2
動詞 時 態
•
現在簡單式（V-s/es）
•
現在進行式（am/is/are＋V-ing）
•
現在完成式（has/have＋p.p.）
英文基本句型 2 動詞時態
❶
•
現在完成進行式（has/have been＋V-ing） 以現在式代替未來式
•
過去簡單式（V-ed）
•
過去進行式（was/were＋V-ing）
1
過去完成式（had＋p.p.） 過去完成進行式（had been＋V-ing）
•
•
011
未來簡單式（will＋VR） 未來進行式（will be＋V-ing）
•
未來完成式（will have＋p.p.） 未來完成進行式（will have been＋V-ing）
現在簡單式（V-s/es） ❶ 時態分為三時四式：
Z 簡單式 ] ] 進行式 ．三時 * 過去 ．四式 [ ] 完成式 未來 ] \ 完成進行式
A 現在的事實、狀態或動作。
現在
B 習慣性的動作。 C 真理、格言和不變的事實。
護士在醫院照顧病人。
Nurses
look after＝take care of
after patients in hospitals.
look
我父親每天早上六點起床。
My father
gets
up at six o'clock every morning.
日出於東而落於西。
The sun
in the east and
rises
sets
in the west.
有志者，事竟成。
Where there
is
a will, there
moves
around the sun.
is
a way.
地球繞太陽轉。
The earth
1 表「習慣性的動作」，常與下列副詞連用：
⑴ ⑵ ⑶ ⑷
every r always alway a s often o of ften seldom seld ldom
＋時間名詞（每一……）❷ （總是）/
usuall usually lly （經常） （常常）/ sometimes （有時候） never （很少）/ （從未）
❷ 時間名詞：day, night, week, morning...等。
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英文文法總複習講義
2 主詞為第三人稱單數時，現在式的動詞字尾須加
"s" 或 "es"，但❸ ❸ 動詞字尾如果是 "-s, -ch, -sh, -x 或 -z" 時，
⑴ 字尾是 "子音＋y" 時，先去 y，再加 "ies"。
則加 "es"。
⑵ 字尾是 "母音＋y" 時，則直接加 "s" 即可。 ① wash ④ watch ⑦ pass
（
）
（
）
（
）
washes watches passes
② study
例外：do ⇒ does；go ⇒ goes。
③ enjoy
studies fixes pays
⑤ fix ⑧ pay
⑥ hurry
enjoys hurries
Jane often on a diet, but it never lasts long. go on a diet（節食） go going went goes The diligent student to the library every week. goes is going has gone go As the proverb goes, "Time and tide for no man." wait waits waited is waiting rain Does it (rain) a lot in Taipei, especially in May? My mother always
2
As the proverb goes, ...
(worry) about me.
worries
（誠如格言所說，……）
現在進行式（am/is/are＋V-ing）
A 表示說話時正在進行的動作。 B 現在進行式常和時間副詞（now, C
at present, at the moment）連用。
Look! （你看！）或 Listen! （你聽！）皆表某個動作正在進行，故用現在進行 式。 我需要一把雨傘，因為正在下雨。
I need an umbrella because it
is
raining
.
傑克現在正在寫一封信。
Jack
is
writing
a letter at present.
你看！很多小鳥在空中飛翔。
Look! Many birds
are
flying
in the sky.
2
動詞時態
013
1 下列動詞通常不用進行式：
（這些動詞主要是內心的意識，而無外在的動作，因此不用進行式。） ⑴ 存在動詞：be, exist, own, have, belong, possess, ...等。 ⑵ 知覺動詞：hear, see, taste, smell, look, sound, ...等。 ⑶ 認知動詞：know, think, believe, understand, remember, ...等。
prefer, f r, want, ...等。 ⑷ 情感動詞：love, hate, like, prefe 2 現在簡單式與現在進行式之比較：❶
The earth
❶ 表示「狀態」或是「長久性」的動詞
(move) around the sun.
moves
通常不用進行式：
⑴) ⑴現在簡單式表示： The leaves are moving (move) in the wind and rain. 永久性、習慣性、固定性。
teaches (teach) English in that school. He ⑵) He is teaching (teach) English in the next room. 3 現在進行式與
⑵現在進行式表示： 臨時性、偶發性、短暫性。
always, constantly 等字連用時，表示「經常反覆的動作」：
新奇的事不斷地在發生。
New and surprising things are always happening . 瑪麗經常改變主意。
Mary is constantly changing her mind. 4 表「來往」的動詞（如：go,
come, start, leave, stay, arrive, ...）若與未來時間副詞連
用，可用現在進行式，表示「預定或即將發生的事」： 湯姆明天早上將離開臺北。
Tom is leaving (leave) Taipei tomorrow morning. 山姆下星期來我們學校。
Sam is coming (come) to our school next week.
