Granton waterfront regeneration brief by Linshan Lu

BRIEF

GREENTON

A GREEN AND OPEN NEW GRANTON WATERFRONT

CONTENTS CHAPTER 1. A PLACE WAITING FOR REGENERATION

1.1 LOCATION

1.2 INTRODUCTION

1.3 LOCAL CONTEXT

1.4 ACCESSIBILITY

CHAPTER 2. LOTS OF BEAUTIFUL “MESSES” WAITING TO BE FRAMED

2.1 HERITAGES

2.2 GREEN AND OPEN SPACES

2.3 VIEWS AND SURROUNDED ATTRACTIONS

CHAPTER 3. PART OF EUROPEAN’S BIGGEST REGENERATION PROJECT

3.1 NATIONAL PLANNING POLICIES

3.2 REGIONAL PLANNING POLICIES

3.3 LOCAL PLANNING POLICIES

3.4 OTHER DOCUMENTS

CHAPTER 4. SUMMARY ISSUES AND OPPOTUNITIES

CHAPTER 5. PRECEDENTS

5.1 CLEVELEYS, LANCASHIRE, UK

5.2 AKER BRYGGE, OSLO, NORWAY

5.3 HAFENCITY, HAMBURG, GERMANY

CHAPTER 5. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

REFERENCES

LOCATION

A PLACE WAITING FOR REGENERATION

A lot of post industrial areas have appeared since the late twentieth century because of the closure of works, caused by the industrial depression. Those once thriving areas have become derelict and have lost their charm. The project site â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Granton waterfront is one of the post industrial areas that are facing the issue of regeneration.

INTRODUCTION

Situated 3.4 kilometers to the north of Edinburgh city centre, this approximately 174 hectares coastal site extends along the south shore of the Firth of Forth. It is in the middle of Cramond coast and Leith. The Granton bayside skyline is formed by Forth Bridge to the west, Cramond Island and Fife to the north, and Inchkeith with Leith harbour as a background to the east. The site seems to have been a place of no reputation for many centuries until the construction of Granton harbour in 1830s, when it was used for loading and unloading heavy goods. The harbour then became a hub allowing the growth of the site in the following 150 years. It served as military base for naval vessels during the two World Wars, and was then a base for a sizeable fishing fleet. Due to development, the harbour was gradually infilled initially for industry and then for residence. Today, not too much evidence of the “harbour” function can be found there. Only from the home of the Royal Forth Yacht Club, can people see the shadow of the once prosperous port. As a post-industrial site, the industrial changes have contributed a lot to the character of Granton. “In its heyday, Granton Harbour was a bustling, noisy, hive of industry, with constant train arrivals, commercial vehicle deliveries, coastal shipping, tankers, trawlers, ferries and cranes.” (Ports and harbours of the UK, http://www.ports.org. uk/port.asp?id=712) From the end of the 20th century, industries and works gradually closed due to the worldwide economic depression, which has left massive brownfields waiting for regeneration. The local council recognises the site as part of the city’s waterfront and have developed a regeneration plan similar to Leith Docks. It includes new higher density residential and business quarters, schools and shopping centres, and a few scattered green spaces. Although Middle Pier has been retained as a “working” pier, the harbour character of Granton hasn’t been preserved. Conversely, more harbour will be infilled for residential development. Embracing a characteristic history, Granton waterfront has the potential to be attractive and to develop a reputation for landscape and recreation. Without its local identity, the site will be no different from other city waterfronts and will lose its charm. This project is primarily aimed at exploring the possibilities for the site to thrive in terms of its landscape, and addressing an exclusive regeneration plan for this urban waterfront.

LOCAL CONTEXT

| FORTH BRIDGE

| CRAMOND ISLAND

| CRAMOND COAST

| GRANTON WATERFRONT | GRANTON

| EDINBURGH CITY CENTRE

| FIFE

| NEWHAVEAN

ACCESSIBILITY The main vehicular accesses connect the site with Leith, Cramond, and Edinburgh city center, thus the site is highly accessible. But inside the site, there are many dead-end roads. Sometimes the pavement is intermittent beside the road making the site unfriendly for pedestrians.

