The Skills Gap in Four Industrial Sectors in Sri Lanka
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INTRODUCTION 1.1
Objectives
,Q UHFHQW \HDUV 6UL /DQND KDV SRVWHG VRPH RI WKH KLJKHVW HFRQRPLF JURZWK UDWHV LQ 6RXWK $VLD ZKLFK KDYH HYHQ H[FHHGHG WKH JURZWK UDWHV RI VRPH (DVW $VLDQ FRXQWULHV VXFK DV WKH 5HSXEOLF RI .RUHD DQG 0DOD\VLD )LJXUH <HW 6UL /DQND¶V SHU FDSLWD LQFRPH RI LQ ZDV ORZHU WKDQ WKH PLGGOH LQFRPH FRXQWU\ DYHUDJH DPRXQWLQJ WR RQO\ D IRXUWK RI 0DOD\VLD¶V DQG WR OHVV WKDQ D WHQWK RI WKH 5HSXEOLF RI .RUHD¶V 1HDUO\ WZR WKLUGV RI HPSOR\HG 6UL /DQNDQV DUH HDUQLQJ ORZ ZDJHV LQ SRRU ZRUNLQJ FRQGLWLRQV LQ LQIRUPDO HPSOR\PHQW 'HSDUWPHQW RI &HQVXV DQG 6WDWLVWLFV DQG VHYHQ SHU FHQW RI ZRUNLQJ 6UL /DQNDQV EHORQJHG WR SRRU KRXVHKROGV LQ *XQDWLODND ,I 6UL /DQND¶V HFRQRP\ LV WR FRQWLQXH WR H[SDQG LQWR KLJKHU YDOXH DGGHG VHFWRUV DQG UHGXFH SRYHUW\ LW QHHGV WR EHFRPH HI¿FLHQF\ GULYHQ %XW 6UL /DQNDQ ¿UPV FLWH WKH TXDOLW\ DQG VXSSO\ RI VNLOOHG WHFKQLFLDQV DV WKH WKLUG PRVW LPSRUWDQW EDUULHU WR JURZWK 'XW] DQG 2¶&RQQHOO 7KXV PDMRU VNLOOV VKRUWDJHV DQG PLVPDWFKHV DSSHDU WR EH KROGLQJ EDFN WKH FRXQWU\¶V GHYHORSPHQW HIIRUWV 'XQGDU HW DO )LJXUH *'3 JURZWK 6UL /DQND DQG WKH UHJLRQ 12
Percentage %
10 8
Sri Lanka
6
India Pakistan
4
Bangladesh
2
Malaysia
0
Korea, Rep.
-2 -4
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1
The Skills Gap in Four Industrial Sectors in Sri Lanka Investment Programme 13' DQG WKH Skills Sector Development Programme of Sri Lanka 2014-2020 13' $FFRUGLQJO\ WKLV SDSHU DLPV WR LQIRUP D PRUH ULJRURXV VXUYH\ EDVHG DVVHVVPHQW RI VNLOOV JDSV LQ WKH IRXU SULRULW\ VHFWRUV WKDW LV EHLQJ LPSOHPHQWHG FRQFXUUHQWO\ ZKLFK ZLOO LQ WXUQ LQIRUP SROLF\ GHVLJQHG WR IDFLOLWDWH WKH GHPDQG RULHQWHG SURYLVLRQ RI WKHVH VNLOOV E\ WKH SULYDWH DQG SXEOLF VHFWRUV
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Rationale
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2
1. Introduction )LJXUH 6UL /DQND¶V FRPSHWLWLYHQHVV ±
Innovation
Institutions 7
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6 5
Business sophistication
4
Macroeconomic stability
3 2 1
Market size
Health and primary education
0
Higher education and training
Technological readiness Financial market sophistication
Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency 2009/10
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Data and methodology
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Economic growth and employment in Sri Lanka, 2004-2012