（
）
（
）
（
）
A: What's up? B: I for my cell phone Father gave me. look looked is looking am looking belong to（屬於）不用於進 I can hardly believe that these books him. 行式。 belong belong to are belonging are belonging to The famous politician a speech at the Town Hall now. makes make made is making sleeps Don't make too much noise. The baby is sleeping (sleep). He (sleep) ten hours every night. wants Look! A boy is running (run) after a dog. He (want) to catch it.
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英文文法總複習講義
3
現在完成式（has/have＋p.p.） 現在完成進行式（has/have been＋V-ing）
A 表「完成」：到現在已經完成的動作。 B 表「繼續」：從過去繼續到現在的動作或狀態。 C 表「經驗」：到目前為止的經驗。
我已經看過那部電影。
I
have
already
that movie.
seen
最近幾年，這裡已經有很多的改變。
In recent years, there
have
父親到過日本好幾次。
My father
been
many changes here.
There has been＋單數主詞；There have been＋複數主詞。
has
been
to Japan several times.
我住在此地已經有十年了。
I
have
here for ten years.
lived
茱蒂從星期一就一直生病。
Judy
has
ill since Monday.
been
1 表「現在剛完成之動作」，常和下列副詞連用：
just already alr l eady d yet
（剛剛） （剛剛） （已經） （已經）
recently l （＝lately） ） （最近） so far f r （＝up to now）（迄今） fa
（尚未）
到目前為止鮑伯已經寫了三本書。
Bob has written three books so far. 2 表「經驗」，常和下列副詞連用：
never ever once （不曾） （不曾） （曾經） （曾經） （一次） ∼times （∼次） ∼ （∼次） How many times...?（多少次……？） I
have
been
to New York.〔經驗〕❶
⇒ 表示我有到過紐約的經驗
Sam
has
gone
to New York.〔結果〕❷
⇒ 表示他本人現在不在這裡，人在紐約 ❶ has (have) been to＋地方（曾去過某地）⇒ 不限人稱 ❷ has (have) gone to＋地方（已前往某地）⇒ 只限第三人稱
2 3 表「從過去繼續到現在的動作或狀態」，常與
for
,
since
動詞時態
015
連用：
f r＋一段時間 （已有多久……） fo ⑴ for fforr the last＋時間（過去……以來）❸ ⑵ fo
❸ 在⑵中的 for，可用 in, over 或during 代替；
since i ＋S＋VV-ed V ed d has ago go 3 ＋p.p. ...＋ * since＋∼ag ⑶ S＋ ) 4 have since＋過去時間
last 可用 past 代替。如： The city has made great progress in the past ten years. ❹ since 之後亦可接名詞，如 since his arrival、 since breakfast。
⑷)
❹
It is 3 ＋一段時間＋since... It has been
從上次見到他到現在已經有三年了。 is It (＝has been) three years since I
saw
him last time.
4 「現在完成進行式」主要強調說話時「動作還在持續」：
A: 雨已經下了多久？ How long has it been raining? B: 已經下了兩個小時。 has been raining It
for two hours.❹ ❹ 強調「雨還在下」。
湯姆從小學就一直在學英語了。
Tom
（
）
（
）
has
been
learning
English since elementary school.
on vacation（在度假中） Sam is on vacation. He Hong Kong. has been has gone has been to has gone to I to telephone a friend in New York for the last two hours, but the line is still engaged. The line is engaged.（電話占線） tried have been trying am trying had been trying since John has been here Mary went away. for My sister has studied English two hours. left I haven't seen (not/see) John since he (leave) here.
A house divided against itself cannot stand.（家和萬事興。）
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英文文法總複習講義
4
以現在式代替未來式
A 在副詞子句中，以現在簡單式代替未來簡單式。 B 在副詞子句中，以現在完成式代替未來完成式。
山姆快來了。當他一來，我們就可以看到他。
Sam will come soon. When he
comes
, we will see him.
快一點！假如我們不快一點，我們會遲到。
Hurry up! If we
don't
hurry
, we'll be late.
做完作業之後，我們會去看電影。
We shall see a movie after we our homework.
have
finished （或）
finish
副詞子句以表「時間」或「條件」為主，通常由下列連接詞引導：when, before, after,
as soon as, until, if, ...等。但如果 when 及 if 所引導的是「名詞子句」，則不在此限：❶ 告訴我麥可何時會到達。
Tell me when Mike
❶ when 引導名詞子句時，作「何時」解；
will
arrive
if 引導名詞子句時，作「是否」解。
.
我不知道麥可是否會來。
I don't know if Mike
（
）
（
）
（
）
will
come
.
