Villagegification_ by Lovie Tey

Lovie Tey Yiqing

Forming a Low Density Village With a Mixture of Urban Lifestyle and Natural Environment

VI LLAGE GI CA TION

Humanising Architecture Making Architecture Closer to Humans

Thesis Project Title: Villagegification Forming a Low Density Village with a Mixture of Urban Lifestyle and Natural Environment No of Pages : 264 Lovie Tey Yiqing lovietey@live.com +4917669480132 Advisor Second Advisor

+60127987995

: Peter Ruge : Christoph Kohl

info@peter-ruge.de info@cksa.de

Masters of Arts in Architecture Winter Semester 18/19 Hochschule Anhalt - Dessau Institute of Architecture Cover image by author All images and diagrams are drawn by author unless stated

VI LLAGE GI CA TION

Forming a Low Density Village with a Mixture of Urban Lifestyle and Natural Environment

abstract Abandonment of mining sites and buildings has been an issue that is on the rise today, the age of rapid globalisation and advancement. In certain mining towns, residence moves away from the site once resources are depleted and weren’t able to finance the town, which in turn causing vacant and abandonment of the site, leaving everything behind to be neglected or underused. As Germany is currently preparing for a coal energy phase-out, the scene of unused mining sites is reoccurring when these neglected sites provide potential reuse and growth. The studio will explore the complexities and chances of transforming post-carbon age industrial environments, transnational sustainable energy production, and sustainable jobs and living concepts. To develop an urban and architectural concept for a cool coal exit, this thesis will research on the methodology of revitalising abandoned mining sites. For the past 40 years, as a community, we have become increasingly aware of the need to protect the environment where we can understand the concern, given that the damage done during the industrial revolution continues to affect our climate. In the environmentally conscious society in which we now reside, the mining industry is often portrayed as an antagonist, leaving behind polluted land and ravaged environments. Most of the people don’t realise that most of the mined site does not return to their former glory, either in making the mined site as habitable as they were before. Mined sites can be reclaimed into different programs , however, in Germany, the trend is to reclaim the mined sites as forest, lakes or water features. Repurposing mined sites not only bring benefits to the environment but most importantly it helps to boost local economies, especially in areas that affect the unemployment rates when the mines were shut down. Another issue that this proposal aims to tackle is on the number of people who live in urban areas are drastically more compared to rural areas. These developments are the process where populations moved from rural areas into urban areas. Undeniably, the gap between big city and local existence in Germany is not as severe as in other countries due to the federal structure of 16 state capitals. However, there is still an obvious imbalance between urban and rural area. It is said that several agricultural areas in the state of Brandenburg are expected to lose about a third of their populations by 2035.These regions experience a general lack of a job, shops, skilled crafts, doctors and banks. The main cause of outbreaks diseases and drivers of the climate change are by various forms of pollution, and inadequate space for walking, cycling and active living. Other than these certain obvious physically diseases that occur throughout rapid urban development that constitutes to polluted environment, emotional or psychological issues are also another factor affecting the well-being of urban dwellers. Consequently, urban dwellers are exposed to an increased risk for a different type of neuropsychiatric disorders. 6

With the concern on the mentioned problem statement, it is envisioned to develop the abandoned mining sites through revitalisation and reclamation, with the concept of village typology development. Thus, this research focuses on the villages alongside their typologies and characteristics. In most area, villages are linear settlements where the houses are clustered along a line, instead of a central point. For the past decades, rural areas and small towns are consistently losing young people. However, today and or in the future, it might be the other way around, moving to rural areas might be the new way of life. Urban dwellers are moving to rural areas to seek for a quiet life. Most of the young people and millennials decided to uproot and enjoy the peaceful and quiet countryside. As mentioned in the problem statement, life in urban areas causes health issues because of the growing emission factors contained in big cities. Other than that, the village life provides the opportunity for thoughts, study and mental development provide a healthier and mental physical for those that require thinking. As it is envisioned to develop the abandoned mining sites with the concept of village typology development, with these 6 characteristics, the horizontal community engagement can be achieved in today’s world. The characteristic includes small and intimate, uniqueness, specially designed to encourage social interaction, driven locally and locally responsive, useful as well as blended culture. Through the problem statement, this proposal will further explore the methodology that tackles the issue as stated. One of the methodologies is through the concept of the ecovillage, where it is a community that aims to become more sustainable in terms of socially, culturally and economically and environmentally. Ecovillages are deliberately designed to rebuild and restore its social and natural ecosystems through participatory processes which are owned locally. Furthermore, the concept of productive loop reinvents proactive proximities, close circular economies, alternatives of co-production and eco-sharing systems. With the intention of production within the village, live and work is combined again that creates more opportunities for recycling, social interactions and a greater sustainable village. On the other hand, the methodology of energy integrated building where design solutions are incorporated with adaptive building elements and power systems into one entity to maximise the sustainability performance of energy production, consumption of resources and indoor environmental quality. This methodology will further study the norm of energy farm that occupies a big area of the site solely for the purpose of energy harvesting and the possibilities of mixing infrastructures of the village into a unified area. In conclusion, through the usage of the methodology, as stated, it is envisioned to design a village with the integration of urban lifestyle into rural living. With the result of this research proposal, the ideology of Villagegification is visioned to be applied on multiple abandoned mining sites with similar variance to current site as not to repeat the process of rapid urban development that is uncontrolled and causing negative impact to its dwellers, and excavate the vast land opportunity to have a sustainable development. 7

acknowledgement

The result of this thesis report requires guidance and support from kind souls around me and fortunately, I’m able to complete all the work alongside with the help given. I would also like to thank my thesis advisor, Peter Ruge for his guidance and supervision along the way, and also Christoph Kohl, my second thesis advisor for his comments and inputs during the process. I am indeed very grateful to be able to complete my thesis project with the help of my fellow studio mates and friends that assisted along the way with great collaboration. Last but not least, I would also like to express my gratitude to everyone that I had the opportunity of working with during my Master’s program. I have learnt a lot and let’s make the world a better place together. Best regards, Lovie Tey

introduction

Based on the legally binding European climate targets and the objectives of the Paris Climate Change Convention (2015) an exit from coal-fired power generation has been announced to meet international and national climate protection goals. The amount of energy produced from brown coal has been 21.6 terawatt-hours in the summer of 2019, already more than a third lower than in the previous year. In some regions of Saxony-Anhalt, Saxony, Brandenburg and North-Rhine Westphalia, thousands of jobs and its infrastructure still relate to coal mining. For the structural change, the German National Commission on Growth, Structural Change and Employment has allocated a budget of 40 billion Euros in the upcoming 20 years. This studio will research on the challenges and chances of the transition of post-carbon age industrial landscapes, transnational green energy production and sustainable concepts of employment and living. It will be a think tank for visionary buildings to slow down climate change to develop urban and architectural concepts for a cool coal exit.

chapter

Introduction to Topic

Urban Design Development

Introduction to subject Problem Statement Concept and Background Research Methodology and Concept Study Research Questions

16 18 30 36 50

Design Statement Design Concept Design Strategies The Masterplan Sustainability Features Plans Design Typology Visualisations

chapter

02 Case Studies

Site Related Case Studies: Sunway Lagoon, Malaysia The Steel Yard, U.S Program Related Case Studies Ferropolis , Germany Eco - Village , Belgium FAB City Global Initiative

C ON T ENTS 12

58 58 62 66 66 70 74

Architecture Development

Design Statement Design Strategies Sustainability Features Design typology Plans and Visualisation

190 192 194 196 200

chapter

Site Studies

Annexes

Design Manifesto Site Selection Site Analysis SWOT Analysis

112 114 118 122 152 164 170 172

80 82 84 104

Questionnaires Bibliography Appendix

228 238 250

CHA P T ER 01 Introduction to Topic

Introduction to subject

Problem Statement

Concept and Background Research

Methodology and Concept Study

Research Questions

Photo by Bart van Dijk on Unsplash

Chapter 1

Introduction To Topic

Introduction To Subject

Chapter 1

Introduction To Topic

Introduction To Subject

Figure 1 Miners using Traditional Mining Techniques to Access Minerals Photo by Daily Herald Archive on Getty Images

Since civilization, people have used mining techniques to access minerals on Earth surface. The extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth is known as mining. They form an economically interesting mineralized package for the miner. Ores harvested from mining site includes iron, coal, shale oil, gemstones, granite, chalk, salt rock, gravel and clay. Mining is required to gain access to these natural minerals that are impossible to be grown or created artificially in a laboratory. When it started, ancient miners used primitive tools to dig out the minerals, thus making the entire process very lengthy. It was then replaced with fire and explosives. In mid 19th century, explosives were eventually replaced with dynamites, where advancements were being made at the same time with machines such as drills, lifts and steam-powered pumps. Later, improvements were made with the advancement of technologies, with equipments such as electric conveyers, mine cars and vehicles. With the use of mechanical and technologies, the mining industry have dramatically improved. Since the early days of mining, Germany has been one of Europe’s major mining countries. The sudden boom between the late Middle Ages and the Early Modern period in terms of salt and mineral extraction was Germany mining, of coal and steel, which contributed to Germany’s global economic growth at 20th Century. There was no such unique mining culture in Europe and none of the mining sciences were significant as compared to German region. The mining of Germany enabled more fame and fortune than any other economic activity of entrepreneurs and nation economies. However, by 1950s the mining industry plunge into crisis where coals usage were replaced by oil, natural gas and renewable energies. As oil burning and nuclear powered generating plants became more common, coals usage went into a steady decline. Germany’s mining pits were closing down one by one. From 1960 to 1980, the amount of mining pit fell from 146 to 39, and by 2000, only 12 mining pit were still operating Coal mining has become closely connected with environmental and energy issues – such as health, air pollution and global warming contributions. Today, to help reduce carbon emissions, Germany, one of the world’s biggest consumers of coal, plan to end its use of coal power within two decades and become emissions neutral by 2050. 16

Figure 2 Mine Project Life Cycle ( ICMM , 2012b )

Figure 1 shows the life cycle of a mining site. After years of exploring the area of the mining site, the mining site is then planned for design and construction. Safety and construction method are carefully planned out to ensure the smooth operation of the mining site. The mining site is operated for approximately 2 to 100 years, while the final closure and decommissioning can be done in under five years. Following the closure of the mine, the second life the mine starts, where most of the mining site are reclaimed as forest or grasslands. soil

contamination • contamination of underground and surface water due to mine water drainage • pollution due to excavated material poured to sea and lake • noise pollution and particle substance due to equipment blasting • air pollution

• vegetation soil losses • geological problems, landslide, collapsing • structural differences between lower soil • saltiness, pH change as a result of heap overburden • formation of pits in the land

impacts

fauna • eradiction of natural fauna • eradiction of fishing areas as a result of sea pollution

flora • eradiction of natural flora • plant withering as a result of dust effect

land uses

environmental values

• eradiction of agriculture, forest and urban areas • destruction of transportation roads • socio-economical and cultural problems occured by land usage

• destruction of natural view of land and loss of visual landscape values • the pressure of mined land occurs on the natural sources • health issue • water and wind erosion in dumped lands

Figure 3 Environmental impacts on Surface Mining ( Dogan and Kahriman, 2008 )

Figure 2 portrays the environmental impact caused by surface mining in various categories, such as contamination effect on water bodies, effects on soil condition, flora and faunas, changes in land use as well as environmental values on the local community. ( Dogan and Kahriman, 2008 ). From the figure, it is obvious that various issues need to be taken into consideration when it comes to designing the mined lands. 17

Chapter 1

Introduction To Topic

Problem Statement

Chapter 1

Introduction To Topic

Problem Statement

exploited Abandonment of sites and buildings has been an issue that is on the rise today, the age of rapid globalisation and advancement. In certain mining towns, residence moves away from the site once resources are depleted and weren’t able to finance the town, which in turn causing vacant and abandonment of the site, leaving everything behind to be neglected or underused. As Germany is currently preparing for a coal energy phase-out, the scene of unused mining sites is reoccurring when these neglected sites provide potential reuse and growth. When the mining site has its final closure, the site suffers from various environmental impacts, where most of the ecosystem are destroyed. The impact of the abandoned mining sites is significant as it can cause altered landscape, various of unused pits and shafts as well as the land that is no longer usable due to the loss of soil and difference in pH value. It can also cause changes in the groundwater regime and not forgetting contaminated soils and aquatic sediments. These impacts would result in loss of productive land, loss or degradation of groundwater, pollution of surface water by sediment, changes in river regimes, air pollution from dust or toxic gases and most importantly the risks of falls into shafts and pits, and landslides. 18

Figure 4 The open pit lignite mine Etzweiler in Germany. (Braunkohletagebau) Spanning 3x5 km, it’s the second largest in this area. Photo by Mika Baumeister on Unsplash

Chapter 1

Introduction To Topic

Problem Statement

Other than that, water is also one of the major consideration in the mining site. Surface mining would cause a change in the movement of water through terrains, that would increase the frequency of the rainwater run-off movement as well as the magnitude of flooding. It is extremely important to protect the water systems and surrounding ecosystems. Unfortunately, most of the mining site that is involved around streams and rivers have negative outcomes, where the ecosystems are affected and destroyed. It will take years to have an overall view of the mining site and changes in the landscape. When the mining site is reclaimed, soils are usually used as a top layer that was added to the new topography. However, during the process, heavy pieces of machinery are used to create the new topography and this results in compacting of the soil, where the soil bulk density increased while the porosity and infiltration decreased. The reclamation sometimes made it harder for the plants and trees to grow.

Chapter 1

Introduction To Topic

Problem Statement

Natural Ecosystem

Disturbance of Natural Topography ( Mining )

Furthermore, another major issue on the environmental impacts of mining is the acidity of water quality. The oxidation of iron sulphide uncovered during coal mining leads to acidic rock drainage (ARD) or acidic mine drainage (AMD). The minerals containing sulfur are often linked to coal and dissolved in mine water. Once the mine water reaches the surface and is in contact with the air, the iron sulphide changes from ferrous to the ferric condition. This refers to the development of tiny iron particles (ferrous hydroxide) in the solution that is also known as ochre. Thus, this changed the stream and river water to an orange-brown colour.

Restoration

Replacement

Rehabilitation

Figure 6 Proposed Second Life for Mining Site

Figure 5 Tom Hegen’s aerial series Acid Water depicts landscapes affected by coal mining in Germany Photo by Tom Hegen on WIRED

For the last 40 years, as a community, we have become increasingly aware of the need to protect the environment where we can understand the concern, given that the damage done during the industrial revolution continues to affect our climate. In the environmentally conscious society in which we now reside, the mining industry is often portrayed as an antagonist, leaving behind polluted land and ravaged environments. These mining sites leave toxic and hazardous traces and it is not the most suitable option to protect the future for the upcoming generations. Most of the people don’t realise that most of the mined site does not return to their former glory, either in making the mined site as habitable as they were before. Giving back the vegetation and trees to mined sites helps to create a balance between remediation of the native natural vegetation and additional elements of new species that might suit the landscape that was modified. Mined sites can be reclaimed into different programs, however, in Germany, the trend is to reclaim the mined sites as forest, lakes or water features. Repurposing mined sites not only bring benefits to the environment but most importantly it helps to boost local economies, especially in areas that affect the unemployment rates when the mines were shut down.

