SYMBIOTIC SKYSCRAPER:
A PRO GR AMME TEMPORALITYBASE D A P P R OACH TO HIGH DENSI TY U R BAN FORM
Liliani Saputri
SYMBIOTIC SKYSCRAPER:
A PROGRAM M E TEM PORALITYBAS ED APPROACH TO HIGH DENS ITY URBAN FORM 2016 | Term 9+10 | 28 Weeks Type: Mixed-Use Tutor: Thomas Schoepher Subject: Thesis Site: Keppel, Singapore
CONTENT 1.0 Background
1.1 Increasing Population Density
1.2 High-rise Dominating Singapore’s Skyline
1.3 Trend of Mixed-Use Skyscrapers
2.0 Problem Field 3.0 Study
3.1 Location of Mixed-Use Skyscrapers
3.2 Type of Programmes Mix
3.3 Understanding Existing Typologies
3.4 Relationships Between Programmes
4.0 Design Proposal
1.0 BACKGROUND
1.1 Increasing Population Density
82 years
65 years
Life Expectancy (Source: Worldbank) 5.4
1.2
Fertility Rate (Source: Worldbank) 15.1
3.7
The life expectancy in Singapore has increased rapidly to 82 years by 2014 while the total fertility rate (TFR) has declined over the years from 5.4 in 1960 to 1,25 in 2014. With increasing life expectancy and declining fertility rate, Singapore faces the problem of potential shrinkage of the labour force. The age dependency ratio has been inclining from 3.7 in 1960 to 15.1 in 2014. Based on the studies done, Singapore’s total population has to increase from 5.54 million in 2015 to 6.9 million in 2030 to sustain Singapore’s economic and its population to be youthful and stable. Shortage of land area is a huge problem in Singapore. Singapore’s land area has grown from 581,5 km² to 719,1 km² in 50 years through land reclamation to accommodate for its growing population (SLA, 2016). Based on the land use planning, only 54% of Singapore’s land area (excluding defence requirements, land transport infrastructure, nature and reservoirs) is buildable (MND, 2013). This shows how limited our built land area is. Thus, the densification of Singapore is inevitable.
Age Dependency Ratio (Source: Worldbank)
766 km2 718.9 km2
581.5 km2
Total Land Area (Source: Singstat.gov.sg)
Housing Industry and Commerce Community, Institution, Receration Utilities Ports and Airports Others Parks and Nature Reserve Defence Requirements Land Transport Infrastructrure Reservoirs
46% unbuildable
54% buildable
Land Use Plan in 2030 (Source: Singstat.gov.sg)
) 000 n (, o i t m) ula sqk Pop Area ( d Lan
ity ns De ) n io km lat /sq pu le Po eop (p
Population Density in Singapore (Source: Data.gov)
Medium Cities 1m to 5m
Large Cities 5m to 10m
1974 3,537 people/sqkm
Singapore’s Skyline (Source: Scott Holcomb, 1974)
2014 7,139 people/sqkm
Singapore’s Skyline (Source: Brian Evans, 2014)
5342 High-rise 69%
2164 Low-rise 28%
220 Skyscraper 3%
“LARGE POPULATION, SMALL ISLAND.. THEREFORE, WE HAVE NO CHOICE BUT TO GO HIGH-DENSITY.. Singapore Public Housing Story (2013), Liu Thai Ker
Low-rise High-rise (35-100m) Skyscraper (>100m)
Singapore’s Building Data in 2016 (Source: Emporis)
1.2 High-rise Dominating Singapore’s Skyline
In the 1960s, many people in Singapore were living in slums and crowded squatter settlements. In a city-state country where land scarcity is a huge issue, high-rise public housings were built in Singapore to solve this housing crisis. By 2016, over 80% of Singapore’s resident population live in mostly high-rise public housing (Developing Living Cities: From Analysis to Action). Hence, highrises become a major building typology in Singapore. As the population density is projected to be twofold of the current population density, high-rises buildings will not be enough to cater for Singapore’s land needs. Skyscrapers are the only option to go. In 2016, 3% of Singapore’s building already consists of skyscrapers (Emporis, 2016).
