Jui-Yi Hung. Refabricating Taichung's Productive Landscape

REFABRICATING TAICHUNG’S PRODUCTIVE LANDSCAPE A DESIGN INVESTIGATION IN COASTAL REGION OF TAICHUNG CITY, TAIWAN

Master of Science of Urbanism and Strategic Planning (MaUSP) Faculty of Engineering Science Department of Architecture KU Leuven

Academic Year 2019-2020 Supervised by Prof Bruno De Meulder and Prof Kelly Shannon

Jui-Yi Hung

REFABRICATING TAICHUNG’S PRODUCTIVE LANDSCAPE A DESIGN INVESTIGATION IN COASTAL REGION OF TAICHUNG CITY, TAIWAN

Master of Science of Urbanism and Strategic Planning (MaUSP) Faculty of Engineering Science Department of Architecture KU Leuven

Academic Year 2019-2020 Supervised by Prof. Bruno De Meulder and Prof. Kelly Shannon

Jui-Yi Hung

MASTER THESIS STUDIO 2020 CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION PROMOTED BY Prof. Bruno De Meulder Prof. Kelly Shannon READERS: Wen, Pei-Chun Ward Verbakel STUDENT; Jui-Yi Hung

MAHS / MAUSP / EMU Master Programs Department ASRO, K.U.Leuven Kasteelpark Arenberg 1, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium Tel: + 32(0)16 321 391 Email: laura.calders@kuleuven.be © Copyright by K.U.Leuven Without written permission of the promotors and the authors it is forbidden to reproduce or adapt in any form or by any means any part of this publication.

Requests for obtaining the right to reproduce or utilize parts of this publication should be addressed to K.U.Leuven, Faculty of Engineering – Kasteelpark Arenberg 1, B-3001 Heverlee (België).

Telefoon +32-16-32 13 50 & Fax. +32-16-32 19 88.

A written permission of the promotor is also required to use the methods, products, schematics and programs described in this work for industrial or commercial use, and for submitting this publication in scientific contests.

All images in this booklet are, unless credits are given, made or drawn by the authors (Production and Consumption, 2020).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would first like to express my sincere gratitude for Professor Bruno De Meulder and Professor Kelly Shannon for many inspiring discussions and guidance during thesis as well as the two-year academic periods. Your knowledge and approach in the profession bring me absolutely new perspective to where I am familiar with and lead me to structure an interdisciplinary research topic.

Second, a very special thanks to my family, who has always been supportive and encouraging in multiple aspects. Your unconditional care and love throughout the academic years especially during the pandemic period bring me heartwarming messages that are always a strength for me to proceed beyond my limits. It is such a strong mental support from all of you during different periods of my studies despite the distance. Your sacrifice and the opportunity given allow me to develop a new insight of the world which has pave a new trajectory to my adventures ahead. It is of no words in expressing all my gratitude within.

I would also like to thank Andy, your brother-like friendship pulls me out through many struggles and doubts. You let me know that there is a companion for challenges that I will be encountering ahead.

I would also like to thank Pranit Nevrekar, your idea and ability always challenge me to re-evaluate my work and progress.

Last but not least, to thank my international friends for all the sharing of ideas and accompany, it is a great honour to collaborate with you during the academic years through both professional discussion and the perspective we have received from each other. It has been a fruitful experience.

TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT 1. PREFACE

INTRODUCTION

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

2. NARRATIVES OF THE LAND

HISTORICAL EVOLUTION

11 12 14

19 22

AGRICULTURE TRAGEDY

26

ECONOMIC DISRUPTION

30

CLIMATE CRISIS

34

3. READING STUDY AREA

SETTLING THE FOOTHILL

6

08

39

4. DESIGN STRATEGY

L·TERRITORIAL STRUCTURE

57 58

forest protection

60

coastline mitigation

62

interweaving the plain

64

M·INTERWEAVING THE PLAIN

71

76

mosaic dynamic

transition phases

86

92

tools of interventions

S·SAMPLING AREA

97

transition phases

98

104

scenario 2080

44

AGRICULTURE FIELD

46

5. EPILOGUE

INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX

119

48

MATTED LANDSCAPE

121

50

BIBLIOGRAPHY

TO BE CONTINUED

124

7

ABSTRACT

Production landscape in Taiwan is currently confronting rapid urbanization that leads to a decline in the cultivated land and its labour forces. Taichung city, like most of the metropolitan regions, also encounters massive real estate developments and government proposals that are reconfiguring the farmlands in rural areas for a higher economic profit.

The thesis takes a closer look into the coastal region of Taichung city, located on the west side of Dadu plateau that segregates Taichung into mountain and coastal region. Advantage of the coastal region lies in the prosperity from international trades throughout history, especially during the Japanese colonial age where industrialization was introduced for agriculture production efficiency (notably rice and sugar).

Taichung Power Plant photo by author. february 2020

As industries gradually took over the importance of the economic activity, landscape becomes the first to be sacrificed, resulting a decrease in young labour force in farming sector. Robust industrial areas arouse near the coast and small factories began to occupy agriculture plots, filling the field with concrete. The systematic irrigation structure between the coast and the plateau began to lose its primary purpose under such invasions. Growing extreme amount of rainfall under climate change further increases the flood vulnerability of the region. Chaotic circumstances from climate, pollution, fragmentation, urbanization, etc. pose threats to the livability of the inhabitants as well as the environment.

The study hopes to develop a vision that enables the ecology to be accentuated in the region under the rapid transformation while mitigating the pollution generated from the industrial area and adapting to the predict consequences of climate crisis. Abandoned open spaces will therefore be recapitulated as strategic opportunity and new rural and urban relationship. Robust forest and wetland systems are re-constructed and new typologies are developed to respond to new ecologies.