Main vehicular acess Secondary vehicular access Minor vehicular access Site boundary Che stnu t St

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BUS NETWORK

GRANTON

Western Harbour

Granton Square

Ocean Terminal

Muirhouse Silverknowes

Leith walking tour: Trinity house South leith parish church St James Signal tower Swing bridge Water of leith

Royal botanical garden

Kingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Road (Wakefield Avenue)

Edinburgh city tour: 30 minutes bus circle Princes street CITY George street CENTER Edinburgh castle West princes street gardens Grass market Scotish National Gallery Waverly railway station

Bus route Bus stop Project site Attractions

Greendykes Royal Infirmary

Clovenstone

Colinton (Westgarth Avenue) Torphin

The site enjoys a very advanced bus network. According to the time table from Edinburgh, No. 8, 11, 14, 16, 19, 24, X29, 32, X37, 38, 47 go through the site. One can get to most locations in this area by bus from most of the residential places in Edinburgh.

Hyvots Bank

Glencorseanburn Penicuik Town Center

Gorebridge (Birkenside)

LOTS OF BEAUTIFUL “MESSES” WAITING TO BE FRAMED

In the report of “Edinburgh landscape character assessment” that published in January, 2010, the site is defined as a place of low landscape value. It says that “with limited natural elements, the highly modified coast edge and the hinterland of industry and housing made the scenic quality of the site quite low”. Granton waterfront seems to be no longer an appealing place in terms of landscape. But as a place carrying so many changes, it has a lot of beautiful views that are waiting to be discovered and framed.

HERITAGES

Http://www.grantonhistory.org/buildings

the Caroline House area

Caroline house is probably one of the oldest buildings in Granton. It was first built in the late sixteenth century. It was initially a house and was used as offices during the industrial period. Nowadays, Caroline House has been restored and serves as a private residence (owned by Parnells) again. The house is of high architectural value and its south front is described as “without parallel in Scotland” by “The Building of Scotland”. According to the “Historic Houses Association”, the house includes fine plasterwork ceilings and ceiling paintings, notable iron-work balustrade by Italian, French and German artists who also worked at Holyrood. Close to Caroline House is the former site of Granton Castle. It is said that the castle was already in existence in 1479. Nowadays only one section of wall is left there to prove its existence to the world. The houses became different from the local context when the modern works were built during the industrial period. From the late 20th century the works nearby have closed gradually due to the industrial depression, so the atmosphere there has changed considerably. Caroline House is now hidden behind some contemporary modern buildings and gives a sense of being uninhabited like an abandoned place.

CAROLINE HOUSE AND GRANTON CASTLE

HERITAGES

Gas holder and the remained old industry buildings

Granton was a place of massive industry, such as gas works, car factory, quarries, etc. As the works folded, most plants and buildings vanished, so the surviving industrial remains become particularly valuable due to its industrial heritage. The gas holder is one of them. It has become a landmark for this area and visible from almost every direction. A community park and Caroline House are just next to the gas holder. The area around the gas holder is overgrown with weeds, and a new semi-wild eco-balance is forming. Some remaining buildings, such as the lighthouse depot now have other uses, but their unusual stone faรงades still contribute greatly to the local landscape. Among the remaining buildings there are some longstanding factories. The united wire works that has settled here since 1925 is one of them. It has gradually become part of Granton and is a very important feature here.

THE GAS HOLDER AND INDUSTRY REMAINS

HERITAGES The coast is key to Granton’s development. In terms of landscape, it contains a number of valuable elements such as a sedimentary rock shore with fish, fossils and birds. The shoreline can be divided into three parts according to different landscape characters.

