China's need for sustainability

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China’s need for sustainable design

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Gross Domestic Product and Population of China (1990 - 2008)

30285 billion (2008)

1.328 billion

1872 billion (1990)

1.143 billion

GDP

Population

Source: China Statistical Yearbook 2009

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Urbanization in China

Urban Population of China (1990 - 2030)

Urbanization Rate China (1990 - 2030)

(in Millions)

880

Urban

Source: UN: World Urbanization Prospects

Rural

56%

60%

20 30

20

53%

20

20 10

05

00

35%

20

199 5

0 199

20 30

25 20

20 20

15 20

10 20

05 20

00 20

31%

45%

40%

20

454 27%

199 5

199

0

315

381

49%

20 15

531

25

607

20

683

756

822

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Urban Growth in China

C h i n a ’s

C h i n a ’s

2000

2025

Megacities

Megacities

Source: State of the World’s Cities 2008/2009 (UN HABITAT 2008)

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Urban Growth and Arable Land in China

arable land

non-arable land

6.4% of arable land was lost between 1995 and 2005 due to industrialization and modernization.

In 2005 China had around 122 million hectares of arable land, covering 13% of its territory. (USA: 19%)

C h i n a ’s

Megacities

2025

China has less than 7% of the world’s arable land with which to feed more than 20% of the world’s population. The USA has 20% of the world’s arable land to feed 5% of the world’s population.

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We now live in an Era of Consequences!

Air Pollution

Drinking Water

About 300 million farmers do not have access to save drinking water.

8 out of every 10 rainfalls in Guangzhou, capital of Guangdong province, were classified as acid rain in 2007.

(China Daily 2008-03-28)

(China Daily

2008-01-11)

Destruction by Pollution

More than 80% of China’s 33UN-designated World Heritage sites, including the Leshan Buddha, have been damaged by air pollution and acid rain, mostly from the burning of coal.

(Associated Press – 2007-11-04)

Water Pollution

26% of surface water in China is totally unusable, 62% is unsuitable for fish and 90% of the rivers running through cities are polluted.

(China Daily

2007-12-28)

Desertification

In 2000, 12 sandstorms hit Beijing, three times more than the average for the 1990s.

(SCMP

2007-04-16)

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Building Industry Environmental Impact Facts

50%

40%

60%

Of the materials extracted from earth are consumed by the building sector.

Of the greenhouse gases result from construction and use of buildings.

Of all the waste produced comes from building and civil engineering work.

Source: The Energy Manual

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Sustainability in Architecture

planet

planet: building design has to consider energy and resources saving strategies.

people: buildings that fails to meet the users’ requirements will fail completly.

prosperity people

prosperity: any design solution has to make economical sense, otherwise it will not be realized.

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Living Standards (ownership of appliances per 100 urban households) Refrigiator

Television

(per 100 Households)

(per 100 Households)

Shanghai

Shanghai

China 183

China 104

102

147

95

137

80

116

2000

2000

2007

2007

Computer

Air Condition

(per 100 Households)

(per 100 Households)

Shanghai

China

Shanghai

China

91

175

53

96

95

26 30

9

2000

2007

2000

Source: China Statistical Yearbook 2009 / Shanghai Statistical Yearbook 2008

2007

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Energy consumption in China by Sector sectors directly linked to design.

Residential

Europe

12 %

16 %

7% 9%

Commercial

28 %

26 %

31 %

15 %

7%

Transportation

69 %

10 %

Industry

22 %

31 %

28 %

Agriculture

USA Energy consumption in 2000 by sector

Energy consumption in 2000 by sector

according to the National Bureau of Statistics.

according to the LBNL

Source: LBNL: Energy Use in China January 2007 / Energy Information Administration 2008 / European Environment Agency 2009

19 %

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Residential Energy Consumption by Usage for China and USA

China Lighting

9%

Space Heating

USA 8% 27 %

7%

20 %

AirCondition Lighting

Appliances Space Heating

32 %

Water Heating Other Uses

7%

41 %

24 %

Appliances

21 %

Cooking

Water Heating

41%

56%

of usage directly linked to design

of usage directly linked to design

Source: LBNL: Energy Use in China January 2007 / US Energy Information Administration

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Commercial Energy Consumption by Usage

China 8% 7%

AirCondition Lighting and Other

30% 54 %

Space Heating Water Heating Other Uses

69% of usage directly linked to design

Source: LBNL: Energy Use in China January 2007

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Urban Heat Island Effect

32째 C 31째 C 30째 C 29째 C

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Adjustment of Building Blocks

pedestrian path way street traffic

conventional layout

adjusted layout

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Building Life Cycle

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1 2

3

6

4 5

1 Project Development: Bidding, Financing, Usage, Requirements, Feasibility Study ...

5 Modernization: Refurbishment, Upgrading, Adaptation, Modernization ...

2 Building Design: Project Analysis, Preliminary Design, Approval, Design Development ...

6 Operation II: Building Management, Maintainance, Service, Running Costs ...

3 Construction: Supervision, Quality Control ...

7 Deconstruction: Waste Management, Recycling ...

4 Operation I : Building Management, Maintainance, Service, Running Costs ...

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Energy Saving by Design & Behavior

Building energy consumption (1000 kwh/year)

60

33%

50

Water Heating Ventilation

40

33%

Pumps Space Cooling

30

Space Heating Plug Loads

20

Lighting 10

0

Wasteful Behavior

Design

Conservation Behavior

Source: WBCSD: Energy Efficiency in Buildings - Transforming the Market

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Building Modernization Fact

a full modernization of the building envelope and replacement of heating and air conditioning systems improves the building efficiency by 30% minimum, 50% to 75% is possible.

Source: WBCSD: Energy Efficiency in Buildings - Transforming the Market

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Comparison of Building Types

Technical Comparison

Detached House

Terrace House

Apartment Block

High-rise building

0.78

0.65

0.43

0.49

23

21

27

30

168 000 (100%)

136 000 (81%)

113 000 (67%)

126 000 (75%)

+

o

o

+

Orientation: north-south Building volume: 4320 m2 Proportion of windows: north: 20% east: 30% west: 30% south: 50%

A/V Ration

[1/m3]

Proportion of windows

[%]

Total Energy Consumption [kWh/a] Lighting

Source: The Energy Manual

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Climate Conditions

Climate Zones in China

Local Climate Conditions

N

Northeast Summer: warm Winter: long, cold, dry

Northwest Summers: hot, dry Winters: long, cold, dry winters with high winds and dust

North Summer: Hot, wet Winter: cold, dry winters

W

Southwest Summers: cool, dry Winters: cold, dry with high winds

Local Climate Conditions

South Summers: Hot, wet Winters: cool to cold, dry

Yungui

Winter Sun

Summers: warm Winters: cool

Southeast Summers: hot, wet Winters: warm, dry

Sichuan Summers: hot, wet Winters: cool, misty

Summer Sun

Winds

S

E

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Parties in the Building Industry

Government law

G A

Investors funds

Architects know-how

I P

People behavior

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