Understanding Places

Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology

Nottingham Trent University School of Architecture, Design & the Built Environment

Group 3: Understanding Places The Image of The City. LYNCH K. The M.I.T. Press. London. 1960.

Building for Life 12. BIRKBECK D. and KRUCZKOWSKI S. 2012. Nottingham.

Thursday December 10th 2015

Salomey Adjei-Doku Lianne Grosvenor Esther Omada Idoko Anum Khan Urszula Wojcik

N0434067 N0448052 T2268754 T0007334 N0441973

Group 3 – Literature Review

Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology

2

"Large-scale imageable environments are rare today… we need an environment which is not simply well organised, but poetic and symbolic as well."

(Lynch, 1960, pp. 119)

Group 3 – Literature Review

Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology

⁄ An exploratory study ⁄ Not conclusive - a conversation starter; speculative ⁄ Offers some first principles of city design

⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄

Imageability of city form The need for identity and structure Public images based on a common mental picture 5 key elements that inform the public image

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⁄ Is the look of a city important? ⁄ Can the look of cities be changed? ⁄ Can a city environment ever be beautiful or delightful?

Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology

http://www.vfmii.com/medlib5/CYFramingham_photo/0/59/312/5931211 3/59312113.jpg

http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/12/27/teens-shot-innewark-murder-count-100_n_4507531.html

http://wallpaperswa.com/People/Angels/night_lights_los_angeles_ci ties_109352/download_2560x1440

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Group 3 – Literature Review

Group 3 – Literature Review

Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology

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"Nothing is experienced by itself, but always in relation to its surroundings, the sequences of events leading up to it, the memory of past experience."

(Lynch, 1960, pp. 1)

Group 3 – Literature Review

Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology

⁄ The detail of the city is ever-changing ⁄ Cities go through many phases ⁄ The people, the citizens = moving elements of the city ⁄ The built environment = stationary elements of the city ⁄ The actors and the stage = both are important

Temporary Art

Shaped by the people

For the people

⁄ The visual quality of the city is affected ⁄ The experiences of the citizens continually change

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City Design

Legibility is the clarity of the cityscape

Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology

2 way process between the environment & observer

We way-find by images we store in our minds = gives feeling of balance & wellbeing

Private Image – Individual perspective; we shape what we see

However, distinction and legibility should be combined with mystery and surprise

Public Image - Common mental pictures carried by most of the population

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Group 3 – Literature Review

Structure Spatial or 'pattern relation' of the object to the observer

Identity Distinction from other objects; individuality

Meaning Practical or emotional meaning to the observer

Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology

Apparent, legible or visible

Strong image quality = Strong image in the observer

Mental image = Vital for orientation

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Group 3 – Literature Review

Group 3 – Literature Review

Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology

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"The contents of the city images so far studied...can conventionally be classified into five types of elements: path, edges, districts, nodes and landmarks…"

(Lynch, 1960, pp. 46)

Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology

Images from: Responsive Environments pp. 43

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Group 3 – Literature Review

Group 3 – Literature Review

Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology

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"Paths are the channels along which the observer customarily, occasionally, or potentially moves."

(Lynch, 1960, pp. 47)

Group 3 – Literature Review

Channels along which observers travel ⁄

http://bikepgh.org/2009/04/29/the-headlines-42909/

Los Angeles Highways ⁄

Legibility

Familiarity influences Structure how we think about path structure/ certain paths & Identity ⁄ in relation to others

Building ⁄ the Image

We observe the city while moving through its paths

Highway system brings potential drama and identification Paths intersect and joins other path ⁄

Imageability

Gives visual exposure to other parts of the city

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https://sirvacareers.silkroad.com/sirvaext/UnplacedPages/Career_Paths.html

Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology

Group 3 – Literature Review

Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology

Types of paths include:

CON: ⁄ Unaligned and detached paths cause confusion ⁄ If a major path lacks identity, the whole city image is skewed and thrown into difficulty