Views of the west coast

Views in the Granton harbour

Views of the east coast

The west coast has retained its relatively original character over the centuries because of the stability of adjacent land use and therefore enjoys a higher landscape value. It is a landscape node of the Edinburgh Promenade, which is a 17km stretch of walkway running from Cramond in the west to Joppa in the east. It has become a regular place for recreational activities such as jogging, cycling, and dog walking. The further west section is connected with Gypsy Brae Recreational Park, which makes this narrow coast a link between the recreational green space and Granton harbour. Although enjoying a high landscape value, it’s a pity that this part seems to be separated from the southern Granton area by the unattractive warehouses and the road. The harbour is the most developed waterfront of the whole coast. Because of recent plans, it has been gradually developed for residential use. Although very advanced and modern, these newly built residences seem to be incoherent with the remaining low quality industries. Although very little sense of harbour can be felt nowadays, sports facilities such as the Go store and the Royal Forth Yacht Club express the new development possibilities which could both respect the area’s history and its current situation. Different from the west coast, the east coast has a more refined shoreline, which offers a more urban feel. Between two industrial harbours, Granton and New Heaven, this part of coast also contains some historical manmade features, such as the former railway embankment, the pier, and the sewage pump station. Except for the pier area, the sea is not easily visible along the coast between Granton harbor and the pier because of stonewalls and hedges, but thanks to the clean skyline, the view to the northern side is still open. Just next to the walls, an intermittent path runs through the linear green belt, and provides a route for people exercising.

GRANTON HARBOUR AND THE COAST

GREEN AND OPEN SPACES WITHIN THE SITE Legends

Accessibility High

Open green space

Legends

Eco-quality

Roadside green space Woodland Low

Historical park

High

Fenced vacant space Open vacant space

Low

Dumping space

Due to being a post industrial site, the quantity of abandoned spaces is relatively large. Some of the spaces are quite open and “green”, with grasses growing on them, while the others are still “industrial”, with bare soils and pieces of bricks. The worst area is the abandoned space just beside the main road which has become an informal dump. When people try to see the seaside from the road, the dump becomes a very annoying obstacle. In terms of recreational green spaces, the coastal part is more popular than the newly built park in the hinterland, although the new park seems to enjoy a higher quality according to the assessment recorded in Edinburgh open space strategy. It has a small forest with a stream going through, and a timber bridge links two big pieces of well managed lawn. When it comes to a wider context, it is shown that a lot of large sized recreational grounds are to the west of the site, and some of them connect directly with the site through green ‘corridors’. To the south east, there are only a few fragmented green patches because of the dense buildings. Compared with the west, the surface of Leith and Newhaven to the east of the site is relatively “hard”, with mainly hard pavements and very limited planting. To conclude, the site is in the middle of a mature recreational area and a newly developed “hard” harbour. The location provides a lot of opportunities. To the southern developed area, the site has the potential to serve as a functional green transition linking the hinterland with the harbour and improving the environment.

IN A WIDER CONTEXT

BANGHOLM RECREATINAL GROUND

GYPSY BRAE RECREATIONAL PARK RECREATIONAL GROUND

SILVERKNOWS CARAVAN SITE SILVERKNOWS GOLF COURSE

RECREATIONAL GROUND PILTON PARK

VICTORIA PARK

VIEWS AND SURROUNDED ATTRACTIONS BUILDING USE AND VIEWS

The main usage of buildings on the site is residential, industry and business. The condition of industry and business is one of the drivers of change to the landscape in this area. This may be why the site has much vacant and abandoned open space. There is a view sequence along the coastal side that could create a variable and enjoyable seaside experience. Sea is a valuable landscape resource for the site, it could create great open view, which could be very valuable in an urban context. It’s a shame that there is no strong view corridor from south to north, so the hinterland lacks the feeling of the waterfront.