Chapter 1

Introduction To Topic

Problem Statement

Chapter 1

Introduction To Topic

urban well-being Today, more people live in urban areas as compared to rural areas. These developments, or also known as urbanization, is the process where populations moved from rural areas into urban areas. It is also a process where towns and cities are created and gradually grows into a larger area. In 2017, 77.26 percent of Germany’s total population lived in urban areas and cities, which is about three-quarters of the German population. On the other hand, 25 per cent of the population in Germany lives in rural areas, where their livelihoods are not dependant on agriculture, where only 0.75 percent of Gross Development Product ( GDP ) came from the agricultural sector in 2014. “Germany has an urbanised society, and this is also true of rural regions”, says geography professor Ulrike Gerhard of Heidelberg University. “Cities and their surrounding countryside belong together.” Undeniably, the gap between big city and local existence in Germany is not as severe as in other countries due to the federal structure of 16 state capitals. However, there is still an obvious imbalance between urban and rural area. As the villages near major cities thrive, some regions suffer from a vast rural influx, especially in the east of Germany. It is said that several agricultural areas in the state of Brandenburg are expected to lose about a third of their populations by 2035.

Figure 7 Share of Urban Population in Total Population Of Germany Statistics by H.Plecher on Statista

Figure 8 The Beginning of Urban Development Photo by Max Böttinger on Unsplash

Problem Statement

Chapter 1

Introduction To Topic

Problem Statement

Chapter 1

Introduction To Topic

These regions experience a general lack of a job, shops, skilled crafts, doctors and banks. The quality of life is declining for those who stay, and residents need to travel for a certain distance to reach local services. Although the great majority of Germans live in cities, 44 percent dream of a life in the countryside. That was the finding of a representative survey conducted by TV channel ZDF for its programme “Die große Deutschland-Studie“ (i.e. The Big Germany Study).

Population Density less than 106 residents 106 to under 155 residents 155 to under 275 residents 275 to under 845 residents 845 residents and more

Figure 9 Population Density In Germany Statistics and figures by Landatlas

Figure 9 shows the population density describes the number of inhabitants in relation to the total area of an area unit. It is usually reported in “inhabitants per km²”. The map shows data for 2014. The population density is highest in the dark green areas. The population density is lowest in the light green areas. The population density is calculated by dividing the population of a region by its total area in km² at a given point in time. While figure 10 , 11 and 12 shows the obvious contrast between rural and urban dwellers in Germany. The low population density as compared to urban agglomerations is a typical feature of rural areas and gives an indication of a rather loose, open development with a high proportion of open space. As urban sprawl happens, some of the rural areas continue to develop, nevertheless, not all rural areas have been developed.. 24

Population Density less than 70 residents per km2

70 to under 109 residents per km2

109 to under 182 residents per km2 182 to under 371 residents per km2 371 residents per km2 and more

Figure 10 Population Density per km2 In Germany Statistics and figures by Landatlas

Problem Statement

Chapter 1

Introduction To Topic

Percentage change

Problem Statement

Chapter 1

Introduction To Topic

Percentage change

5 to 17

0 to 12

-5 to 0

-20 to -10

0 to 5

-10 to 0

-10 to -5

-30 to -20

-25 to -10

-44 to -30

Figure 11 Eastern Germany’s rural population in steep decline ( % change in population, projection from 2017-2035 ) Statistics by Berlin Institut

Figure 12 Collapse faced in working age population between aged 20 to 64 ( % change , projection from 2017-2035 ) Statistics and by Berlin Institut

Problem Statement

Introduction To Topic Urban VS Rural Living

Chapter 1

Problem Statement

of Germans live in villages with fewer than 5,000 inhabitants

of Germans live in cities or urban areas

LARGE CITIES are to be found in Germany. These are cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants

VERY LARGE CITIES

with over a million inhabitants are to be found in Germany: Berlin ( 3.5m ), Hamburg ( 1.7m ), Munich ( 1.4m ) and Cologne ( 1.05m )

people

live in Germany’s smallest independent municipality, Hallig Grode

of Germans would prefer to live in the countryside

Chapter 1

Introduction To Topic

While the advantages of integrated and productive communities are well recognized, we need to realize that this rapid growth and sometimes unplanned urbanization carries threats of severe social instability, challenges to critical infrastructure, the possibility of water shortages and the opportunity for deadly disease transmission. Urbanization can bring benefits to the development of the country through economic and cultural. However, these rapid and unplanned developments can sometimes face challenges in infrastructure, health, climate change as well as social instability. Although about 4.2 billion people live in cities, half of mankind is still suffering from a shortage of housing and under planned transportation, waster management and poor sanitation, and air quality failing WHO guidelines. The main causes of the towns of outbreaks diseases and drivers of the climate change are caused by various forms of pollution such as noise, water, soil pollution, urban heat islands and inadequate space for walking, cycling and active living. Other than these certain obvious physically diseases that occur throughout rapid urban development that constitutes to polluted environment, emotional or psychological issues are also another factor affecting well-being or urban dwellers. By 2020, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) has estimated that depression would be one of the most common causes of disability. Depression not only harms one’s productivity and ability to earn but also causes unemployment and lower-income. According to the CDC, depression is accounted for a total economic burden of over $200 billion in 2010. Other than that, the issue with poverty, environmental pollution and a wide range of potential health risks that are associated with urban living act as a trigger for the development of neuropsychiatric disorders, including psychosis, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety and mood disorders, and substance use disorders. For instance, when comparing children in both rural and urban areas, children living in an urban context are most likely to develop depression in adulthood. Furthermore, recently a study shows that the growth in the victimization of criminal activity and low social interaction in urban neighbourhoods stands on approximately 25 percent of the connection between upbringing in the urban context and increased chance of psychotic disorders in children. Another research also found that children that are living in lower-income, high crime rate neighbourhoods are more like to experience trauma, thus making the children more vulnerable to their growth development of stress-related disorders such as PTSD, anxiety and mood swing. In other words, urbanization does influence the neurobiology and shapes cognitive development and function. Consequently, urban dwellers are exposed to an increased risk for a different type of neuropsychiatric disorders. These disorders can cause a family breakdown, and the children are the ones that are affected most. The mental disorder caused by urbanization can lead to an increase in aggression.

Figure 13 Urban Vs Rural Living In Germany Statistics and figures by Tanja Zech on deutschland.de

Problem Statement

Figure 14 Urban Depression Photo by Bruno Aguirre on Unsplash

Chapter 1

Introduction To Topic

Concept and Background Research

Chapter 1

Introduction To Topic

Concept and Background Research

linear

axial

central

grid

radial

clustered

village typologies Concerning the problem statements, it is envisioned to develop the abandoned mining sites through re-adaptation and reclamation, with the concept of village typology development. Thus, this chapters research on the village alongside with its typologies and characteristics. According to National Geographic, a village is defined as a small settlement which is usually found in a rural environment. It is usually larger than a ‘hamlet’ but smaller than a ‘town’. Some geographers specifically identify a village as having a population between 500 and 2500. Villages are often located in a rural village, however, these few years the word urban village are referred to certain urban neighbourhoods, such as the Manhattan’s East Village in New York City, Beirut’s Saifi Village in Lebanon as well as London’s Hampstead Village. Although transitory villages can occur, villages are typically and usually permanent, with fixed residences. This, as a clustered community, villages’ houses are normally located fairly close to each other, and not widely scattered over the countryside. In former times, villages were a common form of society for communities engagement such as farming and some non-agricultural task. There were few cities and towns in many countries, with just a small proportion of the population living within them. The Industrial Revolution brought a huge group of people together to work in mills and factories, thus the concentration of people led many villages to develop into towns and cities. This led to labour and craft specialization, not forgetting the growth of trades. The two main factors affecting the type of rural settlements are the physical factorscultural factors. The physical factors include relief, the fertility of the soil, amount of rainfall, dry land and defence. While the cultural factors cover the land use, land tenure, cropping pattern, clan and caste system, social relationship as well as the means of transportation. Compact settlements are a normal feature of great fertile river valley plains. Likewise, several raised places in the flood-affected areas also have small communities. These villages are usually found around the water area. The availability of various water sources led to compact settlements. 30

Figure 15 Common type of village settlements

Rural settlement morphogenesis is important because different forms change based on different geographic factors. The settlement of the village planning is usually influenced by the surrounding topography and terrain. They can be classified based on a few criteria, such as the basis of setting, functions as well as forms. In the basic of setting, most of the villages are the normal village, plateau villages, coastal villages, forest villages as well as desert villages. While for basic of function, the villages are usually based on programmes such as farming villages, fishing villages, mining villages as well as lumberjack villages. On the other hand, for basic of forms, the villages might be various of geometrical forms and shapes such as linear, axial, central, grid, radial, clustered, double nuclei as well as shapeless agglomeration pattern. Figure 15 shows a rough diagram of the different type of village settlement. In most area, villages are linear settlements where the houses are clustered along a line, instead of a central point. The line can be referred to as natural boundaries such as river banks or seashores. It can also develop along man-made boundaries such as railroad line or highways. The grid pattern typology is a settlement without a central and denotes right-angled streets. The pattern are usually two or more streets that meet together at right angles and a few secondary or tertiary pathway that runs parallel to the main street. As for radial, While another common settlement on villages are usually clustered around a central point, where this central point is often a church, a marketplace or even a public space. Open spaces, plaza or piazza can also be known as public space. This type of village settlement is known as a radial settlement. As for double nuclei, it is referred to a group of two settlements that develop simultaneously or one after another at an area. In this settlement, the pattern is usually placed between natural or man-made boundaries such as stream, rivers and roads. While shapeless agglomeration pattern is generally a village without a definite plan for development. They are usually larger and dispersed. 31

Chapter 1

Introduction To Topic

Concept and Background Research

For the past years, decades, rural areas and small towns are consistently losing young people, and moving to urban centres and settling down is the trend. However, today and maybe in the future, it might be the other way around, and moving to rural areas might be the new trend. In recent reports from the Republic of Korea, it was stated that there was a 158% increase in the number of people leaving cities to settle in rural areas. These urban dwellers are moving to rural areas to see a quieter life. Most of the young people and millennials decided to uproot and enjoy the peaceful and quiet countryside. Other than the youngs, the elderlies that have spend half of their lives in urban areas are tired of the hustle and bustle of a big city. As most choose to move to rural areas, a few factors that influenced the decision was health, social and personal life as well as resilience over efficiency. As mentioned in the problem statement, life in urban areas causes health issues because of the growing emission factors contained in big cities. Most of the people today get fed up with the factors and mentioned that they don’t need the luxury if their wellbeing is not well taken care of. Besides, rural areas usually do not have all the pollution that is burdening the cities. A lovely country house is a perfect solution to get away from all the chaos and issues that one is experiencing in urban areas. Other than that, the village life that provides the opportunity for thoughts, study and mental development provides a healthier and mental physical for those that require thinking. For example, artists, writers and those who need peace and quiet to think for their work. Entering into a big city under constant pressure and not having your creative side to go crazy might be challenging for your career. Thus, many people who do any kind of creative work will prefer to live in quiet rural areas rather than noisy industrial ones.

Chapter 1

Introduction To Topic

Concept and Background Research

Moreover, big cities that are lack of social and personal life is one of the factors that encouraged people to move into rural areas. When one works for an established company and have an important meeting or appointment, one is most likely to miss all the benefits that other people are enjoying with their personal lives. The static and fixed routine is a city life doesn’t encourage one to be socially active, while making any casual plans is merely impossible. However, if one move to rural areas, all these are possible as one will have more time to devote more to one’s personal life and would be able to take care of one’s interests. People tend to get friendlier when one doesn’t carry all the tasks by oneself and having spare time to meet up with friends. With CITY VSeverything VILLAGEcan be worked out and being too busy is no longer an issue. proximity,

hustle and bustle

layback

compact living

freedom lifestyle

lesser job oppurtunity = more homeless

work from home

non- human scale : big buildings, minimal nature

human scale living : big nature, small buildings

polluted city = unhealthy lifestyle

less polluted = healthier lifestyle

negative five senses

positive five senses

Figure 17 Urban life vs Rural life

Figure 16 Atmosphere in Rural Areas Photo by O12 on Unsplash

Other than that, happiness and human’s well-being tend to be higher in rural areas as compared to urban areas. As the chronic underinvestment in services and accommodation, most urban areas are doing a bad job of keeping up with the flow of new immigrants, thus depleting the quality of life for all. Most of the worse situations that we usually associated with living in urban areas, such as long queues, chaotic traffic, violence, are uncommon and mostly non-existent in rural area due to the minimal inhabitants. Air is clean, neighbourhoods are safe and houses are affordable. Figure 17 shows a rough sketch diagram of the differences between urban life and rural life. As people in the city were hustling and bustling, residents in the village are taking their time as they’re more layback and there’s less stress. In the urban area, personal space is a luxury. Living in a densely populated city is an experience in combating discomfort. Dodging neighbours in narrow alleys differed greatly from rural areas as urban dwellers didn’t have much of a choice. As for the rural area, people have more freedom in their life, which is the complete opposite of the urban area. Most people left rural for urban to seek for job opportunities. However, maybe in the future, people can work from home instead of working in urban areas. As multiple online industries are booming, anyone can set up shop almost anywhere as long as there’s a secure connection to the internet.

