1980s
1960
1956
redwoods: “most versatile materials’’
Tropical woods import increased by 400% in the following twenty years
!
near-decimation of redwoods the remaining were listed as protection chemically treated softwoods and a few tropical woods entered the market
1990
Three speciesof tropical woods have become the most popular materials for landscape architects
Greenheart
Ipe
2003
2009 High Line phase I
toxic softwoods
2011 High Line phase II
Ekki
CCA
res ist
support
US
suppier
OLD GROWTH FOREST
US
AIR
suck sap and air out of wood
Fir
MERRY X’MAS AALUers
7% OLD GROWTH FOREST
US
AIR
AIR
USA
supervise
(SEQUOIA SEROPERVIRENS)
WEST COAST
The World Wide Fund for Nature
an international non-governmental organization wilderness preservation reduction of human impact on the environment
supervise
chromated copper arsenate
REDWOOD
USA
SAP
Southern pine
inject preservatives
ort
supp
2% MATURE 2ND GENERATION
WEST AFRICA
41% INTERMEDIATE SECOND GENERATION
INSULATION
DEFORESTED AREAS
SS
te
rea
ted
Export
d
sist
ant
ct-re
sista
nt
Heat-
E
TEAK
GLOBAL WOOD CONSUMERS:
BIGGEST CONTRIBUTORS TO DEFORESTATION
IPE
Sawmill / Field of domed charocal oven
NORTH AMERICA
LATIN AMERICA
EUROPE
THE 7 INDICATORS Botanical Identification
WILDFIRE
COMMODITY DRIVEN URBANIZATION
USA
OCEANA
RUSSIA, CHINA, SOUTH ASIA
Logging management
AFRICA
RAZIL
RA
TIMBER Soybeans
Chocolate
IPE TREE
Coffee
Corn Sugar Vanilla
Mine
Rubber
Palm oil Rice Bananas Pineapples
1986
1999
Location of trees list(IPE)
Remaining trees
Logging
100-Hectare work units
Ipe Mahogany Paricá 90years
30years
DEFORSTATION
Identification tags
Stump (height)
A 5,000-Hectare forest site
Logging
SHIFTING AGRICULTURE CHINA
Size (dimaeter)
Illegal logging
FORESTRY
2020
AUSTRIA
CHINA
GUADELOUPE
ISRAEL
UK
GERMANY
ITALY
CANADA
Slaves
Transport
SOUTH EAST ASIA
2010
SPAIN
Grade and Cut
Weste wood
1990
2000
DENMARK
FRANCE
Cut and burn
PROCESS
2009
60years
2021
Four of these are harvested each years and then rest for 30- years
Shaped wood
PIN
LLA HY OP CR MA
HARDNESS
OOD
GREE NH EAR BL T AC K LO CU ST
TE AK
l
ca
di
Me
Refined wood
on
cti
tru
ns
Processed fish
SE NU
rior
Inte
Co
FIR
O MM CO
EKKI
rt
/po
ding
RN HE UT
GREENHEART BLACK LOCUST
REDW
ad
Railro
t buil
Boa
SO
IPE EKKI
US
ture
Tools/Furni
TEAK
REDWOOD
Non-fillet Frozen fish
EKKI
PRICE
REDWOOD GREENHEART BLACK LOCUST
IPE
PANAMA
nt
JAPAN
resista
Water-resistant
IPE
NETHERLANDS
DURA BLEN E
AVERAGE SIZE
ea
ed
-re
-tr
at
re
re
Fire Inse
-t
su
l-t
Low
EKKI
TEAK
al
REDWOOD GREENHEART
actions to stop destroying rainforestsand heating up the planet
Draw By Hantang Li
High
es
ica
ate der
m er Th
Pr
em
BLACK LOCUST
Rainforest and new york climate change action group campaign
Cikal
One of the largest wood exporters in the state of Pará
TH ENG STR
T EN
Ch
IPE
The Instituto Floresta Tropical - Environment protection - Forest extraction
Mo
TEAK
GUYANA GREEN HEART (CHLOROCARDIUM RODIEI)
BELGIUM
GREENHEART BLACK LOCUST
EKKI (LOPHIRA ALATA)
Sawn wood
IPE EKKI
IPE Log Transportation
IPE (TABEBUIA IMPETIGINOSA)
1.6 MILLION ACRES OF REDWOOD FOREST
2020 BRAZIL EXPORTS
0.13 MILLION ACRES LEFT
PROTUGAL
2.2 MILLION ACRES OF REDWOOD FOREST
TR EA TM
22
HOUSES
AVERAGE AGE
1
COASTAL REDWOOD TREE
BRAZIL_PARA
50% YOUNG 2ND GENERATION
YOUNG 2ND GENERATION
+ COAST REDWOOD FOREST RANGE Giant Sequoia Forest Range
REDWOOD
The ipe that Timber Holdings USA buys comes primarily from the states of Pará and Mato Grosso. Single IPE tree was cutting down by the high effect mechine and collect in logging center,after that, Logs are typically transported from interior forests to rivers by truck, and then by barge to port cities like Belém. Sometimes the officials from IBAMA and SEMA (Pará’s Environmental Secretariat) stopping trucks loaded with logs to check their documents.To make sure the meterial of wood are legle base on the Forest Origin Document system that IBAMA created in 2006. The process make sure that whereby all forest products are tracked digitally in real time.