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Agriculture and fishing (29%) Mining (1%) Manufacturing (18%) Electricity Gas and Water (0%) Construction (7%) Trade (15%) Hotels and restaurants (2%) Transport and communications (7%) Finance (2%) Real estate, renting and business activities (2%) Services (18%) All sectors (100%) % Growth in employment 2004-2012
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Formal TVET Men
Women
Informal TVET
Total employed
Men
Men
Women
Share of all workers with technical training (%)
Women
ICT
2798
1523
264
5102
2591
56
Tourism
6366
833
2801
56119
13378
10
25035
2382
27708
239046
7140
11
Construction
1073
Light engineering
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2005
12282
601
96646
8242
21
Total TVET trained
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6,744
43,055
1,674
396,914
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TRAINING NEEDS IN THE FOUR SECTORS 3.1
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The Skills Gap in Four Industrial Sectors in Sri Lanka )LJXUH 3URMHFWHG QXPEHU RI VFKRRO GURSRXWV 2020
25,938
76,602
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78,165
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81,388
80,240
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28,121
83,049
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28,695
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29,280
86,473
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50
3. Training Needs in the Four Sectors 7KH GHPDQG IRU VNLOOV LQ DQ\ VXE VHFWRU FDQ EH H[DPLQHG LQ WHUPV RI VXE VHFWRU VSHFL¿F JURZWK DQG PDUNHW GHPDQG E\ RFFXSDWLRQDO FDWHJRULHV +RZHYHU WKH DSSOLFDWLRQ RI VXE VHFWRU VSHFL¿F JURZWK UDWH IRU HQJLQHHULQJ VHUYLFHV LV SUREOHPDWLF DV LW FXW DFURVV VHYHUDO VXE VHFWRUV LQ PDQXIDFWXULQJ 7KXV WKH RYHUDOO JURZWK SHUIRUPDQFH RI NH\ VXE VHFWRUV KDV EHHQ XVHG DV D SUR[\ IRU HVWLPDWLQJ WKH GHPDQG IRU VNLOOV LQ HQJLQHHULQJ VHUYLFHV VHFWRU 7KHVH NH\ VXE VHFWRUV DUH DV IROORZV D RWKHU PDQXIDFWXULQJ E EDVLF LURQ DQG VWHHO FDVWLQJ DQG FDVWLQJ PHWDOV F IDEULFDWHG PHWDO DQG G PDFKLQHU\ DQG HTXLSPHQW QRW FODVVL¿HG HOVHZKHUH 7KHVH IRXU VHFWRUV DFFRXQW IRU DERXW SHU FHQW RI WKH YDOXH DGGHG LQ HQJLQHHULQJ VHUYLFHV /LNH WKH PDMRULW\ RI ZRUNHUV LQ WKH FRQVWUXFWLRQ LQGXVWU\ PDQ\ FXUUHQW HPSOR\HHV LQ WKLV VHFWRU KDYH UHFHLYHG OLWWOH IRUPDO WUDLQLQJ DQG GR QRW KDYH FHUWL¿FDWHV RI WUDLQLQJ 13' 7KHUHIRUH LQWHUYHQWLRQV LQYROYLQJ UHFRJQLWLRQ RI SULRU OHDUQLQJ 53/ DQG XSJUDGLQJ RI VNLOOV ZLWK VSHFLDO PRGXOHV ZLOO EH DQ LPSRUWDQW PHFKDQLVP WKURXJK ZKLFK WR KHOS DGYDQFH WKH VNLOOV ZLWKLQ WKH LQGXVWU\