Chapter 1

Introduction To Topic

Concept and Background Research

Chapter 1

Introduction To Topic

As it is envisioned to develop the abandoned mining sites with the concept of village typology development, Figure 18 shows the potential abandoned mining sites for village redevelopment, instead of high rise rapid urban development that constitutes to previously mentioned issues. Throughout planning and design, an urban village is typically an urban area that is defined by medium density residential, with mixed-use zoning and are equipped with good public transportation and most importantly the priority on pedestrianization and public spaces. With these 6 characteristics, the horizontal community engagement can be achieved in today’s world. 1. Small and intimate • The area can be conveniently reached with the foot. • The suitable and comfortable scale of buildings and spaces. • Important services supported by residentials 2. Uniqueness ... in Identity of Space • Equipped with defined borders and recognizable core • Equipped with a sense of place and unique environment • Visible local sights ... in Collective memory and Traditions • Regular events and festivals in the neighbourhood • Residents to create a memory 3. Specially designed to encourage social interaction • Areas with plenty of public and green spaces that can be used in multiway • Facilities for community events and daily activities • A main central hub to promote social interaction with a series of pedestrian-friendly routes 4. Driven locally and locally responsive • Encourages residents to involve the management of village • Resident’s support for long term vision • Leaders that stand for the residents, and represent their concerns 5. Useful • Community equipped with good public and private transport connection • Central services that are available locally • Mixed development 6. Blended Culture • A mix of people from different background, status and culture • Trust between each resident • Long term residents

Legends

lignite closed pit black coal Figure 18 Approximate Location of Mining Pits in Germany

Concept and Background Research

Chapter 1

Introduction To Topic

Methodology

Chapter 1

Introduction To Topic

eco-village The ecovillage is a conventional or deliberate society that is more economically ,socially, culturally, and sustainable environmentally. It seeks to create a minimal possible negative impact on the natural ecosystem and environment by deliberate physical design and choices of resident behaviours. Robert Gilman has defined ecovillage as “an ecovillage is a human-scale, full-featured settlement in which human activities are harmlessly integrated into the natural world in a way that is supportive of healthy human development, with various centers of initiative, and can be successfully continued into the indefinite future”. Ecovillages are deliberately designed to rebuild and restore its social and natural ecosystems through participatory processes which are owned locally. Most of the ecovillages range from 50 to 250 people, and of different sizes. A large-scale ecovillage is often seen as a smaller subcommunity network. Eco-villagers are unified by commonly shared values: the ecological, socio-economic and cultural spiritual values. In other words, these ecologically aware villagers consider other alternatives to replace the common usage that is destructive, such as electrical, water transportation, and waste disposal. Most of them see the collapse of traditional forms of society, where the unsustainable consumer habits, degradation of natural habits, urban sprawl and not forgetting the over-reliance on fossil fuels as a pattern that needs to be reversed to prevent ecological disasters and helps to create a richer and more satisfying way of life. The principles that are used in ecovillages can be applied in both urban and rural settings, and not forgetting the developing or developed countries. Ecologically aware residents mostly seek independence from existing infrastructures, even though some pursue and expects more with the integration of existing infrastructure. As for rural ecovillages, the villagers usually based on organic farming, permaculture, and other kinds of approaches that promote the functioning of the ecosystems and biodiversity. 36

Figure 19 ReGen Villages in Copenhagen Visualisation by effekt.dk

Methodology

Chapter 1

Introduction To Topic

Methodology

Most of the ecovillage, despite urban or rural, has integrated social community and ecological values within a sustainability concept, such as the design of permaculture. In the book “Ecovillages: New Frontiers for Sustainability”, by Jonathon Dawson, the former president of the Global Ecovillage Network listed out 5 main principles of an ecovillage. Principles of Ecovillage : 1, Ecovillages are mostly community efforts and are not sponsored by government projects. 2. The Eco-villagers appreciate values and normally practise community living. 3. Eco-villagers are not overly dependant on government, corporate or other centralized sources of water, food, shelter, power and other basic necessities and would rather attempt to source for alternatives resources themselves. 4. Residents to have a strong sense of shared values and often characterized in spiritual terms. 5. They are normally used for research and demonstration sites, while offering educational experiences for others. Other than that, another vision for eco-villages is Co-housing where it is designed to facilitate community interaction. Cohousing developments in ecovillages is a concept where a more practical and social home environment is encouraged. A few common characteristics that are shared among the cohousing residents that encouraged more people to join cohousing in ecovillages.

Chapter 1

Introduction To Topic

Methodology

Although Ecovillages have different focus and varieties, they share the goal of developing and integrating new and more sustainable ways of development in cultural, environmental, social and even development in worldview. When designing a more linked and livable world, they are all intentional and participatory experiments. Some common ecovillages features include:

Appropriate technologies and renewable energy systems

Organic farming and community based food systems

Habitat conservation and stewardship

Community organising

Group work and gatherings

Communication skills, conflict resolution and mediation

Activities such as clening, meditation and yoga

Green building and community development

Social responsibilility, environmental education

Cross-cultural and diversity consciousness

Social justice and equal access to wealth and power

Holistic diet, health care and alternative medicine

Characteristics of CoHousing in Ecovillage : 1. Participation of residents in the planning and design process. This process encourages residents to interact and this includes shared pathways with zero private transport inside the neighbourhoods. 2. Availability of common spaces and facilities This includes common areas such as a kitchen for shared meals, common dining, community gardens, shared laundry facilities and playgrounds. 3. Self-governance This is important as it provides the opportunity for the local residents to take part in the decision making processes. 4. Minimal pressure on individuals and families This means lesser financial expenditure on unnecessary taxes and payments, lesser transportation needs, and minimal ecological footprint 5. Children friendly environment Places that are designed to be pedestrian-friendly, kids friendly as well as support from the local community.

Figure 20 Ecovillages Features

Chapter 1

Close social bonds are formed within the member group.

Introduction To Topic

Group cultural, spiritual, and moral values are shared and taught to children often in a controlled environment.

Methodology

Centralized sustainable electricity, water, gardening and sewage or gray water systems would be put into place to serve the community usually in an ecologically friendly way.

Chapter 1

Introduction To Topic

Methodology

The EU-funded research project TRANSIT has identified ecovillages as one of the key sources of social innovation that is required for sustainability transitions. Moreover, the TESS research project has concluded that if only 5% of EU were to participate in successful community-led climate change adaptation measures, carbon savings would be adequate for 85% of its countries to meet their goals for reducing emissions by 2020. Furthermore, in 2017, GEN ( Global Ecovillage Network ) has researched and investigated the impact and benefits brought by 30 different ecovillages across 5 continents. Concerning the Sustainable Development Goals, these ecovillages have provided 100% education and lifelong opportunities in various fields, especially in regenerative lifestyles and climate change adaptation. Other than that, it is assured that the eco-villages are 100% active in safeguarding the regeneration of local culture and traditions, through local methods in construction, agriculture as well as in preparing food. 90% out of the 50% consumer products are recycled, reuse and repaired, whereas 85% of the food waste is composted. As for ecological impact and climate change adaptation, the eco-villages have an obvious upgrade, where 97% of the ecovillages are working actively to restore the degraded local ecosystems, while 90% of the work is actively involved to sequester carbon in soil and biomass. Not forgetting the 97% active work that is done to restore or replenish the existing sources and cycles of water.

Figure 22 Infographic on Impact and Benefits brought by Ecovillage Many eco-villages control the types of foods grown, as well as the processing and storage of these foods.

Centralized jobs within the community could support much of the community and provide the necessary skills and services needed to benefit the greater whole.

Green building practices taking advantage of the climate, and terrain are usually adopted to promote the vision of living in harmony with nature.

Loneliness so prevalent in cities would not be a major issue, because of the shared duties and activities associated with eco-villages.

Large tracks of their territory is usually kept or returned to its natural state to contribute to the community’s well-being, and to create a harmonious relationship with the natural environment.

Costs and facilities are shared within the community resulting in lower monthly expenditures.

Through the efforts in restoring the local ecosystems, atmosphere and water cycles, ecovillages has adapted and explored most of the top 100 carbon drawdown solutions. These solutions includes regenerative agriculture, reforestation and afforestation, restoration of farmlands, orchards and mangroves, the sustainable water managment , river, lake and aquifer restoration, composition of local food and reducing food waste as well as biochar. In addition, eco-villages have multiple and significant intangible benefits, such as building social wealth, provising a sense of purpose and belonging, enhancing well-being and empowerment. Such advantages are less recordable and observable, though often described as the most signifacant by the ecovillagers themselves.The future of architecture is eco-villages. The desire to live in harmony with nature and participate in a more natural social environment would flourish as people lose jobs and become dissatisfied with the high cost of living. As for the economy, the financial markets and the governments go through major scandals and causes living style and status to undergrow rapid change. In the past, ecovillages were not practical neither it is suitable in this changing world. However, the ecovillage is the future. Furthermore, in today’s economic point of view, many are no longer able to afford the luxury of living in an independent single-family lifestyle. While socially, the loneliness felt by an individual family often doesn’t work in our hearts and does not cultivate the souls. In the environmental point of view, the Earth is suffering from the destruction that humans have brought to her, while today’s children are burdened with allergies, chemical sensitivities as well as social problems. The ecovillage is a method to cultivate and fulfil the four main categories. It is when we align ourselves with these ideals that we feel peace, compassion and harmony. Ecovillages are pushing us in a positive way towards those ideals.

Figure 21 Benefits of Ecovillage

Chapter 1

Introduction To Topic

Methodology

Chapter 1

Introduction To Topic

Methodology

Other than maintaining the ecosystem, pollination is critical and bring benefits to the environment. Plants utilized carbon dioxide that was produced by humans and animals and convert them to clean air. With the rise of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, pollinators are the main aspect that would encourage the reproduction of flowers and plants. WIthout pollination and pollinators, populations of flower and plants would face downfall. Besides, pollination that enhances the growth of flowers and plants assisted in purification of water and help prevents soil erosion through the growth of roots.

pollination + pollinators Pollination is the act of plants reproduction where it is important for plants and crops production. The types of pollination are self pollinating and cross polinating. Self pollinating does not require any carrier, while cross pollination occurs when the pollen of a flower is carried from flower to flower through insects, birds, animals or through the flow of the wind and water. Insect pollinators are attracted by a smell that was produced by the plants, and different kind of smells attract different kind of insect pollinators. Pollination is important as it is an ecological survival function as almost 80% of the plants requires pollination. With pollination, flowers and plants would be able to reproduce, and thus producing enough seeds that can be dispersed, and hence the genetic diversity of a certain species is maintained. Cross pollinated plants are also known for better crops where rare and exotic plants are created. Besides, it protects the pollinators and most of the plant production leads to resilient plants and better crops. 42

Figure 23 Type of Pollinators

However, the pollinators are suffering from loss of habitat, usage of chemical pesticides, the usage of invasive animals and plants worldwide. Thus, resulting in decline of the species in pollinators makes it more difficult for plants to reproduce. “Pollinator loss would potentially decrease crop production by about 90 percent in at least 12 percent of the leading global crops,” said Gemma Cranston, director of natural capital at Cambridge Institute for Sustainability Leadership. To promte and protect pollinators, plants that attract them should be encouraged and planted, especially plants that provides food nectar. The use of pesticide should be reduced and if must, the use of sustainable and environmental pesticide is encouraged. In addition, more green spaces and public spaces should be turned into flowering meadows to encourage the reproduction of pollinators. Moreover, just like humans, pollinators need nesting habitats to continue their reproduction. Scientist in Germany and around the world has warned about the population of pollinators and will have to face the consequences as the supply chain mostly depends on the pollinators. Big companies, environmentalist, environmental initiative as well as government and the people should come together and start to change the way of practice , and be aware of how the ecosystem and supply chain is built. This can be done through environmental education in schools and community centres, where people are educated on the importance of pollinators. 43

Chapter 1

Introduction To Topic

Methodology

Chapter 1

Introduction To Topic

community

waste

Methodology

biogas

energy sources

home usage

lifestock fish farm

maggot farm

productive loop

rainwater harvesting greenhouse aquaponics

Productive in architecture is defined as something that produces positive effects on all levels, especially to human, environmental and economic. To the human, productive provides and encourages health, happiness and inspiration, while in environmental productivity, it produces lesser waste, a surplus of renewable energy and more sustainable, while creating economic value to the people and community. Whereas loop is defined as a sequence that is repeated multiple times and proceeds to the next sequence. Typically in most urban development projects of the post-industrial era, housing has always been the main program, followed by creating offices and public amenities. Then, in order to create a vibrant neighbourhood, mixed-use programs such as retail shops, restaurants, bars and other entertaining lifestyle activity will be stimulated. Nevertheless, this planning has often left out an all-round productive economy. A plumber that lives in the city and repairs houses often leaves the city to find storage space; the Food system in the city is often not grown in the city and has to be transported from elsewhere; the Production industry is often located off-grid. These scenarios are seen in the usual urban fabric, which here the productive economy intends to change and to be included to be part of the fabric, connected and shared on daily life, nurtured and celebrated. Using this methodology, the research aims to create a productive loop within the village that reinvents proactive proximities, close circular economies, alternatives of co-production and eco-sharing systems. With the intention of production within the village, live and work are combined again that creates more opportunities for recycling, social interactions and a greater sustainable village 44

greywater

pollinators market

facilities

flower meadows

kinetic energy waste sortage

food compost

pollinators’ product

waste rebirth

maker’s space

Figure 24 Village Productive Loop

orchard

Chapter 1

Introduction To Topic

Methodology

Chapter 1

Introduction To Topic

Methodology

The energy integrated building are used as adaptive structures that can actively communicate with the power grid and the use of pumping electricity, based on the value or pollution intensity. The system enables users to decarbonize the electricity system, while providing a secure and stable supply and demand for renewable energy prices, thus leads to sustainable towns. This results in a simpler and more energy efficeint electricity meanwhile offering operating cost efficiency, flexibility and new revenue exposure.

energy integrated building

Energy integrated building are integrated design solutions that incorporate adaptive building elements and power systems into one system to maximize the sustainability performance of energy production, consumption of resources and indoor environmental quality. To achieve our climate goals, buildings need to use lesser resources and, by reducing heavy and volatile grid electricity needs, create a minimal-carbon grid at the same time. Buildings are the cornerstone of a carbon-free grid, and the grid is just as sustainable as buildings require it to be.

Figure 26 How Energy Intergrated Building Works

Buildings that are integrated with energy are critically engineered of energy efficiency, energy storage, distribution of power generation as well as space-saving. This results in more versatile charging profile for electricity. In addition, it offers a more stable and efficient infrastructure, that optimizes investment in resources, while decreasing the operating costs and thus provides new access to new revenue. This approach can be used in the urban or rural context, despite the change in size.

Figure 27 An Office Building Daily Energy Demand

Figure 25 Benefits of Energy Integrated Building

Figure 26 shows several graphs of an office building’s daily energy demand, which differs from the typical mixed-use building, to energy-efficient buildings, energy-efficient buildings with photovoltaic panels and to energy integrated building. Buildings with energy integrated can reduce energy charge as lesser energy are consumed, while the additional energy produced could be sold to areas that have higher energy demand. Moreover, it enhances the building’s reliability. If a power outage occurs, the passive design system such as passive solar design, natural ventilation and daylight as well as thermal storage would allow the building to stay functional and habitable for a longer time. With the usage of energy integrated building. the space used for individual energy harvester can be reduced, as they are incorporated into the design. Hence, allowing more space for other activities and programmes. 47

RELATIONS TO SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA Chapter 1

Introduction To Topic

Methodology

RELATIONS TO SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA Introduction To Topic

Chapter 1

social

economy

social social

economy economy

urban villagers work together to create a sustainable RELATIONS TO SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA

with the help of urban farming and sustainable energy harvested, resources can be supplied to other zone, Sustainable transition from harmful and where villagefarming will be and self -sustainable sustainableenergy with the help the of urban

village, towards a direction of collaborative production

Commitment of people to create

social

sustainable criteria

Methodology

urban villagerssomething work together to create a sustainable sustainable village, towards a direction of collaborative production

obsolete economical activity to a

economy

harvested, resources can be supplied to other zone, balanced and profitable ecological system where the village will be self - sustainable environmental

tools tools

history history

tools

history

with the help of urban farming and sustainable energy harvested, resources can be supplied to other zone, The means to the where the village willdemonstrate be self - sustainable with the tools such as water and waste management, achievement of the criterias and energy harvester and maggot farm, the nature’s reutilization of resources inregenerating an efficient way. ecosystem is such duplicated, hence the site with the tools as water and waste management,

the productive loop from the food production line will generate a sustainable ecosystem with the use of The discipline whichintoresearches thethis knowledge existing site reloated materials further it’sproposal lifespan Miners were the past,enhance hence and background infos about coal mining, human aims to re-create villages that miners can relate to and life and all events since our existence. have a better living environment Miners were reloated in the past, hence this proposal

the pro gene existin the pro

gene existin

The concept of sustainability criteria in the design studio are made up of social, economic, tools, history, environmental as well as value. It is used to maintain a balance and harmony while bringing benefits to the communities. The sustainable criteria’s are defined among the design studio, in relation to the mining sites. 1. Social urban villagers work together to create a sustainable Commitment of people to create something sustainable village, towards a direction of collaborative production

RELATIONS TO SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA

2. Economy Sustainable transition from harmful and obsolete economical activity to a balanced and profitable ecological system.

social

economy tools

3. Environmental Reversing effect of the negative impact caused by the original mining project. 4. Tools

aims to re-create villages that miners can relate to and have a better living environment values values

energy harvester and maggot farm, the nature’s ecosystem is duplicated, hence regenerating the site environmental environmental history

The means to demonstrate the achievement of the criterias and reutilization of resources in an efficient way.

