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China’s need for sustainable design
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Gross Domestic Product and Population of China (1990 - 2008)
30285 billion (2008)
1.328 billion
1872 billion (1990)
1.143 billion
GDP
Population
Source: China Statistical Yearbook 2009
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Urbanization in China
Urban Population of China (1990 - 2030)
Urbanization Rate China (1990 - 2030)
(in Millions)
880
Urban
Source: UN: World Urbanization Prospects
Rural
56%
60%
20 30
20
53%
20
20 10
05
00
35%
20
199 5
0 199
20 30
25 20
20 20
15 20
10 20
05 20
00 20
31%
45%
40%
20
454 27%
199 5
199
0
315
381
49%
20 15
531
25
607
20
683
756
822
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Urban Growth in China
C h i n a ’s
C h i n a ’s
2000
2025
Megacities
Megacities
Source: State of the World’s Cities 2008/2009 (UN HABITAT 2008)
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Urban Growth and Arable Land in China
arable land
non-arable land
6.4% of arable land was lost between 1995 and 2005 due to industrialization and modernization. In 2005 China had around 122 million hectares of arable land, covering 13% of its territory. (USA: 19%)
C h i n a ’s
Megacities
2025
China has less than 7% of the world’s arable land with which to feed more than 20% of the world’s population. The USA has 20% of the world’s arable land to feed 5% of the world’s population.
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We now live in an Era of Consequences! Air Pollution
Drinking Water
About 300 million farmers do not have access to save drinking water.
8 out of every 10 rainfalls in Guangzhou, capital of Guangdong province, were classified as acid rain in 2007.
(China Daily 2008-03-28)
(China Daily
2008-01-11)
Destruction by Pollution
More than 80% of China’s 33UN-designated World Heritage sites, including the Leshan Buddha, have been damaged by air pollution and acid rain, mostly from the burning of coal.
(Associated Press – 2007-11-04)
Water Pollution
26% of surface water in China is totally unusable, 62% is unsuitable for fish and 90% of the rivers running through cities are polluted. (China Daily
2007-12-28)
Desertification
In 2000, 12 sandstorms hit Beijing, three times more than the average for the 1990s. (SCMP
2007-04-16)
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Building Industry Environmental Impact Facts
50%
40%
60%
Of the materials extracted from earth are consumed by the building sector.
Of the greenhouse gases result from construction and use of buildings.
Of all the waste produced comes from building and civil engineering work.
Source: The Energy Manual
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Sustainability in Architecture
planet
planet: building design has to consider energy and resources saving strategies.
people: buildings that fails to meet the users’ requirements will fail completly.
prosperity people
prosperity: any design solution has to make economical sense, otherwise it will not be realized.
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Living Standards (ownership of appliances per 100 urban households) Refrigiator
Television
(per 100 Households)
(per 100 Households)
Shanghai
Shanghai
China 183
China 104
102
147
95
137
80
116
2000
2000
2007
2007
Computer
Air Condition
(per 100 Households)
(per 100 Households)
Shanghai
China
Shanghai
China
91
175
53
96
95
26 30
9
2000
2007
2000
Source: China Statistical Yearbook 2009 / Shanghai Statistical Yearbook 2008
2007
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Energy consumption in China by Sector sectors directly linked to design.
Residential
Europe
12 %
16 %
7% 9%
Commercial
28 %
26 %
31 %
15 %
7%
Transportation
69 %
10 %
Industry
22 %
31 %
28 %
Agriculture
USA Energy consumption in 2000 by sector
Energy consumption in 2000 by sector
according to the National Bureau of Statistics.
according to the LBNL
Source: LBNL: Energy Use in China January 2007 / Energy Information Administration 2008 / European Environment Agency 2009
19 %
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Residential Energy Consumption by Usage for China and USA
China Lighting
9%
Space Heating
USA 8% 27 %
7%
20 %
AirCondition Lighting
Appliances Space Heating
32 %
Water Heating Other Uses
7%
41 %
24 %
Appliances
21 %
Cooking
Water Heating
41%
56%
of usage directly linked to design
of usage directly linked to design
Source: LBNL: Energy Use in China January 2007 / US Energy Information Administration
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Commercial Energy Consumption by Usage
China 8% 7%
AirCondition Lighting and Other
30% 54 %
Space Heating Water Heating Other Uses
69% of usage directly linked to design
Source: LBNL: Energy Use in China January 2007
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Urban Heat Island Effect
32째 C 31째 C 30째 C 29째 C
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Adjustment of Building Blocks
pedestrian path way street traffic
conventional layout
adjusted layout
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Building Life Cycle
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1 2
3
6
4 5
1 Project Development: Bidding, Financing, Usage, Requirements, Feasibility Study ...
5 Modernization: Refurbishment, Upgrading, Adaptation, Modernization ...
2 Building Design: Project Analysis, Preliminary Design, Approval, Design Development ...
6 Operation II: Building Management, Maintainance, Service, Running Costs ...
3 Construction: Supervision, Quality Control ...
7 Deconstruction: Waste Management, Recycling ...
4 Operation I : Building Management, Maintainance, Service, Running Costs ...
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Energy Saving by Design & Behavior
Building energy consumption (1000 kwh/year)
60
33%
50
Water Heating Ventilation
40
33%
Pumps Space Cooling
30
Space Heating Plug Loads
20
Lighting 10
0
Wasteful Behavior
Design
Conservation Behavior
Source: WBCSD: Energy Efficiency in Buildings - Transforming the Market
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Building Modernization Fact
a full modernization of the building envelope and replacement of heating and air conditioning systems improves the building efficiency by 30% minimum, 50% to 75% is possible.
Source: WBCSD: Energy Efficiency in Buildings - Transforming the Market
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Comparison of Building Types
Technical Comparison
Detached House
Terrace House
Apartment Block
High-rise building
0.78
0.65
0.43
0.49
23
21
27
30
168 000 (100%)
136 000 (81%)
113 000 (67%)
126 000 (75%)
+
o
o
+
Orientation: north-south Building volume: 4320 m2 Proportion of windows: north: 20% east: 30% west: 30% south: 50%
A/V Ration
[1/m3]
Proportion of windows
[%]
Total Energy Consumption [kWh/a] Lighting
Source: The Energy Manual
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Climate Conditions
Climate Zones in China
Local Climate Conditions
N
Northeast Summer: warm Winter: long, cold, dry
Northwest Summers: hot, dry Winters: long, cold, dry winters with high winds and dust
North Summer: Hot, wet Winter: cold, dry winters
W
Southwest Summers: cool, dry Winters: cold, dry with high winds
Local Climate Conditions
South Summers: Hot, wet Winters: cool to cold, dry
Yungui
Winter Sun
Summers: warm Winters: cool
Southeast Summers: hot, wet Winters: warm, dry
Sichuan Summers: hot, wet Winters: cool, misty
Summer Sun
Winds
S
E
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Parties in the Building Industry
Government law
G A
Investors funds
Architects know-how
I P
People behavior
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