Agriculture Field photo by author. february 2020

8

9

1. PREFACE INTRODUCTION RESEARCH QUESTION

10

11

NEW TAIPEI CITY Population 4 million

INTRODUCTION

TAIWAN_ The topography of Taiwan has a high-concentrated population on the west plain, and is also covered with a majority of agriculture field. These production landscape, mainly rice, have benefitted from numerous river systems that are formed from the high mountain areas, creating rich alluvial plain.

Despite having abundant water resource from seasonal rainfall, the short cross section of the island reacts to the difficulties in maintaining water throughout the year as most eventually flow into the ocean. Population increases and urbanization has gradually conquer the production landscape, creating a mixture of rural villages, real estate development and industrial activities.

TAICHUNG CITY_ As the second largest metropolitan area, Taichung City gathers most of the landscape features from mountain areas to the coastal plain of Taiwan. Dadu plateau has further given a division in the territory of mountain region, a basin where most of the metropolitan area is located and coastal region, which is currently facing tremendous transformation under the urban expansion from the city centre and robust industrial developments.

TAICHUNG CITY Population 2.8 million

TAIWAN Population 23 million Mountain 65% Area 36,193 km2

KAOHSIUNG Population 2.7 million

Population Distribution in Taiwan image retrieved from: https://www.thenewslens. com/article/33862

COASTAL REGION_ Obtaining a harbour of young age, the port of Taichung gained its importance from international trade, leading to the emergence of supporting industries around such as manufacture, processing, transport, and so on. Designated industrial areas and commercial zones from government proposals have further disrupted not only the production landscape, but also the ecosystem in the region from the wildlife on the plateau to the coastal marine life.

The acceleration of these industrial areas has however brought employment and ease the uneven population distribution urban areas. A characteristic has formed that the city centre performs a financial and service hub whereas the coastal region concentrates on industries that supports both port activities and service from the centre such as supplier, material processing, assembly line and more. Hence, it becomes relatively spontaneous in fulfilling the demands accordingly, forming dispersed elements from different economic behaviours.

Agriculture Landscape Photo by 連偉志 image retrieved from https://www. newsmarket.com.tw/blog/70355/ 12

13

RESEARCH QUESTION

“How can the ecology find opportunities to weave in between elements of transformation in the landscape in order to reshape the mechanism between nature and different social-economic activities? “ The coastal region of Taichung city is incorporating tremendous transitions from the port activity and expansion from the city centre. Fragmentation of the landscape leads to endless sacrificing of the ecology. The objective of the research seeks to address the issue of the region and investigate on the opportunity provided within existing context to achieve a balance relationship between the nature and the urban. Sub-questions below present a support to the approach of the main research question.

1. How can the intervention of ecology be accentuated under growing severity of climate change in order to maintain urban activities?

2. What are the strategies for ecology to integrate within industries, providing possibilities to mitigate pollution as well as the protection of coastal biodiversity?

Diverse in Landscape image edit from google earth 2019

3. How can ecology reconnectthe region and provide new perspective in territorial scale?

0

10 km

20 km

3000m 2500m 2000m 1500m 1000m 500m 0m

Taichung City Cross-section mountain image retrieved from: https://hiking.biji.co/ city center image retrieved from: https://www.tripadvisor.com/ Other photos by author, February 2020

14

Coastal wetland

Agriculture field

Dadu plateau

Taichung City centre

Miaoli hills

Jade Mountain

15

A factories agriculture settlements

wetland

airport

City center

B Alluvial Soil

Port

Industry

Red Soil

Port

Industry

Red Soil

factories agriculture settlements

Alluvial Soil

Section A

C

factories agriculture settlements

Alluvial Soil

Alluvial Soil

City center

Alluvial Soil

City center

Red Soil

Agriculture

Section B

Agriculture

Alluvial Soil

Section C

Aerial image of Taichung coastal region Retrieved from google earth 2019 0 16

5 km

10 km 17

NARRATIVES OF THE LAND HISTORICAL EVOLUTION AGRICULTURE TRAGEDY ECONOMIC DISRUPTION CLIMATE CRISIS

18

19

“Landscape is to be judge as a place for living and working in terms of those who actually live and work there. They undergo change because they are expressions of society, itself making history through time. “ -Denis Cosgrove: Social formation and Symbolic Landscape (1984). p35 20

KangXi Taiwan Map Map of taichung coastline during the colonisation from the Qing Dynasty from National Taiwan Museum http://kangxitaiwanmap.ntm.gov.tw/

21

1904

1956

1987

1993

HISTORICAL EVOLUTION During the Qing dynasty, the coastline of Taichung and areas in the west plain contain fertile soil, forming settlement clusters across the territory.

Sand sedimentation of the rivers create natural harbours that are suitable for exporting rice as well as other cultivation products. As such, prosperity has brought to the region with high occupation of commercial firms and communities.

As industrialization was introduced to Taiwan during the Japanese era, a development of industrial port along with reconfiguring the surrounding was proposed to accelerate the imperial expansion plan and facilitate the trading mobility. However, the project failed to realize due to the bombardment from the second world war.

Regaining the importance in the post war period, the development of Taichung port was relaunched in 1960s as one of the Ten Great Construction Projects to aide the economic recession at that time. Land along the coastline is therefore reclaimed to accomplish the infrastructure.

圖 2-3-7 街路系統理論圖 圖片來源：昭和十五年（1940）新高港附近都市計畫說 明書

Opening another trading route in central Taiwan by all means brings economic value to the surrounding areas. Designated industrial sites are proposed for the support, following by more real estate and commercial developments around. Agriculture land have become the victim under the intervention of new economic form.

Urbanization further accelerates as motorways are implemented, facilitating the accessibility not only to and from the city centre, but also the connection between northern and southern Taiwan.

Coastline from the Japanese colonial period

Gradual process of sedimentation

Land Reclaimation

Economy catalysation

Fail for the execution of the Taichung Port due to US bombardment in Second World War.