Streets Walkways Transit Lines Canals

Railways

People like to know path origins and destination points Paths must have a general relationship to make imaging them together easier

Paths should have directional quality

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PRO: ⁄ Characteristic spatial qualities attract attention or assumption of importance ⁄ Paths can become important features of customary travel

Group 3 – Literature Review

APPLICATION

Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology

⁄ Visual exposure to other parts of the space ⁄ Path origin and destinations ⁄ Can become important features of customary travel ⁄ Especially essential to people living with Dementia w G

G

w

w Dementia centre

G

G

w

w Entrance W Residential Wing

G

Outside Space/Courtyard Paths

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⁄ Design points: Navigation consideration ⁄ If designs are considerate of how people travel, navigating it will be easier and familiar ⁄ This affects the way people use/view spaces

Group 3 – Literature Review

Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology

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"Edges are the linear elements not used or considered as paths by the observer."

(Lynch, 1960, pp. 47)

Group 3 – Literature Review

Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology

Boundaries

Barriers

Seams

Between 2 phases e.g. 2 districts

Have a disruptive power - are impenetrable

Uniting rather than impenetrable barriers

http://www.wildnatureimages.com/Los_Angeles_Photos.htm

Los Angeles

Jersey City

https://www.google.co.uk/maps/place/Beacon+Hill,+Boston,+MA,+Stany+Zjednoczo ne/@42.3572932,71.0684056,1221m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m2!3m1!1s0x89e3709e822ace4f:0xad0e41814 f41c4d8!6m1!1e1?hl=pl

Boston

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http://errorsomissionsdirect.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Jersey-Cityerrors-and-omissions.jpg

Group 3 – Literature Review

Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology

in continuity, including:

http://travelchannel.sndimg.com/content/dam/images/travel/fullset/2015/06/11/nj-best-beaches/wildwoodbeach-shoreline-new-jersey.jpg.rend.tccom.1280.960.jpeg

Railway Cuts, e.g. Los Angeles railway

http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/12/us/rail-project-for-port-of-los-angeles-sparks-anger-in-long-beach.html?_r=0

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Shores, e.g. Jersey Shore

Group 3 – Literature Review

Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology

in continuity, including:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_County,_Califor nia#/media/File:LA_Skyline_Mountains2.jpg

http://i0.wp.com/sugarandcloth.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Boston-Trip44.jpg?resize=540%2C810

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Edges of Development, e.g.

LA San Gabriel mountains

Walls, e.g.

Acorn St., Boston

Group 3 – Literature Review

Visually prominent, continuous, impenetrable

https://cityspadeproduction.s3.amazonaws.com/listings/555317/4ae64f79d40c8dfaba3090870b8e7cad/600X420

Hudson River, JC

Fragmentary

Abstract continuity

http://cache.boston.com/traffic/bigdig/galleries/artery/01.jpg

Central Artery, Boston

Overhead

Railway viaducts, elevated motorways

http://www.wildnatureimages.com/Los_Angeles_Photos.htm

110 Interchange, LA

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Stronger

Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology

Group 3 – Literature Review

Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology

Sneinton Nottingham City Centre

© Google Maps 2015

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Site

Group 3 – Literature Review

Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology

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"Districts are the medium-to-large sections of the city, conceived as having two-dimensional extent, which the observer mentally “enters inside of”…"

(Lynch, 1960, pp. 47)

Common identifying character

Form the basic elements

Can be introverted or extroverted

Distinctive contrasts Themes and patterns

Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology

CON: Thematic confusion can blur the city image PRO: Help to make a city feel well-orientated Defining characteristics can include: ⁄ Space ⁄ Building type ⁄ Use ⁄ Activity ⁄ Inhabitants ⁄ Topography

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Group 3 – Literature Review

Group 3 – Literature Review

Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology

Legibility

⁄

⁄

Building the Image

Enhance the overall legibility of a city Must be internally legible

Enhance the mental image of the city if there are strong characteristics

⁄

Structure & Identity ⁄

⁄ Imageability

Visual & sound cues can identify a district Confusion can identify a district “The contrast and proximity of each area... heightens the thematic strength of each one” Lynch, 1960, pp. 72

