Dwelling Design Studio AR1AD011 2016/2017
GLOBAL ISSUES ÀRRG JURXS
FLOODING AROUND THE WORLD
1 | Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans (2005)
2 | Sea level rise: 30% of French Polynesia at risk
5 | Floods in Ho Chi Minh City in the rainy season
3 | River flood of the Elbe in Germany (2013)
4 | Surface flood in the Netherlands
Dwelling Design Studio AR1AD011 2016/2017
GLOBAL ISSUES ÀRRG JURXS
SEA LEVEL RISE: AFFECTED AREAS
direct risks from physical climate impacts alone
source: http://www.cgdev.org/page/mapping-impacts-climate-change
adjusted for countries’ ability to cope with climate impacts
Dwelling Design Studio AR1AD011 2016/2017
GLOBAL ISSUES ÀRRG JURXS
FLAVOURS OF FLOOD tidal movements (Rotterdam) 2x month
new moon
full moon
sun
sea level rise (NL) high tide low tide
+150
2x day
3mm a year
meltwater (alps)
-30
source: Rotterdamse Adaptatie Strategie, 2013
getij.rws.nl
upstream knmi.nl
local
coastal flooding
L
river flooding due to heavy rain upstream
winds perpendicular
L to the river mouth (NW)
surface flooding
Measuring probabilty: - daily (tides) - year events: 1/100, 1/1000 or 1/10000
H
H sea level rise
What happens if this occurs at the same time?
Dwelling Design Studio AR1AD011 2016/2017
TIMELINE ÀRRG JURXS
15th century Building on terps
First river dykes
First sea dykes
Windmills
Used to dry out lands
1000
1100
SWAPS,
1200
1300
1014
1170
Watersnood
First All Saints Flood
1500
THE DRYING OUT PROCESS REDRAFTS
FIRST DIKES
BUILDING ON TERPS
1400 PART OF THE LANDSCAPE
1248 First All Saints Flood
1421
1570
First St. Elisabeth Flood
Second All Saints Flood
Dwelling Design Studio AR1AD011 2016/2017
TIMELINE ÀRRG JURXS À
1798 Rijkswaterstaat
1916-32
1960-86
Afsluitdijk
Oosterscheldekering
Zuiderzee Works
Delta Works
Ministry of Infrastructure & Environment Execution of public works & water managment
1800
1900 LOTS OF RIVERFLOODING FOCUS ON STRONGER DYKES
1916 Zuiderzee 6WRUPÁRRG
1988-97
2006-16
2010
2012
Maeslandkering
Ruimte voor de Rivier
New Delta Plan
Sand Motor
Delta Works
*RYHUQPHQW·V GHsign plan to allow ÁRRGHG DUHDV
Multi-layer safety approach
Experiment in management of a living shoreline
2000 NEW TECHNOLOGIES ENABLE
INCREASED ATTENTION ON
EXPLORE MORE DYNAMIC
LARGE SCALE STARTEGIES
RIVER STRATEGIES
STRATEGIES ON LOCAL SCALE
1920 Watersnood
Leads to the Zuiderzee Works
1953
1993 & 1995
Watersnoodramp
5LYHU ÁRRG
Leads to the Delta Works
Dwelling Design Studio AR1AD011 2016/2017
STRATEGIES ÀRRG JURXS
STRATEGIES static
dynamic
living shorelines
(movable) barrier ʁRRGDEOH GHYHORSPHQW
coastal armoring ʁRDWLQJ GHYHORSPHQW
managed retreat stormwater management ULYHUʁRZ PDQDJHPHQW
!