They won't go away until he . comes will come shall come come When you to come back to Taiwan next month, let me know the beforehand＝in advance（事先） exact date and flight number beforehand. will decide have decided deciding decide if 引導名詞子句，作 know 的受詞。 I watch the weather report to know if it tomorrow. rains is raining will rain has rained rains If it (rain) tomorrow, the meeting will be put off. I
will go
(go) home for vacation as soon as I finish my exams. put off＝postpone（延期）
2
5
動詞時態
過去簡單式（V-ed）
A 過去的事情、狀態或動作。 B 過去的習慣。 C 過去發生一連串的動作。
約翰昨天去臺南。
John
to Tainan yesterday.
went
比爾小時候很瘦。
Bill
very thin when he was a child.
was
彼得在三年前就戒菸了。
Peter
gave
up smoking three years ago.
他們走進餐廳，坐下來吃午餐。
They walked into the restaurant, lunch.
down, and
sat
had
1 句中有下列表示過去時間的副詞時，動詞用「過去簡單式」：
⑴ 一段時間＋ago（……以前） ⑵ last night/week/month/year（昨晚
上週
上個月
去年）
⑶ yesterday（昨天）, the day before yesterday（前天） ⑷ the other day （＝a few days ago）（幾天前） ⑸ this morning（今天早上）
just now
⑹
2 我們也可以用
（剛才）
"used to＋VR" 表示「過去的習性，但現在已經不存在了」：
我以前喜歡吃肥肉，但現在不再喜歡了。
I
used to
like fat meat, but now I don't like it any more.
A little learning is a dangerous thing.（一知半解最危險。）
their
017
018
英文文法總複習講義
（
）
（
）
（
）
The thief took the diamond necklace, opened the door and away. run is running 鑽石項鍊 runs ran Last week the typhoon scared a lot of people. Its strong winds and heavy rain take 作「奪走」解。 fifty lives. take took has taken have taken 因 afraid 是形容詞，所以 Ann afraid of dogs, but now she likes dogs. 其前須加 be 動詞。 used to is used used to be is used to moved My brother doesn't live with me. He (move) out after he got married. Kelly was born in New York and Taiwan.
6
(finish) elementary school in
finished
過去進行式（was/were＋V-ing）
A 過去某特定時間或某一段時間正在進行的動作。 B 過去某一動作發生時，另一個動作正在進行。
昨晚八點時，我正在看電視。
I
watching TV at eight o'clock last night.
was
電話響的時候，蘇珊正在寫信。
Susan
was
writing
a letter when the telephone rang.
1 過去的兩個動作，發生時間「長」者（較早）的用「過去進行式」；發生時間「短」者
（較晚）用「過去簡單式」： 當我到達時，他正在睡覺。
When I 2
arrived
, he
was sleeping
.
while 所引導的子句，常與「過去進行式」連用： 我沿著街道走的時候，天開始下雨。
While I
was
walking
down the street, it began to rain.
3 過去的兩個動作同時發生時，兩者皆用「過去進行式」：
我在讀書時，他在唱歌。
While I
was studying , he
was singing
.
2
（
）
（
）
（
）
動詞時態
019
A: What were you doing all Sunday afternoon? B: I basketball with my classmates. played plays was playing had played I saw you in the park yesterday. You on the grass and reading a book. are sitting was sitting were sitting sat We basketball while it was raining. are playing were playing have played played I was taking (take) a shower when you called me last night. It was raining (rain) at seven o'clock this morning.
7
過去完成式（had＋p.p.） 過去完成進行式（had been＋V-ing）
A 在過去某個動作或某個時間之前就已經完成的動作或事情。 B 過去兩個動作發生時，先發生的用「過去完成式」，後發生的用「過去簡單式」 C 用「過去完成進行式」表示某事在另外一件事發生之前已經持續了一段時間。
當我們到達時，比賽已經開始了。
The game
had
already
begun
when we arrived.
他說三年前就已經見過我了。
He said he
had
me three years before.
met
在我們搬去臺北前，我們一直住在高雄。
had We to Taipei.
been
living
in Kaohsiung before we moved
原句為 "He met me three years ago."，但置於 He said 之後，因 "met" 發生的時間比 "said" 更早，所以改為 had met，而且 ago 要改為 before。
試比較下列各句的用法： ⑴ 當我到那裡時，他正在打電話給你。
He
was
calling
you when I got there.
⑵ 當我到那裡時，他已經打電話給你了。
He
had
(already)
called
you when I got there.
⑶ 當我到那裡時，他一直試著在打電話給你。
He
had
been
trying
to call you when I got there.