Central Business District (Source: Brian Evans, 2014)
High-rise Housing Estate (Source: Disckson Phua, 2014)
1.3 Trend of Mixed-Use Skyscrapers
Land Use Plan (Source: URA) Transport Green Green
Residential Industry Reserve Site Business
The number of skyscrapers built has increased exponentially in the recent decades. This increment is predicted to continue in the future to cater for Singapore’s growing population. Furthermore, there is a shift in the skyscraper’s building function. Even though most skyscrapers which were built in the 1990s, were office buildings, there are a lot of new residential and mixed-use skyscraper developments in recent years. Singapore’s city planning is predominantly based on single-use zoning, splitting land uses into residential, commercial and industrial areas. It creates a problem of disparity of urban intensity. For instance, the central areas which are mostly commercial areas are congested with many people, while the residential areas located on Singapore’s border are desolated and dull environment. Over the recent decades, mixed-use development has gained popularity among residents and investor. By putting office, residential and retail in a single development, it can bring greater convenience and reduces the need to travel. Mix land uses also convey substantial economic benefit. Commercial uses that are located in close proximity of residential areas often have higher property values, as there are more shoppers in the area. Also, mix land uses attract many residents who crave for better quality of living, increasing the property value. According to Sustainable Singapore Blueprint (2015), more mixed-use developments will be developed in the housing estates and regional centre in the future.
Activity Generating Use Plan (Source: URA)
Population Density (inhabitants/sqkm) 20,000-30,000 15,000-20,000
10,000-15,000 5,000-10,000
21 out of 108 skyscrapers 19% part of mixed-use development
83 out of 108 skyscrapers 76% residential development
Mix-Use Residential Others Office
Singapore’s Skyscrapers Data in 2016 (Source: Emporis)
5 2 12 9 1
7 11 8 10
Mixed-Use Skyscrapers (Source: Emporis)
3
4 6
As mixed-use developments gain popularity among urban planners, residents and investor, it is important to understand its strength and weaknesses to create a better typology for the future.
1. People Park Complex 1973
7. Marina Bay Financial Centre 2012
2. Raffles City 1986
8. OASIA 2016
3. Concourse 1994
9. Southbeach 2016
4. Marina Bay Sands 2010
10. Marina One Upcoming
5. Clementi Mall 2011
11. Tanjong Pagar Upcoming
6. Asia Square 2011
12. DUO Upcoming
2.0 PROBLEM FIELD
The distance from the upper floor to the street are increased tremendously as the building go higher which creates isolation from the public life.
The introduction of the new ground floor plane helps to integrate upper level to the urban life. However, each layer of the new ground is still isolated from each other.
Public spaces are commercialised (shopping mall), privatised and have low level of publicness. Each project still relies on the street to provide public space.
The movement between floor entirely relies on the use of elevators. Each floor becomes an individual entity on its own, closed and separated system.
Mix programs are confined within boundary without any opportunities for its synergy.
Overall Analysis of Mixed-Use Skyscraper in Singapore (left to right: Clementi Mall, Raffles City, OASIA)
Open Public Space Privatised Public Space
Others Lift
Culture Hotel Residential
Office Carpark/Services Shopping
By fostering relationships between programs through the use of vertical public spaces, networks of city life can be vertically extended from the city into skyscrapers, which could become a solution to liveability in a high dense situation.
Thesis Statement
1.0 Background
2.0 Problem Field
3.1 Location of Mixed-Use Skyscrapers 3.2 Type of Programmes Mix 3.0 Study
3.3 Understanding Existing Typologies 3.4 Relationships Between Programmes
4.0 Design Proposal
Methodology
3.0 STUDY
Density of floor area ratio
Single-use High-rise
Single-use Skyscraper
Mixed-use Skyscraper
3.1 Location of MixedUse Skyscrapers With high concentration of activities and people over time, mixed-use skyscrapers should be located in core urban areas with high degree of accessibility and connectivity, such as MRT Stations.