5. History It’s the discipline which researches the knowledge and background infos about coal mining, human life and all events since our existence.

urban villagers work together to create a sustainable village, towards a direction of collaborative production 6. Values

with as water andand waste management, withthe thetools help such of urban farming sustainable energy energy harvester andcan maggot farm, the harvested, resources be supplied to nature’s other zone, ecosystem is the duplicated, hence regenerating the site where village will be self - sustainable

An equilibrium between economy and sustainabiity, through evaluation, and creating a set of rules with the use of strategies and implementation.

tools

history

Reversing effect of the negative impact caused

Miners were reloated in thethe past, this proposal the productive loop from foodhence production line will bya the originalthat mining project. aims to re-create villages miners can to and generate sustainable ecosystem withrelate the use of have a bettertoliving environment existing site materials further enhance it’s lifespan

values

An equilibrium between economy and

balance between sustainability and economy is achieved sustainabiity, through evaluation, as self-sustainable initiatives runs throughoutand the village, creating set of rules with great the use of an efficienta system to harvest value.

strategies and implementation.

Figure 28 Sustainable Criteria Responding to Concept

balance as self-s balancea

as self-s a

Chapter 1

Introduction To Topic

Research Questions

Chapter 1

Introduction To Topic

Research Questions

How to attract people to live in village?

research questions Figure 29 How To Attract People to Live in Villages

The thesis aims to investigate the methodology of readaptation and revitalisation of abandoned mining sites through the study of local natural environment and human behaviours. It will explore different methods and concept that can be applied to abandoned mining sites of different natural environment condition and propose how the mining sites can be adapted and revitalised to create a vibrant ruralscape that is conscious of human behaviours through Villagegification. Throughout the research, a few questions that spark was : 1. How to attract people to live in village? 2. How to improve the transportation system in rural areas ? 3. How to we enhance the condition of the soil? 4. How to restore the biodiversity and ecology of the site? 5. How to prevent topography issues such as soil erosion? 50

In a rapidly growing urban context, people nowadays focus more on things that make the quality of life better, To attract people to live in a village, safety first is one of the most important criteria as people want to feel safe in a place that they live and play. Encouraging people to live in the village would need access to jobs, where people can work to where they live, either working from home or in an office. Moreover, inviting open space or public space that people can gather and stay connected is important as it is one of the village’s best aspect, where the community come together as one. The connection and mobility to villages should be well planned, and the convenience of getting there from here is one of the key criteria that encourages people to live in villages. To promote sustainability in villages, other than public transportation such as train and bus, villagers could also be provided with walkable and bikeable streets that are safe. It is important to cultivate the feeling of safety while walking and cycling around the villages. Villages are often known for under-developed infrastructure, thus maintaining and providing good infrastructures is important as it changes the perception of the rural village being behind the time. Also, the educational institute of good quality is necessary as it is important for families with school-age children, as it prepares children for their future. The collaboration with locals organisation such as mining organisation and environmental friendly activist would also help inject new blood to the site. These tiny steps and developments would attract people to the village, hence the traditional thinking of a rural image could be improved. 51

Chapter 1

Introduction To Topic

Research Questions

How to improve the transportation system in rural areas?

Figure 30 Improving Transportation System in Rural Areas

The main reason why urban areas are disconnected from rural areas is because of the lack of transportation and infrastructure. It is undeniable that the current system for planning, constructing and maintaining the transportation infrastructure fails to connect the small cities, towns and villages with its neighbouring regions and most importantly to public infrastructures, such as jobs, services, educations and healthcare. To improve the transportation system, connectivity to regional areas is crucial as it is related to the resident’s access to employment and educational opportunities. Connectivity network such as urban regional network, rural regional network, intervillage passenger rail and intervillage passenger bus can be implemented to provide a comprehensive branch that allows passengers to connect the entire area. Other than that, certain rural areas should also be equipped with infrastructure such as a high-speed railway to connect to large cities, civil airports and transportation hub as a mid-stop for a long-distance journey. Construction of rural roads to facilitate rural development should be taken into consideration, as it acts as an interlink to villages through paved roads and shuttle bus services. Not forgetting the transport facilities for cyclists and pedestrian. Roads should be paved and maintained to encourage the culture of cycling in rural areas. Sustainable transport is vital to ensure access to services for both residents and visitors. Eco mobile strategies such as car-sharing and electric charging points would allow alternative ways of transportation while eliminating the need for personal vehicles. 52

Chapter 1

Introduction To Topic

Research Questions

How to enhance the condition of the soil?

Figure 31 How to Enhance the Condition of the Soil

Mining can cause various environmental issues if proper procedure is not taken during, and after the mine. For surface mining, most of the damage is due to the removal of topsoil and overburden as well as the action of lowering the terrain and topography. Most of the lignite mine sites are flat and open, thus the sites are more prone to drought during hot seasons and flooding during the wet season. The soil of the mining site can be enhanced through a scientific study on the most appropriate use of the land. To return the land to a safe and stable landscape, the topsoil that was removed should be maintained to ensure it’s returned to the mining site after mine closure. To enhance the condition of the soil, certain rhizosphere bacteria can be added to increase the microbial activity. This will help to return the soil to a natural balance meanwhile promoting seed growth. Moreover, the application of crop rotation system will increase the fertility of the dumped soils. It is also encouraged to apply a thin layer of topsoil for a more efficient restoration. Soil conditioner and biosolids can be incorporated to enhance forest productivity and thus improving soil chemical. It increases the soil nitrogen and helps to perform a rapid restoration in the forest ecosystem. Soil should also be loose and moist as compacted soils are often poorly drained. Leaving the soil loose allows rainwater to infiltrate and it will be able to hold more water and air, thus allowing the roots to grow more freely.

Chapter 1

Introduction To Topic

Research Questions

How to restore the biodiversity and ecology of the site?

Figure 32 Bringing Back Biodiversity and Ecology to the Site

Mining is considered as one of the most harmful human behaviours that have caused impacts on the environment. As the affected ecosystems have lost their biodiversity, we must emphasize the importance of restoration. To restore the biodiversity and ecology, passive restoration can be implemented where it allows the site to restore through natural succession, without any disturbance. However, the ecosystems’ impact must be reduced in able to rehabilitate and enhance the habitat. The reduction of impact can be done through the practice of ecologically sustainable production and lifestyle. Then, the ecological procedure would take place with passive restoration. Besides, another method of bringing back the biodiversity and ecology is through technical reclamation where it involves the restructuring of landforms, re-soiling and planting of plants. Assisted restoration with enhancement would speed up the natural regeneration of the ecology of the site. To ensure the return of the biodiversity and ecology, good ecological research is necessary as it will study on the formerly damaged ecosystems, and would help to understand the mining sites better. It is encouraged to link the existing conservation initiatives to collaborate and study the potential for natural concession area to be linked to existing conservative efforts. The relationship between plants and animals, through pollination, would help maintain a stable reproductivity of the ecosystem. The restoration of biodiversity and ecology is determined by the amount of plant distribution of the mining site. 54

Chapter 1

Introduction To Topic

Research Questions

How to prevent topography issues such as soil erosion?

Figure 33 How to Prevent Topography Issues

As mining sites proceed with final closure, the rehabilitation takes place, topography issues such as soil erosion can happen. This usually happens to sites or lands that have their vegetation level stripped off, thus the erosion happens when it is dried and washed away where it left the land vulnerable and less fertile. Soil erosion can be a huge issue as it can cause harm to flora and faunas and act as an extra burden to the water treatment process. To minimise the chance of the issue at the mining site, prevention can be done through the minimization of vegetation disturbance where the ground cover and trees are protected against rain and overland flow. The usage of the polymer-based product would be a huge contribution to prevent soil erosion as it binds the soil particles into the solidified medium thus holding the soil together firmly. Besides, geotextiles would help to stabilise the loose soil as it will filter out the sediment from water and thus minimizing the chance of erosion. A cost-effective and environmentally friendly spray, Geospray is perfect for stabilising sedimentation control in the mining site. The spray forms a cover and would withstand rain thus protecting the soil from getting washed away. The technique of hydro mulching, where seeds, fertiliser, fibre mulch as well as water are added to the exposed topsoil, would prevent the erosion of soil and the seeds from getting washed away. A growth medium that was added assisted in replenishing the soil with natural organic materials and nutrients thus retaining the soil’s moisture. 55

CHA P T ER 02 Case Studies

Site Related Case Studies Sunway Lagoon, Malaysia

The Steel Yard, US

Program Related Case Studies Ferropolis, Germany Eco- Village, Belgium

FAB City Global Initiative

Photo by FAB City Global Initiative

Chapter 2

Case Study

Site Related Case Studies

Chapter 2

Case Study

Malaysia

sunway lagoon Location Constructed Size Category Project By

: Petaling Jaya, Malaysia : 1986-1992 : 88 Acres Park : Theme Park : Sunway Group

Figure 34 Sunway Lagoon in Malaysia Photo by klshopper , Edited by author

Site Related Case Studies

Chapter 2

Case Study

Site Related Case Studies

Chapter 2

Case Study

Site Related Case Studies

Learning from Sunway City, a sustainable city is when a city is designed with consideration of its citizens, despite social, economic and environmental impact. Sunway Group has managed to transformed an existing mining site into a sustainable city through technology and sustainable ideas. To encourage it’s surrounding citizens to utilize public transport while overcoming the congestion during peak hours, an elevated highway over the traffic with eco-friendly electric buses was designed and built, making the connection to the surrounding amenities closer than ever. As for liveability, with the users’ safety at mind, elevated, surveillance and shaded canopy walk are built to ensure the student’s comfort. To bring back the ecology and biodiversity, an approximate of 25,000 trees were replanted and consists of 150 different species of flora and fauna. Taking advantage of the wet climate, rainwater harvesting and lake were made in multiple areas and reused for the mall and hotel to maintain the landscapes. Through this case study, it is proven that a broken mine can be rehabilitated to become a city where people can live with a sustainable built environment.

sports complex mixed development hospital

Figure 35 Tin Mining Wasteland before Development Photo by Sunway Group on Sunway Property

Sunway Lagoon is a theme park located in the heart of Bandar Sunway, Selangor. It is built 150ft below ground level on an existing tin mining wasteland. It was developed by Jeffrey Cheah, the founder of Sunway Group and the theme park is a major hit with various types of water-based activities and attractions, and has now become one of the most recognisable tourist landmarks in Malaysia. Developed from a tin mine in the early eighties, it has now grown into a more prosperous city of its own. Following by Sunway Lagoon, the group has developed a Resort City that flourished and became an RM11 billion ( approximately 2.4 billion euro ) township and is the only integrated township in Malaysia. Sunway City has converted the mining site to consist of property, mixed-use, healthcare, retail, hospitality as well as leisure. Other than bringing entertainment to the community, Sunway City has involved itself in housing development and focuses on social housing to create an impactful and city that works. As the city grows, the economy boomed and the focus was turned to public facilities such as transportation and liveability where universities, plazas, gardens and elevated bus rapid transit was built. The proper urban planning of utilisation of the mining wasteland has brought growth to the country through the development of tourism hotspot. And now, is the 1st Green Township in Malaysia, and it is ecologically informed and the understanding of benefits of defending the environmental surrounding. 60

office residential hotel themepark leisure education leisure green space

Figure 36 Figure Ground of Sunway City

Chapter 2

Case Study

Site Related Case Studies

Chapter 2

Case Study

United States

the steel yard Location Constructed Size Category Project By

: Providence, United States : 2001-2010 : 3.5 acres : Brownfield Remediation : Klopfer Martin Design Group 62

Figure 37 The Steel Yard in Providence, Rhodes Island Photo by Klopfer Martin Design Group

Site Related Case Studies

Chapter 2

Case Study

Site Related Case Studies

Chapter 2

Case Study

Site Related Case Studies

Learning from The Steel Yard, it is extremely important to create a space that reflects the original post, and how future usage is inspired by the past. Through The Steel Yard, it is obvious that they have achieved the target or creating a memorable and flexible space about their initial mission. Having the space to be flexible as a community gathering spot with the local’s in its mind sort of sparked their memory of how the Steel Yard came to what they are today. The use of industrial materials somehow portrays the past and present in a single frame, while promoting opportunities for interaction, art exploration and communication through the design of open spaces. Besides, through incorporating existing structures of the existing site, the site has shown it’s rich stories and histories. The site that was a brownfield was treated through sustainable techniques to address the contaminated soil. And by including the local community, this creates a sense of place and would receive more support.

Parking Central Landform Stormwater Bioswale

The Movie “Room”

Outdoor Workspace

Figure 38 Providence Iron and Steel Photo by Board of Trade Journal, 1902

The Steel Yard was once named the Providence Steel and Iron Company until it was vacant and was founded by the founders, where they decided to purchase the vacant steel fabrication facility as a common ground for non-profit art space. It is now used as a community based non-profit teaching and workspace. It is designed to be a catalyst for innovative approached to urban revitalisation and is used to promote arts and community growth. It is now accommodating more than 250 local artists and students, providing opportunities for locals to communicate and is now a local manufacturing leader. This urban catalyst has acted as a magnet, attracting locals to join as a community together, to use the site 24/7 as a central hub for learning, working, exchanging knowledge, working and economic development as well a hub for cultural events. To retain the urban wild of the site, the steelyard mostly acts as an artist collective. The site that was once a brownfield was remediated with a layered landscape and pavings, creating various type of environmental cap. The layered landscape was designed to seal the lead-contaminated soil, with minimal amount removed. It was also integrated with stormwater management through the moat system. A large variety of activities such as car shows, movie nights, private weddings and other events were accommodated into the landscape. 64

“The Carpet” Modular Studio Platform Parking Outdoor Foundry

Figure 39 Figure Ground of The Steel Yard

Chapter 2

Case Study

Program Related Case Studies

Chapter 2

Case Study

Germany

ferropolis Location Constructed Size Category Project By

: Saxony Anhalt, Germany : 1991-1995 : 1915 hectares : Brown Coal Strip Mined Wasteland : Ian Ritchie Architects 66

Figure 40 Ferropolis, The City of Iron in Saxony Anhalt Photo by Stephan Flad , Edited by Author

Program Related Case Studies

Chapter 2

Case Study

Program Related Case Studies

Chapter 2

Case Study

Program Related Case Studies Sisyphos Stage Cinema Gremmin Beach

Press Area

Main Stage

Existing Structure Music Academy Art Space Entrance

Figure 41 Machines and Structure of the former Golpa-Nord opencast mine Photo by black.parrot_photo on Flickr

The Ferropolis, also known as the “City of Iron”, was the former strip-mining ground of Golpa Nord Strip. The brown coal strip-mined wasteland is now a distinctive landmark, operated as an open-air museum, with 5 giant excavators from the past. The equipment is kept by mine workers as a reminder of the area’s industrial history, where it acts as a living museum. The tower that existed is used as a backdrop for music festivals and other events since 1995. Visitors are also allowed to access the tower for a panoramic view of the area. The former energy centre is now used to host museum where it documents the regional mining history. Other than that, it is also a solar-powered festival haven where 70% of the energy used for the festival are harvested directly. The energy harvested are then used to generate energy for the sound and light system. The Ferropolis also provide spaces for exhibition and car racing, and it is considered as a positive way to deal with Germany’s industrial past. Moreover, most of the food consumed at the festival are produced locally, where vegans are also encouraged in this green campsite. 68

Figure 42 Figure Ground of Ferropolis

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Belgium

tour & taxis Location Constructed Size Category Project By

: Brussels : conceptual project : 40 hectares : Custom Clearance and Storage Complex : Vincent Callebaut 70

Figure 43 Ecovillage, Belgium Photo by Vincent Callebaut , Edited by Author

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Learning from Tour &Taxis Ecovillage, it is important to design a genuine and local-focused mixed-use eco-neighbourhood where the locals can feel happy working, living and playing. The act of revitalising the existing transportation hub creates a thought of future-thinkers with the use of technology and sustainable building principles. The site will be able to link to the surrounding neighbourhood through sustainable communities and water pathways.