Boundaries

Names

Contrast

Edges

Can be hard or soft

Can give identity even if theme is not strong

Features are distinctive & in characteristic clusters

Set a limit to or reinforce the identity of a boundary

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⁄

Group 3 – Literature Review

⁄ ⁄

⁄ ⁄

Has distinctive districts Easily memorable Districts have common identifying features, like iron fences or bay windows Unique character Strong contrasts

https://img0.etsystatic.com/000/1/5206469/il_570xN.340933052.jpg

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⁄

Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology

Group 3 – Literature Review

⁄

⁄ ⁄

⁄

Apparent formlessness Districts are not clear cut A few strong areas but overall city has low imageability Signs are used to navigate the city as no area has real character unlike Boston Not a whole – not distinctive http://ediblejersey.com/editorial/fall-2011/road-trip/

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⁄

Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology

Group 3 – Literature Review

⁄

⁄ ⁄ ⁄

Recognizable districts, though has weak and strong areas Scale of the area weakens the impact of districts Spacious & spread out Macro scale = easier to analyze Lack of strong districts throughout make micro analysis harder http://www.fortunebuilders.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/los-angeles-county.jpg

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⁄

Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology

Group 3 – Literature Review

Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology

NOTTINGHAM CITY CENTRE

APPLICATION

Site

Site Nottingham Creative Quarter map, Nottingham City Deal

⁄ ⁄

Lace Market has a distinctive character Weak and strong areas Name gives identity

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⁄

Nottingham City Centre Quarters map, NCC

Group 3 – Literature Review

Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology

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"Nodes are points, the strategic spots in a city into which an observer can enter, and which are the intensive foci to and from which he is traveling" (Lynch, 1960, pp. 47)

Group 3 – Literature Review

http://cdn.c.photoshelter.com/imgget/I0000F.etncMnJC0/s/860/860/Aerial-Shot.jpg

Boston Common

http://dtfjihky7xwic.cloudfront.net/sites/default/files/styles/poi_detail /public/poi_images/pershing-square-purple-0.jpg?itok=vef5ynyJ

Pershing Sq., LA

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/1c/Olv era_Street_Market.jpgv

http://photos1.blogger.com/img/182/4249/640/untitled.jpg

Plaza-Olvera St. LA

LA Interchange Point

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Nodes are/ can be: ⁄ Focal points ⁄ Junctions ⁄ Places of break in transport ⁄ Crossing or convergence of paths ⁄ Moments of shift from one structure to another ⁄ Areas of concentration or condensation

Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology

Group 3 – Literature Review

Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology

Nodes which are:

Nodes which have:

Nodes which are:

Functional & visually impressive

Strong physical form

Highly differentiated & structured

Also seem to work best

More memorable

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Most successful

Space with form = Stronger impact

Group 3 – Literature Review

Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology

Bigger

Smaller

or

http://cache.boston.com/bonzaifba/Globe_Photo/2008/08/07/1218145453_5749.jpg

https://www.flickr.com/photos/michaelfoleyphotography/414189429

Introverted

Extroverted

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or

https://i.ytimg.com/vi/yhvPqkLbQXg/maxresdefault.jpg

http://bostonbiker.org/files/2008/10/bostongreenway.jpg

Group 3 – Literature Review

Other examples of Nodes are: ⁄ Subway stations ⁄ Railway stations ⁄ City squares ⁄ A city within a country

Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology

Red Line Subway Station, LA

Journal Square, Jersey City http://media.nj.com/hudsoncountynow_impact/photo/journal-squarejpgf380d4a6ae5ffdaa_large.jpg

South Station, Boston https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/SouthStation.agr.JPG

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http://subwaynut.com/california/la_metro/red_line/hollywood-western/hollywood-western22.jpg

Group 3 – Literature Review

Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology

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"A physical characteristic of some aspect that is unique or memorable in the context."