Maximum density of activity
Density of activity /time
Existing MRT Track Future MRT Track
MRT Stations With limited land area and increasing transport demand, public transportation holds the key to solving future transportation problem. Mass Rapid Transport (MRT) forms the backbone of the
Singapore MRT Future Plan (Source: LTA)
public transport in Singapore (Ibrahim, 2003). Its route serves to connect various satellite towns to the most densely populated areas of Singapore. MRT Station is a critical node as it serves as an entry point
to not only a single station but also for the entire transit system comprising multiple stations and transit networks.
Section of Bedok Integrated Mixed-Use Development
Bedok Residences Facilities
Bedok Integrated Mixed-Use Development
Bedok Mall Entrance to MRT
Integrating Mixed-use Development with MRT Historically, MRT Stations are intended only for transit purposes. However, there is an increasing commercialization of MRT Station, introducing large-
scale commercial spaces into existing and future underground space (Wong, Chiam, Lovatt, & Lim). MRT Stations also become part of integrated mixed-use development such as in the case of Bedok station.
Bedok station is an integrated mixed-use developments which consist of retail and residential programme. Retailers have the assurance that they will always have customers from the train station patrons
or residences. While the residences and the train station patrons have the benefit of having retailers nearby.
Dhoby Ghaut Development
Clementi Development
City Hall Development
(Clementi Mall)
(Raffles City)
Bishan Development
Future Development
(Plaza Singapura)
Buona Vista Development
(Junction 8)
(Star Vista)
Shopping Living Carpark
Culture Office Other
Hotel Civic, Community Institution Education
Reclaiming Public Space in MRT Mixed-Use Development
spaces into existing and future underground space (Wong, Chiam, Lovatt, & Lim).
As can be seen from the case studies, there is an increasing commercialization of MRT station, introducing large-scale commercial
Integration of MRT Station with shopping malls creates privatised and sanitised spaces.
Singapore MRT Development Case Studies
In creating a future MRT programme typology, public functions should also be integrated with MRT Stations.
North Coast Innovation Corridor: More commercial centres outside the city Punggol: to be further develop Reclamation in the nearer term
Tengah: 55,000 new homes in the next 2-3 years
Bidadari: 11,000 new homes in the next 2-3 years
Tampines North: 21,000 new homes in the next 2-3 years
Southern Waterfront City: more commercial centres outside the city
Business Residential Reserve Site
Civic and Community Institution Commercial Transport Facilities
Pasir Panjang Terminal
Singapore Land Use Plan in 2030
Open Space Park
Keppel Terminal Pulau Brani
The relocation of the City Terminals at Tanjong Pagar, Keppel and Pulau Brani by 2027 and the Pasir Panjang Terminal thereafter will free up 1,000ha of land for development. The Greater Southern Waterfront — with a land area about three times
Great South Waterfront Development
Keppel Golf Club
Keppel Golf Club
Keppel Golf Club’s lease will expire on 31 December 2021 and no new lease will be offered as the land is proposed to be used as mixed-use estates as part of Greater South Waterfront Development.
the size of Marina Bay — is envisioned to be a seamless extension of the city and will open up new live-work-play opportunities.
Transportation Network
Amenities
500m radius from MRT Station
Labrador MRT
Telok Blangah MRT
Site Choosen
0
3.2 Type of Programmes Mix
it would be the primary node of Keppel’s mixed-use development.
The proposed site is Telok Blangah MRT Station. Currently, it serves the neighbourhood of Telok Blangah and residences of Keppel Bay. In the future,
Through understanding the specificity of the site, various programs are proposed to be included in this design proposal, including school,
community centre, office, and residential.