Bruxelles Environment Royal Depot Sheds Gare Maritime Tour & Taxis

Figure 44 Tour et Taxi, Brussels (Station, Hôtel de la Poste) Photo by andrewhardyphotos on Flickr

Tour & Taxis used to be an old customs clearance and storage complex that covers 40 hectares of former wetlands, used to be an industrial site, and was once a symbol of the golden age for Industrialization. As the site is currently undergoing a refurbishment, architect Vincent Callebaut’s design concept was to design a mixed-use eco village with the use of biomimetic design. It is envisioned to create a futuristic urban eco-village with focus on well-being to the local community, will be home for young professionals. The entire neighbourhood is designed to be energy efficient and is able to generate more energy with the use of passive design, renewable wind and solar energy, evapotranspiration gardens as well as geothermal stations. The masterplan is separated into two zones, where the focus is on residential and mixed-use spaces. The main hub of the area, BIOCAMPUS is a marine centre that was morphed. The residential labelled with vertical gardens transformed the former wetland area into a garden paradise. The concept intends to bring a public park inside the building, creating an eco-campus that will replete with vegetation and water. 72

Figure 45 Figure Ground of Tour and Taxis

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WE, AS SIGNATORIES, COMMIT OURSELVES

to implement the ten following principles to enable the urban transition towards locally productive and globally connected cities. We embrace strategies in circular economy and digital social innovation, and foster collaboration between a global network of European and worldwide cities and territories to meet the planetary challenges presented by climate change and social inequalities.

ECOLOGICAL

LOCALLY PRODUCTIVE

We take an integrated approach to environmental stewardship, working towards a zero-emission future while also preserving biodiversity, rebalancing the nutrient cycle, and sustaining natural resources.

ØĚ ƙƭƎƎūƑƥ ƥĺĚ ĚĲǛČĿĚŠƥ and shared use of all local available resources in a circular economy approach, to build a productive and vibrant city.

PEOPLE-CENTRED

INCLUSIVE

We give priority to people and culture over technology, so that the city can become a living and resilient ecosystem. Autonomous vehicles, digital tools, îƑƥĿǛČĿîŕ ĿŠƥĚŕŕĿĳĚŠČĚ îŠē robotic machines must be placed at the service of the people’s well-being and expectations.

We promote equitable and inclusive policy co-design, through the development of a Commons Approach, regardless of age, gender, income-levels and capabilities.

Spain

GLOCALISM

HOLISTIC

ØĚ ƙƭƎƎūƑƥ ƥĺĚ ĚĲǛČĿĚŠƥ îŠē shared use of all local available resources in a circular economy approach, to build a productive and vibrant city.

We address urban issues in all their dimension and interdependencies to build sustainable, resilient and inclusive cities for everyone.

PARTICIPATORY

OPEN SOURCE PHILOSOPHY

We engage with all stakeholders in decision-making processes and empower citizens to take ownership of innovation and change-making.

We foster a Digital Commons Approach that adheres to open source principles and values open data, in order to stimulate innovation and develop shared solutions between cities and territories.

ECONOMIC GROWTH & EMPLOYMENT

Location Constructed Size Category Project By

EXPERIMENTAL In order to meet the principles just outlined, we actively support the research, experimentation and deployment of innovation which includes but is not limited to: low impact supply chains; distributed production; renewable energy and smart grids; sustainable food and urban agriculture; recycling and reuse of materials, sustainable resource management for energy, food and materials.

We support sustainable urban economic growth by invest- ing in building the skills, infrastructure and policy frame- works needed for the 21st century, thanks to a thorough consideration of social and environmental externalities and the implementation of the polluter pays principle.

fab city global initiative : Brussels : global project : global project : Initiative : FAB City

These proposals have been drafted with the collaboration of Fab city global initiative members.

Figure 46 FAB City Manifesto Photo by Fab City on MAKERY

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Figure 47 Fab City Network Photo by FabCity

Fab City Global Initiative is a global project that develop locally to transforom and shape city exisiting city into a productive city. It started when the ex-mayor of Barcelona challenged cities to produce everything they consume by 2054. This collaborative project combines innovation, ecosystems, governments and industries that enable cities to become more sustainable through 2054. A fab city initiative is a concept and planning that will enforce city to become resilient through localizing production,where transportation of goods can be reduced, hence reducing carbon emissions. The concept will go from PITO ( Product in Trash Out ) to DIDO ( Data In Data Out ). Fab City aims to build a more sustainable and inhabitable world - collectively through opening public digital fabrication makerspaces in the heart of cities, towns and villages. The idea is to be able to provide citizens with all the resources they need without comprising the planet’s ecosystems. “Cities that produce everything they consume locally, while sharing knowledge globally.” 76

Figure 48 The Full Stack model makes sense of the PITO to DIDO framework across multiple scales of the global urban context. Photo by Fab City

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Photo by Patrick Pleul from dpa

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brown coal mining pit Germany is full of resources and globally the country is the leading producer of lignite, which is also known as brown coal. Lignite is also known as soft coal, which is the coal of recent formation. It is usually found close to the land surface and doesn’t require heavy digging. Lignite is more simple to extract as compared to black coal, as it only requires digging of approximately 10 meters to reach the deposit. Usually, the open pit mining goes down to depth of 300 meters and sometimes 400 meters deep. It is often exploited in open-pit mines, or surface mining thus causing devastation of large areas. Lignites are usually burned in power stations that are located near the mine. A ton of lignite produces 30% less energy than a ton of bituminous coal, and a ton of lignite can produce up to one megawatt-hour of electricity. Figure 49 Brown coal mining pit Photo by Albert Hyseni on Unsplash, Edited by Author

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jänschwalde opencast mine Jänschwalde is located in Brandenburg. It is a municipality in the district of Spree-Neiße and the nearest town is approximately 25 kilometres away, northeast of Cottbus. Lignites are extracted in the Jänschwalde opencast mines, and the second seam is being mined. The site is being mined up to 12 meters, and an approximate of 9 million tons of coal is mined yearly. As mining sites are facing a coal phaseout, the extraction will fall from 7 to 4 million tonnes of raw coal yearly. The mine’s drainage started in 1970 and in 1976 the first raw coal was extracted. The mine is expected to end the operation by 2023. The Jänschwalde Opencast mine is chosen for its size, location and the possibility for improvement from the sustainability aspects. With group efforts, the site condition was studies based on environmental, economy, social, tools, history and value. The site has topped the score for environmental and social due to the amount of site disturbed including its ecology and biodiversity. As for the social aspects, a number of villages were resettled hence making the site segregated and faces a loss of history and culture. In Jänschwalde, the overburden , which is a layers of sand, rock and clay, is up to 95 meters thick. Lignites are exposed with an overburden conveyor bridge that will transport the overburden across the mine and to the dump deposit. Located in the middle of Jänschwalde plant area, a restoration corridor is created to replicate semi-natural forests, meadows as well as open land. Targeted species are planted around, and today a variety of rare species take on the vast areas. 82

Figure 50 Timeline of Janschwalde

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Poland Border

Berlin

Janschwalde Cottbus

Figure 51 Figure Ground of Brandenburg

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Figure 52 Figure Ground of Brandenburg

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connectivity The site is connected by two main highway, which are B97 and B112. B97 is connected from Ilmenau to Frankfurt, while B112 is connected from Forst to Küstriner Vorland. The secondary highway is well connected to Brandenburg and around Brandenburg and Berlin area. The train station track is situated right next to the site, and direct train from Berlin is availbale to and from the site. Legends Germany - Poland Border Site Boundary Main Road Secondary Road Train Connection

Figure 53 Connectivity of Site

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climatic study The site will receive an approximate 16 hours of daylight during summer, and 8 hours of daylight during winter. The site receive most wind from the northwest- west side, and minimal wind from east northeast side. Legends Wind Study ( 0-1 kts) Wind Study ( 4-7 kts) Wind Study ( 11-22 kts) Site Boundary

Figure 54 Climatic Study of Site

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landmarks All landmarks are within a radius of 10km from the Janschwalde Open Pit mining. The landmarks are important as it creates an unique identity of a certain location, and therefore in Janshwalde, the tiny airport that used to be a military airport should be the landmark that identifies the area as it filled with history.

Figure 55 Surrounding Landmarks

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district The site is mostly surrounded by tiny villages ( residential area ), and the nearest town is in Cottbus. Other than residential areas, the site is covered with agriculture and nature, where wetlands, forest and hills are located in a radius of 20KM. Legends Connetions Site Boundary Residential Area Mining Site Wetland Large Infrastructure Agriculture & Nature

Figure 56 District Analysis of Site

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existing infrastructure From the diagram, it is obvious that there a lot of infrastructure around Cottbus area, and the nearest infrastructure to the site is out of the 5km range. The existing infrastructure can be also a resource for further development. Legends Wind Turbines Cottbus Airport & Solar Farm Lake & Reservoirs Power Plant Sludge Storage Tank Adventure Park Teichland Power Plant Wind Energy Farm Cottbus Zoo Cottbus Sewage Recycling farm

Figure 57 Existing Infrastructure

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water quality The mining in Jänschwalde has affected the water quality of the Spree river. The Spree river’s surface is polluted, where the physic-chemical and biological quality in the water is decreasing. It is also impacting and disturbing the hydrological and geological systems, thus reducing its connectivity. The chemical change of groundwater has to lead to brown ocher mud in most of the water. This phenomenon is risking the drinking water quality of approximately 2 million people. Besides, the dredging of upper soil and rock strata is destroying the existing aquifer and initiates a chemical reaction. As for the flooding of the lake, a large amount of water is needed for flooding and the rising groundwater on the site becomes acidic due to the weathering of the sulphurous layer. While the PH level is 2.5 - 3.5, the water condition is not suitable for plants and fish as it is too acidic. The site will face insufficient groundwater if the 12-year extension of the Jänschwalde mining continues. The protected wet meadows have now turned into a large area of fresh meadows and are losing the indicating properties for various species. 98

Figure 58 Pollution of Spree River Photo from dapd extracted on spiegel.de

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stakeholders

existing energy study

2.Solar Power Plant

3.Solar Park

1.Power Station NagolaRe

Climatic Change Supporter

Residence of the Area

4.Wind Turbines 5.Power Plant

6.Wind Energy Park Coal Mining Workers

Vattenfall

Lausitz Energie Verwaltungs GmbH

Figure 60 Existing Renewable Energy on Site

Green Is the New Black Studio Students + Lecturer

Government Organisations

Figure 59 Stakeholders of the Site

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Political Parties

The Jänschwalde power station (1) is the third-largest power plant in Germany and it generates around 19,500 GWh of electricity yearly. The power station produces CO2 emissions of approximately 22.8 million tonnes and is the fourth highest greenhouse gas emissions among all the power plants in Europe. The heat that was produced in the process of generating electricity is extracted and used for heating around the area and its neighbouring district. In Germany, the energy that was produced will have to meet certain requirements and it includes environmentally friendly and economical provision and use of energy, reliability, diversity and cost-effective energy supply. As for the wind energy ( 4, 6 ), it is located around Cottbus area and consists of 6 wind turbine that produces a total nominal power of 12,000kw. Owned by Vattenfall, it is designed for unmanned operation and is controlled remotely. Solar Park Turnow Preilack 1& 2 ( 2,3 ) is located northwest of Jänschwalde and takes up space as big as 162 hectares. It was considered as one of the largest solar power plants in Germany when it was first built. The energy that was harvested can supply up to 15,000 households. 101

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energy usage Figure 57 shows the amount of energy used per inhabitant in Germany. With the analysis being studied, it is shown that the existing solar farm nearby the site has managed to harvest a lot of natural energy, which is why that site is a prominent location for the solar farm. Therefore to utilise the given opportunity, it will be efficient to also apply solar energy as one of the main energy sources for this research proposal. To encourage the use of renewable energy, Germany has introduced Feed-in-electricity tariffs ( FiT ), where it is designed to accelerate investment in renewable energy technologies by providing the users with a return on investment above the normal rate of electricity. In 2010, a new law was implemented and amended to restrict the development of new solar parks on agricultural land. It is calculated that most solar panels are approximately 300 watts and to provide electricity of 1 megawatt, an average of 0.66-hectare land is needed. The 1-megawatt energy will be able to run for 5 hours a day averagely, and to run for 24 hours, 4 times space and approximately 13332 panels are needed and a total of 2.7-hectare buildable area is needed.