Legends

Community services Industry and business Retail Residential Utilities and infrastructures Visual angle( <180°)

VIEW TO SURROUNDED ATTRACTIONS “Strong visual relationship with the coastal islands and Fife, and the Firth of Forth has a naturalistic quality which contrasts with the urban character of the coastal edge; Constant movement of boats on the water and activities of seabirds due to importance as feeding habitat.” (Key character of Granton city waterfront, Edinburgh landscape character assessment)

PART OF EUROPEANâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S BIGGEST REGENERATION PROJECT

The National Planning Framework for Scotland sets out the Executiveâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s policy on the long term spatial development of Scotland up to the year 2025. The second National Planning Framework for Scotland was issued in June 2009. This refers to the national significance of the Edinburgh Waterfront regeneration proposals, described as one of the largest urban regeneration projects in Europe. The Granton waterfront is part of the proposed regeneration area. The other main areas are Newhaven and Leith. Some regeneration actions were taking place but now the majority of projects are on hold for economic reasons. Is the previous plan still suitable for the site? To answer this question, a review of relevant plans and policies will be discussed in this chapter.

REGIONAL PLANNING POLICIES EDINBURGH CITY LOCAL PLAN

The plan was adopted in January, 2010. It covers the whole urban area in Edinburgh, including the Granton site. It serves as the essential policy and proposal for the use and development of the land. It identifies the key driver of changes in Edinburgh as: • A growing economy • Higher Densities • Better Transport • A More Sustainable City

Spatial Strategies

• A Thriving and Accessible City Centre • New Urban Quarters on Edinburgh’s Waterfront Two extensive areas of land along Edinburgh’s waterfront, at Leith and Granton, will see significant development during the Local Plan period and beyond, providing much needed housing and associated retail and community facilities, as well as employment and leisure/ tourism related developments that will enable these areas to take on a wider role, complementary to that of the city centre. • The Completion and Consolidation of Economic Development in West Edinburgh • South East Wedge Edinburgh BioQuarter • The Urban Area • The Enhancement and Improvement of the Green Network

Design Principles for New Development

•

To ensure that new development is of the highest design quality and respects, safeguards and enhances the special character of the city. • To ensure that the city develops in an integrated and sustainable manner. • To create new and distinctive places which enhance the special character of the city and meet the needs of residents and other users. Development Adjoining Watercourses and the Coastal Edge • provides an attractive frontage to the water in question. • maintains or provides public access to the water’s edge. • maintains and enhances the nature conservation or landscape interest of the water body including its margins. • if appropriate, promotes recreational use of the water.

EDINBURGH LOCAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN

According to the timetable, the first Edinburgh Local Development Plan is to be adopted in July 2015. It will set out detailed policies and proposals to guide development. At the current stage, a development plan scheme that includes the Main Issue Report(MIR) and Environmental Report is being prepared. In the MIR, it is said that on the waterfront, housing led regeneration is underway, but the Council must now consider an alternative strategy in which most of Leith Docks would remain in port use serving the off-shore renewables industry. In terms of Granton harbour, whether housing led regeneration is suitable or not is still questionable. Some other issues such as a green network development and commercial development have been revealed and discussed in the report. They are all linked with the Granton project and this should be taken into consideration when the new develop strategy is being planned.

REGIONAL PLANNING POLICIES

EDINBURGH OPEN SPACE STRATEGY

This plan was prepared in September, 2010 and will be updated every 5 years. The plan set out a series of quality standards and a development strategy for open space in Edinburgh. There are two large green spaces in the site; Gypsy Brae Park and Forthquarter Park. Only the Forthquarter Park has met the quality standard. In the following years, Edinburgh is going to identify and connect a extensive and integrated green network. As the map shows, a new green corridor on Granton Waterfront (red line on map) is needed to create a waterfront promenade. Meanwhile, the existing waterfront green space( blue line on map) needs to be managed and improved. North to south connections(dots on map) are required to complete the network. The strategy confirmed that in a regional context, the site could play a vital role in open space network. Although the current condition is not very satisfying, the vacant places on site provide the opportunity to improve the site by creating a strong open space system.