?
2014 High Line phase III
Forest Stewardship Council -an international non-profit, multistakeholder organization -promotes responsible management of the world's forests.
[Consequential Landscapes : IPE]
Ipê
LIFE CYCLE
EKKI
2years
10years
GREENHEART
1year
1000years
1200years
15years
REDWOOD 3years
IPE
20years
2000years
3years
30years
2500years US WOOD CONSUMPTION HISTORY
BRAZIL
DEFORESTATION
HUMAN INTERVENTION 1980S
1956
2006
2009
Wood Demand curves Redwood
Softwoods Tropical woods Reclaimed woods IPE
WOOD MATERIALS CONSUMPTION
US
Early settler loggers used dynamite to break redwood into pieces
1904
1850
The American Wood Protection Association established
the first commercial redwood logging area
1937
1940
‘’without any cutting restrictions’’
Tropical woods uesd for railroads and public works
Around 1980s
1960
1956
redwoods: “most versatile materials’’
Tropical woods import increased by 400% in the following twenty years
!
near-decimation of redwoods the remaining were listed as protection chemically treated softwoods and a few tropical woods entered the market
1990
Three speciesof tropical woods have become the most popular materials for landscape architects
Greenheart
Ipe
2003
2009 High Line phase I
toxic softwoods
2011 High Line phase II
Ekki
CCA
res ist
support
US
suppier
OLD GROWTH FOREST
US
AIR
suck sap and air out of wood
Fir
MERRY X’MAS AALUers
7% OLD GROWTH FOREST
US
AIR
AIR
USA
supervise
(SEQUOIA SEROPERVIRENS)
WEST COAST
The World Wide Fund for Nature
an international non-governmental organization wilderness preservation reduction of human impact on the environment
supervise
chromated copper arsenate
REDWOOD
USA
SAP
Southern pine
inject preservatives
ort
supp
2% MATURE 2ND GENERATION
WEST AFRICA
41% INTERMEDIATE SECOND GENERATION
INSULATION
DEFORESTED AREAS
SS
te
rea
ted
Export
d
sist
ant
ct-re
sista
nt
Heat-
E
TEAK
GLOBAL WOOD CONSUMERS:
BIGGEST CONTRIBUTORS TO DEFORESTATION
IPE
Sawmill / Field of domed charocal oven
NORTH AMERICA
LATIN AMERICA
EUROPE
THE 7 INDICATORS Botanical Identification
WILDFIRE
COMMODITY DRIVEN URBANIZATION
USA
OCEANA
RUSSIA, CHINA, SOUTH ASIA
Logging management
AFRICA
RAZIL
RA
TIMBER Soybeans
Chocolate
IPE TREE
Coffee
Corn Sugar Vanilla
Mine
Rubber
Palm oil Rice Bananas Pineapples
1986
1999
Location of trees list(IPE)
Remaining trees
Logging
100-Hectare work units
Ipe Mahogany Paricá 90years
30years
DEFORSTATION
Identification tags
Stump (height)
A 5,000-Hectare forest site
Logging
SHIFTING AGRICULTURE CHINA
Size (dimaeter)
Illegal logging
FORESTRY
2020
AUSTRIA
CHINA
GUADELOUPE
ISRAEL
UK
GERMANY
ITALY
CANADA
Slaves
Transport
SOUTH EAST ASIA
2010
SPAIN
Grade and Cut
Weste wood
1990
2000
DENMARK
FRANCE
Cut and burn
PROCESS
2009
60years
2021
Four of these are harvested each years and then rest for 30- years
Shaped wood
PIN
LLA HY OP CR MA
HARDNESS
OOD
GREE NH EAR BL T AC K LO CU ST
TE AK
l
ca
di
Me
Refined wood
on
cti
tru
ns
Processed fish
SE NU
rior
Inte
Co
FIR
O MM CO
EKKI
rt
/po
ding
RN HE UT
GREENHEART BLACK LOCUST
REDW
ad
Railro
t buil
Boa
SO
IPE EKKI
US
ture
Tools/Furni
TEAK
REDWOOD
Non-fillet Frozen fish
EKKI
PRICE
