Marija Beg. Tuning Productive Networks in the South Croatian (Is)lands

TUNING PRODUCTIVE NETWORKS Refabricated Territory in the South Croatian (Is)lands

Marija Beg Master Thesis Studio 2020 Supervised by Prof. Bruno de Meulder and Prof. Kelly Shannon Master of (Science) of Urbanism and Strategic Planning Faculty of Engineering Science, Department of Architecture

TUNING PRODUCTIVE NETWORKS Refabricated Territory in the South Croatian (Is)lands

Marija Beg Master Thesis Studio 2020 Supervised by Prof. Bruno de Meulder and Prof. Kelly Shannon

CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION STUDIO 2020 Supervisors: Prof. Bruno de Meulder, Prof. Kelly Shannon Student: Marija Beg MAHS / MAUSP / EMU Master Programs Department ASRO, K.U.Leuven Kasteelpark Arenberg 1, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium Tel: + 32(0)16 321 391 Email: laura.calders@kuleuven.be © Copyright by K.U.Leuven Without written permission of the promotors and the authors it is forbidden to reproduce or adapt in any form or by any means any part of this publication. Requests for obtaining the right to reproduce or utilize parts of this publication should be addressed to K.U.Leuven, Faculty of Engineering – Kasteelpark Arenberg 1, B-3001 Heverlee (België). Telefoon +3216-32 13 50 & Fax. +32-16-32 19 88.

A written permission of the promotor is also required to use the methods, products, schematics and programs described in this work for industrial or commercial use, and for submitting this publication in scientific contests.

All images in this booklet are, unless credits are given, made or drawn by the author (Production and Consumption, 2020).

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Acknowledgements I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my thesis supervisors, Prof. Bruno de Meulder and Prof. Kelly Shannon, for providing guidance, patience and mentorship in the last two years, and especially during the thesis process.

I am grateful to the continuous support of my family and friends who encouraged me and help me in all challenges throughout this study period.

Finally, gratitude to all my student colleagues, for their cooperation, enthusiastic knowledge exchange and sharing diverse cultural backgrounds.

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fig.1. lavender field in Stari Grad Plain, island Hvar

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Abstract The Croatian coastal region testifies to the rich interplay of human imprints within a harsh karst terrain. Compact villages and towns grew slowly in parallel with agricultural activity and became engraved as enduring structures in territory. Nowadays, with tourist expansion, both these modest settlements and remote nature have turned into endless leisurescapes. Tourism has a massive impact on the region, spatially and socio-economically. Attractive coastal towns are growing with dispersed unregulated settlements often misplaced in agriculture land. On the other hand, inland villages, as less attractive spots for mass tourism, are shrinking, leaving vast productive landscapes unattended.

The thesis focuses on spatial adjustments to enhance productive territorial potentials by developing an agro-urbanism. New strategies for the coastal town of Trogir and inland villages in Ĺ olta island are embedded in a more robust ecological framework.

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fig.2. KaĹĄtela Bay, Split

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Table of Contents Acknowledgements Abstract Table of Contents PREFACE Introduction Research Objectives I. EXPLORATIONS: UNFOLDING THE TERRITORY Natural Preconditions Human Adjustments and Historic Layering Trends and Opportunities II. STRATEGIES: ANTICIPATING NEW CONDITIONS Towards Refabricated Territorial Systems III. DESIGN INQUIRIES: TWO CASE STUDIES Trogir - Reclaimed Agropolis Å olta - Invigorated Productive Corridors CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY LIST OF FIGURES

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fig.3. the historic core of Trogir

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Introduction The thesis explores productive potentials of the South Croatian coast and its interaction with the ecological system as a framework for new ways of settling in the territory. The site is located at the crossroad of Mediterranean and Balkans, within the terrain of the Dinaric Alps. On a larger scale, explorations include coast and islands in Split and Dubrovnik County. Further detailing and design inquiries are tested in two specific locations. First is a small coastal town with Ancient Greek origins, Trogir, as an illustration of coastal dynamics, and second is Ĺ olta island, an example of the slow disintegration of rural vitality in inland villages.

Coastal and island dynamics in South Croatia largely depend on the economy of tourism. It brings many job opportunities for locals, and with 19% of the GDP of Croatia (Croatian Chamber of Commerce, 2020), it is an important pillar of the country's economy. However, this massification of tourism is also evident in many negative trends, such as commodification, gentrification, and seasonality. All other economies are less lucrative and therefore almost completely neglected, which brings many other imbalances in the system. Furthermore, perpetual moments of crisis (wars, global economic crisis, pandemics), are always reflected in the drop of tourist activities, which testifies that when there is one predominant economy it can collapse and bring widespread local unsustainability.

Another important factor to consider in spatial development is the global climate crisis. In Croatia, it will be evident through the temperature rise, a higher percentage of various climatological extremes, heat waves, etc.