Urbanization occurs along the railway line as the cultivation land and coastline are suitable for settlements

Development of Taichung Port initiated in 1973 under land reclamation of the coastline

Open operation of the port leads to an acceleration in economy, enhancing surrounding urban activities

Image from Center for GIS, RCHSS, Academia Sinica http://gis.rchss.sinica.edu.tw/corona/

Image from Center for GIS, RCHSS, Academia Sinica http://gissrv4.sinica.edu.tw/gis/twhgis/

Image from Center for GIS, RCHSS, Academia Sinica http://gissrv4.sinica.edu.tw/gis/twhgis/

圖 2-3-9 1940 昭和 15 年新高港附近都市計畫圖 1 比 25000 (箭頭處為梧棲街位置) 圖片來源：1895-1945 日治時期臺灣都市發展地圖集黃武達編著南天書局

2-36

筆者繪

Image from TIPC (Taichung International Ports Corporation)

Railway

22

Motorway

Urbanization

23

Dwellings of Bricks and Tile Living with the landscape in earlier times painting from native artist 邱忠林 image retrieved from https://www.epochtimes.com/b5/18/11/1/n10824748.htm

24

25

AGRICULTURE TRAGEDY

SOIL_ Dadu plateau is a noticeable feature in the landscape, the red soil on top is less fertile for plantation and contains larger grains of gravel, which creates an insecure condition for water resource under its high permeability. Irrigation therefore depends highly on the rainfall in wet seasons, resulting in a less intense cultivation activity comparing to areas with rich alluvial soil.

VEGETATION_ Under such soil condition, rice field are concentrated on the plain whereas dry crops such as peanut, sesame and sweet potatoes are on the plateau with scattered forest patches remained from urbanization. The plateau obtains a variety of wildlife and is one of the few natural areas that needs to be preserved. However, its little profit from cultivation accelerates the exploitation, absorbing a concoction of not only development but also margin features from the city centre such as dump field and cemetery, jeopardizing the ecology of the area.一、農業 （一）耕地面積：本市耕地面積及各區面積統計列於後附之表 1，由表可知，迄

SOCIAL ISSUE_ 106 年底本市耕地面積為 47,932.37 公頃，其中耕作地面積 公頃(占農耕土地面積的 96.72％)，長期休閒地面 An alternative economic perception from industrialization46,361.78 has converted agriculture land for 積 1,570.59 公頃(占農耕土地面積的 3.27％)（表 1）。再由 profitable developments. Young generation migrates to urban areas for employment in service 表 1 可知本市耕地面積自民國 97 年開始呈逐年減少之趨勢。 sectors or other industries with better working conditions. As a consequence, aging population and a 以 106 年與 97 年比較，耕地土地面積總計減少 4,502.49 公 shortage in labour forces have influenced the agriculture activity. 頃。再與民國 96 年之統計面積 52,147.23 公頃比較，結果顯 示 10 年來本市耕地總面積計減少 4,214.86 公頃（約 8.08%） ， 農耕土地面積呈逐年呈現減少之趨勢，如圖 1 所示。其中，各 區農耕土地面積占耕地總面積百分比最高的區域為和平區 （6,265.46 公頃，約占 13.07%），其次為東勢區（4,590.45 公頃，約占 9.58%），如圖 2 所示。

Percentage of Agriculture Population (Taiwan)

Percentage of active and fallow land

Agriculture land

Hectares

65 up 40-64

15-40

Agriculture land

Fallow Land

2007

26

Aging labour force in agriculture production

Land Shift in Taiwan

Data from Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan image retrieved from https://slidesplayer.com/slide/11385108/

Data from Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan image retrieved from https://www.peoplenews.tw/ news/8d24cd76-07b3-430b-8bea-13b411f0422d

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Fall agriculture field in Taichung City 圖 1of96-106 年底臺中市農耕土地面積占總面積之比較

Data from Agriculture Bureau 1 of Taichung City Government image retrieved from https://www.taichung.gov.tw/media/349716/.pdf

Urbanization

Water Bodies

Dry Crop

Cemetery

Wetland

Fruit Production

Paddy Fields

Forest 0

5 km

27

Dry crop on the plateau image retrieved from https://mapio.net/pic/

28

Paddy Field on the plain photo by author. february 2020

29

ECONOMIC DISRUPTION

As mentioned, the development of Taichung port as well as other infrastructure during the late 1960s bring different social and economic perspectives, facilitating the mobility both throughout the island and internationally. Simultaneously with urban expansion from the city centre, coastal region is occupied by robust industrial sites and dispersed factories on the farmland. Conversions as such revealed the ambiguity between being a fraction of processing line for economic development and the pollution caused in the agriculture field, undermining food security in the region .Therefore, pollution in Taichung is constantly a controversial issue among the inhabitants, government officials and business stakeholders. Air quality differs significantly under industrial activities, water pollution in the irrigation system threatens the health of the people and other pollution such as dust, wastes, noise, etc. all victimized the territory.

Air quality throughout the day

Air quality in the region differs significantly according to season, wind direction, temperature and so on. Different timing also result in illegal emission of the pollutant.

PM 2.5 6-12 hr

30

12-18 hr

High

Low

Data from Taiwan Environmental Protection Administrative https://wot.epa.gov.tw/

18-24 hr

0-6 hr

High Polluted Industry

Urbanization

Dry Crop

Medium Polluted Industry

Cemetery

Fruit Production

Low Polluted Industry

Water Bodies

Forest

Wetland

Paddy Fields 0

5 km

31

Aerial image of Taichung Power Plant image from Prof. Liu Yao-Hua https://community.culture.taichung.gov.tw/ 32

33

CLIMATE CRISIS

Located in subtropical region, the abundant seasonal rainfall have always benefited the agriculture production on the island. However, the short distance across the variety of landscape is consistently a challenge in maintaining the water resource.

As climate change affects globally, Taiwan has suffered from a growing severity in extreme rainfall seasons. Dry periods are longer and wet periods are shorter but bring in much higher frequency and amount of rainfall. Moreover, the challenge in confronting the crisis escalates under growing extreme in temperature.