REDWOOD GREENHEART BLACK LOCUST
IPE
PANAMA
nt
JAPAN
resista
Water-resistant
IPE
NETHERLANDS
DURA BLEN E
AVERAGE SIZE
ea
ed
-re
-tr
at
re
re
Fire Inse
-t
su
l-t
Low
EKKI
TEAK
al
REDWOOD GREENHEART
actions to stop destroying rainforestsand heating up the planet
High
es
ica
ate der
m er Th
Pr
em
BLACK LOCUST
Rainforest and new york climate change action group campaign
Cikal
One of the largest wood exporters in the state of Pará
TH ENG STR
T EN
Ch
IPE
The Instituto Floresta Tropical - Environment protection - Forest extraction
Draw By Hantang Li
Mo
TEAK
GUYANA GREEN HEART (CHLOROCARDIUM RODIEI)
BELGIUM
GREENHEART BLACK LOCUST
EKKI (LOPHIRA ALATA)
Sawn wood
IPE EKKI
IPE Timber Processing
IPE (TABEBUIA IMPETIGINOSA)
1.6 MILLION ACRES OF REDWOOD FOREST
2020 BRAZIL EXPORTS
0.13 MILLION ACRES LEFT
PROTUGAL
2.2 MILLION ACRES OF REDWOOD FOREST
TR EA TM
22
HOUSES
AVERAGE AGE
1
COASTAL REDWOOD TREE
BRAZIL_PARA
50% YOUNG 2ND GENERATION
YOUNG 2ND GENERATION
+ COAST REDWOOD FOREST RANGE Giant Sequoia Forest Range
REDWOOD
Inside the mill building, activity circles around the main saw: a colossal hook anchored to the trusses is lowered to catch the edge of one of the logs. The huge log is fed into the cutting machine in the roar of the machine. The hook flips it so that it is properly aligned, as three men slowly guide it towards the blade. With a set of carefully calibrated passes, the massive log becomes dimensional lumber, perfect, straight, and anonymous.
?
2014 High Line phase III
Forest Stewardship Council -an international non-profit, multistakeholder organization -promotes responsible management of the world's forests.
[Consequential Landscapes : IPE]
! ! !!
! !
Draw: Hantang Li
! ! !
! !
! !
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!
! !
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!
Wisconsin
!
! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
!
California
!
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New Hampshire !
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!!
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Texas
!!
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New York City’s port
! !! ! !!
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New Jersey
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Global Shipping Whether it is public projects or residences, Americans' desire for wood materials has brought about large areas of wood consumption, making the United States the largest wood consumption market in the world. According to Brazil's 2019 ipe export industry survey report, the United States imported more than 10,000 cubic meters of ipe hardwood, which is about three times the import volume of the second-ranked France.
Transport from Brazil to The USA imber Holdings USA purchases sawn wood and ships it directly from Brazilian mills to New York City’s port. And from there it is distributed to their warehouses in Wisconsin, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Texas, and California. Than the Processed IPE wood board will say on more than 60 year outside and live against decay with anther form.