Thus, the thesis investigates how can we enhance the natural framework that would mitigate negative trends of climate change on one side, and how to use the potentials of local agricultural production to balance the fragile mono-economy system on the other side. In that altered milieu, local existence would not depend on external circumstances but would rely on its own advantages, with tourism as an additional economic booster rather than the main source of income.

fig.4. painting GromaÄ?e (dry-stone walls), author Oton Gliha, 1962 10

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Research Objectives The focus of the thesis is a design investigation of new ways of agro-urban settling within the corresponding ecological system. The project is questioning the strength of the design as a tool in transforming existing negative trends related to agricultural production and climate change.

Therefore, the research question is, how to upgrade environmental framework and simultaneously anchor resilient territorial networks of agro-urban typologies in Croatian South Adriatic to mitigate negative environmental and socio-economic trends?

These networks try to consider several dimensions in the territory to: 1 - correspond to specificities of genuine spatial structural logics (of enduring and sustainable ways of human adjustments in the karst territory) 2 - accommodate spatial and temporal flux (of people and activities) in production-consumption cycles (current and the ones that might occur in the future) 3 - enhance productive lands and ecologically valuable landscapes (relying on existing advantages).

fig.5. terraced fields in karst terrain, island Vis 12

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I EXPLORATIONS UNFOLDING THE TERRITORY _ NATURAL PRECONDITIONS _ HUMAN ADJUSTMENTS AND HISTORIC LAYERING _ TRENDS AND OPPORTUNITIES

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position on the map of Croatia

Trogir and Šolta

South Croatian territory

Trogir 5x5 km

Šolta 5x5 km

fig.6. 10m contour lines in the Mediterranean Basin 16

location of two sites Trogir and Šolta 17

fig.7. national park Velebit

Natural Preconditions Narrow and mainly shallow Adriatic sea, an appendix in the Mediterranean basin, interacts with steep rocky landscapes of the Dinaric Alps. Croatian coastal line of almost 1800 kilometers includes a vast archipelago with more than a thousand islands. The entire coast is a karst geomorphological system, characterized by limestone landscapes often with thin land cover. Karst fields (dolines and poljes - terms coming from South Slavic languages since it is typical karst field type from that area) are valuable natural sites for agricultural production. Mediterranean karst is also characterized by very developed underground reliefs with caves and rich sources of underground water (Lewin & Woodward, 2009).

The climate in South Croatia, according to Köppen classification that considers mean annual temperature course and precipitation amounts, is hot-summer Mediterranean climate or olive climate (Csa), with a dry period in the warm part of the year and driest months with less than 40mm of precipitation. Winters are mild and wet, with three times more precipitation than in dry months (Zaninović et al., 2008). There are general predictions that Croatia will get warmer and drier (especially during the summer) (United Nations Development Programme, 2009).

Autochthonous tree species include forests of holm oak (Quercus Ilex) and forests of Aleppo pine (Pinus Halepensis) and Dalmatian Black Pine (PInus nigra subs. dalmatica). However, due to deforestation very valuable evergreen forests remained only in traces. Predominant vegetated landscapes are underbrushes, garrigues and rocky grounds (Alegro, 2000).

fig.8. Telaščica nature park 18

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mountain kozjak peak: 779m

CHROMIC CAMBISOLS

mountain mosor peak: 1339m

ARIC ANTHROSOLS RENDZIC LEPTOSOLS RENDZIC, MOLLIC LEPTOSOLS

island šolta peak: 238m island brač peak: 780m

MOLLIC LEPTOSOLS

mountain biokovo peak: 1763m

CALCARIC REGOSOLS CHROMIC LUVISOLS MOLLIC, CALCARIC FLUVISOLS

island hvar peak: 628m island vis peak: 587m

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pelješac pennisula peak: 960m

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FIBRIC, TERRIC HISTOSOLS

island korčula peak: 568m

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island lastovo peak: 415m

island mljet peak: 514m

100 120

140

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50 km

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50 km

soil suitability

Karst Terrain

Land (Soil) Suitability

Karst terrains with limestone landscapes are significant components of the Mediterranean basin geography. Karst system differs from other geomorphological systems (e.g. glacial, fluvial, coastal, or aeolian) because of the dominant role of dissolution resulting in subterranean water flowing systems rather than in surface channels. In the Mediterranean basin karst is also characterized by large dolines, sinking streams, extensive cave systems, and limestone bedrock coast.

The intensity of karst processes is dependant on vertical zonation of karst landscapes (Lewin & Woodward, 2009). Croatian karst, with up to 2000m high mountains, belongs to C and D vertical zones that contain soil cover (fig.9).

Croatian karst terrain has the lowest percentage od highly suitable land for agriculture (S1), only 0,5%. Moderately suitable land (S2), appropriate for the cultivation of vine and orchards, takes 5,8%. Marginally suitable land (S3), rocky, steep and acid with very thin soil layer, covers 20,4%.

The highest percentage (69,8%) is of permanently not suitable soils (N2) for arable production. In Croatian karst, there is around 8000 sq km of bare rocks, which is almost 30% of the entire surface.