LOCAL PLANNING POLICIES

WATERFRONT & LEITH AREA DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK

Since 2001, there have been many masterplans prepared for areas of the city waterfront, unfortunately none have allowed a ‘place’ to flourish. In October 2011, the Waterfront & Leith area development framework was published. It developed a co-ordinating framework for Granton, Newhaven, and Leith as a whole, and a series of area frameworks in detail. Although they are all city waterfront in terms of landscape character in the Landscape Character Assessment, their opportunities and issues vary from each other. For example, Leith developed from its history both as a port and an independent burgh. The harbour is located at a relatively central place in Leith The transition from seafront to hinterland is full of commercial buildings and streets, thus the revitalisation spreads everywhere in many forms. The ocean terminal, the remained industries, and the shopping center together with modern style dwellings have made the Leith dock look very “busy”, but not organized and it lacks a specialized regeneration theme. In terms of landscape, the most valuable part is the Water of Leith, which is a river flowing for 24 miles from Pentland Hill to the Firth of Forth at Leith harbour. Compared with the water trail, the landscape value of Leith harbour is not that remarkable. Conversely, Granton harbour is located in a much less urban context. The site is mainly surrounded by dwellings and recreational grounds. The harbour is less refined than the others, and the abandoned industrial lands provide a lot of regeneration opportunities. The coordinating framework includes the three areas as a whole and it may be helpful for making the whole coast coherent. However in the detailed masterplans, the same devlopment method is shared. It makes the whole Edinburgh urban coast look the same.

LOCAL PLANNING POLICIES WATERFRONT & LEITH AREA DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK 1896

1933

1952

1970

In Granton area framework, the site is divided into 5 function zones. The open space hasnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t been expanded. The harbour is separated as new and old Granton. For the old part, the linear pier remains as a marine feature, but on the west harbour which is a post industrial area, more land will be infilled for residential development, which makes the waterfront not open enough for public. A city street is proposed on West Harbour Road along the coast, and the Granton Square area will be the new town centre. All the evidence shows that the Granton Square area will be developed into another Leith, probably like many urban harbours in the world. The Granton harbour formed in the late 19th century provides the site with a unique feature. During the past 50years, it has been gradually filled for development. If the harbour disappeared, one of the most important character areas of the site will be gone. The Edinburgh Promenade goes through the shoreline in the site, which provides a big chance for the Granton harbour to function as a recreation node in the future. Now the promenade trail will go right through several residential communities, and if the walkers want to see the old harbour, they need to go into the residential area. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s not only that the site has lost one thriving opportunity, but it is also inconvenient for the promenade development.

1980

Historical maps source: Edina Digimap

2010

PLAN

Granton harbour maps from 1896 to the planning time

OTHER DOCUMENTS

There are some other specific documents that need to be considered when carrying out planning.

EDINBURGH WATERFRONT PROMENADE DESIGN CODE The design code was published on May 2008. As part of the waterfront promenade, the coastal planning should use the promenade design code for guidance.

STATE OF ENVIRONENT REPORT Chapter 23 Coastal flooding and erosion

This report updated in May, 2012 assesses the flood risk in the Edinburgh coastal area and provides general suggestions on maintenance of coastal defenses. According to the report, coastal flooding has not been a significant issue for Edinburgh. But the vast majority of the land on Granton waterfront will be less than 5 metres above mean sea level. The lowest part of Granton may be at risk for wave overtopping and erosion, so the new development should be built at a sufficiently high level. According to the report, a shoreline management plan will be established recently.

SUMMARY- ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES

Collectively, the site is now in an unsatisfying condition. The main issues can be summarized as following: •

The Granton harbour is under threaten and the site is now losing its local identity.

•

There isn’t a functional transport network inside the site, although in a wider context, the site enjoys high accessibility. The roads, especially along the coast, are primarily for vehicles and not pedestrian friendly.

•

There are massive abandoned fields in the site, the very few still functional buildings are scattered and randomly mixed without a organized layout. The site is now a place lacking vigour.

As a place with lots of beautiful views, what we need to do is to make frames at the right place. There are stimulating opportunities for the site. •

There are plenty brownfield areas available for new functions.