Each year, the capacity of the drainage system is being pressed to the limit from increasing amount of abrupt rainfalls. Rapid urbanization further results in low ground permeability, exacerbating the flooding issues in vulnerable areas. Agriculture land for example suffers the most from not only typhoon and shower each year but also longer period of drought. The imbalanced and insecure condition of the water resource influence the harvest periods and the livings of the farmers.

Identically, sea level rise is another challenge that needs to be further considered as infrastructure and industries are in the coastal frontline albeit the protection of existing dikes. Adapting measures from inland and coastline are thus crucial regarding the predicted consequences.

wet season

Risk of seasonal rainfall_current situation dry season

12 hr 200mm rainfall

Risk of sea level rise in 2100

12 hr 300mm rainfall

Data from Climate Central_coastal risk screening tool http://coastal.climatecentral.org/

Data from Water Resource Agency, Ministry of Economic Affairs

12 hr 400mm rainfall

Extreme shift in rainfall seasons Drastic changes in the amount of rainfall result in the insecurity of the resource and flooding urgency from abrupt rainfall.

Data from Water Resource Agency, Ministry of Economic Affairs image retrieved from https://www.cw.com.tw/article/article.action?id=5088490

0

34

5 km 35

Low water level in the reservoir Longer period of dry seasons often lead to water shortages across Taiwan Image retrieved from: http://new.ltn.com.tw/

Flooding in agriculture field

Excess amount of water from abrupt rainfall in wet season often brought disaster in agriculture production, putting food security at risk

Image retrieved from: https://www.triwra.org.tw/

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3. READING STUDY AREA SETTLING THE FOOTHILL AGRICULTURE FIELD INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX MATTED LANDSCAPE

38

39

Aerial image of study area Retrieved from google earth 2019 40

41

FRAGMENTATION OF ELEMENTS The mapping demonstrates the fragmented components consists social behaviour of all aspects, ranging from the footprints of the past to current activities and furthermore the preparation for the future. The dispersed patterns indicate the spontaneous urban action the extraction of resources in the landscape.

Water system Future drainage_government project Wetland Vacant Plot Informal occupation of open space Paddy field Green open space Dry crop Trees Former settlement footprints Education facility Temple Cemetery

0 42

0.5 km

1 km 43

SETTLING THE FOOTHILL

1

2

3

4

As an intermediate area of the city centre and the coastline, Dadu plateau and the settlements around receive overspill from both directions.

It is a mixture of elements to both support the service of the city and to conceal the negative elements behind. Under urban expansion, not only unpopular activities such as cemetery, industry, recycle stations are being pressured to the periphery, but also real estate developments have intervened within, threatening the natural landscape and agriculture field. Conflicts can be recognized in the irregular patches formed from different social groups, imposing layer and extracting resources to the utmost. Such social formation therefore obtains an ambiguous relationship.

1. Spontaneous form of cemeteries

Retrieved from Hiking Platform: http://keepon.com.tw/

2. Vibrant urban activities in the foothills photo by author. february 2020

3. Dry crop dominates the agriculture production of the plateau Retrieved from google earth 2019

4. Foothill urbanization seen from the plateau photo by author. february 2020

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AGRICULTURE FIELD

1

2

3

4

It is evident to notice the grid irrigation structure in the agriculture plain which was primarily to provide water access to every individual cultivation plot. The grid infrastructure in the study area is guided by three major drainage systems, distributing the water and collecting excess amount of rainfall. However, havoc from economic shift leads to consequences such as factories rising within agriculture land, increasing abandoned areas, inefficient crop production and so on, layering multiple elements on top of one another. This formed another landscape geometry that is anchored in the behaviour of the inhabitants, shaping a promiscuous relationship between different social activities.

1.Major Irrigation structure in the field photo by author. february 2020

2. Vacant plot intertwined in the landscape photo by author. february 2020

3. Landscape disruption scattered factories photo by author. february 2020

4. territorial conflict from different social economical activities photo by author. february 2020

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INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX

1

2

3

4

The designate industrial area is one of the many to gather factories in Taichung city for intense economic development. Despite its primary aim to absorb comprehensive categories of industries and solve the condition of factories on farmland, it only reaches 50 percent of occupation in the second and third phase of the construction since 1980s. Current situation shows conflicts in the urban activities of the industrial warehouses, the inactive plots that awaits to be developed, and the remaining agriculture land on site.

1. Large scale of infrastructure photo by author. february 2020

2. Isolated industrial activity photo by author. february 2020

3. Obscured open area in territory Retrieved from google earth 2019

4. Mixture of elements in proximity Retrieved from google earth 2019

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1 1

MATTED LANDSCAPE Identical measurement of the image presents the diverse tissues and scales according to different parts of the study area. They each contains abandon plots and spaces which can be interpreted as opportunities for operation in respective of their conditions and the stories behind. They have the capability to be an entry point, both vacant land and the abandoned buildings , to provide new values that correspond with the future conditions.

The layered geometry can be adjusted and reconfigured to absorb multiple systems that works hand in hand with one and the other for a region that embraces the urban the nature.

TERRITORIAL TISSUES

2

3

1. Settling the foothills_ Mixture of various social elements in irregular formations Retrieved from google earth 2019

2. Agriculture field_ Evident footprints in differentiating former settlement footprint and the gridded cultivation system Retrieved from google earth 2019

3. Industrial Complex_ Land reformation under planning proposal demonstrates larger complex of industrial buildings and blocks Retrieved from google earth 2019

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“We have disconnected ourselves from life on the planet, thinking that we are the intelligent ones. We can’t see that we are just part of an intelligent system.”