100
200
500
Site Plan
A. Canteen B. Staff Offices C. Classroom D. Science Block (Laboratory) E. Workshop Block F. MPH
D E
A B
D E
C
Level 1 Plan
3.31 Study of Secondary School
E
F C
Level 2 Plan
Level 3 Plan
Level 4 Plan
Occupancy: 1100 Area (sqm) Unit
Courtyard typology +maximizing natural daylight +maximizing ventilation, +maximizing privacy (inward-looking form)
Workshop
Classrooms
MPH/Canteen Science
Clustered programs in a block +Maximize privacy +Minimize noise from other programs
Staff Room
Staff Room +Centrally located around the school +Easy access
Classroom
80
28
Staff Room
100
1
Admin Office
50
1
Canteen
1300
1
MPH
600
1
Basketball Court
900
1
Library
150
1
Science Lab
200
6
Fab Lab
300
1
Food Lab
120
2
Music Room
120
1
Arts Room
120
2
Dance Room
120
2
LT
240
2
Computer Lab
200
2
Printing Room
15
1
Sick Bays
25
1
A. Basketball Court B. Activity Room C. Food Store D.Staff Room E. MPH F. Arts Room G. Dance Studio
B
C
A E B
B
D
Level 1 Plan
3.32 Study of Community Centre
B
B
B
Level 2 Plan
F
B
G Level 3 Plan
Area (sqm)
Unit
Office
210
1
MPH
525
1
Basketball Court
Shaded court +maximizing the usage of the court due to harsh weather in Singapore
Inward-looking typology +Visual connection to the basketball court
Retail as the attraction +Retail as the attractor point to the community centre
1
Activity Room
64
8
Arts Room
120
1
Dance Studio
120
1
Food Store
280
1
A. Office B. Meeting Area C. Lobby D. Breakout Area
B
B
B
B
C
D A
B
3.33 Study of Office
B
B
Occupancy: 219
B
B
B
B
Meeting areas are clustered and located near the entrance + maximize privacy + minimize noise buffer
A
A
A
Working areas are located near the perimeter + maximize privacy + minimize noise buffer + maximize daylight
Area (sqm)
Unit
Office
9
219
Meeting Room
25
21
Pantries
25
2
Activity Room
64
8
Breakout Area
200
1
A. Religious Institution B. Pavilion C. Healthcare D. Gym/Fitness Equipment E. Retail F. Childcare G. Playground H. Hardcourt I. CC
D D
E B
F E
C
B A
G H E I
E H A
C
E
D C
F F
3.34 Study of Neighbourhood
G
Residential
Community Community space are located on the ground + Mazimizing foot traffic
F F
G
Playground located near childcare
D C
Fitness/gym equipment located near heathcare centre
Weekday
Weekend
Occupation Schedule (before)
Weekday
Weekend
Occupation Schedule (after) School Office
Community Centre Retail
3.4 Relationships between programmes As can be seen from the occupation schedule graph, school or offices are typically occupied during weekday 9-6pm. While community centre is typically occupied
after working hours and weekend. Hence, there is an opportunity for a space to be occupied for different programmes at the distinctive timing. Through studies of understanding various
spatial needs of each programme and its occupation schedule, a programme temporalitybased approach can be implemented in a mixed-use development.
SHARED SPACES: CHANGING NATURE OF MIXED-USE DEVELOPMENT..
e or St
s
ie
ce r G
b
om
sR
Dan
oom
ce S
Lecture
tudio
Theatre
Computer Lab Office s
Fitnes
nd
grou
mm
en m te oo m an R o C taff ssro S la C
School Office Community Centre Retail
Food and B everages
Food
Court
re Sto
eck
Ch ild ca
He al
th ca
re
Ce
M
ic
in
Cl
re
o
urp
i-p ult
rt
ou
C se
Vo id D
Co
n
rde
Ga
re
ty uni
nt
Play
Be d an od ry urt om Ro Fo ibra dco e c L oo e F tor eren rt e S onf cou oom urt tag C ood ty R Co all + S F ctivi tball se H A ske urpo Ba lti-P ck Mu id De Vo ildcare Centre Ch lthcare Hea ic Clin RC Pavilion rpose Court Multi-pu urt Basketball Co Community Garden Playground Fitness Office Special Pantry Function Room Meeti + Breakout A rea Sick ng Room Com Bays p Lec uter Da ture T Lab Art nce S heatre M s Ro tudio Fo usic R om oo F od Sc ab L Lab m Lib ien ab P ra ce M ar ry Lab Fi ult ade el i-P S d u qu rp a os re/ e Ba Ha sk et ll ba ll
ro
b
b
La
Ro
Classroom
Field
ll
all
y
La
La
Art
etb
rar
e b
sic
a se H
k Bas
Lib
nc Fa
od
Mu
urpo
re +
i-p Mult
a Squ ade Par
ie Sc
Fo
es
ag
r ve
Compression of programmes space(right=before, left=after)
Adjacency Diagrams
4.0 DESIGN PROPOSAL
Sectional Axo
WEEKEND
WEEK DAY
School Office Community Centre Retail
Sectional Axo
The classroom is adjacent to a library as to bring students closer to the library. However, during the weekend, classrooms can be transformed to activities room for library expansion.