•

Adjacent to significant recreational grounds, surrounded by many beautiful landscapes, and located on city waterfront with a historical harbour, the site does have the opportunity to flourish by serving as a recreational destination. Both the regional open space strategy and the coastal promenade plan regard the site as an important node, which gives the site high potential regionally. Furthermore, in Edinburgh, a world class tourist city, there are no city waterfront recreational destinations. These facts all provide the site with great opportunities.

•

PRECEDENTS CLEVELEYS, LANCASHIRE, UK Cleveleys is a small seaside town on the north-west coast of England, five miles north of Blackpool. Similar to Granton, it also has a highly modified shoreline because of flooding issue. Combining the flood defenses and the waterfront recreation, Cleveleys exploited a unique opportunity to entirely renovate its water front. It stretched and transformed the flood wall into a wave of concrete steps, which provide much more open space for people to allow them to get close to the sea. As a waterfront promenade, the public open waterfront is a subtle transition from the urban element( busy road) to the sea bay, and contributes a lot by attracting people there. It proved to be a critical element in sustaining the social and economic welfare of the town, connecting shops and cafes to the beach and hosting a diverse variety of leisure events.

http://hydedailyphoto.blogspot.co.uk/2010_10_01_archive.html

http://www.geolocation.ws/v/P/20218972/cleveleys-promenade/en

PRECEDENTS AKER BRYGGE, OSLO, NORWAY Similar to Granton, Aker Brygge was a postindustrial brownfield. The regeneration process was carried out in the1980s, some industrial buildings were transformed by being provided with a new function. New communities were built to attract new residences. But the buildings donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t occupy the whole area, the new building development is back in the hinterland, thus a waterfront open space measured 260000m2 was preserved and developed into a urban waterfront promenade. Nowadays, more people work at Aker Brygge today than in the days of shipbuilding. In summer and autumn thousands of people use Aker Brygge for recreation, and participate in the many activities that Aker Brygge has offered. It becomes a place not to miss when visiting Oslo. As a further development, the hinterland properties are bound together through a comprehensive working agreement thereby creating a new district of Oslo which is unique in both a national and international perspective. A number of well situated public areas and arrangements have been developed through cooperation between apartment owners, and business and cultural interests. The well-functioning self-developed communities will become another appealing place to visit.

http://hijack.blogspot.co.uk/2006/12/december-at-aker-brygge.html

http://www.fanpop.com/clubs/norway/images/408215/title/aker-brygge-photo

PRECEDENTS HAFENCITY, HAMBURG, GERMANY Like Edinburgh city waterfront regeneration project, the Hafencity in Hamburg is a relatively large old harbour regeneration project in Europe. The west of this new town has been completed. In this project, some buildings are situated close to the sea, which makes the seafront look quite narrow. At the end of the narrow water, an enlarged open terrace creates a landmark for the area, and serves as a viewpoint to the sea. Another inspiring fact is that the seaside buildings are mainly public buildings and in an innovative style. The exterior landscape has taken the waterfront recreation into consideration. Thus the waterfront still enjoys high accessibility.

http://www.hafencitynews.de/wp-content/flagallery/hcn/orte/Traditionsschiffhafen.jpg

http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fil:Hamburg_hafencity_marco-polo-terrassen.JPG

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

To conclude, the concept of this project is to develop the site by transforming it into an urban waterfront recreation destination. The main aims and objectives can be summed up into 3 aspects: • Give the Granton waterfront back to the public The Granton waterfront will be the core of this project. It will use the opportunity of the regional open space development, enhance the recreational function of the site and endow the site with a strong identity of recreational public waterfront. With emphasis on creating an open and enjoyable coastal line, the coastal site will be a new landmark and activate the whole site, thus make the site a vigorous place. • Use multifunctional landscapes to regenerate the postindustrial site Creating a well functioning land use system to solve the issue caused by incoherent buildings and abandoned fields in a way that landscape has the priority. Use multifunctional landscapes to improve the ecosystem while meeting the needs of economic development. • Improve the infrastructure to create a user friendly Granton This will include basic facilities(green/grey/blue infrastructure) for recreational usage, an in site transport network and a safer and more friendly pedestrian route.

