Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology
Nottingham Trent University School of Architecture, Design & the Built Environment
Group 3: Understanding Places The Image of The City. LYNCH K. The M.I.T. Press. London. 1960. Building for Life 12. BIRKBECK D. and KRUCZKOWSKI S. 2012. Nottingham.
Thursday December 10th 2015
Salomey Adjei-Doku Lianne Grosvenor Esther Omada Idoko Anum Khan Urszula Wojcik
N0434067 N0448052 T2268754 T0007334 N0441973
Group 3 – Literature Review
Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology
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"Large-scale imageable environments are rare today… we need an environment which is not simply well organised, but poetic and symbolic as well." (Lynch, 1960, pp. 119)
Group 3 – Literature Review
Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology
⁄ An exploratory study ⁄ Not conclusive - a conversation starter; speculative ⁄ Offers some first principles of city design
⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄
Imageability of city form The need for identity and structure Public images based on a common mental picture 5 key elements that inform the public image
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⁄ Is the look of a city important? ⁄ Can the look of cities be changed? ⁄ Can a city environment ever be beautiful or delightful?
Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology
http://www.vfmii.com/medlib5/CYFramingham_photo/0/59/312/5931211 3/59312113.jpg
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/12/27/teens-shot-innewark-murder-count-100_n_4507531.html
http://wallpaperswa.com/People/Angels/night_lights_los_angeles_ci ties_109352/download_2560x1440
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Group 3 – Literature Review
Group 3 – Literature Review
Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology
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"Nothing is experienced by itself, but always in relation to its surroundings, the sequences of events leading up to it, the memory of past experience." (Lynch, 1960, pp. 1)
Group 3 – Literature Review
Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology
⁄ The detail of the city is ever-changing ⁄ Cities go through many phases ⁄ The people, the citizens = moving elements of the city ⁄ The built environment = stationary elements of the city ⁄ The actors and the stage = both are important
Temporary Art
Shaped by the people
For the people
⁄ The visual quality of the city is affected ⁄ The experiences of the citizens continually change
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City Design
Legibility is the clarity of the cityscape
Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology
2 way process between the environment & observer
We way-find by images we store in our minds = gives feeling of balance & wellbeing
Private Image – Individual perspective; we shape what we see
However, distinction and legibility should be combined with mystery and surprise
Public Image - Common mental pictures carried by most of the population
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Group 3 – Literature Review
Structure Spatial or 'pattern relation' of the object to the observer
Identity Distinction from other objects; individuality
Meaning Practical or emotional meaning to the observer
Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology
Apparent, legible or visible
Strong image quality = Strong image in the observer
Mental image = Vital for orientation
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Group 3 – Literature Review
Group 3 – Literature Review
Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology
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"The contents of the city images so far studied...can conventionally be classified into five types of elements: path, edges, districts, nodes and landmarks…" (Lynch, 1960, pp. 46)
Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology
Images from: Responsive Environments pp. 43
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Group 3 – Literature Review
Group 3 – Literature Review
Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology
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"Paths are the channels along which the observer customarily, occasionally, or potentially moves." (Lynch, 1960, pp. 47)
Group 3 – Literature Review
Channels along which observers travel ⁄
http://bikepgh.org/2009/04/29/the-headlines-42909/
Los Angeles Highways ⁄
Legibility
Familiarity influences Structure how we think about path structure/ certain paths & Identity ⁄ in relation to others
Building ⁄ the Image
We observe the city while moving through its paths
Highway system brings potential drama and identification Paths intersect and joins other path ⁄
Imageability
Gives visual exposure to other parts of the city
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https://sirvacareers.silkroad.com/sirvaext/UnplacedPages/Career_Paths.html
Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology
Group 3 – Literature Review
Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology
Types of paths include:
CON: ⁄ Unaligned and detached paths cause confusion ⁄ If a major path lacks identity, the whole city image is skewed and thrown into difficulty
Streets Walkways Transit Lines Canals
Railways
People like to know path origins and destination points Paths must have a general relationship to make imaging them together easier
Paths should have directional quality
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PRO: ⁄ Characteristic spatial qualities attract attention or assumption of importance ⁄ Paths can become important features of customary travel
Group 3 – Literature Review
APPLICATION
Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology
⁄ Visual exposure to other parts of the space ⁄ Path origin and destinations ⁄ Can become important features of customary travel ⁄ Especially essential to people living with Dementia w G
G
w
w Dementia centre
G
G
w
w Entrance W Residential Wing
G
Outside Space/Courtyard Paths
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⁄ Design points: Navigation consideration ⁄ If designs are considerate of how people travel, navigating it will be easier and familiar ⁄ This affects the way people use/view spaces
Group 3 – Literature Review
Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology
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"Edges are the linear elements not used or considered as paths by the observer." (Lynch, 1960, pp. 47)
Group 3 – Literature Review
Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology
Boundaries
Barriers
Seams
Between 2 phases e.g. 2 districts
Have a disruptive power - are impenetrable
Uniting rather than impenetrable barriers
http://www.wildnatureimages.com/Los_Angeles_Photos.htm
Los Angeles
Jersey City
https://www.google.co.uk/maps/place/Beacon+Hill,+Boston,+MA,+Stany+Zjednoczo ne/@42.3572932,71.0684056,1221m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m2!3m1!1s0x89e3709e822ace4f:0xad0e41814 f41c4d8!6m1!1e1?hl=pl
Boston
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http://errorsomissionsdirect.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Jersey-Cityerrors-and-omissions.jpg
Group 3 – Literature Review
Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology
in continuity, including:
http://travelchannel.sndimg.com/content/dam/images/travel/fullset/2015/06/11/nj-best-beaches/wildwoodbeach-shoreline-new-jersey.jpg.rend.tccom.1280.960.jpeg
Railway Cuts, e.g. Los Angeles railway
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/12/us/rail-project-for-port-of-los-angeles-sparks-anger-in-long-beach.html?_r=0
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Shores, e.g. Jersey Shore
Group 3 – Literature Review
Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology
in continuity, including:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_County,_Califor nia#/media/File:LA_Skyline_Mountains2.jpg
http://i0.wp.com/sugarandcloth.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Boston-Trip44.jpg?resize=540%2C810
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Edges of Development, e.g. LA San Gabriel mountains
Walls, e.g. Acorn St., Boston
Group 3 – Literature Review
Visually prominent, continuous, impenetrable
https://cityspadeproduction.s3.amazonaws.com/listings/555317/4ae64f79d40c8dfaba3090870b8e7cad/600X420
Hudson River, JC
Fragmentary
Abstract continuity
http://cache.boston.com/traffic/bigdig/galleries/artery/01.jpg
Central Artery, Boston
Overhead
Railway viaducts, elevated motorways
http://www.wildnatureimages.com/Los_Angeles_Photos.htm
110 Interchange, LA
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Stronger
Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology
Group 3 – Literature Review
Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology
Sneinton Nottingham City Centre
© Google Maps 2015
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Site
Group 3 – Literature Review
Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology
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"Districts are the medium-to-large sections of the city, conceived as having two-dimensional extent, which the observer mentally “enters inside of”…" (Lynch, 1960, pp. 47)
Common identifying character
Form the basic elements
Can be introverted or extroverted
Distinctive contrasts Themes and patterns
Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology
CON: Thematic confusion can blur the city image PRO: Help to make a city feel well-orientated Defining characteristics can include: ⁄ Space ⁄ Building type ⁄ Use ⁄ Activity ⁄ Inhabitants ⁄ Topography
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Group 3 – Literature Review
Group 3 – Literature Review
Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology
Legibility
⁄
⁄
Building the Image
Enhance the overall legibility of a city Must be internally legible