(Lynch, 1960, pp. 47)

Group 3 – Literature Review

Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology

Landmarks are: ⁄ Prominent feature in the cityscape ⁄ Point references experienced from outside ⁄ Providers of focus, identity & orientation within the city Key Physical Features: Visibility Local contrasts with nearby elements (wide range of possibilities) https://cdn.vectorstock.com/i/composite/35,97/world-landmark-vector-403597.jpg

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⁄ ⁄

Group 3 – Literature Review

Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology

http://www.unionclub.org/new%20map.jpg

⁄

Visitors to a city can use famous landmarks as reference points for navigation

⁄

Visibility of a landmark from both far and near gives familiarity to the cityscape

Legibility

Building the Image

Junction visibility

⁄

Provides identity to a city Enhances spatial patterns

⁄

Strengthen the image of the city in the mind of the observer

Structure & Identity ⁄

Imageability

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Visible from many locations

Group 3 – Literature Review

DISTANT LANDMARK

Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology

DISTANT LANDMARK

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/ 22/2007-0925-Boston-JohnHancockTower.jpg

The John Hancock Building, Boston http://www.aviewoncities.com/img/florence/kveit2983s.jpg

The Duomo, Florence, Italy

JUCTION

http://i.imgur.com/omFoa6s.jpg

https://d38ls2kcjnhfdj.cloudfront.net/32344f97-0a6b-45ea-af08-4949114db3bf.jpg

The Gold Dome of Boston State House, Boston

The Verizon Building, Boston

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DISTANT LANDMARK

Group 3 – Literature Review

Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology

Angle Setting Back

⁄ Legibility

Building the Image

⁄

SCALE

AGE

Contrasting landmarks provide easy identification of a street or area

⁄ Structure & Identity

⁄

Strong contrast with the ⁄ overall city image can Imageability identify a landmark e.g. historic contrast modern

Contrasting landmarks give an open-ended image Opportunity for future adaptation Changing image of the city can be provoked/ triggered by landmarks

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SITTING

Group 3 – Literature Review

http://www.books-aboutcalifornia.com/Images/LA_Today_1915/County_Court_House.jpg

The Old Hall of Records, Los Angeles

SCALE

http://blog.nj.com/hudsoncountynow_impact/2009/04/large_jersey-citymedical-center-beacon-wpa-projects.JPG

Medical Centre, Jersey City

CLEANLINESS VS DIRTY CITY

https://c.o0bg.com/rf/image_960w/Boston/20112020/2014/06/10/BostonGlobe.com/Business/Images/fourseasons1 .jpg

The Christian Science Building, Boston

AGE

http://images.boomsbeat.com/data/images/full/94920/1-jpg.jpg

Acropolis Museum, Greece

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SITTING

Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology

Group 3 – Literature Review

Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology

APPLICATION

Site

Gloucester Cathedral

© Google Maps 2015

Site Aerial

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© Google Maps 2015

© Lianne Grosvenor, 2015

Group 3 – Literature Review

Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology

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“The Building for Life campaign is about guiding the better planning of new development through urban design that is safe and provides everything that should be expected of a new community” (Kruczkowski and Birkbeck, 2012, pp. 3)

Group 3 – Literature Review

Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology

https://twitter.com/buildingforlife

https://julietbidgood.files.wordpress.com/2014/12/building-for-life-12-1-copy.jpg

BfL12 https://julietbidgood.files.wordpress.com/2014/12/building-for-life-12-1-copy.jpg

Government endorsed industry standard For guiding the better planning of new developments Only 25% of developments achieve BfL12 criteria Led by 3 partners

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⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄

Group 3 – Literature Review

Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology

http://www.lucybullivant.net/images/changing/DC_CABE_Strapline_Logo_LE0.jpg

http://www.designforhomes.org/

http://www.barbourproductsearch.info/ HBF08-Logo-FINAL-file030427.jpg

⁄ Launched in 2001 ⁄ BfL12 is the third version of the guide ⁄ Responds to the changes in the National Planning Policy Framework