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Watts per capita 10 - 50 watts per habitant

50 - 100 watts per habitant

100 - 200 watts per habitant 200 - 350 watts per habitant 350 - 500 watts per habitant 500 - 750 watts per habitant >750 watts per habitant

Figure 61 German Photovoltaic Capacity in Watts per Capita by Federal State ( 2014 - 2018 ) Statistics by European Photovoltaic Industry Association ( EPIA)

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swot analysis Strength: • support from local energy company • natural resources • ostsee as attraction Weakness: • poor community • lack of transportation system • lost of biodiversity and ecology • lost of history due to resettlements • groundwater level rises & wash sulphate and iron out of soil • change in topography and stripping of vegetation lead to soil erosion Opportunity: • educational expansion • exisiting renewable energy sources + expansion • employment opportunities • biosolid nutrients allow rapid re-growth of plant cover • potential for urban catalyst due to huge site • existing sustainable energy infrastructure Threat : • migration • older generation stays, younger generation leaves • soil & landslide situation • groundwater and surface water pollution • reduced ecological & hydrological connectivity • lowering of groundwater • unsuitable lake for higher plants & fish ( PH 2.5 - 3.5 ) • oozing of spree river • drinking water affected 104

Figure 62 SWOT Analysis

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strength

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weakness support from local energy company ( Solar Park Turnow Preilack )

lost of biodiversity and ecology

change in topography and stripping of vegetation lead to soil-erosion

lack of transportation system

support from local energy company ( LEAG )

groundwater level rises & wash sulphate and iron out of soil

lost of biodiversity and ecology

ostsee as attraction

natural resources support from local energy company ( Vattenfall )

lost of biodiversity and ecology

Figure 63 Strength Analysis

Figure 64 Weakness Analysis

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opportunity

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threat existing renewable energy sources

reduced ecological & hydrological connectivity existing sustainable energy infrastructure

soil & landslide situation

educational expansion

potential for urban catalyst

migration

biosolid nutrients for regrowth employment opportunities

reduced ecological & hydrological connectivity

unsuitable lake for for plants and fish ( PH 2.5-3.5 )

Figure 65 Opportunity Analysis

Figure 66 Threat Analysis

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Photo by Patrick Pleul from dpa

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Design Statement Chapter 4 CONCEPT VISUALISATION

Urban Design Development

urban cattle farming located right next to clusters of village for intimate productivity

solar energy is harvested from the roof of each housing reuse materials existed on the site to create new structures

urban farming and food production facilities

housing design and built in cluster to present a new form of village.

villagegification Villagegification is a concept, or also known as a global initiative that can be applied in various locations around the world, to upgrade and enhance existing villages or mining sites into a productive area. It is also a combination of the village and productive city where the concept revolves around the idea of creating a human scale living environment that is self-sustainable with multiple infrastructures connected to each other, hence creating a continuous loop cycle. By keeping the skyline low, the existing larger scale village is brought to a smaller scale to create a sense of intimacy. This new system of villagegification would help to redevelop the rural and mining area, and thus the low-density neighbourhood would act as a mixture of urban lifestyle and natural environment. social spaces located

between housing to

To achieve villagegification, the ultimate aim is to weave back a initimate the abandoned site to its original region. In ordercreate to weave back the feeling of a big abandoned site, it is necessary to create a pathway for rehabilitation, neighbourhood where the site would be a divorce from reality ( focuses more on the SPI instead of GDP ). It is also encouraged to design a human scale settlement that would encourage big nature and small buildings where the site would be utopian rural outskirts where people would live and stay to avoid society. 112

shared infrastructure by urban villagers

Figure 67 Villagegification Visualisation

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concept

pathway for rehabilitation

utilising local materials

human scale settlements

embracing sustainable principles

sharing of power & responsibility

playscape

divorce from reality

respecting original characteristics

heritage trails

modular spaces and prefabrication

Figure 68 Methodology to Weave Back the Abandoned Site to the Region

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single

single family

When the word ‘village’ is mentioned, we usually picture a serene and quiet place that is occupied mostly by retired citizens or older generation families, which creates a stagnant atmosphere that is completely the opposite of the diversified demographics found in the city. Therefore, ‘Villagegification’ concept aims to defy the norm of a village. With this Masterplan concept, the positive attributes of a serene village are now able to accommodate multiple diversifications of occupants. City-like infrastructure is designed and planned carefully in the planning process instead of merely providing a basic rural village amenities to attract the mass public. The village will no longer be an unproductive place for vacation or retirement living, but rather a city-like environment that offers great productivity to village dwellers without sacrificing the serenity of a village. A diversified community is naturally built alongside this masterplan concept as mass public reconsider their perception of a rural village. ‘Villigification’ is opposing the inhuman scale of massive structural developments, offering the best of both worlds in today’s rapid globalisation.

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FiI young people

couple without kids

oomf

work + live

young family

large family

Off

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ex-miners

multi-generational

if researchers & admin

old people

employees in shops

Figure 69 Target Users

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couple

co-living

IE i doctors + carepersonal

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flexiblenetworkofstreetsdedicatedtovariousspeedsforsaferpedestrianfriendlyconnections flexiblenetworkofstreetsdedicatedtovariousspeedsforsaferpedestrianfriendlyconnections

Ii Ii Ii

flexiblenetworkofstreetsdedicatedtovariousspeedsforsaferpedestrianfriendlyconnections

vehicular access

wider lanes ( two way street )

wider lanes with bicycle lanes

The vehicular access are placed on A two way street to slow down ve- Equipped bicycle lanes create a the perimeter of a 900m block. hicular access. enjoyable atmosphere for cyclists.

tT tT tT

walkability + transport strategy Walkability is the key to a friendly neighbourhood, where it is placed at the centre of design scale and the planners to plan the masterplan in the viewpoint of a user, instead of automobiles. It is extremely important to design a walkable masterplan as it leads to a happier and healthier lifestyle of the people who live in within, as it provides an opportunity for exercise, and a safer and more secured public spaces. The spaces are designed with a focus on pedestrian, and car later. Most of the infrastructure is located in a 10-minute walk radius. Wider lanes of the two-way street are also designed with bicycle lanes located on both sides to create a bicycle-friendly environment. The interconnected street grid help distribute traffic and encourages walking. A combination of narrow streets, boulevards and alleys create a feeling a hierarchy and this making walking pleasurable. The shared street allows users to wander around freely. The alley that creates an intimate trail that encourages the user to stroll through the ecological and green corridor. The infrastructure walking distance is designed with distance in mind, where a maximum radius of 500 meters is used as a guideline for the placement buildings. Besides, high-quality public transit connecting cities and towns are also placed to ensure a good connection between the zones. Efficient use of public infrastructure and services that encouraged more walking and less driving would create a more sustainable village.

shaping varieties of public spaces

RE RE RE

Ifat Ifat Ifat

fine grain pedestrian

Various design of public spaces Fine grain pedestrian creates an create different layers in the village. more intimate space for users.

i.tk i.tk Ei i.tk

iEi iEi i

parks and public space

k EP k EP k EP

usage of support public space Additional infrastructure in open public space to boost the atmosphere.

ETFEIhiIiEE ETFEIhiIiEE ETFEIhiIiEE

max 500m to infrastructure

linear pedestrian

Connecting parks and public space 500m radius from building to build- Linear pedestrian encourages user with ecological corridor. ing ensures walkability to walk around. Figure 70 Walkability and Transport Strategy

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Greenscapes.io

EekGE

forest

winter gardens

Ff Bluescape and green scapes is a necessity to increase the capacity for landscape restoration. Bluescape that includes wetlands, water gardens and streams would bring benefits for health especially mentally and psychosocially of users. Bluescape that co-exist with the green scapes would bring more benefits to the users, as it will enhance the water and air quality. Greenscapes that are well-placed in a masterplan would promote air circulation while improving thermal comfort. The green landscape would also help to reduce noise caused by vehicles. The proposed green scapes are forest, winter garden, fruit alleys, greenhouses, botanical garden, farmlands, fragrance garden, edible flower garden, native garden, butterfly garden, orchard golf, tree nurseries, herb garden, green corridors as well as marketplace. The multiple sensory layers brought by Bluescape and green scape would contribute to the urban well being and quality of life of the users. Living among aesthetically pleasing and meaningful landscape would enhance the users’ sense of wellbeing, thus giving an impression of living in a village. Landscapes that were developed and designed would become an integral part of the identity of the local communities, as they provide a sense of belonging to the users.

botanical garden

farmlands

edible flower garden

native garden

i wetlands

he he

pTEE pTEE

water gardens

A new A

Hp 9 Hp 9 new streams

Figure 71 Proposed Bluescape for Masterplan

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Fine

greenhouses

Bluescape + greenscape

fruit alley

fragrance garden

ftp

rEfi butterfly garden

orchard golf

tree nurseries

kYix

t.EEI herb garden

green corridors

Figure 72 Proposed Greenscape for Masterplan

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miffed marketplace

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mobility

it i I

Hill Figure 73 Mobility Loop

One of the solution to mobility today is through electrical vehicles. It is aimed to reduce the usage of petroleum. Till today, vehicular infrastructure are mostly dependant on non-renewable energy, oil. The continuancy of using oil would increase the CO2 emissions and pollutions. The usage of electrical vehicles would improve the quality of life while saving the environment from excessive CO2 and pollutions. With the usage of electrical vehicles that were charged at flexible times by different users, the energy shared would integrate into the power grid more easily. The electricity used would be harvested and generated from renewable energy such as solar energy and wind farms.

NHL NHL

challenges in city today Every city faces their own sets of challenges. Nevertheless, to change the perception of a rural village into a productive village, it will also face similar sets of challenges that an established city does. Therefore in this section, the proposal aims to address the following challenges to allow the concept of Villigification to work, such as: 1. Mobility 2. Energy 3. Waste 4. Water 5. Global Warming 6. Biodiversity 7. Industrialization 8. Health 9. Food 10. Migration

energy

energy backup 11144111 11144111

47 47

renewable energy

F EI

smart switch & distribution

smart mixed-use

Eta

it smart meter

off smart home

energy storage

Figure 74 Energy Loop

Each of the mentioned challenges are designed and planned to its upmost sustainability features to ensure its workability on a village scale that typical lacking in these basic infrastructures that the challenges provide.

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Smart grid is the new future, where the traditional one way management is upgraded to a two way management. This would increase energy efficiency while saving energy. With smart grid technology, users are able to control and track the daily energy consumption, and also maintaining users’ energy consumption , thus reducing electricity bills for the users. It also ensures the integration of renewable energy such as solar farm, wind farm and hydro electric.

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i THI

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Urban Design Development

111111111111111

waste

Design Strategies

fertiliser supplying users

electricity

THI

non-metal metal

other products

JAH

generating

t.EE

health residual waste

bio waste iiEiEtII

recyclable waste

saving

Figure 75 Waste Loop

bio-gas

heating

With the rapid urbanisation, waste management is one of the main global issue that users face daily. The waste that are overly produced would bring negative imapcts to our enviroment. Waste managent is important and innovative waste management would be more sustainable. Sustainable waste management is the main element in achieving a circular economy, thus bringing benefits economically, socially, and environmentally. Other than waste management, a few behaviour practiced would help achieve the target, including recycling, composting, reusing and anaeobic digestion.

THIi

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Figure 77 Public Life Loop

healthy

Fa9T

o.es

To promote health, an active living area is important as it focuses on physical activities from different elements, such as working, learning, living, travelling and playing. Various physical activity are adapted into the masterplan design. Besides, activity areas are also designed, while rethinking how the users are using the space, and how the flow moves. The big plots of green spaces that promotes active system would increase the economic productivity, thus a healthier population.

Itt

food

iiEiEtII

Design Strategies

FI.ITftFI oolooPp ioeeoo t.IIII.FI FETTEFFEEETH 1 H

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FI.ITftFI ioeeoo FETTEFFEEETH H retailers

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consumers

recyclable waste

Figure 76 Water Loop

Figure 78 Food Loop

Most of the wastewater treatment are harsh and oftenly polluted. Living Machine, was first introduced in Findhorn Ecovillage and was used to treat waste for approximately 300 users. It mimics the processes of tidal wetlands, thus naturally treating wastewater in a self-contained system. The proFETTEFFEEETH cess encourages the growth of anaerobic bacteria that would help break down organic and inorganic materials. As the tides come in, nutrients come in, and as the tide goes out, oxygen would come in and i thus providing a substrate for the bacteria.

Urban agriculture is a evolution in the farming industry, and would help solve the world’s food shortage. With urban agriculture that are located outside the housing area, door-step cultivation is promoted. This also means that food security are ensured to every users. Besides, urban farming helps to bring people together as working together to keep the plants alive developes a sense of belongingness in the community. In addition, it helps in financial savings from the decreasing stormwater runoff, urban heat island effect, pest control as well as energy cost.

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phase 1. Convert

0 - 15 years Converting the existing mining site into a habitable site, which is the villagegification concept : a village with city infrastructure

masterplan phases The masterplan of Janschwalde is planned in 3 different phases, to ensure full development of the site. It is aimed to develop the area in 35-50 years, to ensure the existing mining site is transformed into a new way of living, village lifestyle with city infrastructure. The three phases of the development are separated into convert, continue and complement. Phase 1 is named as Convert, as it aims to convert the existing mining site into a habitable site, or also known as a village equipped with city infrastructure. It is aimed to make sure that the site is designed with basic infrastructure such as residential, hospital, retails, forestry reclamation, greenhouses, community centre as well as the agricultural zone. The second phase of the development is Continue, where the site continues to extend and cultivate the infrastructure from phase 1, thus ensuring that the site is able to accommodate the growing population and demand, and not forgetting to enhance the network system to ensure that the site is well connected. The third phase is the Complement phase, where more cultural institutions and landmarks are placed. It is also aimed to spread the idea of living in the outskirts to the people living outside of Janschwalde, thus attracting more people to understand and enjoy the concept of villagegification.

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Figure 79 Phase 1 of Masterplan

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phase 2. Continue

phase 3. Complement

15 - 35 years Extending and cultivating infrastructure to accomodate the increasing population and users’ demand. Enhancing the network system to ensure good connectivity.

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35 - 50 years Individual placement of cultural institutions and landmarks, while continue to spread the idea of living in the outskirts, while cultivating a critical mass of new visitors.

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Figure 80 Phase 2 of Masterplan

Figure 81 Phase 3 of Masterplan

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overview of masterplan

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proposed bluescape

Completion in approximate 15 years A masterplan design of a 126km2 site, with 40% public infrastructure and 60% bluescape and greenscape.

Existing and planned waterway

River Extension

Additional and proposed waterway

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Figure 82 Overall Development of Masterplan

Figure 83 Additional public bluescape

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proposed outer ring

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new district 1. Janschnord 2. Janschwalde 3. Janschost 4. Janschsüd 5. Nord Klinger 6. Cottbus Ostsee 7. Klinger See 8. Niedrigerer See

Proposed Additional Trainline Exisiting Trainline

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Figure 84 Proposed Outer ring and Stations

Figure 85 Recreating New Identity of Janschwalde by Setting Eight District

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proposed transportation connection

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proposed city transport line

Proposed Main Backbone of Janschwalde

Proposed Inter Village Station ( Tram Line )

Proposed Central Hub

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Figure 86 Proposed Transportation Connection

Figure 87 Proposed City Transport Line

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phase 1 development

Connected to existing road

well connected by backbone connected to existing river

phase 1 development : convert As the masterplan developed, the overall site was well connected with infrastructure and landscape. The masterplan was first developed through the connection of the existing planned waterway and additional and proposed waterway to ensure that the Bluescape covers the whole site. Then, the proposed additional train lines are designed to connect with the existing train lines to ensure good connectivity from the north to the south of the site. After the development of eight new districts based on the existing borderline, a new identity of Janschwalde is formed. The existing highway that was well established along the site boundary was refined with an additional backbone that will run through the centre of the site, and were further developed into the finer grain with the concept ‘ road first, the house later’. This is designed in such a way to ensure that all road leads to another road. After the overall development of Janschwalde, the plan is zoomed in to Phase 1 of the development. The main reason for starting from the centre is due to its strategic location. The central site is connected to the existing road and it is a decent size for a city village (17km2). Besides, it is also connected to the existing river, thus utilising from the existing instead of starting from scratch. Due to its strategic location, it will be the start of multiple future developments.

decent size for a city village ( approx 17km 2)

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Figure 88 Phase 1 Development

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infrastructure development

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masterplan development

450m radius

1.5km radius

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Figure 89 Phase 1 Infrastructure Development Legends Tram Line Connecting Phase 1 Greenscape Radial Train System Proposed Central Hub

Figure 89 shows the infrastructure development of Phase 1, where the yellow highlighted circle is the proposed central hub, that will connect the whole Janschwalde site, and acting as a central for mobility convenience. The train system that goes through the central hub is designed in a radial system and the tram line that passes through would connect Phase 1 and Phase 2. Meanwhile, the green scape that is parallel to the Bluescape would double as a catchment area. 138

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Figure 90 Phase 1 Masterplan Development Legends Neighbourhood Park Connecting Green Network Stations Radial

Figure 90 shows the development of the masterplan layout. The green dots ( neighbourhood park ) are placed in a parallelogram grid system. They are placed 450m away from each other, in other to form the 450m radius walking distance, achieving the most suitable walkability approach. The neighbourhood park is then connected with the green network to ensure green connectivity. The pattern is then continued from the stations with a radius of 1.5km to create a mixture of grid and radial pattern. Thus, the figure-ground is formed. 139

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figure ground of phase 1

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Figure 91 Figure Ground of Phase 1 Legends Ground Greenscape Neighbourhood park Local Park

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Figure 91 shows the figure-ground of Phase 1. The figure-ground is formed based on the grid and radial pattern. With a mixture of the patterns, green and blue landscape, public infrastructure and vehicular access, a detail figure-ground filled with the road are achieved, thus creating the development of Phase 1.