PLANNING AND DESIGN STAGES

To achieve the above aims and objectives, the project can be completed by the following stages: Stage 1: In this stage, a renovation development concept should be proposed, with broad strategic proposals for the site, dealing with a broad range of themes relating to land use, circulation and transport, public realm and open space. Stage 2: In this stage, a clear long term development phase will be proposed, with a relatively detailed planning of phase one. That will include a master plan, a series of specific plans and visualisations. Stage 3: In this stage, a more detailed design for the most important node will be produced.

REFERENCES

WEBSITES

1. Granton history [Internet] http://www.grantonhistory.org [Last accessed 27 December 2012] 2.The city of Edinburgh council [Internet] http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk [Last accessed 18 January 2013] 3. Hafencity Hamburg [Internet] http://www.hafencity.com [Last accessed 19 January 2013] 4. Scotlandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s coastal path [Internet] http://www.nationalcoastalpath.co.uk/sections/section1/path1.html [Last accessed 18 January 2013

PDF E-RESOURCE

1. The city of Edinburgh council, Tansport 2030 vision [Internet] http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/411/ transport_2030_vision [Accessed 3 January 2013] 2. The city of Edinburgh council, Development plan scheme Decemeber 2012 [Internet] http://www.edinburgh. gov.uk/downloads/file/9199/development_plan_scheme_dec_2012 [Accessed 3 January 2013] 3. The city of Edinburgh council, Edinburgh city local plan [Internet] http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/info/178/local_and_strategic_development_plans/1005/edinburgh_city_local_plan/1 [Accessed 3 January 2013] 4. The city of Edinburgh council, Edinburgh local biodiversity action plan [Internet] http://www.google.co.uk/url ?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CDIQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edinburgh.gov.uk% 2Fdownload%2Fdownloads%2Fid%2F1956%2Fedinburgh_biodiversity_action_plan&ei=O8P6UI2oMMaX1AW K2YHYDA&usg=AFQjCNF4gSaUYYhFfzkU4q56ZXYj-2cjBA&bvm=bv.41248874,d.d2k [Accessed 27 December 2012] 5. The city of Edinburgh council, Edinburgh landscape character assessment [Internet] http://www.edinburgh. gov.uk/downloads/file/1948/edinburgh_landscape_character_assessment [Accessed 20 November 2012] 6. The city of Edinburgh council, Edinburgh waterfront promenade design code [Internet] http://www.edinburgh. gov.uk/downloads/file/1893/edinburgh_waterfront_promenade_design_code [Accessed 15 January 2013] 7. The city of Edinburgh council, LDP main issue report [Internet] http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/info/178/local_and_strategic_development_plans/1019/local_and_strategic_development_plans/1 [Accessed 17 January 2013] 8. The city of Edinburgh council, Edinburgh promenade the city coastal retreat [Internet] http://www.google.co.uk/ url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CC8QFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edinburgh.gov. uk%2Fdownload%2Fdownloads%2Fid%2F8077%2Fedinburgh_promenade&ei=ecX6UJ73MI3D0AWrzoDYDA &usg=AFQjCNEaEdCyFDcm8gMRqi-LDuuwujGI6Q&bvm=bv.41248874,d.d2k [Accessed 13 January 2013] 9. The city of Edinburgh council, Open space strategy [Internet] http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/info/207/planningpolicies/1046/open_space_strategy/1 [Accessed 17 January 2013] 10. The city of Edinburgh council, Water quality and flooding coastal flooding [Internet] http://www.edinburgh. gov.uk/download/downloads/id/4503/coastal_flooding [Accessed 17 January 2013] 11. The city of Edinburgh council, Water front and Leith development framework [Internet] http://www.edinburgh. gov.uk/info/207/planning-policies/1059/area_development_frameworks/3 [Accessed 17 January 2013]

Linshan Lu Registration No. :110138491 Landscape architecture, University of Sheffield