creating awareness
Dwelling Design Studio AR1AD011 2016/2017
DESIGN SOLUTIONS ÀRRG JURXS
STORM SURGE Oosterscheldekering, Zeeland, Deltawerken, 1986 This 9 km stormsurgebarrier is part of the 'HOWDZHUNHQ ,W DOORZV WKH ZDWHU WR Ę RZ through, instead of closing the rivermound completely, thus keeping a salt water climate DW ERWK VLGHV 7KH EDUULHU FORVHV ZKHQ WKH VHD OHYHO WKUHDWKHQV WR ULVH WRR KLJK The Watersnoodramp of 1953 was the GHFLGLQJ IDFWRU WR H[HFXWH WKH 'HOWDSODQ D plan to shorten the Dutch coastline by 700 km by adding a series of open and closed barriers between the Islands on the provinces Zeeland DQG =XLG +ROODQG ,QVWHDG RI PDLQWDLQLQJ all the dikes along these inlets, only the big structures in the Western parts of the Netherlands needed to be strengthend and FRQQHFWHG
VRXUFH KWWSV QO ZLNLSHGLD RUJ ZLNL 'HOWDZHUNHQ
Dwelling Design Studio AR1AD011 2016/2017
DESIGN SOLUTIONS ÀRRG JURXS
DIKE Afsluitdijk, Ijsselmeer, Zuiderzeewerken, 1932 A long closed barrier which protects a large SDUW RI WKH 1HWKHUODQGV IURP Ę RRGLQJ E\ damming of the Zuiderzee, a North Sea LQOHW DW Ę€UVW WXUQLQJ LW LQWR D IUHVK ZDWHU ODNH The Afsluitdijk connects the two provinces )ULHVODQG DQG 1RRUG +ROODQG The idea to close off the Zuidersee had been considered since the 17th century, when the brackish water threatened the agricultural ODQGV 7KH ODUJH WLGDO ZDYH RI ZDV WKH Ę€QDO PRWLYDWLRQ WR FRQVWUXFW WKH GLNH
VRXUFH KWWS ZZZ VHDFLW\UHVHDUFKQHW FRP DUFKLYHV FDWHJRU\ H[LVWLQJ DGDSWDWLRQV ʀ[HG barrier
Dwelling Design Studio AR1AD011 2016/2017
DESIGN SOLUTIONS ÀRRG JURXS
ARTIFICIAL ISLAND Sand Engine, Kijkduin, Rijkswaterstaat, 2011 Strengthening the coastlines with natural resources, instead of man-made barriers. $UWLʀFLDO SHQLQVXODV DUH DGGHG E\ GHSRVLWLQJ sand next to the coastline using dredging vessels. The wind and sea distribute the sand naturally along the coastline in the following years, broadening it.
VRXUFH KWWS ZZZ VHDFLW\UHVHDUFKQHW FRP DUFKLYHV FDWHJRU\ H[LVWLQJ DGDSWDWLRQV DUWLʀFLDO island
Dwelling Design Studio AR1AD011 2016/2017
DESIGN SOLUTIONS ÀRRG JURXS
SUPER DIKE Super Dike, Tokyo, 1985-2009 ,QWHJUDWHV ʁRRG SURWHFWLRQ LQWR GLIIHUHQW OD\HUV RI WKH XUEDQ IDEULF The width of the dike can be integrated into the urban plan, for instance by developing high density housing along it, and by creating D SXEOLF VSDFH DORQJ WKH ZDWHU 7KH KLJKHU JURXQG FDQ EH XVHG DV DQ HYDFXDWLRQ DUHD
VRXUFH KWWS ZZZ VHDFLW\UHVHDUFKQHW FRP DUFKLYHV FDWHJRU\ H[LVWLQJ DGDSWDWLRQV DGDSWDEOH ʁRRG GHIHQVHV DIG
Dwelling Design Studio AR1AD011 2016/2017
DESIGN SOLUTIONS ร RRG JURXS
SOFTENED SHORELINE Constituciรณn, Chile, 2010 Instead of heavy infrastructure a forest was proposed to create a buffer between the sea and the built environment: a geographical answer against geographical threats (Elemental, 2010).