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⁄ Design tool to be used through the planning process ⁄ Assess the quality of proposed and completed developments ⁄ Offers developers opportunity to promote their developments

Group 3 – Literature Review

Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology

Relates to the spaces around new homes and other buildings

Sometimes overlooked

Must be intelligently designed

Vital to sense of pleasure & feeling of safety to passersby

Must be designed to be as safe as possible

A collaborative process used to shape the public realm

⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄

Great places have: Sociability Uses & Activities Access & Linkages Comfort & Image

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Relates to the spaces between and around new homes

Group 3 – Literature Review

Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology

Based on a traffic light system http://images.clipartpanda.com/traffic-clipart-traffic-light.png

Secure as many greens as possible

Avoid reds

⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄

The criteria is a Q&A checklist Indicates development potential Assess quality of place making Assessments are all independent Waivers for certain circumstances

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Minimize ambers

9 greens = Built for Life accreditation

Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology

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Group 3 – Literature Review

Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology

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Group 3 – Literature Review

Group 3 – Literature Review

Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology

1 Connections Does the scheme: ⁄ Integrate into its surroundings? ⁄ Reinforce existing connections or create new ones? ⁄ Respect existing buildings and land uses around the development site?

The masterplan shows immediate connections linking into the local context. The site is located facing existing homes and community facilities to the west and farmland to the east.

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http://www.builtforlifehomes.org/schemes/go/16#popUpImage700

Group 3 – Literature Review

Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology

2 Facilities & services

http://www.builtforlifehomes.org/schemes/go/16#popUpImage700

Facilities map showing amenity within 5 and 10 minute walking distances

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Does the development provide: ⁄ Community facilities? ⁄ Shops? ⁄ Schools? ⁄ Workplaces? ⁄ Parks? ⁄ Play areas? ⁄ Pubs? ⁄ Cafes?

Group 3 – Literature Review

Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology

3 Public Transport Does the scheme: ⁄ Have good access to public transport? ⁄ Help reduce car dependency?

http://www.builtforlifehomes.org/schemes/go/16#popUpImage220

A bus stop is located at the site entrance.

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http://www.builtforlifehomes.org/schemes/go/16#popUpImage220

Group 3 – Literature Review

Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology

4 Meeting local housing requirements Does the development: ⁄ Have a mix of housing types and tenures that suit local requirements?

The scheme addresses local housing requirements by providing a wide range of accommodation, from 1 bedroom flats and coach houses to five bedroom houses.

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http://www.builtforlifehomes.org/schemes/go/16#popUpImage700

Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology

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Group 3 – Literature Review

Group 3 – Literature Review

Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology

5 Character Does the scheme: ⁄ Create a place with a locally inspired or otherwise distinctive character?

http://www.builtforlifehomes.org/schemes/go/16#popUpImage700

Within and along the boundary of the historic curtilage wall we have created an area we describe as the ‘Walled Courts’. At the entry to the site, in the location of the old farm yard and buildings, we refer to ‘The Yard’.

http://www.builtforlifehomes.org/schemes/go/ 16#popUpImage700

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Character areas diagram

Group 3 – Literature Review

Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology

6 Working with the site and context

http://www.builtforlifehomes.org/schemes/go/16#popUpImage700

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Does the scheme take advantage of: ⁄ Existing topography? ⁄ Landscape features (including water courses)? ⁄ Wildlife habitats? ⁄ Existing buildings? ⁄ Site orientation? ⁄ Microclimates?

Group 3 – Literature Review

Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology

7 Creating well defined streets & spaces Are buildings: ⁄ Designed and positioned with landscaping to define and enhance streets and spaces? ⁄ Designed to turn street corners well?