3.5
A conceptual framework: The missing element in Sri Lankaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s traditional approach to skills development
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3.6
Summary conclusions
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THE SUPPLY OF TRAINING 4.1
Introduction
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The Skills Gap in Four Industrial Sectors in Sri Lanka 4.5
Summary
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CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS 5.1
Introduction
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5. Conclusions and Policy Implications 7KH DQDO\VLV RI VHFWRU SUR¿OHV EDVHG RQ GDWD IURP LQGXVWU\ VRXUFHV UHYHDOHG WKDW WKH ,&7 VHFWRU LWVHOI LV PDGH XS RI IRXU PDMRU VXE FDWHJRULHV ,&7 RU WKH SURGXFWLRQ RI ,&7 UHODWHG RXWSXW DV SULPDU\ RXWSXW 1RQ ,&7 WKDW LV EXVLQHVV HQWLWLHV ZKLFK XVH ,&7 IRU VXSSO\LQJ QRQ ,&7 JRRGV DQG VHUYLFHV WR WKHLU FXVWRPHUV RU FOLHQWV WKH *RYHUQPHQW DQG WKH %32 VXE VHFWRU 2I WKHVH IRXU VHFWRUV WKH ¿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¿QHG WR LQFOXGH VHYHQ VXEVHFWRUV LQ PDQXIDFWXULQJ 7KH\ DUH PDQXIDFWXUH RI EDVLF PHWDOV PHWDO SURGXFWV PDFKLQHU\ DQG HTXLSPHQW Q H F UDGLR 79 DQG FRPPXQLFDWLRQ HTXLSPHQW DQG DSSDUDWXV PHGLFDO SUHFLVLRQ DQG RSWLFDO LQVWUXPHQWV DQG VHPL WUDLOHUV RWKHU WUDQVSRUW HTXLSPHQW DQG RWKHU PDQXIDFWXULQJ 7KHUH DERXW ¿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he demand for training 7KH GHPDQG IRU 79(7 WUDLQLQJ ZDV H[DPLQHG DORQJ IRXU GLPHQVLRQV D 7KH UHJLRQDO VXSSO\ RI ODERXU WKURXJK DQ DQDO\VLV RI WKH GLVWULEXWLRQ RI 6UL /DQND¶V SRSXODWLRQ DQG LQWHUQDO PLJUDWLRQ UDWHV E 1HZ HQWUDQWV WR WKH ODERXU PDUNHW F 9(7 3ODQV DQG G 0DUNHW GHPDQG IRU RFFXSDWLRQ VSHFL¿F VNLOOV 7KH LQIRUPDWLRQ UHODWHG WR QHZ HQWUDQWV WR WKH ODERXU PDUNHW SRLQWHG WR WKUHH PDLQ ¿QGLQJV D DERXW VWXGHQWV OHDYLQJ VFKRRO HGXFDWLRQ V\VWHP HDFK \HDU JR WKURXJK VNLOOV GHYHORSPHQW SURJUDPPHV RIIHUHG E\ SXEOLF DQG SULYDWH VHUYLFH SURYLGHUV E DERXW MRLQ WKH ODERXU PDUNHW ZLWKRXW DQ\ WUDLQLQJ DQG F RI WKH XQHPSOR\HG ZLWKRXW YRFDWLRQDO WUDLQLQJ SHU FHQW DUH ZLWK EHORZ *&( 2 / TXDOL¿FDWLRQV 2WKHU WKDQ IRU WKH 9(7 3ODQ IRU WKH ,&7 VHFWRU WKH VHFWRU VSHFL¿F 9(7 3ODQV SURYHG WR EH D OHVV XVHIXO VRXUFH IRU WKH GHPDQG IRU VNLOOV DV WKH\ GLG QRW SURYLGH VXI¿FLHQW