W E E KDAY Classroom
Library
Office
Library
Office
WEEKEND Activities Room
Level 13 Plan
W E E KE N D
WE E KDAY
School Office Community Centre Retail
Sectional Axo
The vertical public realm can accommodate for various uses. When the vertical public space is adjacent to office and residential areas, it can serve as meeting spaces/ breakout room during working hours and void deck for the residences after office hours.
Weekday 8 am
Weekend 10 am
12 pm
School Office Community Centre Retail
2 pm
4 pm
6 pm
8 pm
10 pm
12 am
8 am
10 am
12 pm
2 pm
4 pm
6 pm
8 pm
10 pm
Transformation of the Programmes
Sectional Axo
The porous facade allows for better urban ventilation in high-density situation.
Physical Model 1:2000
Thin Block Maximising Natural Ventilation
Thin Block Maximising Daylight
NS Orientation
Connection are created between mix programmes through vertical circulation which also serve as a public space. This public space helps to extend public life from the ground to the upper level. Physical Model 1:2000
Physical Model 1:500
This project challenged the norms of a mixed-use skyscraper and set out to create a new alternative prototype for a utopian hyper-dense urban form. It focuses on creating lively public space by integration of circulation with public space and programme temporary-based approach. Through a continuous public space stretch from MRT basement to roof garden at the top most level, urban life can be extended from the ground to the upper level. It also encourages movement between floor. Also, by using programme temporarybased approach, lively space can be introduced throughout the building. It also focuses on sustainability through the slenderness of the building which maximises daylight and cross ventilation. Furthermore, the use of programme temporarybased approach optimises space usage and reducing the need for construction.
Continuous circulation from MRT Station (underground)
Physical Model 1:200
REFERENCES
Amin, A. (2006). Collective culture and urban public space. Anastasia Loukaitou-Sideris, R. E. (2009). Sidewalks: Conflict and Negotiation Over Public Space. The MIT Press. Centre for Liveable Cities, Urban Land Institute. (2013). 10 Principles for Liveable High-Density Cities. Singapore: Centre for Liveable Cities, Urban Land Institute. Cho, I. S., Heng, C. K., & Trivic, Z. (2016). Re-Framing Urban Space: Urban Design for Emerging Hybrid. Oxon: Routledge. Emporis. (2016). Singapore Building Directory. Retrieved from Emporis: http://www.emporis.com/city/100422/singapore-singapore Hogeschool van Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences. (2010). Workshop IP Streets of Amsterdam. Amsterdam. Ibrahim, M. F. (2003, June). Improvements and integration of a public transport system: the case of Singapore. Cities, pp. 205-216. Limin Hee, G. L. (2003). The politics of public space planning in Singapore. Ministry National Development. (2013). Land Use Plan to Support Singapore’s Future Population. Singapore: Ministry National Development. Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources, Ministry of National Development. (2015). Singapore Sustainable Blueprint. Singapore: Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources, Ministry of National Development. Simone, A. (2010). City life from Jakarta to Dakar. Routledge. Singapore Department of Statistics. (2015). Our Population, Our Future. Retrieved from http://population.sg/infographics/#module-2 Singapore Land Authority. (2016). Total Land Area of Singapore. Singapore. Wong, R., Chiam, B., Lovatt, A., & Lim, K. (n.d.). INTRODUCTION OF LARGER-SCALE COMMERCIAL SPACES INTO UNDERGROUND. Yeang, K. (2002). Reinventing the Skyscraper: A Vertical Theory of Urban Design. Academy Press. Yuen, B. (2007). Squatters No More: Singapore Social Housing. Global Urban Development. Yuen, B., & Kallidaikurichi, S. (2010). Developing Living Cities: From Analysis to Action. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Company.