Enhance the mental image of the city if there are strong characteristics
⁄
Structure & Identity ⁄
⁄ Imageability
Visual & sound cues can identify a district Confusion can identify a district “The contrast and proximity of each area... heightens the thematic strength of each one” Lynch, 1960, pp. 72
Boundaries
Names
Contrast
Edges
Can be hard or soft
Can give identity even if theme is not strong
Features are distinctive & in characteristic clusters
Set a limit to or reinforce the identity of a boundary
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⁄
Group 3 – Literature Review
⁄ ⁄
⁄ ⁄
Has distinctive districts Easily memorable Districts have common identifying features, like iron fences or bay windows Unique character Strong contrasts
https://img0.etsystatic.com/000/1/5206469/il_570xN.340933052.jpg
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⁄
Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology
Group 3 – Literature Review
⁄
⁄ ⁄
⁄
Apparent formlessness Districts are not clear cut A few strong areas but overall city has low imageability Signs are used to navigate the city as no area has real character unlike Boston Not a whole – not distinctive http://ediblejersey.com/editorial/fall-2011/road-trip/
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⁄
Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology
Group 3 – Literature Review
⁄
⁄ ⁄ ⁄
Recognizable districts, though has weak and strong areas Scale of the area weakens the impact of districts Spacious & spread out Macro scale = easier to analyze Lack of strong districts throughout make micro analysis harder http://www.fortunebuilders.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/los-angeles-county.jpg
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⁄
Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology
Group 3 – Literature Review
Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology
NOTTINGHAM CITY CENTRE
APPLICATION
Site
Site Nottingham Creative Quarter map, Nottingham City Deal
⁄ ⁄
Lace Market has a distinctive character Weak and strong areas Name gives identity
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⁄
Nottingham City Centre Quarters map, NCC
Group 3 – Literature Review
Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology
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"Nodes are points, the strategic spots in a city into which an observer can enter, and which are the intensive foci to and from which he is traveling" (Lynch, 1960, pp. 47)
Group 3 – Literature Review
http://cdn.c.photoshelter.com/imgget/I0000F.etncMnJC0/s/860/860/Aerial-Shot.jpg
Boston Common
http://dtfjihky7xwic.cloudfront.net/sites/default/files/styles/poi_detail /public/poi_images/pershing-square-purple-0.jpg?itok=vef5ynyJ
Pershing Sq., LA
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/1c/Olv era_Street_Market.jpgv
http://photos1.blogger.com/img/182/4249/640/untitled.jpg
Plaza-Olvera St. LA
LA Interchange Point
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Nodes are/ can be: ⁄ Focal points ⁄ Junctions ⁄ Places of break in transport ⁄ Crossing or convergence of paths ⁄ Moments of shift from one structure to another ⁄ Areas of concentration or condensation
Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology
Group 3 – Literature Review
Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology
Nodes which are:
Nodes which have:
Nodes which are:
Functional & visually impressive
Strong physical form
Highly differentiated & structured
Also seem to work best
More memorable
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Most successful
Space with form = Stronger impact
Group 3 – Literature Review
Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology
Bigger
Smaller
or
http://cache.boston.com/bonzaifba/Globe_Photo/2008/08/07/1218145453_5749.jpg
https://www.flickr.com/photos/michaelfoleyphotography/414189429
Introverted
Extroverted
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or
https://i.ytimg.com/vi/yhvPqkLbQXg/maxresdefault.jpg
http://bostonbiker.org/files/2008/10/bostongreenway.jpg
Group 3 – Literature Review
Other examples of Nodes are: ⁄ Subway stations ⁄ Railway stations ⁄ City squares ⁄ A city within a country
Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology
Red Line Subway Station, LA
Journal Square, Jersey City http://media.nj.com/hudsoncountynow_impact/photo/journal-squarejpgf380d4a6ae5ffdaa_large.jpg
South Station, Boston https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/SouthStation.agr.JPG
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http://subwaynut.com/california/la_metro/red_line/hollywood-western/hollywood-western22.jpg
Group 3 – Literature Review
Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology
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"A physical characteristic of some aspect that is unique or memorable in the context." (Lynch, 1960, pp. 47)
Group 3 – Literature Review
Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology
Landmarks are: ⁄ Prominent feature in the cityscape ⁄ Point references experienced from outside ⁄ Providers of focus, identity & orientation within the city Key Physical Features: Visibility Local contrasts with nearby elements (wide range of possibilities) https://cdn.vectorstock.com/i/composite/35,97/world-landmark-vector-403597.jpg
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⁄ ⁄
Group 3 – Literature Review
Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology
http://www.unionclub.org/new%20map.jpg
⁄
Visitors to a city can use famous landmarks as reference points for navigation
⁄
Visibility of a landmark from both far and near gives familiarity to the cityscape
Legibility
Building the Image
Junction visibility
⁄
Provides identity to a city Enhances spatial patterns
⁄
Strengthen the image of the city in the mind of the observer
Structure & Identity ⁄
Imageability
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Visible from many locations
Group 3 – Literature Review
DISTANT LANDMARK
Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology
DISTANT LANDMARK
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/ 22/2007-0925-Boston-JohnHancockTower.jpg
The John Hancock Building, Boston http://www.aviewoncities.com/img/florence/kveit2983s.jpg
The Duomo, Florence, Italy
JUCTION
http://i.imgur.com/omFoa6s.jpg
https://d38ls2kcjnhfdj.cloudfront.net/32344f97-0a6b-45ea-af08-4949114db3bf.jpg
The Gold Dome of Boston State House, Boston
The Verizon Building, Boston
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DISTANT LANDMARK
Group 3 – Literature Review
Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology
Angle Setting Back
⁄ Legibility
Building the Image
⁄
SCALE
AGE
Contrasting landmarks provide easy identification of a street or area
⁄ Structure & Identity
⁄
Strong contrast with the ⁄ overall city image can Imageability identify a landmark e.g. historic contrast modern
Contrasting landmarks give an open-ended image Opportunity for future adaptation Changing image of the city can be provoked/ triggered by landmarks
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SITTING
Group 3 – Literature Review
http://www.books-aboutcalifornia.com/Images/LA_Today_1915/County_Court_House.jpg
The Old Hall of Records, Los Angeles
SCALE
http://blog.nj.com/hudsoncountynow_impact/2009/04/large_jersey-citymedical-center-beacon-wpa-projects.JPG
Medical Centre, Jersey City
CLEANLINESS VS DIRTY CITY
https://c.o0bg.com/rf/image_960w/Boston/20112020/2014/06/10/BostonGlobe.com/Business/Images/fourseasons1 .jpg
The Christian Science Building, Boston
AGE
http://images.boomsbeat.com/data/images/full/94920/1-jpg.jpg
Acropolis Museum, Greece
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SITTING
Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology
Group 3 – Literature Review
Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology
APPLICATION
Site
Gloucester Cathedral
© Google Maps 2015
Site Aerial
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© Google Maps 2015
© Lianne Grosvenor, 2015
Group 3 – Literature Review
Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology
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“The Building for Life campaign is about guiding the better planning of new development through urban design that is safe and provides everything that should be expected of a new community” (Kruczkowski and Birkbeck, 2012, pp. 3)
Group 3 – Literature Review
Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology
https://twitter.com/buildingforlife
https://julietbidgood.files.wordpress.com/2014/12/building-for-life-12-1-copy.jpg
BfL12 https://julietbidgood.files.wordpress.com/2014/12/building-for-life-12-1-copy.jpg
Government endorsed industry standard For guiding the better planning of new developments Only 25% of developments achieve BfL12 criteria Led by 3 partners
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⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄
Group 3 – Literature Review
Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology
http://www.lucybullivant.net/images/changing/DC_CABE_Strapline_Logo_LE0.jpg
http://www.designforhomes.org/
http://www.barbourproductsearch.info/ HBF08-Logo-FINAL-file030427.jpg
⁄ Launched in 2001 ⁄ BfL12 is the third version of the guide ⁄ Responds to the changes in the National Planning Policy Framework
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⁄ Design tool to be used through the planning process ⁄ Assess the quality of proposed and completed developments ⁄ Offers developers opportunity to promote their developments
Group 3 – Literature Review
Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology
Relates to the spaces around new homes and other buildings
Sometimes overlooked
Must be intelligently designed
Vital to sense of pleasure & feeling of safety to passersby
Must be designed to be as safe as possible
A collaborative process used to shape the public realm
⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄
Great places have: Sociability Uses & Activities Access & Linkages Comfort & Image
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Relates to the spaces between and around new homes
Group 3 – Literature Review
Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology
Based on a traffic light system http://images.clipartpanda.com/traffic-clipart-traffic-light.png
Secure as many greens as possible
Avoid reds
⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄
The criteria is a Q&A checklist Indicates development potential Assess quality of place making Assessments are all independent Waivers for certain circumstances
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Minimize ambers
9 greens = Built for Life accreditation
Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology
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Group 3 – Literature Review
Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology
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Group 3 – Literature Review
Group 3 – Literature Review
Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology
1 Connections Does the scheme: ⁄ Integrate into its surroundings? ⁄ Reinforce existing connections or create new ones? ⁄ Respect existing buildings and land uses around the development site? The masterplan shows immediate connections linking into the local context. The site is located facing existing homes and community facilities to the west and farmland to the east.
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http://www.builtforlifehomes.org/schemes/go/16#popUpImage700
Group 3 – Literature Review
Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology
2 Facilities & services
http://www.builtforlifehomes.org/schemes/go/16#popUpImage700
Facilities map showing amenity within 5 and 10 minute walking distances
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Does the development provide: ⁄ Community facilities? ⁄ Shops? ⁄ Schools? ⁄ Workplaces? ⁄ Parks? ⁄ Play areas? ⁄ Pubs? ⁄ Cafes?
Group 3 – Literature Review
Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology
3 Public Transport Does the scheme: ⁄ Have good access to public transport? ⁄ Help reduce car dependency?
http://www.builtforlifehomes.org/schemes/go/16#popUpImage220
A bus stop is located at the site entrance.
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http://www.builtforlifehomes.org/schemes/go/16#popUpImage220
Group 3 – Literature Review
Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology
4 Meeting local housing requirements Does the development: ⁄ Have a mix of housing types and tenures that suit local requirements? The scheme addresses local housing requirements by providing a wide range of accommodation, from 1 bedroom flats and coach houses to five bedroom houses.
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http://www.builtforlifehomes.org/schemes/go/16#popUpImage700
Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology
51
Group 3 – Literature Review
Group 3 – Literature Review
Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology
5 Character Does the scheme: ⁄ Create a place with a locally inspired or otherwise distinctive character?
http://www.builtforlifehomes.org/schemes/go/16#popUpImage700
Within and along the boundary of the historic curtilage wall we have created an area we describe as the ‘Walled Courts’. At the entry to the site, in the location of the old farm yard and buildings, we refer to ‘The Yard’.
http://www.builtforlifehomes.org/schemes/go/ 16#popUpImage700
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Character areas diagram
Group 3 – Literature Review
Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology
6 Working with the site and context
http://www.builtforlifehomes.org/schemes/go/16#popUpImage700
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Does the scheme take advantage of: ⁄ Existing topography? ⁄ Landscape features (including water courses)? ⁄ Wildlife habitats? ⁄ Existing buildings? ⁄ Site orientation? ⁄ Microclimates?
Group 3 – Literature Review
Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology
7 Creating well defined streets & spaces Are buildings: ⁄ Designed and positioned with landscaping to define and enhance streets and spaces? ⁄ Designed to turn street corners well?
Homes overlooking shared surface streets
http://www.builtforlifehomes.org/schemes/go/16#popUpImage220
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http://www.builtforlifehomes.org/schemes/go/16#popUpImage700
Group 3 – Literature Review
Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology
8 Easy to find your way around?
Is the development: ⁄ Designed to make it easy to find your way around?
http://www.builtforlifehomes.org/schemes/go/16#popUpImage700
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The development is not a through route and new roads and paths within the development are shared surface for residents and visitors only.
Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology
56
Group 3 – Literature Review
Group 3 – Literature Review
Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology
9 Streets for all Are streets: ⁄ Designed in a way that encourage low vehicle speeds? ⁄ Designed to allow them to function as social spaces?
Detail of the Mews Courts
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http://www.builtforlifehomes.org/schemes/go/16#popUpImage700
Group 3 – Literature Review
Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology
10 Car Parking
http://www.builtforlifehomes.org/schemes/go/16#popUpImage700
The design of the east courtyard is intended to be flexible to different activities and will accommodate parking during Hanham Halls general usage with cars banned from the space for special events such as farmers markets or performances.
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Is resident and visitor parking: ⁄ Sufficient and well integrated so that it does not dominate the street?
Group 3 – Literature Review
Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology
11 Public & private spaces
Will public and private spaces: Be clearly defined? Designed to be attractive, well managed and safe? Aerial view showing the site set in the landscaped context
Flat over garage house type http://www.builtforlifehomes.org/schemes/go/16#popUpImage220
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http://www.builtforlifehomes.org/schemes/go/16#popUpImage700
Group 3 – Literature Review
Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology
12 External Storage
http://www.builtforlifehomes.org/schemes/go/16#popUpImage700
As detailed under the Layout section of this document (Section 3.7) the car parking for the townhouses is generally accommodated in a mews arrangement to the rear. This provides each home with a garage and storage whilst also accommodating the refuse needs of the home.
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Is there: ⁄ Adequate external storage ⁄ Space for bins and recycling ⁄ Space for vehicles and cycles?
Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology
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Group 3 – Literature Review
Group 3 – Literature Review
Construction Technology 3 – DESN30168 BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology
1 Guidance – BfL & Responsive Environments
2 Connections – Paths, Public Transport 3 Character – Districts & Landmarks 4 Site & Context – Edges, Landmarks 5 Streets & Spaces – Nodes, Paths & Landmarks Public & Private Spaces – Districts, Nodes & Landmarks
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6
• Lynch, K. (1960) ‘Chapter 1: The Image of The Environment’, in The Image of The City. Cambridge, MA: M.I.T Press, pp. 1–13.
• Lynch, K. (1960) ‘Chapter 2: Three Cities’, in The Image of The City. Cambridge, MA: M.I.T. Press, pp. 14–45. • Lynch, K. (1960) ‘Chapter 3: The Image and Its Elements’, in The Image of The City. Cambridge, MA: M.I.T. Press, pp. 46–90. • Lynch, K. (1960) ‘Chapter 4: City Form’, in The Image of The City. Cambridge, MA: M.I.T. Press, pp. 91–117. • Lynch, K. (1960) ‘Chapter 5: A New Scale’, in The Image of The City. Cambridge, MA: M.I.T. Press, pp. 118–120. • Phillips, T., Costa, A., Gunter, B., Mallabo, J., 2003, robertchas and Kelly, C. (2014) Is Los Angeles the next great Walkable city?. Available at: http://www.fastcodesign.com/…/is-los-angeles-the-nextgreat…(Accessed: 9 December 2015). • Project and Spaces, P. (no date) What is Placemaking? - project for public spaces. Available at: http://www.pps.org/reference/what_is_placemaking/(Accessed: 9 December 2015). • The UK’s knowledge centre for home design (2012) Available at: http://www.designforhomes.org/ (Accessed: 9 December 2015).
• montalvo, luis basabe (2015) Descriptions and projects | lynch, Kevin. Available at: http://contemporarycity.org/2014/03/kevin-lynch/ (Accessed: 9 December 2015).
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• The sign of a good place to live (no date) Available at: http://builtforlifehomes.org/go/building-for-life12 (Accessed: 9 December 2015).