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Belém
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[Consequential Landscapes : IPE]
Ipê
LIFE CYCLE
EKKI
2years
10years
GREENHEART
1year
1000years
1200years
15years
REDWOOD 3years
IPE
20years
2000years
3years
30years
2500years US WOOD CONSUMPTION HISTORY
BRAZIL
DEFORESTATION
HUMAN INTERVENTION 1980S
1956
2006
2009
Wood Demand curves Redwood
Softwoods Tropical woods Reclaimed woods IPE
WOOD MATERIALS CONSUMPTION
US
Early settler loggers used dynamite to break redwood into pieces
1904
1850
The American Wood Protection Association established
the first commercial redwood logging area
1937
1940
‘’without any cutting restrictions’’
Tropical woods uesd for railroads and public works
Around 1980s
1960
1956
redwoods: “most versatile materials’’
Tropical woods import increased by 400% in the following twenty years
!
near-decimation of redwoods the remaining were listed as protection chemically treated softwoods and a few tropical woods entered the market
1990
Three speciesof tropical woods have become the most popular materials for landscape architects
Greenheart
Ipe
2003
2009 High Line phase I
toxic softwoods
2011 High Line phase II
CCA
supervise
res ist
support
US
suppier
OLD GROWTH FOREST
US
AIR
suck sap and air out of wood
Fir
MERRY X’MAS AALUers
7% OLD GROWTH FOREST
US
AIR
AIR
USA
The World Wide Fund for Nature
an international non-governmental organization wilderness preservation reduction of human impact on the environment
supervise
(SEQUOIA SEROPERVIRENS)
inject preservatives
WEST AFRICA
41% INTERMEDIATE SECOND GENERATION
INSULATION
DEFORESTED AREAS
IPE (TABEBUIA IMPETIGINOSA)
1.6 MILLION ACRES OF REDWOOD FOREST
tre
SS
actions to stop destroying rainforestsand heating up the planet
One of the largest wood exporters in the state of Pará
Export
d
ted
tant
Insec
t-resi
stant
Heat-re
GR
rior
tion
BL ACK
TEA K
al
dic
Me
FIR
E
LA PHYL
HARDNESS
N PI
CRO MA
IPE
BIGGEST CONTRIBUTORS TO DEFORESTATION
NORTH AMERICA
LATIN AMERICA
PROCESS Sawmill / Field of domed charocal oven
EUROPE
Size (dimaeter)
A 5,000-Hectare forest site
Logging
SHIFTING AGRICULTURE URBANIZATION
Logging management
AFRICA
TIMBER Soybeans
Chocolate
Coffee
Corn Sugar Vanilla
Mine
Rubber
Palm oil Rice Bananas Pineapples
Cocoa
Brazil nuts
1986
1999
Location of trees list(IPE)
Remaining trees
Logging
AUSTRIA
CHINA
GUADELOUPE
ISRAEL
UK
GERMANY
ITALY
CANADA
SPAIN
DENMARK
PANAMA
100-Hectare work units
Ipe Mahogany Paricá
IPE TREE
90years
30years
DEFORSTATION
Identification tags
Stump (height)
Illegal logging
FORESTRY
RUSSIA, CHINA, SOUTH ASIA
JAPAN
As a species thriving in its natural habitat and placed side by side with other precious ones. -As a finished material, and 2021 part of the USA 2009 wood market. -Addressing its source to site process, highlighting major environmental, social and economic impacts in addition to policies issued by both the US and Brazil during this time. Botanical Identification
WILDFIRE
COMMODITY DRIVEN
CHINA
OCEANA
NETHERLANDS
Slaves
Transport
THE 7 INDICATORS
SOUTH EAST ASIA
2010
USA
FRANCE
Grade and Cut
Weste wood
Human Intervention
GLOBAL WOOD CONSUMERS:
1990
2000
Cut and burn
LOC UST
Shaped wood
ruc
nst
TEAK
Refined wood
Inte
EENH EA RT
RN HE UT
O MM CO
build
Co
US
EKKI
ort
ing/p
Boat
SO
IPE EKKI
REDWOO D
d
Railroa
SE NU
TEAK
REDWOOD GREENHEART BLACK LOCUST
IPE
Tools/Furniture
PRICE
EKKI
BELGIUM
sistant
Water-resistant
IPE REDWOOD GREENHEART BLACK LOCUST
Processed fish
DURA BLEN E
AVERAGE SIZE
ate
trea
d
al-
Fireresis
ate
re-
tre
ssu
al-
erm
TEAK
Rainforest and new york climate change action group campaign
Cikal
High
Th
GREENHEART
e erat Mod Low
Pre
mic
BLACK LOCUST
The Instituto Floresta Tropical - Environment protection - Forest extraction
TH ENG STR
T EN
Che
IPE EKKI
GUYANA GREEN HEART (CHLOROCARDIUM RODIEI)
Non-fillet Frozen fish
IPE EKKI
TEAK
REDWOOD
EKKI (LOPHIRA ALATA)
PROTUGAL
0.13 MILLION ACRES LEFT
Sawn wood
2.2 MILLION ACRES OF REDWOOD FOREST
2020 BRAZIL EXPORTS
22
HOUSES
TR EA TM
1
COASTAL REDWOOD TREE
AVERAGE AGE
+ COAST REDWOOD FOREST RANGE Giant Sequoia Forest Range
BRAZIL_PARA
50% YOUNG 2ND GENERATION
YOUNG 2ND GENERATION
REDWOOD
PARA
t
por
sup
2% MATURE 2ND GENERATION
GREENHEART
2020
?