Dwelling Design Studio AR1AD011 2016/2017
DESIGN SOLUTIONS ÀRRG JURXS
OVERFLOW AREA Ruimte voor de Waal, Room for the River Programme, Nijmegen, 2011 An extra gully is created to give the river the :DDO PRUH VSDFH DW D QDUURZ WXUQLQJ SRLQW The existing dike is moved backwards, in the direction of the city. This results in the creation of an island inmidst of the river. Together they IRUP DQ XQLTXH ULYHUSDUN 7KH 5RRP IRU WKH 5LYHU SURJUDPPH ZDV VHW XS after the dangerous high waters in 1993 and DOWKRXJK \HDUV HDUOLHU UHSRUWV KDG already warned about the dangers and risks of ULYHUĘ RRGLQJ
VRXUFH KWWS ZZZ UXLPWHYRRUGHZDDO QO QO KHW SURMHFW SURMHFWLQIRUPDWLH
Dwelling Design Studio AR1AD011 2016/2017
DESIGN SOLUTIONS ÀRRG JURXS
STORMSURGE Maeslandkering, Rotterdam, Deltawerken, 1997 The water is both a potential threat as of an inmense cultural and economic value to the KDUERXU FLW\ 5RWWHUGDP 7KH 0DHVODQGNHULQJ D PRYDEOH VWRUPVXUJHEDUULHU HQDEOHV VHD WUDIÊ€F WR HQWHU H[LW WKH ULYHU ZKHQ RSHQHG ,W FORVHV ZKHQ WKH VHD OHYHO WKUHDWKHQV WR ULVH WRR KLJK
KWWS ZZZ VHDFLW\UHVHDUFKQHW FRP DUFKLYHV FDWHJRU\ H[LVWLQJ DGDSWDWLRQV PRYDEOH EDUULHU
Dwelling Design Studio AR1AD011 2016/2017
DESIGN SOLUTIONS ÀRRG JURXS
DIFFERENT LEVELS Hamburg, Germany, 2012 The new urban planning brings the public in a fluid movement from the new housing blocks down to the water, making for everyone’s enjoyment a new artificial landscape that is inhabited by natural elements: water and plants. A system of ramps, stairways, and catwalks connect the three different levels: 1) Water level (±0,00) A big floating platform provides access to small boats, sport boats and ferryboats, as well as leisure areas. Special floating elements provide the presence of greenery and trees on the water level. 2) Low promenade level (+4,50) This level is mainly for pedestrians, host small cafes and permit a relax promenade overlooking the water. This level will be flooded only on specially bad days on an average of twice or three times a year. 3) Street level (+7,50) We provide pedestrian and playing places also at street level, introducing here, as well as in the lower levels, the presence of water, of trees and green, of playing areas and promenades, indicated by pergolas. (Miralles Tagliabue EMBT, 2012)
source: https://divisare.com/projects/256604-miralles-tagliabue-embt-hafencity-public-spaces
Dwelling Design Studio AR1AD011 2016/2017
DESIGN SOLUTIONS ÀRRG JURXS
OVERFLOW AREA Westersingel, Rotterdam, De Urbanisten, 2011 7KH :HVWHUVLQJHO FDQ EH XVHG DV DQ RYHUĘ RZ DUHD IRU WKH ULYHU DFWLQJ DV D EXIIHU]RQH During dry periods it is part of the public VSDFH ZKHQ Ę RRGHG WKH VWDWXHV UHPDLQ YLVLEOH DERYH WKH ZDWHU 7KH EULGJH DFURVV WKH VLQJHO is designed to be (partly)submerged during KLJKZDWHU FUHDWLQJ D FHUWDLQ DZDUHQHVV
!
VRXUFH KWWS ZZZ XUEDQLVWHQ QO ZS "SRUWIROLR URWWHUGDP SXEOLF VSDFH
Dwelling Design Studio AR1AD011 2016/2017
DESIGN SOLUTIONS ÀRRG JURXS
WATER SQUARE %HQWKHPSOHLQ 5RWWHUGDP De Urbanisten, 2011-2012 A water square is a local solution to store excess rainwater, acting as a bufferzone, and FDQ EH XVHG WR LPSURYH SXEOLF VSDFH DW WKH same time.
VRXUFH KWWS ZZZ XUEDQLVWHQ QO ZS "SRUWIROLR ZDWHUSOHLQ EHQWKHPSOHLQ
Dwelling Design Studio AR1AD011 2016/2017
DESIGN SOLUTIONS ÀRRG JURXS
WADI/SWALE Îlot des Mongazons, Magnanville, France ATM, 2014 :DGLȺV VZDOHV SUHYHQW WKH UDLQZDWHU IURP going directly into the sewage system, to avoid saturating it and wasting ‘clean’ water. 7KH SRVVLEO\ SROXWHG UDLQZDWHU LV ʀOWHUHG by the layers of soil, before either entering the groundwater, or being absorbed by the surrounding greenery. :DGLȺV DUH DQ RSHQ PRUH QDWXUDO ZD\ RI GHDOLQJ ZLWK UDLQZDWHU WKLV LQ RSSRVLWLRQ WR storing it
VRXUFH KWWS DJHQFH DWP FRP ʀOHV ERRN DWP PDLO SGI
Dwelling Design Studio AR1AD011 2016/2017
DESIGN SOLUTIONS ÀRRG JURXS
WADI/SWALE La promenade des trois rivières, Stains, France ATM, 2008 Floodable spaces and Wadi’s integrate rainwater management into the urban plan and FUHDWH D SXEOLF VSDFH DW WKH VDPH WLPH
VRXUFH KWWS DJHQFH DWP FRP ʀOHV ERRN DWP PDLO SGI
Dwelling Design Studio AR1AD011 2016/2017
DESIGN SOLUTIONS ÀRRG JURXS
FLOATING Floating farm, Rotterdam In November 2016 the construction of a floating farm will start, in Merve-Vierhaven area in Rotterdam. The idea is to bring the food production close to the consumers. On a floating farm a system is built, consisting of cows, plants and several installations to create a closed cycle with food as the output to earn money. ‘Floating Farm is producing and handling fresh milk very close to the consumers in the city to fresh dairy products. We reduce the transport and logistics and save the environment with greenhouse gasses.’