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Figure 92 Permaculture Landscape Legends Water

Orchards

Forest Garden

Seasonal Garden

Grassland

Side Garden

Local Park

Wetlands ( Village Park )

Neighbourhood Park

Greenhouse

Figure 92 shows the permaculture landscape with water, forest garden, grassland, local park, neighbourhood park, orchards, seasonal garden, side garden, wetlands and greenhouse. This will help increase the biodiversity gradually thus replacing the dull mining site. With the permaculture, the site will eventually be self-sustaining with the help of the biodiversity. 141

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building plots

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Figure 93 Building Plots

Figure 93 shows the plotted grid that was formed by the 450m radius. Thus creating a 900m x 900m grid. It is positioned in such a way to create a walkable neighbourhood that creates a pleasant walking experience, encouraging people to walk.

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Figure 94 Housing Clusters Legends Housing Community House Livestock Food Hub

Figure 94 shows the housing units in each housing clusters. The houses are distributed evenly along each road. Each housing clusters are designed with community house, livestock, food hub and greenhouses to create a self-sustaining community group.

Greenhouses

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primary infrastructure

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secondary infrastructure

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Figure 95 Primary Infrastructure Legends

Urban Design Development

Figure 95 shows the primary infrastructure in Phase 1 Development. The radial system of bus and tram route ensure that the site is well connected. Cars would busses would be able to drive around the 900m x 900m perimeter.

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Figure 96 Secondary Infrastructure

Figure 96 shows the secondary infrastructure layer. It is mainly designed for bicycles and 2-3 wheels vehicles to ensure the safety of the pedestrians.

Backbone Train Line

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pedestrian network

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local community house

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Figure 97 Pedestrian Network

Figure 98 Local Community House

Figure 97 shows the pedestrian network in the masterplan. The fine grain leads to each housing clusters and local interest point, ensuring good connectivity throughout the site.

Figure 98 shows the local community houses, that are distributed evenly throughout the area. Each community house is used to cater to the nearest housing clusters, with amenities specific amenities for each area to encourage ‘community-forming’.

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food hub

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Figure 99 Food Hub

Figure 99 shows the community food hub. The food hubs are centrally located in the area, ensuring that all housing clusters are well catered. The food hubs are also used as a place for food exchange and food preparation. It can also be used as an area to process the food harvested before going to each housing clusters.

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Figure 100 Outdoor Activities Legends Community Open Spaces Ecological Landscapes Blue + Green Infrastructure Working + Productive Landscapes Transitional Landscape

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Figure 100 shows the outdoor activities and programs that are distributed evenly along with the masterplan. This is to ensure that an active and healthy lifestyle is encouraged in the masterplan. The different layers of outdoor activities include community open spaces, ecological landscapes, blue and green infrastructure, working and productive landscapes as well as transitional landscape. 149

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community open spaces

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Figure 101 Community Open Spaces Layer

Community Open Space

The Masterplan

Figure 101 shows the community open spaces layer. It is the layer that includes layer for recreation, social life and small scale food cultivation. • Playground • Neighbourhood Park • Sport fields • Regional Parks • Recreation Centres • Plazas • Reading Garden • Interaction area • Yoga Garden • Farmers Market • Urban Gardens • Trails 150

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Figure 102 Ecological Landscape Layer

Ecological Landscape

Figure 102 shows the ecological landscape layer. It is the layer that includes meadows and forests that provide habitat and other environmetal benefits. • Landscape Forest • Industrial Nature Park • Woodland • Rapid reforestation • Sucessional Road • Grass field • Road to Views • Tree Nurseries • wetland • Ecological Water • Ecological Forest • Nature Park 151

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blue + green infrastructure

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working + productive landscape

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Figure 103 Blue + Green Infrastructures Layer

Blue + Green Infrastructures

Urban Design Development

Figure 103 shows the blue and green infrastructure layer. It is the landscapes that captures stormwater and clean air. • Large Lake • Smaller Retention Pond • Infiltration Park • Swales and Infiltration Medians • Carbon Forest • Road side pond • Biodiversity corridor • Green Industry Buffer

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Figure 104 Working + Productive Landscape Layer

Figure 104 shows the working and productive landscape layer. It is the landscape that generates new knowlege, grow energy, and create new urban experiences. • Research Landscape • Aquaculture + Hydroponics • Urban Farm • Energy field or forest • Edible border • Algae culture • Campgrounds • Urban Cattle Working + Productive Landscape • Fish Farm • Biological Pond • Maggot farm 153

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transitional landscape

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masterplan functional zoning residential

greenscape

cultural

mixed-use

entertainment homestays residential greenscape entertainment

mixed-use greenscape

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Figure 105 Transitional Landscape Layer

Transitional Landscape

Figure 105 shows the transitional landscape layer. It is landscape enable new forms of social life and creative displays • Event Landscapes • Remediation field or forests • Artscapes • Urban meadows • Social Furniture • Social Niche • Installation Walls • Urban Amphitheatre • Performing Area • Wildflower Native Gardens 154

residential

mixed-use

residential

central hub

cultural

homestays

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Figure 106 Masterplan Functional Zoning

Figure 106 shows the masterplan zoning of Phase 1. There are different zones for each type of land use, and each land use zones are subject to different regulations. The zoning inlcudes mixed-use, residential, greenscape, mixed-use, entertainment and cultural.

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street section

3m Walkway

16m Boulevard

Boulevard Street Section Scale 1 : 200

4m Walkway

12m Public Transport Street ( Tram ) Public Transport Street ( Tram ) Scale 1 : 200

16m Boulevard Figure 107 Street Section of Boulevards

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8m Pedestrian Priority Street Pedestrian Priority Street Scale 1 : 200

7m Pedestrian Street Pedestrian Street Scale 1 : 200

Figure 108 Street Section of Pedestrian Street and Public Transport

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Figure 109 Productive Loop of Villagegification

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Sustainability Features

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waste layer

Sustainability Features

The waste are distributed into multiple categories to ensure it can be used for different objective.

Food Compost The village-homes’ food compost is sent to maggot farm for decomposing while acting as food for the maggots and pollinators.

Food Compost The extra food waste from the market is sent to maggot farm to decompose.

Livestock’ food The vegetation from the seasonal garden that is not suitable for consumption will be used as food for livestock.

Livestock’ food The additional food waste from the market that is bigger in size would be used as food for livestock.

Recyclable waste The recyclable waste is processed in the waste management area.

Household Waste Household waste is separated into different categories and distributed into different usages in the waste management area.

Bio-Waste non-compostable waste is sent to the biogas facility for further breakdown.

Grey Water The used water that is collected in village-homes is collected and to be reused.

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Figure 110 Waste Loop

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food input layer

Sustainability Features

The food input layers are distributed from various source to reach one end : Village-Homes.

Maggots as Fish Food Maggots used as fish food.

Maggots for Livestock Maggots as food for livestock.

Waste for Maggots Waste in seasonal garden as maggot’s food.

Waste for Maggots Waste in aquaponics as maggot’s food.

Greenhouse Produce Produce in Greenhouse are sold at the Market

Fish Faeces as Fertiliser Faeces from fish farm are used to fertilise greenhouse.

Market as Hub Communities can purchase products from market.

Door Step Cultivation Produce harvested for home consumption.

Fish Farm Fish as protein source.

Food for Livestock Produce as food for livestock.

Livestock Livestock as protein source.

Aquaponics Produce Produce sold at the Market

Aquaponics consumption Produce for Village-Home

Greenhouse Consumption Produce for Village-Home

8 2

11 7 6

Figure 111 Food Input Layer

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water input layer

Water Source Market ‘s water from storage

Water Reuse for Maggot Unfiltered water from fish farm reused at maggot farm.

Fresh Water Fishfarm’s water from storage

Seasonal Garden Water Clean water to water garden

Livestock’s water source Water from storage

Filtered Water Water for VillageHome Usage

Rain-Water Harvesting Extra Water harvested to be kept in storage.

Reusing Water Water from FIsh farm to be stored in grey water for reuse.

Grey Water Reuse Seperated for reuse.

Filtered Water Source Filtered Water for Aquaponics

Grey Water Collection Extra water from Greenhouse to Grey water.

Grey Water Irrigation Grey water used to water greenhouse

Grey Water Irrigation Grey water used to water aquaponics

Water Extract Extract from Biogas stored in storage

Water Extract Extract from Waste are processed in Grey Water

Sustainability Features

5 8

Figure 112 Food Input Layer

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Sustainability Features

energy input layer The energy are harvested through solar, water, wind , kinetic, biogas to ensure self sustaining.

5 1 4

Figure 113 Energy Input Layer

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Renewable Energy The energy harvested are used to power up the market.

Energy Harvesting The energy stored are used to provide energy to the village home, and distributed the excessive to the surrounding building.

Energy Loop The excessive energy that are collected in the village-home are stored in the energy storage for future usage.

Energy Usage The energy harvested are used to power up the equipments in the waste facility.

Bio-Gas The energy produced in biogas while processing the waste can be reused in other parts of the loop.

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Sustainability Features

Chapter 4

Urban Design Development

Sustainability Features

masterplan sustainability features Natural Sunshading Natural sunshading in winter with sunrooms and insulation.

Solar Energy Photovoltaic Panels are installed on the outer facade of the buildings.

Green Roofs Green Roofs and light colour roof with insulation help protect building from direct solar heat. In winter, the green roof minimizes heat loss through added insulation on the roof.

Stormwater Discharge The discharged stormwater helps to enriched the surrounding biodiversity.

Passive Heating Buildings are designed with sunroom, facing south or west, equipped with shades and louvers.

Low Energy Building Low energy building are achieved through maximising energy efficiency and using renewable energy

Permeable Surfaces Permeable surfaces allow water to percolate into the soil to filter out pollutants and recharge the water table.

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8 I

Urban Drainage The sustainable urban drainage would help to manage the surface water.

Water Harvesting The rain water harvested are kept in storage and reused.

Waste Management The waste are seperated into different categories before being processed in Biogas Facility

EE FEIi

iii

Biotopes The wild planting of biodiversity requires minimum maintenance

Local Food Source The door step food cultivation helps to create a self-sustaining loop.

Figure 114 Masterplan Sustainable Features

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Natural Sunshading The sunroom helps reduce heat during summer while acting as additional living area during mild weather.

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Plans

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5 zones selection

Plans

zone 1 : residential + neighbourhood park

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Figure 115 5 Zones Selection

As the masterplan continues, five different zones of the same characteristics and different elements are chosen to work on the design. The zones are labelled with a number and the different elements are labelled as below: 1. Residential + Neighbourhood Park 2. Residential + Mixed-use + Central Local Park 3. Residential + Local Park 4. Residential + Central Hub 5. Residential + Intervillage Station 170

Figure 116 Zone 1 Legends Housing

Side Garden

Community House

Aquaponics

Livestock

Seasonal Garden

Food Hub

Storage

Greenhouses

Grassland

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zone 2 : residential + mixed-use + central local park

Plans

zone 3 : residential + river + local park

Legends Housing Community House Livestock kilometers 0

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Food Hub

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Greenhouses

Figure 117 Zone 2

Side Garden

Legends Housing

Side Garden

Mixed-use

Community House

Aquaponics

Recreational Lake

Livestock

Seasonal Garden

Timber platform

Food Hub

Storage

Playground

Greenhouses

Grassland

Vegetation

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Aquaponics Seasonal Garden Storage Grassland kilometers 0

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Figure 118 Zone 3

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zone 5 : residential + intervillage station

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Figure 119 Zone 4

Figure 120 Zone 5

Legends

Legends Housing

Side Garden

Mixed-use

Housing

Side Garden

Entertainment

Community House

Aquaponics

Landscape

Community House

Aquaponics

Landscape

Livestock

Seasonal Garden

Timber Platform

Livestock

Seasonal Garden

Timber Platform

Food Hub

Storage

Playground

Food Hub

Storage

Water

Greenhouses

Grassland

Vegetation

Greenhouses

Grassland

Vegetation

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Design Typology

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Design Typology

building matrix

BuildingMatrix Framework

Residential

residential

Material Sqm

n't

i offices offices

homestay

a workshop

workshop

museum

landmark landmark

museum

Occupantperunit

III

Mixed Use shophouseamixed-use

Greenhouse greenhouse

T.tt storage storage

iiiiiiiiiiFi'eiifiitiiifiitifiifiifiifiqf Aquaponics aquaponics

culturalcentre

cultural centre

Figure 121 Building Matrix

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SOHO SoHo

library

WE iE communityhome

commercial mixed-use

community house

central hub

central hub Figure 122 Building Matrix

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hospital

E.EE EFEEt stations

stations

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Design Typology

usage per capita

Tait

The diagram on the right shows a rough figure of usage per capita to sufficiently supply a person in conjunction with its required infrastructure. This figure is not accurate to the dot, but it is measured based on a research done by one of the precedents mentioned in this proposal; RegenVillage by EFFEKT. Through this figure, the masterplan will take advantage of the vast empty abandoned land to provide sufficient infrastructure to support the total of 20,000 habitats within the site. It is simply multiplying the figure derived from the diagrams by this expected amount of habitants. This step is crucial because typically a rural village will not provide sufficient infrastructure as such, hence out sprawling happens more often than not in the village. Therefore, having a sufficient amount of infrastructure that basically able to challenge what the city provides will create a productive village to attract and keep its habitants in the proposed peaceful environment.

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o capacity in Villagegification

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Figure 123 Usage For One Single User Anually

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usage and quantity study o

0 10

usagepercapita

1 Greenhouse

i i

DX20,000 i iiii

4000greenhouse

Figure 124 Proposed Greenhouse Unit for Approximately 20,000 Users

usagepercapita

1plot average

20,000

riff

nHi

5600villagehome

usagepercapita

Aquaponicsshelf

0 64

DX20,000

1plot average

Iin

Figure 125 Proposed Village Home Unit for Approximately 20,000 Users

X 20,000 20,000seasonalgarden

Figure 127 Proposed Seasonal Garden for Approximately 20,000 Users

usagepercapita

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x 20,000 9530Aquaponics tapes

usagepercapita

itiifiitft.fi Figure 126 Proposed Aquaponics Shelf Unit for Approximately 20,000 Users

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X 20,000 20,000 Water1energy

iiii

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Figure 128 Proposed Livestock Plots Unit for Approximately 20,000 Users

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Figure 129 Proposed Energy And Water Usage Unit for Approximately 20,000 Users

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Design Typology

design placement : community within community After having a building matrix and its capacity, the placement of buildings is carefully planned to create a multi-layer community masterplan. These layers are created by having a small clustered building placement within a designated plot. Multiple sets of the clustered plot are placed axially along the circulations configured within the overall plan. Lastly, these configurations will form radial walkability of 450m radius that ensures a short and pleasurable walking distance between plots and infrastructures. With the conjunction of these 3 layers of configurations, the placement of buildings that are coherent with its infrastructure and circulation has created multiple layers of community, from the overall section to a mini-community of a few houses within a plot. The strong sense of community found in a rural village, where neighbours are no strangers to each other is further amplified within the proposed configurations.

clustered I

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radial

450m

ptoposedhousingtypology.tt

mini community

small community Figure 130 Building Clusters Type

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Figure 131 Example of Building Clusters Zone

z s

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Legends Housing

Side Garden

radial + medium community

Community House

Aquaponics

axial + small community

Livestock

Seasonal Garden

clustered + mini community

Food Hub

Storage

Greenhouses

Grassland

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Visualisations

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Visualisations

t Ii i i

housing Housing

Goat

IiItiFiii

community house communityhouse

foodhub hub food

seasonal / side garden seasonal garde Iside

i innitEof F

entertainment entertainment

mixeduse use mixed

serial vision visualisation

It is also drawn to capture the scenatios in the village, replacing the traditional view of an overall masterplan render.