LQIRUPDWLRQ )RU H[DPSOH VRPH RI WKH 9(7 3ODQV GLG QRW HYHQ SURYLGH EDVLF LQIRUPDWLRQ E\ W\SH RI RFFXSDWLRQ FRYHULQJ ERWK GRPHVWLF DQG IRUHLJQ PDUNHWV $QDO\VLV RI PDUNHW GHPDQG IRU RFFXSDWLRQ VSHFL¿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The Skills Gap in Four Industrial Sectors in Sri Lanka H[SHULHQFH 7KH PDMRULW\ RI WKHP GR QRW VSHFLI\ JHQGHU 7KH DQDO\VLV RI IRUHLJQ PDUNHW GHPDQG VXJJHVWV WKDW LW LV OLPLWHG WR D IHZ RFFXSDWLRQ FDWHJRULHV RI WKH IRXU VHFWRUV FRYHUHG LQ WKH VWXG\ H J FRRN ZDLWHU VWHZDUGV FKHI PDVRQ FDUSHQWHU SDLQWHU HWF 5HFHQW ZRUN RQ WKH VNLOOV JDS LQ 6UL /DQND KDV DGRSWHG D JHQHUDO UDWKHU WKDQ D VHFWRU VSHFL¿F DSSURDFK DQG KDV FRQFHSWXDOL]HG WKH SUREOHP LQ WHUPV RI WKH GHPDQG IRU WKUHH GLIIHUHQW W\SHV RI VNLOOV GHPDQGHG E\ WKH HPSOR\HUV H J FRJQLWLYH VRIW DQG WHFKQLFDO VNLOOV 'H¿FLWV LQ DOO WKUHH DUHDV ZHUH LGHQWL¿HG 7KH ODFN RI VXI¿FLHQW ZRUNHUV ZLWK (QJOLVK ODQJXDJH DQG FRPSXWHU VNLOOV KDV DOVR EHHQ LGHQWL¿HG 7KLV LV RI SDUWLFXODU UHOHYDQFH LQ HQKDQFLQJ FRPSHWLWLYHQHVV RI ,&7 WRXULVP DQG OLJKW HQJLQHHULQJ VHFWRUV 7KH QHHG IRU IRUHLJQ ODQJXDJH VNLOOV LV FXUUHQWO\ XQGHUHVWLPDWHG E\ HPSOR\HUV EXW WKH ODWHVW ¿QGLQJV RQ (QJOLVK VNLOOV VXJJHVW WKDW WKLV LV DQ DUHD ZLWK ORQJ WHUP LPSOLFDWLRQV IRU GHYHORSPHQW DQG RQH WKDW QHHGV VSHFLDO DWWHQWLRQ The supply of training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¿UPV UHO\LQJ OHVV RQ H[WHUQDO WUDLQLQJ SURYLGHUV 7UDLQLQJ IURP RXWVLGH VRXUFHV YDULHG IURP WR SHU FHQW EHWZHHQ FRQVWUXFWLRQ ,&7 DQG 7+, VHFWRUV 6L[ WR WHQ SHU FHQW RI WKH HPSOR\HUV GR QRW SURYLGH DQ\ WUDLQLQJ LQ WKH ,&7 LQGXVWU\ 7KH ,&7 9(7 3ODQ SURYLGHV GHWDLOHG LQIRUPDWLRQ E\ GLIIHUHQW FDWHJRULHV RI WUDLQLQJ SURYLGHUV W\SH RI TXDOL¿FDWLRQV DQG PDSV WKHP ZLWK UHOHYDQW 194 OHYHOV ,W SURYLGHV E\ IDU WKH PRVW FRPSUHKHQVLYH DVVHVVPHQW RI VNLOOV JDS RXW RI DOO IRXU VHFWRUV 7KH 9(7 3ODQ IRU WKH WRXULVP VHFWRU DOVR SURYLGHV FRPSOHWH FRYHUDJH RI FRXUVH SURJUDPPHV E\ W\SH RI VHUYLFH SURYLGHUV V\OODEL DQG WDUJHWHG RFFXSDWLRQDO JURXSV 7KH 9(7 3ODQV IRU WKH RWKHU WZR VHFWRUV DUH OHVV ZHOO GHYHORSHG %\ DQG ODUJH WKHUH LV LQVXI¿FLHQW LQIRUPDWLRQ LQ WKH VHFWRU VSHFL¿F 9(7 3ODQV RWKHU WKDQ WKH RQH IRU WKH ,&7 VHFWRU WR EH DEOH WR DVVHVV VNLOO JDSV LQ WKRVH VHFWRUV WKURXJK WKHP (PSOR\HUV¶ DVVHVVPHQW RI WKH TXDOLW\ RI WUDLQLQJ FRYHULQJ ERWK WHFKQLFDO DQG VRIW VNLOOV LQGLFDWHG WKH UHODWLYHO\ ORZ TXDOLW\ RI SXEOLF VHFWRU VHUYLFH SURYLGHUV LQ WKH WRXULVP VHFWRU :LWK UHVSHFW WR WHFKQLFDO VNLOOV WKH TXDOLW\ RI ,&7 