R C A TI T
A
Cu Au Fe Zn U Oil
CA
N
Mineral Production Data Australia and France refuse to sign, CRAMRA does not get ratified.
Antarctic Treaty 1960 - Original signatories: United Kingdom, South Africa, Belgium, Japan, USA, Norway, France, New Zealand and Russia
[5000]
Cu Au Fe Zn U Oil
W
S
Concerns for NUCLEAR WAR
The Cold War
Cu Au Fe Zn U Oil [5700]
1957/58 International Geophysical Year. Unprecedented international scientific co-operation
Article 4: Territorial Claims
Article 5: No Nuclear detonation
4.1 No prior claims to territory will be renounced 4.2 Nations can reserve the right to claim territory 4.3 No acts while the treaty is in place constitute a territorial claim
CRAMRA Convention on the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resource Activity, allows mineral prospecting
UN resolution calls for equitable sharing of Antarctic mineral resources
Article 1: Antarctica to be used only for peaceful purposes, no military activity Article 7: No Military Activity on the continent
1987-1991 Greenpeace protests against mineral exploitation in the Antarctic
Article 2: Protection of the freedom of scientific investigation
2001 - Russia sends a ship to the Antarctic to survey potential mineral deposits
Madrid Protocol
2041 Madrid Protocol due for review...
Proposed in 1991, placed into effect in 1998. Open to review in 2041.
Article 7: Any activity realting to mineral resources, other than scientific research, shall be prohibited.
The Antarctic Treaty System
E
AK
SIG
N A
L
is equivalent to 100,000 metric tonnes / 100,000 L oil production per year.
Source: www.usgs.com
Aircraft Skiway/Runway
Troll Skiway
Antarctic Gateway City
Cape Town
Antarctic Claim, Original signatory, Consultory Party Reserves the right to claim, Original signatory, Consultory Party Original signatory, Consultory Party Cape Town
Signatory, Consultory Party Signatory
0
1000
2000
3000
Km
Antarctic Circumpolar Current
Punta Arenas Troll Skiway
Ushuaia
Marambio
Kohnen Hailey Skiway
Palmer Runway
Rothera
South Pole Skiway
Wilkins Concordia McMurdo
Browning Pass
Antarctic Circumpolar Current
Hobart
Christchurch
Disputed Territories
Norwegian Claim Argentinian Claim
UK Claim
Chilean Claim Australian Claim
Unclaimed Territory
French Claim Australian Claim New Zealand Claim
1990 Vostok ice drilling commences
1960 - 61 Antarctic Treaty 1957-58 International Geophysical year
1950
is signed by Uk, South Africa, Belgium, Japan, USA, Norway, France, NZ, and Russia
1960
1983 China and India sign the Antarctic Treaty
1972 Convention for the conservation of Antarctic Seals
1964 Measures of Flora & Fauna Act
1970
1980
1987 - 1991 Greenpeace protests in the Antarctic
1985 UN charter for equitable division of Antarctic mineral resources
1991 The Madrid Protocol, banning mineral exploitation in Antarctica is signed
1990 1989 Australia and France refuse to sign CRAMRA 1988 CRAMRA convention is tabled
2040 Nickel reserves expire
2014 2001 Russia sends a mineral surveying ship to Antarctica
2000 1998 The Madrid Protocol comes into effect
2002 UN backs the Antarctic Treatly System
2019 Zinc reserves expire
2010
2012 Russian drilling reaches Lake Vostok
2023 Gold, Sivler and Lead reserves expire
2020
2029 Chromium reserves expire
2040
2030 2021 Titanium reserves expire
2026 Hafnium reserves expire
2041 Madrid Protocol reviewed
2035 Copper reserves expire
2032 Tin, Uranium and Oil reserves expire
2048 Platinum reserves expire
2050 2046 Natural Gas reserves expire
2038 Antimony reserves expire