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recreational lake recreational

lake

timber

aquaponics aquaponics

i i

A series of drawings are shown in this section to ensure that the mood and feeling of the village is well captured and portrayed. It is important as it works around a set of inter-related drawings in creating a vibrant atmosphere. The vision guides around different spaces in the masterplan, varying from architecture, to public spaces, residential and to landscape intervention.

livestock

greenhouse greenhouse

TY intiition

uhh

III

initii

iii iii

o playground playground

Figure 132 Serial Vision of Masterplan

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to plaza

plazas

iiEtf

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commercial courtyardsarea

tram line tramline

stop

central centralhub hub

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fruit orchards orchards

Fruit

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food oatrucks

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public chairs chairs

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event landscape eventlandscape event landscape

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wall installation installation installation walls walls

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reading garden garden garden reading reading

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landscape forest landscape landscape forest forest

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farmers’ market market market farmers farmers

yoga garden garden garden yoga yoga

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urban amphitheatre amphitheatre amphitheatre urbain urbain

intervillage station station intervillage

public

Visualisations

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car parking car parking

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bicycle bicycleparking parking

kiosk kiosk

i bus busstation

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artscapes Artscapes Artscapes

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treenurseries nurseries nurseries tree tree

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urban furniture social socialfurniture furniture

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pedestrian route street street pedestrian pedestrian Figure 133 Serial Vision of Masterplan

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riverside bridges bridges

CHA P T ER 05 Architecture Development

ssue that is on the rise ment. In certain mining esources are depleted rn causing vacant and nd to be neglected or g for a coal energy eoccurring when these Hence, this concludes sign and planning for a y desired architecture on and revitalisation of cology and human ld always consider its as social, economic, s as to avoid creating , an empirical analysis e carried out on the bandoned mining site, tudied to find the most site conditions require ads to a deeper site to ensure a maximum d from given natural d revitalisation

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villagegification Typically in a rural village, the housings are always in a detached configuration away from its neighbour, with a sufficient amount of green land to do some plantings. Here in Villagegification, the housing design aims to keep the similar detached configuration, but with some added twist. Firstly, the main theme of the housing design is to have a seamless intergrated living between nature and shelter. Here, each unit has their own ‘glass house’ that allows occupants to have their private mini-agriculture space, apart from the community sharing plot outside the house. Occupants can enjoy harvesting crops directly outside their doorstep and directly inside their house. Like every other buildings within Villagegification, every house are only one-floor height to keep the human scale architecture, avoiding the typical mid to highrise apartment scale that disconnect from the streetscapes completely. In conjunction with the masterplan, the housing design emphasize on self-sustainability, hence all houses will greatly harvest energy from the nature. Various design strategy are conducted to provide a lower general energy consumption on each dwellings, as well as maximizing food production and eliminate food waste. 190

Figure 134 67 Villagegification Visualisation Visualisation Villagegification

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The village-homes designed starts with 42sqm as a base for the perfect size of a comfortable living.

design strategy The design strategies of the village-homes aims at different direction, and how it gets to final design. First, the most comfortable living size of an individual is studied, and studies shown that 42 square meter is considered the perfect living condition for a single user. The building is then designed lower then 4 meters to create a human-scale living, thus creating more naturally empowered environment as compated to a concrete jungle. Besides, passive design are intergrated into the homes to ensure energy efficiency. Pitched roofs are built to allow natural ventilation between the outer layer and the building, preserving energy. A sun-room is also designed and located in each house to create a borderless inside-outside vibe, while maintaining as a extended living zone. The homes are designed in 5 different sizes for various sizes of occupants. The standardized building modules starts from 42sqm, 64sqm, 84sqm, 128 sqm and up to 150 sqm maximum. Modular housing are also intergrated into the village home to ensure cost-effectiveness, durability, flexibility and ec0-friendliness. It is designed moslty with sourced timber that would enables a faster construction while ensuring minimal waste through prefabrication in modular housing. The modular home elements include wall panels, window sizes, louvers, patio sizes, door sizes as well as planter box sizes, thus ensuring flexibility and customization of different occupants.

Most of the building to be designed with a maximum of 4 meters height to accomplish human scale living, ensuring low density.

The village-homes are designed with pitch roof as to ergonomically deal with natural issues such as snow fall and rainfall.

FTIFF

The village-homes are standardised building module with sizes of 42sqm, 64sqm, 84 sqm, 128sqm and up to 150sqm max.

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Village-homes are equipped with sunroom to create a feeling of indoor-outdoor, while acting as a double skin for heat.

Figure 135 Design Strategy

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i MEILI

anime j

Modular construction are used due to its flexibility, cost-effectiveness, durability and eco-friendliness.

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sustainability features in housing development

iiitens

watercollectionsystem

Extendedsummer season

Emphasising on living with nature lifestyle, every home is designed with extended living spaces.

With the sun-room, the users can experience outside while staying inside the house.

During winter, the sun-room with preheated air creates a illusion of extended summer season.

Greywatercollection

The rainwater and greywater are collected, processed and reused for other purposes, while the excessive would flow to storages. Builtinsolarenergy

Ftii

qq.mg The sun-room is also designed to be openable to ensure private-public space usage.

The sun-room creates passive heat that will heat up the space in the inner building.

energy acµp

The sun-room helps to achieved thermal comfort in both summer and winter situation.

0 union

in The sun-room also creates preheated air during the winter, thus ensuring warmth to be spread thoroughly.

With the extra roof space created by the sun room, the warm air in the building rises, thus ensuring natural ventilation.

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Built in solar energy panels from Tesla help monitors energy consumption and stores energy for outage.

treelikewindturbines

byNewworldwind

“Tree-Like” wind turbines are installed to merge with the surrounding nature while being productive.

Modular construction are used due to its flexibility, cost-effectiveness, durability and eco-friendliness.

Figure 136 Sustainability Features in Village Homes

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housing matrix

IFI

Single House Area : 42 sqm Bedroom : 1

Work + Live Area : 42 sqm Bedroom : 1

Solo Traveller / Bagpacker Area : 42 sqm Bedroom : 1

Single Family / Couple Area : 64 sqm Bedroom : 2

Two Good Friends Area : 84 sqm Bedroom : 2

Family / Couple with Kids / Parents Area : 128 sqm Bedroom : 3

I'if Multi-Generational ( 6 Pax ) Area : 128 sqm Bedroom : 4

A Group of Friends Area : 128 sqm Bedroom : 4

A Group of Friends Area : 150 sqm Bedroom : 6

Multi- Generational / Couple with Three Kids Area : 150 sqm Bedroom : 5

IT Artist Area : 64 sqm Bedroom : 2

Ex-Miners and Family Area : 84 sqm Bedroom : 2

Figure 137 Housing Matrix In Villagegification

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housing typologies 6 7

Type A 42 sqm

12.8

10 Type D 128 sqm

Type B 64 sqm

12 Type C 84 sqm

15 7

10 C1

Type E 150 sqm

Figure 138 Housing Typologies

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Type A1 42 sqm Scale 1 : 100

Type A2 42 sqm Scale 1 : 100 Figure 139 Type A Housing Plan

Figure Figure140 71 Concept Type Sketch A Housing Visualisation Plan

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Type A3 42 sqm Scale 1 : 100

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Type B1 64 sqm Scale 1 : 100 Figure 141 Type A Housing Plan

Figure 142 Type B Housing Plan

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Type B2 64 sqm Scale 1 : 100

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Type C1 84 sqm Scale 1 : 100 Figure 143 Type B Housing Plan

Figure 144 Type C Housing Plan

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Type C2 84 sqm Scale 1 : 100

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Type D1 128 sqm Scale 1 : 100 Figure 145 Type C Housing Plan

Figure 146 Type D Housing Plan

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Type D2 128 sqm Scale 1 : 100

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Type D3 128 sqm Scale 1 : 100 Figure 147 Type D Housing Plan

Figure 148 Type D Housing Plan

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Type E1 150 sqm Scale 1 : 100

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Type E2 150 sqm Scale 1 : 100 Figure 149 Type E Housing Plan

Figure 150 Type E Housing Plan

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open doors during day, close at night

summer sun shading

cooling summer breeze

thermal mass wall stores sun heat

South

open doors during day, close at night

Tesla solar harvesting

open louvered vent green roof

close louvered vent green roof

clear double glazing energy back up thermal mass

rainwater harvesting

sunroom

living quarter

Section Drawing Scale 1 : 100

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North

winter sun heat from thermal mass and sunroom

thermal mass wall stores sun heat

screen planting against winter winds energy back up thermal mass

rainwater harvesting

South

clear double glazing

sunroom

living quarter

Section Drawing Scale 1 : 100 Figure 151 Summer Sustainable Diagram

Figure 152 Winter Sustainable Diagram

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Figure 153 View From Plaza to Community House and Housing Areas

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Figure 154 View From Community House towards Public Areas

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Figure 155 View From Community House and Livestock Area Towards Greenhouse and Aquaponics

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Figure 156 View in Housing Clusters

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Figure 157 View From Neighbourhood Park to Housing

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Figure 158 Night View

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Survey Questions (Translated Version) Is Green the New Black? We are conducting a questionnaire to determine the awareness of German citizens towards the negative effects of coal mines and how they can adapt to Germany's coal exit.

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Survey Questions (Original German Version) Is Green the New Black? Wir führen einen Fragebogen durch, um das Bewusstsein der deutschen Bürger für die negativen Auswirkungen von Kohleminen und deren Anpassung an den deutschen Kohleabgang zu ermitteln.

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3. In which state do you live?

1. What is your age group? According to the graphic, the majority of the surveyed persons are between 25-54 years old. So 71% of them are in the middle of their working age.

According to the graphic, we have 3 main groups, with 35% of the participants coming from North Rhine-Westphalia, 29% from Saxony Anhalt and 13% from Saxony.

2. Which is your job? According to the graphic, the majority of the surveyed persons have a paid job. So 65% of them are employees, 16% are students and just 10% are freelancers.

4. Do you think climate change is a hoax? For the next question, the great majority of the people believe in the climate change. However 6.5% believe it is a lie.

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7. Do you think that we need stricter laws and regulations to avoid further damage to the environment in Germany? According to the graphic, almost half of the participants (15 of 31 persons) are indecisive about the regulations. However the majority of the citizens agree with the implementation of stricter laws.

5. How concerned are you about environmental issues? For the next question, the majority of the people are moderately concerned about this type of issues with 61%, about 23% are very concerned and just 3% are not concerned at all.

6. Do you have an interest in participating in voluntary groups concerned with protecting the environment? Almost half of the participants have not interest at all regarding the participation in voluntary groups (15 of 31 participants). 8. Would you use renewable energy as a new energy source in your home in order to reduce the pollution of the ecosystem? According to this graphic, we can observe that the great majority (80%) are ready to adopt renewable energy in their homes, on the contrary only 6 persons do not comply with an installation of these technologies to reduce pollution.

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11. Are you willing to pay extra bills/taxes for a period of time to help with the switch to a clean energy source?

9. Are you using solar panels as an energy source at your home? For this question, the great majority of the surveyed participants are using solar panels at their homes (28 of 31 persons).

For this question, we can read that a third part of the participants will definitely change regardless of the cost, (35%). On the other hand, 42% of the persons are aware that the amount of money to be paid would affect their decision on this matter. And 19% of the people are skeptical about the timing for this transition.

10. If your answer is "No", choose from a scale of 1 to 5 to state how eager you are to change to renewable energy? According to this graphic we can see a very interesting result, almost a third of the participants are indecisive, the same for interested and again almost the third are very interested (each 9 participants).

12. Are you aware that due to expansions of brown coal mines in Germany, many towns were razed and their residents were displaced? According to the recovered data we can clearly see that the majority of people are aware of the displacement of the citizens. On the contrary just 13% of persons do not know about this topic.

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15. Would you prefer a readapted industrial building or a new building?

13. Are you concerned about the future of coal miners who would lose their jobs due to Germany’s coal exit by 2038?

In this graphic we can see that the majority of the surveyed persons agree with the implementation of a new buildings for specific uses. Whereas a third part really do not care about the typology and only a 6% would like these buildings to be readapted.

The results of this graphic clearly show that 2/3 of the surveyed participants are concerned for the coal miners job loss according to the future plans. Whereas 1/3 is not really interested about the future of this citizens' jobs in this matter.

16. An industrial complex in your area will undergo readaptation, which new building programme would you support? (You may select more than 1 answer.)

14. How would Germany’s coal exit affect its economy in the future? According to the graphic, the majority of the surveyed persons (almost half of them) think that the future economy of Germany will grow, in relation to the 1/3 that does not expect any change with this implementation in the renewable energies.

For this questions the results were very uniform. The least popular categories were Retail & Commercial with only 6% and Museum & Cultural Preservation with 12%.

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ANALYSIS - - - - X 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

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CONCLUSION - ---X

Mostly 25 - 54 Years old Mostly employee Mostly came from North Rhine - Westphalia Most don’t think climate change is a hoax Most are moderately concerned 5 - Most are not Interested 3 - Most thinks averagely for enforcement of stricter laws Most said yes to use renewable energy Most are not using Solar Panels 3 - Average say they are eager to change to renewable energy Most said depends on how much they need to pay , to switch to clean energy Yes , most are aware of resettlement of residents. Yes , most are concerned about the future of coal miners Mostly thinks it will improve Most likes new Building as compared to readapted building Most prefer sportfacilities as compared to other facilities

From the total of 31 participants of this survey, we have discovered that the majority believed in climate change and agree with Germany’s plan of coal exit. Most of the respondents are concerned about environmental issues and are interested to join voluntary groups that are related to protect the environment. Other than that, renewable energy as an alternate source of energy to counter the coal exit was also favoured by many. However, their main concern for the change of energy source is the additional costs of renewable energy as most of the consumers would prefer an affordable option. Nevertheless, respondents were also mainly concerned with the possible increase in unemployment and loss of jobs that are directed to the mining industry and the future of coal miners after the coal exit. Most of them still have positive reviews on the economy of Germany after the coal exit and believed that it will improve. In the light of these results, there exists huge concerns for unemployment and social issues that will influence the course of our direction in the thesis. In addition to that, we have found that there are no significant differences between the online survey and conducted interviews. However, we still believe that online surveys in general would receive more honest answers as the results are submitted anonymously.

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Forming a Low Density Village with a Mixture of Urban Lifestyle and Natural Environment