2014 High Line phase III
Forest Stewardship Council -an international non-profit, multistakeholder organization -promotes responsible management of the world's forests.
Ekki
chromated copper arsenate
SAP
Southern pine
REDWOOD
USA WEST COAST
BLACK LOCUST
BRAZIL
[Consequential Landscapes : IPE]
60years
Four of these are harvested each years and then rest for 30- years
Draw BY: Yuting Liu
REFERENCE Workshop 1 1. WPI Economics, “London's Poverty Profile 2020,” Trust for London, accessed November 15. 2021, https://www. trustforlondon.org.uk/publications/lpp2020/ 2. “Westminster,” Trust for London, accessed November 15. 2021, https://www.trustforlondon.org.uk/data/boroughs/ westminster-poverty-and-inequality-indicators/ 3. Labourwestminster,” Deprivation in Westminster,” Labourwestminster, accessed November 15, 2021, https:// labourwestminster.wordpress.com/deprivation-in-westminster/ 4. “Church Street, Westminster,” Hidden London, accessed November 15. 2021, https://hidden-london.com/gazetteer/ church-street/ 5. Westminster City Council, City Plan 2019 – 2040, 8 January, 2021, https://www.westminster.gov.uk/planning-buildingand-environmental-regulations/planning-policy/city-plan-2019-2040-previous-stages 6. “what is the green new deal?,” green new deal rising, accessed November 15. 2021, https://www.gndrising.org/what-isthe-green-new-deal/#decarb
Workshop 2 1.Santana, Joana, Luís Reino, Chris Stoate, Francisco Moreira, Paulo F. Ribeiro, José L. Santos, John T. Rotenberry, and Pedro Beja. "Combined Effects Of Landscape Composition And Heterogeneity On Farmland Avian Diversity". Ecology And Evolution 7, no. 4 (2017): 1212-1223. doi:10.1002/ece3.2693. 2."The Allerton Project | Game & Wildlife Conservation Trust". Allertontrust.Org.Uk. Accessed 12 January 2022. https://www. allertontrust.org.uk/. 3.Warner, Emily, Andy Hector, Nick Brown, Rowan Green, Alys Savory, Doug Gilbert, Alan McDonnell, and Owen T. Lewis. "The Response Of Plants, Carabid Beetles And Birds To 30 Years Of Native Reforestation In The Scottish Highlands". Journal Of Applied Ecology 58, no. 10 (2021): 2185-2194. doi:10.1111/1365-2664.13944. 4.Wilson, A.M., J.A. Vickery, and S.J. Browne. "Numbers And Distribution Of Northern Lapwings Vanellus Vanellus Breeding In England And Wales In 1998". Taylor & Francis, 2022. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00063650109461198. 5.https://www.gwct.org.uk/research/species/birds/songbirds/songbirds-and-game-crops/ Songbirds and game crops
Workshop 3 1.Hutton, Jane. Reciprocal Landscapes : Stories of Material Movements, Taylor & Francis Group, 2019. ProQuest Eb-ook Central,http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/aaschool/detail.action?docID=5892429. 2.Global Forest Watchhttps://www.globalforestwatch.org/map/ 3.Global Land Analysis and Discoveryhttps://glad.umd.edu/dataset 4.HARCA Associationhttps://www.poplarharca.co.uk/
AA landscape Urbanism 2021-2022 TERM 1 BOOKLET Hantang LI