-Ernst Götsch

Retrieved from https://globalearthrepairfoundation.org/ernst-gotsch-and-syntropic-farming/

Coastline disruption photo by author. February 2020

Urbanization embedded within the productive land

Foothill settlement view from the plateau

photo by author. February 2020

photo by author. February 2020

4. DESIGN STRATEGY L ·TERRITORIAL STRUCTURE FOREST PROTECTION COASTLINE MITIGATION INTERWEAVING THE PLAIN

Scale guidelines on design intervention

L

M·INTERWEAVING THE PLAIN 0

10km

0

M

1 km

MOSAIC DYNAMIC TRANSITION PHASE TOOLS OF INTERVENTIONS

S·SAMPLING AREA TRANSITION PHASE SCENARIO 2080

S

56

0

1 km

57

TERRITORIAL STRUCTURE

Design interventions within the framework of territorial scale provide a wider vision to restructure the area in the aspects of forest protection, coastline mitigation and plain interweaving for a respond to the issues addressed.

Aerial image of Taichung port area Retrieved from google earth 2019

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FOREST PROTECTION

Ecological protection of the territory is essential under rapid urbanization. Natural and artificial forest protection, on the plateau and port area respectively, are to stabilize the mechanism of the landscape as well as demonstrating a territorial mitigation of the pollution generated in the region.

NATURAL AFFORESTATION_ Reconnecting the remaining dispersed forest on the plateau will concentrate on areas with steeper topography to stabilize the soil from abrupt rainfall and preserve the water for a longer period. A corridor of forest will therefore traverse the whole plateau to form a natural boundary between the two regions.

ARTIFICIAL AFFORESTATION_ Artificial forest is designated to be the protection for wind and sedimentation along the coastline which is occupied mostly by industrial activity.

A structured urban forest will be enforced in vast industrial open spaces that are currently under low frequency of usage. Patches of forest will pursuit pollution alleviation directly on site.

Natural afforestation

Artificial afforestation

Agroforestry

AGROFORESTRY_ Agroforestry forms an intermediate space between the forest and the cultivated land.

Such extension into the production field not only provides a diverse economic opportunity but also widens the ecological entity in the region.

Proposed afforestation area

60

Existing forest area

Proposed forest areas

Existing cemeteries

Proposed agroforestry

Existing railway line

Proposed linear plantation

0

5 km 61

COASTLINE MITIGATION

Climate crisis raises a growing urgency to deal with flooding from sea level rise and extreme seasonal rainfall. Extending wetland biodiversity inland introduced a new way to live with water and contributes to natural mitigation of the environment.

WETLAND_ Expanding the existing wetland conservation area (currently at the mouth of two major rivers) inland and along the coastline gives strategic implementation on coastal protection and natural purification of polluted water from urban activities.

PRODUCTION LANDSCAPE_ Wetland agriculture act as a mediator to integrate new wetland biodiversity and the cultivated landscape to enhance the economic production by ways of working with nature.

Aquaculture occupies near the mouth of the river as an extension of the current production activity in the southern part of the site. It adapts to the constant flooding condition on the riverbeds and contributes to a diverse production landscape.

Wetland

Wetland agriculture

Dike relocation

DIKE RELOCATION_ Giving more spaces to water by relocating the existing dikes opens the opportunity for ecology to be embedded in the landscape as the flooding accelerates. Hard barrier should only present minimum respond to what is essential for protection.

Proposed Aquaculture Proposed wetland agriculture

62

Existing wetland

Proposed wetland

Existing dike location

Proposed dike location

0

5 km 63

INTERWEAVING THE PLAIN

Agriculture fields are artificially defined in grid according to the irrigation framework.

With climate and social issues addressed, the proposal provides flooding adaptation method by converting surplus cultivation field for free movement of water. It is therefore a process of nature retaking the territory following the artificial geometry.

Water bodies for flood adaptation

FLOODING ADAPTATION_ According to flood severity and the condition of the plot, mosaic pattern is formed to adapt to a territory of transition. Further design strategy will be clarified in the next scale of intervention.

ECOLOGICAL INTERVENTION_ Rapid transformation in the region creates opportunities to renaturalize the landscape. It is to work hand in hand with current artificial grid pattern and the soft force of nature.

Ecology intervenes in mosaic pattern

Proposed Aquaculture Proposed aerobic pond Proposed wetland

64

0

5 km 65

Dajia River

Scattered settlements

Dadu River

Dry crop plantation

Dry crop plantation

Dry crop plantation

Paddy field

Dry crop plantation

Dry crop plantation

Dry crop plantation

Paddy field

Afforestation for soil stabilization on steeper slopes.

Afforestation surrounds the settlement, hybridizing the agriculture production.

Industrial Site

Afforestation enhance the connection of biodiversity on the plateau, creating territorial natural protection.

Scattered settlements

Industrial Site

Dry crop plantation Dry crop plantation Paddy field

Dry crop plantation Dry crop plantation Paddy field

Structured coastal afforestation stabilize the wind and mitigate the water, providing a soft protection at the frontline.

66

Restoring the nature stabilize the landscape and provide a diverse ecosystem in the area.

67

“Such a trip is the reverse of ordinary present-day travel. Instead of passing over wild lands to skip from city to city, it passes over cities to get to the wild lands. “

-Edward O. Wilson. Half Earth (2016). p 152 Affluent wetland biodiversity photo by author. february 2020

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4. DESIGN STRATEGY L ·TERRITORIAL STRUCTURE FOREST PROTECTION COASTLINE MITIGATION INTERWEAVING THE PLAIN

M·INTERWEAVING THE PLAIN MOSAIC DYNAMIC TRANSITION PHASE TOOLS OF INTERVENTIONS

S·SAMPLING AREA TRANSITION PHASE SCENARIO 2080

70

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Highways and Byways Painting by Paul Klee 1929 Retrieved from http://www.paul-klee.org/paintings/

72

Castle and Sun Painting by Paul Klee 1928 Retrieved from http://www.paul-klee.org/paintings/

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Aerial image of the in-between plain Retrieved from google earth 2019

0

74

0.5 km

1 km 75

MOSAIC DYNAMIC AGRICULTURE FIELD

FLOOD ADAPTATION_ With the existing grid system from irrigation, plots are reconfigured in flood risk areas to retain excess amount of water and be filtered for redistribution in dry seasons. Variation in these retention areas, including aquaculture, wetland biodiversity, and aerobic pond, present a dynamic economy and ecological interventions. Diverse vegetation system is then sequentially incorporated along to manage different levels of flooding.