source: https://floatingfarm.nl/
Dwelling Design Studio AR1AD011 2016/2017
DESIGN SOLUTIONS ÀRRG JURXS
RAISING AWARENESS
Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy, 2013
climate skeptics
?
!
climate alarmists
In 2005 the Dutch government adapted a new multi-layer nPPE SJTL BQQSPBDI 1BSU PG UIJT approach was to prepare each JOEJWJEVBM UP QMBO GPS IST TVSWJWBM XJUIPVU FYUFSOBM BJE JO UIF FWFOU PG nPPE 5IFSFGPSF SBJTJOH BXBSFOFTT amongst the people living in nPPE QSPOF BSFBT CFDBNF IJHIMZ JNQPSUBOU PREVENTION
!
PROMOTION
RAISING AWARENESS focus on
focus on
prepare for flood to avoid losses
prepare for flood to benefit
i st e er nt d e
providing information about flood risks (specific) and climate change (general)
6RXUFH 5DLVLQJ )/RRG DZDUHQHVV DQG 6HOI HI¿FLHQF\ )ORRG ULVN DQG FOLPDWH FKDQJH LQ WKH 5RWWHUGDP DUHD 7KH 1HWKHUODQGV HQKDQFLQJ FLWL]HQ¶V FOLPDWH ULVN SHUFHSWLRQV DQG SUHYHQWLRQ UHVSRQVHV GHVSLWH VNHSWLFLVP´ 'H %RHU %RW]HQ 7HUSVWUD
Dwelling Design Studio AR1AD011 2016/2017
SITE ANALYSIS ROTTERDAM TOPOGRAPHY
NAP: NORMAAL AMSTERDAMS PEIL (AMSTERDAM ORDANCE DATUM) SITE: BETWEEN 3-4.5 M NAP
6RXUFH $5&*,6 21/,1( 1/ KWWS DKQ DUFJLVRQOLQH QO KRRJWHSUR¿HO
Dwelling Design Studio AR1AD011 2016/2017
SITE ANALYSIS CURRENT MEASURES Primary Dike Ring Rotterdam
Maeslant Storm Surge Barrier (Closes at waterlevels higher than 3m NAP)
Site: Relativlely low-lying
INNER-DIKE AREA
1:10,000
OUTER-DIKE AREA
LNKPA?PEKJ HARAH KB PDA @EGA NEJC LNEI=NU @EGAO EJ IQJE?EL=H =NA= KPPAN@=I LNEI=NU @EGAO @EGAO PD=P JAA@ PK >A NAEJBKN?A@ >=OA@ KJ PDA kJ@ =J@ lN@ O=BAPU =OOAOOIAJPO ƏOKQN?AŽ =J @AN N==Jż A?AI>AN kijjƐ
Source: Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy, City of Rotterdam 2013
Hartel Storm Barrier
Elevated Land and Buildings
Hollandsche IJssel Storm Barrier
Dwelling Design Studio AR1AD011 2016/2017
SITE ANALYSIS CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT
Map 1. - Number of days/year with average temperature of <20 degrees, 2015
MORE INTENSIVE RAINFALL:
- Water is less able to drain away - Increased risk of disruption and water damage
LONGER PERIODS OF DROUGHT:
( '
- Lower water tables - Decrease in water quality - Increased likelihood of damage to EXLOW XS DUHDV Ã&#x20AC;RU DQG IDXQD - Low river levels obstruct shipping
Map 2. - Number of days/year with average temperature of <20 degrees, 2050
HIGHER SEA AND RIVER LEVELS:
,QFUHDVHG ULVN RI RXWHU GLNH Ã&#x20AC;RRG - More pressure on the Maeslant Storm Barrier ,QFUHDVHG ULVN RI LQQHU GLNH Ã&#x20AC;RRG
( '
Source: Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy, City of Rotterdam 2013
Dwelling Design Studio AR1AD011 2016/2017
SITE ANALYSIS HEAVY RAIN FLOODS
0DS &XUUHQW ORFDWLRQV ZLWK LQVXIÂżFLHQW ZDWHU VWRUDJH
SMALL IMPACT
(DUE TO HIGH GROUND ELEVATION AND GOOD DRAINAGE) - Not a major issue on the site by itself, but might become an issue in combination with draught and salination of the river. =NA=O SEPD EJOQd?EAJP S=PAN OPKN=CA