020
英文文法總複習講義
（
）
（
）
（
）
A: Was Tom at the party when you arrived? B: No, he home. has gone had gone went was going James found the cell phone that I a week before. lost had lost have lost was lost Sam was sitting on the sofa watching TV. He was tired, because he very hard. 答案也可填 "learned"。因連接詞是 before 或 after，若先後次序清楚，該用過去完成式 has worked 的，也可用過去簡單式代替。 has been working had working had been working John had learned (learn) Chinese before he came to Taipei. By the time Paul arrived at the train station, the train
had left
(leave).
by 之後若接過去時間，則主要子句之動詞常用「過去完成式」。
8
未來簡單式（will＋VR） 未來進行式（will be＋V-ing）
A 未來簡單式：表示將要進行或發生的事情。 B 未來進行式：表示未來某個特定或一段時間內將要進行的動作。
今晚我要和同學去看電影。
I
will
to the movies with my classmate tonight.
go
當約翰見到你時，他會給你一封信。
John
will
give
you a letter when he sees you.
當我們回家時，山姆將在睡覺。
Sam
will
be
sleeping
when we go home.
明天十一點珍會在辦公室。那時她會在工作。
At eleven o'clock tomorrow, Jane will be in her office. She be working .
will
A man is known by the company he keeps.（觀其友，知其人。）
2
1 「未來簡單式」可用
動詞時態
021
"will＋VR" 或 "is (am/are) going to＋VR" 表示：
大衛會成功，因為他努力。
will David succeed because he works hard. ＝David 户is going to succeed because he works hard. 2 未來式常和下列表未來時間的副詞連用：
⑴ tomorrow （明天）
aft f er tomorrow （後天） ⑵ the day after ⑶ in＋一段時間（……以後） ⑷ tonight（今晚） ⑸ next week (month/year)（下週、下個月、明年）
（
）
（
）
（
）
but 表「反意」，故用 won't。 I will go to a movie, but my brother . will does can't won't I am going to visit my teacher . the other day since five o'clock next weekend five times What are you to do next weekend? going visiting coming leaving We will be watching (watch) TV at this time tomorrow night.
comes When Mr. Wang will be very happy.
(come) back to Taipei tomorrow, everyone here
A penny saved is a penny earned.（省一文則賺一文。）
022
英文文法總複習講義
9
未來完成式（will have＋p.p.） 未來完成進行式（will have been＋V-ing）
A 表示到未來某時為止會完成的動作用未來完成式，但如果此動作將繼續的話，則
用未來完成進行式。 B 表示到未來某時的經驗或狀態。
在你回來以前，我將已經做完這項工作了。
By the time you get back, I work.
will
have
finished
the
到了明年，他們將已經結婚二十五年了。
By next year, they twenty-five years.
will
have
been
married for
當你下次來的時候，我將已經看完這本書了。
will I time.
have
finished
the book when you come next
1 未來完成式常以下列句型表示：
)
By＋未來時間, 3 ＋S＋will have＋p.p. V, When＋S＋現在式 V,
2 「未來完成進行式」與「未來完成式」的用法相似，只是「未來完成進行式」強調動作
的持續性： 假如明天不停止下雨的話，它就已經持續下雨一個星期了。
If it doesn't stop raining tomorrow, it will for a week.
（
）
（
）
have
been
raining
By the time we meet again, summer . has arrived had arrived is arriving will have arrived When you come at midnight, I for two hours. am sleeping might sleep will have been sleeping could be sleeping will have quitted/quit Bill (quit) smoking for ten weeks by next week.
2
動詞時態
023
一、觀念題 請依句意，將括弧內的動詞改成適當的形式： 現場廣播
will be There (be) a live broadcast of the concert tomorrow. rains If it (rain) tomorrow, we won't go on a picnic. stood There are always lines in the bank. I (stand) in line for half an hour 排隊 yesterday. I was taking (take) a piano lesson at Mr. Lin's place at nine o'clock last night. My friends and I haven't seen (not/see) each other for ages. It's time for us to get 好久好久 together. fell While I was trying (try) out my new bike, I (fall) down and sprained 扭傷腳踝 my ankle. missed I overslept (oversleep) this morning, so I (miss) my school bus. broke As soon as I got a speeding ticket, my car (break) down. When I arrived home this morning, I found that somebody had broken (break) into 超速罰單 闖入 the house. Since he became addicted to video games, his performance at school has gone (go) 表現 from bad to worse. 沉迷於…… 每況愈下
二、選擇題 （
）
（
）
（
）
（
）
（
）
（
）
Mr. Chen is an experienced teacher; he for twenty years. taught have taught will have taught has been teaching By the time you graduate, I here for five years. will have been working will have been worked have been working have worked I see you're busy right now, Sue. As soon as you , I'd like to talk to you for a few minutes. finish finished are finishing will finish The umbrella is not a new invention. The Chinese umbrellas in the eleventh century B.C. have had had have having For thousands of years, people that no two people have the same fingerprints. knew had known know have known I many European countries, such as Italy, Germany, and Denmark. had gone have gone have been to have been