LAND CONVERSION_ Initiated from current trajectory of the flooding map, the conversion of surplus agriculture and vacant plots hybridize the territory for future adaptation. These reconfigurations under the grid structure create flexibility within the changing society. Such mosaic dynamic provide capacity to absorb and arrange various elements from social and climate aspects. Conversion scenarios will be further clarified through transition phases.

Flooding frequency High

Low VEGETAL SEQUENCE_

Abandoned Plot

Hierarchy of water resilient plantation and land manipulation are applied to confront flooding.

PROTECTION_ Natural water mitigation method and building renewal in phases are actions to protect the settlement from water.

Settlement

ECOLOGICAL INTEGRATION Opportunities for the ecology to interweave can be acknowledged from land conversion process and the abandoned plots from depopulation. Adding another layer of biodiversity in the territory intensifies the operation of environmental mitigation and responds to the social issues.

Fragmented Plots

Collective Plots WETLAND_ Vulnerable areas in proximity with major drainage system are converted to urban wetland as flood plain extension.

Agriculture field

76

AEROBIC PONDS_ The pond functions in small scale in the vulnerable areas near the settlements to retain excess water and provide further filter for redistribution.

AQUACULTURE_ Plots adjacent to irrigation system presents suitable features for new economic value .

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PERMANENT WATER BODIES AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION

FLOODING PHASE 1

AEROBIC PONDS

conversion occurs under degradation of aquaculture pond

FLOODING PHASE 2

FLOODING PHASE 3

PURIFICATION WETLAND

conversion occurs under accelerating flood condition

WATER CONVERSION

WATER RESOURCE Agriculture

Factories/ Households

FLOATING VEGETATION Vegetation that is able to endure high frequency of flooding.

Preface of emerging into wetland biodiversity.

Wastewater concentration

Redistribution of clean water source

EMERGENT VEGETATION Vegetation with roots that endures water but a large part is above water surface.

SHORELINE VEGETATION Opportunities for productive tree species to take place under less frequency of flooding.

Space for stormwater retention

aquaculture production

Land Manipulation LAND MANIPULATION

78

aerobic ponds

purification wetland

Flooding phase 1

Flooding phase 2

Flooding phase 3

Also fill to settlements and industrial areas

79

NEW WATERSCAPE_ Permanent water bodies are implemented according to the footprints of the flooding map, conducting water management in the most vulnerable areas and forming landscape for water to occupy the territory. Urban wetland, coordinating with the current drainage system, provide new space for surplus water amount. Aquaculture presents a supplementary economy method than rice production which has high demand in labour forces. Dispersed aerobic ponds redistribute water resources to settlement in proximity through water retention and purification procedures. These new waterscape present not only an alternative to live with water under extreme condition but also a nature method to mitigate the disruption caused by urbanization.

Aquaculture production Aerobic Pond Purification Wetland

80

0

0.5 km

1 km

81

SCENARIO 2050_ Plots are reconfigured according to the geometry of the grid and flooding severity into various categories of planation and topography to accommodate different water levels.

Flooding phase 1

82

Flooding phase 2

SCENARIO 2080_ A gradual expansion of the water bodies and land conversion occurred in order to accommodate the growing severity of flooding.

Flooding phase 3

SCENARIO 2100_ Renaturalization of the flood plain takes place under extreme flooding scenarios and the gradual replacement of rice production by aquaculture.

Purification wetland

Flood phase 1

Aerobic pond

Flood phase 2

Aquaculture production

Flood phase 3

green open space in industrial area

New building typology phase 2

production land in industrial area

New building typology former phase 83

MOSAIC DYNAMIC INDUSTRIAL AREA

FACTORY TYPOLOGY_ Industrial buildings form a new typology under rapid process of transformation. It considers future flooding scenarios through vertical concentration of factories and enlarge open spaces for ecology to alleviate the pollution. Reducing building coverage to open the ground floor for common purpose provides efficiency in parking, storage, stock distribution and so on as current situation is imbalanced regarding the size of the open space and the service it provides.

GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE_ Current mobility systems are massive in scale and high-densed for large capacity of trucks and port related transportation. Imposing vegetations along the robust infrastructures, eliminating extra motorways, and reviving the waterfront in several area, all built up opportunities for the ecology. By inserting layers as such presents an add-on effect to ease the pollution that is generated on site.

RECONNECT OPPORTUNITIES_ Shifting the perception of anticipating vacant plots and remaining agriculture activities to be developed, reconnecting these opportunities while working together with the new industrial typology allows a larger percentage of green cover to emerge. The new industrial complex therefore works with the intertwined ecology for a better quality in the living and working environment.

Factory Typology

Green Infrastructure

CURRENT FRAGMENTATION Reconnect Opportunities

current vacant / underused plots current farmland in industrial area cemetery location of abandoned settlement

84

85

TRANSITION PHASE 2050 Mosaic pattern weaved into the field following the grid system for flood mitigation in the most vulnerable areas.

OPERATIONS_ initiation of new INDUSTRIAL TYPOLOGY RECONNECT OPEN SPACE for ecological intervention WATER BODIES occupy strategic areas for surplus water retention phases of VEGETATION PLOTS adapt according to flooding levels HOUSING TYPOLOGY launched in abandoned settlements

Purification wetland

Flood phase 1

Aerobic pond

Flood phase 2

Aquaculture production

Flood phase 3

green open space in industrial area

New building typology

production land in industrial area

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0

0.5 km

1 km

87

TRANSITION PHASE 2080 Conversion of the mosaic pattern proceeds in the cultivation field and industrial site respectively under rising flood severity and the replacement of outdated industry.