0DS )XWXUH ORFDWLRQV ZLWK LQVXIÂżFLHQW ZDWHU VWRUDJH
=NA=O SEPD EJOQd?EAJP S=PAN OPKN=CA OQ>OE@AJ?A Ć??IĆ&#x2022;UA=NĆ? -$+% - $+' $+' - $+% / %
Dwelling Design Studio AR1AD011 2016/2017
SITE ANALYSIS DROUGHT & SALINATION
Map 1. - Current saltwater intrusion, 2015
FUTURE IMPACT
(THREATH TO WATER QUALITY, FLORA AND FAUNA) - Due to draught and low river levels. &ROOHFWLRQ DQG SXUL¿FDWLRQ of rainwater can help keeping ecosystems healthy.
" " "
Map 2. - Future saltwater intrusion, 2050
" " "
Source: Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy, City of Rotterdam 2013
Dwelling Design Studio AR1AD011 2016/2017
SITE ANALYSIS SEA/RIVER FLOODS
0DS 2XWHU GLNH Ã&#x20AC;RRGLQJ LQ 5RWWHUGDP \HDU Ã&#x20AC;RRG
CURRENT IMPACT (WILL INCREASE WITH CLIMATE CHANGE)
$,$ . $,& $,& . $,( $,( . $,+ $,+ . &,$ &,$ . (,$ / (
0DS 2XWHU GLNH Ã&#x20AC;RRGLQJ LQ 5RWWHUGDP \HDU Ã&#x20AC;RRG
$,$ . $,& $,& . $,( $,( . $,+ $,+ . &,$ &,$ . (,$ / (
Based on severe climate change scenario (W+) and sealevel rise between 35-85 cm Source: Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy, City of Rotterdam 2013
Dwelling Design Studio AR1AD011 2016/2017
SITE ANALYSIS SITE FLOOD (RIVER & TIDE)
A
Site level approx. 3-3.5 NAP \HDU Ã&#x20AC;RRG 1$3
\HDU Ã&#x20AC;RRG 1$3
\HDU Ã&#x20AC;RRG 1$3
5m NAP
FLOOD LEVELS DAILY TIDE
0m NAP
B
Averagde daily tide: 1.5 NAP
A
-10m NAP
-20m NAP
Max inundated area: 47.8m from shoreline
FLOOD LEVELS:
A
FEIJENOORD
B
MEUSE
RIVER
DAILY WR P WLGH Ã&#x20AC;XFWXDWLRQ (average 1.5 m)
100 m
- 8 to18 m inundation from shoreline
Site level approx. 4-4.5 NAP
B
\HDU Ã&#x20AC;RRG 1$3
\HDU Ã&#x20AC;RRG 1$3
\HDU Ã&#x20AC;RRG 1$3
5m NAP
FLOOD LEVELS DAILY TIDE
0m NAP
Averagde daily tide: 1.5 NAP
POTENTIAL \HDU Ã&#x20AC;RRG P \HDU Ã&#x20AC;RRG P \HDU Ã&#x20AC;RRG P - 22.6 to 47.8 m inundation from shoreline
-10m NAP
-20m NAP Max inundated area: 22.6 m from shoreline 6RXUFH $5&*,6 21/,1( 1/ KWWS DKQ DUFJLVRQOLQH QO KRRJWHSUR¿HO
Dwelling Design Studio AR1AD011 2016/2017
SITE ANALYSIS FLOOD DAMAGE
0DS 2XWHU GLNH Ă&#x20AC;RRGLQJ LQ 5RWWHUGDP ,QIUDVWUXFWXUH 'DPDJH \HDU Ă&#x20AC;RRG
POTENTIAL FLOOD DAMAGE AROUND FEIJENOORD:
FUTURE
3
1
Railway and major road connection
2
:DWHU SXULÂżFDWLRQ SODQW
3
Major power station
1
2
CURRENT 4
Potential toxic leakage from Hunter 'RXJODV (XURSH % 9 LI Ă&#x20AC;RRGHG
5
Proximate primary schools and NLQGHUJDUWHQV VXEMHFW WR Ă&#x20AC;RRGLQJ
6LWH VSHFLÂżF PDSV ZLWK SRWHQWLDO Ă&#x20AC;RRGLQJ RI LQIUDVWUXFWXUH DQG DPHQLWLHV
5
5
4
0DS 6LWH YXOQHUDEOH DPHQLWLHV \HDU Ă&#x20AC;RRG
0DS 6LWH YXOQHUDEOH DPHQLWLHV \HDU Ă&#x20AC;RRG
0DS 6LWH YXOQHUDEOH DPHQLWLHV \HDU Ă&#x20AC;RRG
Source: Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy, City of Rotterdam 2013; â&#x20AC;&#x153;Informatieavond buitendijks gebied Noordereiland en wateroverlastâ&#x20AC;?, Gementee Rotterdam 2014.