WUDLQLQJ SURYLGHG E\ SXEOLF VHFWRU WUDLQLQJ LQVWLWXWHV DSSHDUHG WR EH KLJK UHODWLYH WR WKDW SURYLGHG IRU WKH FRQVWUXFWLRQ DQG WRXULVP VHFWRUV (PSOR\HUV¶ DVVHVVPHQW RI VRIW VNLOOV WUDLQLQJ UHFHLYHG IURP SXEOLF VHFWRU LQVWLWXWLRQV LQ FRQVWUXFWLRQ DSSHDU WR EH PRUH IDYRXUDEOH WKDW WKHLU DVVHVVPHQW RI VRIW VNLOOV SURYLGHG E\ ,&7 DQG WRXULVP WUDLQLQJ SURYLGHUV 2YHUDOO SXEOLF VHFWRU WUDLQLQJ SURYLGHUV VHHP WR KDYH SHUIRUPHG EHWWHU LQ SURYLGLQJ MRE UHODWHG WKHRUHWLFDO NQRZOHGJH WKDQ LQ GHYHORSLQJ VRIW VNLOOV ,Q 6UL /DQND VNLOOV FHUWL¿FDWLRQ LV RUJDQL]HG LQ D QDWLRQDO TXDOL¿FDWLRQV IUDPHZRUN ± 194 V\VWHP $V DW WKH HQG RI 2FWREHU DYDLODELOLW\ RI 1DWLRQDO &RPSHWHQF\ 6WDQGDUGV DQG &XUULFXOD 194 /HYHO VWRRG DW DQG QXPEHU RI SURJUDPPHV FRYHULQJ XQGHU ,&7 7+, &RQVWUXFWLRQ DQG (QJLQHHULQJ 6HUYLFHV ZHUH DQG UHVSHFWLYHO\ 7KH ,&7 DQG OLJKW HQJLQHHULQJ VHUYLFHV VHFWRUV DSSHDU WR EH XVLQJ WKH 194 V\VWHP PXFK PRUH WKDQ WKH WRXULVP DQG FRQVWUXFWLRQ VHFWRUV
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5. Conclusions and Policy Implications Skills gaps 7KH UHFHQW VWXG\ RQ VNLOOV LQ 6UL /DQND E\ 'XQGDU HW DO PDGH VRPH NH\ REVHUYDWLRQV ZLWK UHVSHFW WR WKH DYDLODELOLW\ RI VNLOOV IRU JURZWK DQG FRPSHWLWLYHQHVV ZKLFK DUH DOVR UHOHYDQW IRU WKH IRXU VHFWRUV XQGHU UHYLHZ )LUVW WKH VWXG\ IRXQG WKDW ZKLOH LQGLYLGXDOV ZLWK KLJKHU HGXFDWLRQ XVHG FRJQLWLYH VNLOOV RQO\ SHU FHQW RI LQGLYLGXDOV ZLWK SULPDU\ DQG VHFRQGDU\ HGXFDWLRQ GLG VR ,W DOVR IRXQG WKDW RQO\ SHU FHQW RI ZRUNHUV FRXOG XVH FRPSXWHUV ZKLOH RQO\ SHU FHQW ZHUH SUR¿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¿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¿FDQW JDSV LQ ¿QGLQJ SHRSOH ZLWK PXOWL GLVFLSOLQDU\ H[SHUWLVH LQ PXOWLSOH SURIHVVLRQV H J DFFRXQWLQJ DQG ,&7 +5 DQG ,7 ODZ DQG ,7 PDUNHWLQJ DQG ,7 7KH JRYHUQPHQW SODQV WR SURPRWH XSVFDOH DQG KLJK HQG WRXULVP WKURXJK SURSHU PDUNHW VHJPHQWDWLRQ DQG GLYHUVL¿FDWLRQ 7KH GLYHUVL¿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¶ SHUFHSWLRQV DERXW SXEOLFO\ SURYLGHG 79(7 UHYHDOHG WKH KLJK TXDOLW\ RI WUDLQLQJ RIIHUHG E\ VHUYLFH SURYLGHUV LQ MRE UHODWHG WKHRUHWLFDO NQRZOHGJH +RZHYHU SXEOLF 79(7 SURYLGHUV GLG QRW GHYHORS DGHTXDWH VNLOOV LQ WKH DUHDV RI MRE UHODWHG SUDFWLFDO VNLOOV LQ KDQGOLQJ LQGXVWU\ UHOHYDQW HTXLSPHQW DQG WRROV DQG LQ FUHDWLQJ SRVLWLYH DWWLWXGHV
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The Skills Gap in Four Industrial Sectors in Sri Lanka 5.3
Policy implications
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