OPERATIONS_ further concentration of new INDUSTRIAL TYPOLOGIES GREEN OPEN SPACES escalate with industrial transformation BROADENING WATER BODIES through natural flooding process CONVERSION OF MOSAIC PATTERN under changing social and climate conditions ACTIVATING OPEN SPACES adjacent to the new housing typology OPENING WATERFRONT areas from LIMITING HARD MOBILITY for the quality of the environment.

88

Purification wetland

Flood phase 1

Aerobic pond

Flood phase 2

Aquaculture production

Flood phase 3

green open space in industrial area

New building typology

production land in industrial area

New building (former phase)

0

0.5 km

1 km

89

TRANSITION PHASE 2100 Further transformation in the mosaic pattern presents a new productive landscape.

Simultaneously, the grid geometry loses its rigidity under the renaturalisation of the flood plain, returning the flooding condition in a new form.

OPERATIONS_ enhancing the INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX and its surrounding GREEN OPEN SPACE second phase of HOUSING RENEWAL for flood adaptation RECONQUERING OF WETLAND ECOLOGY RENATURALISATION of the flood plain ECONOMIC SHIFT from rice to aquaculture production

90

Purification wetland

Flood phase 1

Aerobic pond

Flood phase 2

Aquaculture production

Flood phase 3

green open space in industrial area

New building typology

production land in industrial area

New building (former phase)

0

0.5 km

1 km

91

Floodplains

Settlement Pond Wetland Industries

TOOLS OF INTERVENTIONS

CUT AND FILL_ The strategy of land manipulation seeks to create space for water and protect the vulnerable areas from urgent climate conditions. Moreover, open spaces on site can be recognized as opportunities for ecological intervention.

NEW BUILDING TYPOLOGY_ Urbanization will face renewal in phases as most of the buildings are currently constructed with short life span materials such as steel plate and brick. Outdated settlements that are abandoned at the moment will initiate the transition follow by reactivating their surrounding then to further renewal stages in the neighbourhood. The typology will be flood resilient by opening the ground floor, protecting major activities in elevated levels during urgent situations.

BREAKING DIKE/IRRIGATION SYSTEM_ Renaturalising the plain requires adjustments of the grid geometry. The declined cultivation activity release the irrigation framework for a flexible correlation with the surroundings by modifying plots and irrigation system for urban wetlands as well as other water features.

CUT AND FILL

Settlement

Industries

NEW BUILDING TYPOLOGY

BREAKING DIKE/ IRRIGATION SYSTEM

DEMOLISHING INFRASTRUCTURE_ Eliminating several vehicle access invites the nature to reconnect in the area and provides living quality for the inhabitants. At the same time, constrains on the mobility will ease the pollution from transportation such as noise, dust, air, etc.

DEMOLISHING INFRASTRUCTURE

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93

STRATEGIC LOCATION FOR OPERATING INTERVENTIONS

Cut Fill

New Building Typology phase 1 New Building Typology phase 2 New Building Typology phase 3

Breaking irrigation system phase 1 Breaking irrigation system phase 2 Demolished mobility

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0

0.5 km

1 km

95

4. DESIGN STRATEGY L ·TERRITORIAL STRUCTURE FOREST PROTECTION COASTLINE MITIGATION INTERWEAVING THE PLAIN

M·INTERWEAVING THE PLAIN MOSAIC DYNAMIC TRANSITION PHASE TOOLS OF INTERVENTIONS

S·SAMPLING AREA TRANSITION PHASE SCENARIO 2080

96

97

TRANSITION PHASES 2020 OPEN SPACE Vast industrial open spaces with low frequency of usage.

PORT AREA

VACANT PLOTS Scattered vacant plots and cultivation field await for future developments.

INDUSTRIAL AREA

AGRICULTURE FIELD Declined labour force and aging population leads to inefficient agriculture production and high percentage of fallow land.

AGRICULTURE FIELD

ABANDONED SETTLEMENT Depopulation result in abandoned open space and buildings in the settlements.

SETTLEMENTS

0 98

AGRICULTURE FIELD

250m

500m 99

2050 AFFORESTATION Coastal protection for water and wind mitigation in vast areas that are underused.

PORT AREA

SHIFT IN BUILDING TYPOLOGY Construction initiates in current industrial open space in order to shape the common ground for future building complex.

ECOLOGICAL CONNECTION Enhance green structure within industrial site from utilizing existing vacant plots and cultivation land.

INDUSTRIAL AREA

LINEAR PLANTATION Plantation along major infrastructure for pollution alleviation.

FLOOD PLAIN PALETTE Vacant plots in agriculture field adapt accordingly to flood severity, hybridizing the landscape.

FLOOD PLAIN

REACTIVATING ABANDONED BUILDINGS New housing typology for flood resilience are implemented strategically in abandoned settlements.

SETTLEMENT

NATURAL FLOODING PROCESS Agriculture plots are converted to water-based features for flooding adaptation.

AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION

2080 FACTORY RELOCATION Outdated factories relocate to new vertical building complex for efficient landuse through shared ground level.

GREEN PORT

WATER BODIES Water catchment area for excess rainfall which simultaneously provide wastewater treatment for industrial activities.

INDUSTRIAL AREA

PLOT CONVERSION PROCESS Water-based features take over the plots under increase severity of flooding condition.

DYNAMIC PATCH FIELD

ACTIVATING SURROUNDINGS Activate open space around new building typology for future livability of the neighbourhood.

SETTLEMENT

AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION

2100 VERTICAL CONCENTRATION More spaces are released as the factories integrate vertically, reducing the building footprints on site.

GREEN PORT 100

INDUSTRIAL AREA

GREEN OVERSPILL Renaturalizing the industrial area will strengthen the process of pollution mitigation.

WATER HEGEMONY Wetland connects with one and the other, reconquering the territory.

WATERSCAPE

SECOND PHASE BUILDING RENOVATION Subsequent building typology concentrates around the activated open space to accomplish new flood resilient neighbourhood.