Homes overlooking shared surface streets

http://www.builtforlifehomes.org/schemes/go/16#popUpImage220

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http://www.builtforlifehomes.org/schemes/go/16#popUpImage700

Group 3 – Literature Review

Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology

8 Easy to find your way around?

Is the development: ⁄ Designed to make it easy to find your way around?

http://www.builtforlifehomes.org/schemes/go/16#popUpImage700

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The development is not a through route and new roads and paths within the development are shared surface for residents and visitors only.

Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology

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Group 3 – Literature Review

Group 3 – Literature Review

Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology

9 Streets for all Are streets: ⁄ Designed in a way that encourage low vehicle speeds? ⁄ Designed to allow them to function as social spaces?

Detail of the Mews Courts

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http://www.builtforlifehomes.org/schemes/go/16#popUpImage700

Group 3 – Literature Review

Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology

10 Car Parking

http://www.builtforlifehomes.org/schemes/go/16#popUpImage700

The design of the east courtyard is intended to be flexible to different activities and will accommodate parking during Hanham Halls general usage with cars banned from the space for special events such as farmers markets or performances.

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Is resident and visitor parking: ⁄ Sufficient and well integrated so that it does not dominate the street?

Group 3 – Literature Review

Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology

11 Public & private spaces

Will public and private spaces: Be clearly defined?

Designed to be attractive, well managed and safe?

Aerial view showing the site set in the landscaped context

Flat over garage house type http://www.builtforlifehomes.org/schemes/go/16#popUpImage220

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http://www.builtforlifehomes.org/schemes/go/16#popUpImage700

Group 3 – Literature Review

Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology

12 External Storage

http://www.builtforlifehomes.org/schemes/go/16#popUpImage700

As detailed under the Layout section of this document (Section 3.7) the car parking for the townhouses is generally accommodated in a mews arrangement to the rear. This provides each home with a garage and storage whilst also accommodating the refuse needs of the home.

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Is there: ⁄ Adequate external storage ⁄ Space for bins and recycling ⁄ Space for vehicles and cycles?

Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology

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Group 3 – Literature Review

Group 3 – Literature Review

Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology

1 Guidance – BfL & Responsive Environments

2 Connections – Paths, Public Transport 3 Character – Districts & Landmarks 4 Site & Context – Edges, Landmarks 5 Streets & Spaces – Nodes, Paths & Landmarks Public & Private Spaces – Districts, Nodes & Landmarks

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6

• Lynch, K. (1960) ‘Chapter 1: The Image of The Environment’, in The Image of The City. Cambridge, MA: M.I.T Press, pp. 1–13.

• Lynch, K. (1960) ‘Chapter 2: Three Cities’, in The Image of The City. Cambridge, MA: M.I.T. Press, pp.

14–45.

• Lynch, K. (1960) ‘Chapter 3: The Image and Its Elements’, in The Image of The City. Cambridge, MA: M.I.T. Press, pp. 46–90.

• Lynch, K. (1960) ‘Chapter 4: City Form’, in The Image of The City. Cambridge, MA: M.I.T. Press, pp.

91–117.

• Lynch, K. (1960) ‘Chapter 5: A New Scale’, in The Image of The City. Cambridge, MA: M.I.T. Press, pp.

118–120.

• Phillips, T., Costa, A., Gunter, B., Mallabo, J., 2003, robertchas and Kelly, C. (2014) Is Los Angeles the next great Walkable city?. Available at: http://www.fastcodesign.com/…/is-los-angeles-the-nextgreat…(Accessed: 9 December 2015).

• Project and Spaces, P. (no date) What is Placemaking? - project for public spaces. Available at: http://www.pps.org/reference/what_is_placemaking/(Accessed: 9 December 2015).

• The UK’s knowledge centre for home design (2012) Available at: http://www.designforhomes.org/ (Accessed: 9 December 2015).

• montalvo, luis basabe (2015) Descriptions and projects | lynch, Kevin. Available at: http://contemporarycity.org/2014/03/kevin-lynch/ (Accessed: 9 December 2015).

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• The sign of a good place to live (no date) Available at: http://builtforlifehomes.org/go/building-for-life12 (Accessed: 9 December 2015).