Dwelling Design Studio AR1AD011 2016/2017
SCENARIOS ÀRRG JURXS
(DIS)ADVANTAGES ƌĞĐƌĞĂƟĞǀĞ ǁĂĂƌĚĞ
DĂĂƚƐĐŚĂƉƉĞůŝũŬ ͬ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝƐĐŚĞ ǁĂĂƌĚĞ
^ŽĐŝĂĂů ŵĂĂƚƐĐŚĂƉƉĞůŝũŬĞ ǁĂĂƌĚĞ ĞŶ ŬĞŶŶŝƐŽŶƚǁŝŬŬĞůŝŶŐ
ŽŶŇŝĐƚĞƌĞŶĚĞ ĨƵŶĐƟĞƐ ͬ ŐĞĞŶ ŵĞĞƌǁĂĂƌĚĞ
ďĂƐŝƐ ǀŽŽƌ ƚŽĞŬŽŵƐƟŐĞ
ǀŽĞĚƐĞůƉƌŽĚƵĐƟĞ
ŇŽƌĂ
ĞŶĞƌŐŝĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟĞ
ĂĐƟĞǀĞ ŬĂĚĞ ͬ ŚĂǀĞŶ
ůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌŝƵŵĨƵŶĐƟĞ
ĂĐƟĞǀĞ ĂĂŶůĞŐƉůĂĂƚƐ
ƌĞĐƌĞĂƟĞĨ ŶĞƚǁĞƌŬ
ƌĞĐƌĞĂƟĞĨ ŶĞƚǁĞƌŬ
ĞĚƵĐĂƟĞǀĞ ŵĞĞƌǁĂĂƌĚĞ
ŚĂǀĞŶͲƐƚĂĚ ƐĞŶƟŵĞŶƚ
ŵƵůƟƉůŝĞƌ ĞīĞĐƚ
source: De Urbanisten, Getijdenpark Brienenoord - De Esch, 2015
Dwelling Design Studio AR1AD011 2016/2017
SCENARIOS Ã&#x20AC;RRG JURXS
Gouden Kust, Maasbommel
Dwelling Design Studio AR1AD011 2016/2017
SCENARIOS Ã&#x20AC;RRG JURXS
Waal Wadi, Lent
Dwelling Design Studio AR1AD011 2016/2017
SCENARIOS Ã&#x20AC;RRG JURXS
Acquavista, Almere
Dwelling Design Studio AR1AD011 2016/2017
SCENARIOS Ã&#x20AC;RRG JURXS
Silodam MVRDV, Amsterdam
Dwelling Design Studio AR1AD011 2016/2017
APPENDICES flood group
APPENDICES
Dwelling Design Studio AR1AD011 2016/2017
APPENDICES flood group
SOURCES The most important, directly used sources are indicated on the pages. Additional useful websites: - Flood resilient projects: http://www.landezine.com/index.php/landscapes/landscape-architecture/realized-projects/flood-resilience/ - Topography and sections: http://ahn.arcgisonline.nl/hoogteprofiel/ - Floodmaps: https://www.deltares.nl/en/ - Tidal data: https://www.getij.rws.nl - Meteorological Institute Netherlands: http://knmi.nl/over-het-knmi/about