SETTLEMENT

WATERSCAPE 101

“ The new conception is to design landscape along with both accepted and disturbing elements, both harmonious and interrupting ones. The result is a metamorphosis of landscape without destroying existing features, an archetypal dialogue between the tame and the wild. “ -Peter Latz. The Idea of Making Time Visible (2000). p 97

Erlun Township, Yunlin

Mosaic Agriculture plots in the western plain of Taiwan

Aerial image by Chi-Po Lin. In Focus: Chi-Po Lin and Taiwan’s Four Dimensional Spacetime

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103

SCENARIO 2080 0

section A

section B

section C

section D

100m

section E

B

C

A

D E

0 104

250m

500m 105

SECTION C

SCENARIO 2080 RENATURALISING FLOOD PLAINS

The strategy aims to open up space for water during severe flooding condition and work with urban activities by breaking the boundaries in specific areas. Gradual renaturalisation of the flood plain is then carried out under seasonal alternation of the flooding level, loosening the rigidity of the grid system under nature forces. As the flood plain returned to the former agriculture field, wetland biodiversity will be able to manage and filter surplus water amount while maintaining adequate production activity for the inhabitants to conduct.

RELOCATED FACTORIES

EXTEND RIVERBED

WETLAND AGRICULTURE

Concentrate dispersed factories vertically to create open space.

Increase water capacity during wet season through breaking dikes .

Provide diversity in the remaining productive plots within the industrial areas.

SECTION E

106

Design Reference:

Design Reference:

London Wetland Centre

Helophyte filter in Erasmusgracht, Amsterdam

Retrieved from: https://www.wwt.org.uk/

Designed by Atelier GROENBLAUW Retrieved from: https://www.ateliergroenblauw.nl/ontwerp/erasmusgracht-amsterdam/

LAND CONVERSION

FLOOD ADAPTATION

Agriculture land converted into wetland for flood retention during urgent conditions.

Restoring flood plain to create space for water.

Simultaneously, natural water purification procedure is applied for resource efficiency.

107

Wetland reoccupation_view of section E

108

Ecology Intervention _view of section C

109

SECTION B

SCENARIO 2080 BUILDING TYPOLOGY

Opportunities for new building typologies are revealed under rapid transition to cope with social and climate issues.

Industrial complex collects scattered warehouses vertically and organize common ground floor for parking, storage, etc. which most of them are currently underused. Diminishing the building coverage enables the ecology to be involved, alleviating the pollution directly. Settlement typology occurs under the opportunity from current abandoned buildings, renovating them in strategic locations along with adjacent public spaces. Major household activities will be elevated, leaving lower floor open for parking and common activities.

Both building typology allows the water to flow through during urgent conditions while maintaining daily functions.

RELOCATED FACTORIES

INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX

Spaces are opened for nature to occupy after the relocation of the factories.

Vertical accumulation of the warehouses maximize the usage of parking and storage on the ground floor which also provide space for water during flooding occasions.

Factories relocated

110

Design Reference:

Design Reference:

75 Apartment Complex

Farum Midtpunkt, North Zealand, Denmark

Designed by LAN Architecture Retrieved from: https://www.domusweb.it/en/news/2011/12/29/lanzac-colombes.html

Designed by Rambøll Architecture and Urban Development Retrieved from: http://landezine.com/index.php/2017/09/farum-midtpunkt-by-ramboll-architectureand-urban-development/

SECTION D

DIMINISHING MOBILITY

SETTLEMENT PROTECTION

Limited vehicle access reduce the pollution generated from transportation and additional spaces are thus created for the people and the ecology.

During renewal phases, protection will be conducted through land manipulation, forming a higher living ground.

111

Industrial Complex_view of section B

112

New ways of living _view of section D

113

114

2020

2020

2080

2080

115

116

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5. EPILOGUE TO BE CONTINUED BIBLIOGRAPHY

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119

TO BE CONTINUED ...

The velocity of urbanization and industrialization have conquered great areas in Taiwan’s western plain and Taichung city is one example that obtains contested relationships between urbanization and the vulnerable voice of nature. The rigid grid geometry on site revealed the transition of human activities in the landscape, developing a promiscuous relationship through times. Human desire to impose control over nature and exploit it to the utmost result in the neglection of the ecosystem. The lack to understand the landscape as well as the future condition lead to a transition of no correspondence with the territory and within one and the other, forming an ambiguous status quo in the fragmented territory. A mixture of various elements and issues have demonstrated an urgent condition that needs to be re-evaluated including the highly polluted environment, the abandonment of the plot, and the role of ecology in the area.

photo by author. February 2020

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The design proposal seeks to provide a vision by ways of analysing various sectors to restructure the territory through existing elements on site, taking advantage of the constant changing situation to insert ecological system in order to construct a new urban relationship. First, interventions on territorial framework include forest protection and coastline mitigation. They provide a large scale outline to respond to environmental issues which is a catalyst for the following design investigation to initiate.

Secondly on the next scale, the scheme of reconfiguring the agriculture plain through mosaic structure aims to enhance the grid geometry for future adaptation according to social demands, climate crisis, and ecological intervention. It introduces a flexible framework that is capable of adjusting throughout time and modify itself accordingly to the environment under nature forces. The last scale proceeds the proposal in the 2080 scenario, presenting a flood resilient building typology and the vision of living with water. Spatial interventions are proposed to alleviate pollution, adapt to future flooding, and recapture the abandoned areas for new values, shaping a dynamic relationship between the urban and nature that is capable to withstand time. The introduction of the new scheme in the coastal region of Taichung city therefore presents an alternation in our perception towards the modern way of life.

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“ We do need to slowdown and look at reality in a different way, to appreciate the positive and sustainable progress which has been made, but also to recover the values and the great goals swept away by our unrestrained delusion of grandeur.�

-Pope Francis. Encyclical on climate change and inequality (2015). p 72

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