On the other hand, 47% of the area is covered with forests. (Bensa & Bogunović, 2006) Due to such a high percentage of soil unsuitability, it is very important to prevent degradation and maintain suitable agricultural land.

fig.9. vertical zonation of karst landscapes 20

classification (fao) S1 S2 S3 N1 N2 TOTAL

FOREST ha 670,6 46.958,7 201.809,8 16.156,0 1.027.287,0 1.292.882,1

% 0,1 3,6 15,6 1,2 79,5 100,0

AGRICULTURE ha 11.531,4 110.994,3 349.864,9 77.703,3 858.427,0 1.408.520,9

WATER, SETTLEMENTS TOTAL

% 0,8 7,9 24,8 5,5 60,9 100,0

TOTAL ha 12.202,0 157.953,0 551.674,6 93.589,3 1.885.714,0 2.701.403,0

% 0,5 5,8 20,4 3,5 69,8* 100,0

25.073,0 1.292.882,1

1.408.520,9

2.701.403,0

S1: Highly suitable - a land without significant limitations; S2: Moderately suitable - land that is suitable but which has limitations that either reduce productivity or increase the inputs needed to sustain productivity S3: Marginally suitable - land with limitations so severe that benefits are reduced and/or the inputs needed to sustain production are increased so that this cost is only marginally justified N1: Currently not suitable - land with limitations to sustained use that cannot be overcome at a currently acceptable cost N2: Permanently not suitable - Land with limitations to sustained use that cannot be overcome * 14% in the class N-2 refers to bare rocks. Bare rocks and bare karst are included in agricultural areas due to the impossibility of cartographic separation.

fig.10. soil suitability classification with usage categories in Croatian karst 21

PROTECTED LANDSCAPE forest park marjan 297 ha

NATURA 2000 (birds) significant landscape kanjon cetine 6,493 ha

NATURA 2000 (species, habitats) SEA-LEVEL RISE 2m

fig.12. change in ground air temperature (in °C) in Croatia in the period 2011 - 2040 in relation to the period 1961 - 1990 according to the results of the mean of the ensemble of the regional climate model RegCM for A2 greenhouse gas emission scenario for winter (left) and summer (right)

nature park biokovo 19,331 ha

significant landscape vidova gora 1,813 ha

malostonski zaljev special reserve 14,899 ha nature park lastovsko otočje 19,572 ha

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national park mljet 5,288 ha

fig.13. change in ground air temperature (in °C) in Croatia in the period 2041 - 2070 in relation to the period 1961 - 1990 according to the results of the mean of the RegCM regional climate model ensemble for A2 greenhouse gas emission scenario for winter (left) and summer (right)

50 km

Natural Values and Threats Large surface of the South Croatian terrain is unapproachable and unsuitable for agricultural production. These areas are usually covered in forests (47% in karst Croatia) creating valuable, and often protected natural landscapes.

Human activities in karst terrain, combined with partly man-induces climate crisis, might have many negative effects on natural and inhabited landscapes (fig. 11).

fig.14. change in precipitation in Croatia (in mm/day) in the period 2041 - 2070 in relation to the period 1961 - 1990 according to the results of the middle class of the RegCM regional climate model ensemble for A2 greenhouse gas emission scenario for winter (left) and summer (right)

Since the coast is very steep, severe flooding from sea-level rise will probably be limited to several lower areas. However, there are predictions of significant increase of frequency of temperature extremes, heat waves and dry periods.

fig.11. human activities in the Mediterranean region and their potential impact on karst and non-karst terrain 22

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Climate Characteristics

mean annual air temperature

mean annual insolation duration

mean annual precipitation

air humidity

mean annual global solar irradiation

mean annual number of tropical nights (tmin >20°C)

mean annual cloudiness

annual wind rose

fig.15. illustration of current climate characteristics in Croatia next page: fig.16. Stiniva Bay, island Vis 24

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fig.17. village Velo Grablje, island Hvar

Human Adjustments and Historic Layering Traces of human inhabitation in the South Croatian territory date back to prehistoric times.

Such a long time span of human interventions left palimpsest-like layers of history, of which many remained preserved for centuries, due to firm stone material from which they are built.

Settlements are traditionally grouped and compressed either close to agriculture land or placed on strategic and protected positions along the coast.

Besides inhabited landscapes, humans modified vast surrounding areas, mostly for food production and for building materials (mining stone and cutting woods). Harsh karst terrain is remodeled with typical dry-stone wall structures spread all around the territory. Once the soil was cleared from stones (they were immediately used as plot separation, and formation of terraces), the land was planted with olives, grapes and other autochthonous species.

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fig.18. town Vis, island Vis 29

DENSE FOREST

SETTLEMENTS

AGRICULTURE

HIGHWAY trogir

OLIVE FIELDS

split

ROCKY TERRAIN

ADRIATIC HIGHWAY RAILWAY

omiš šolta

SETTLEMENTS

AIRPORT INTERNATIONAL PORT

brač

makarska

RAILWAY STATION

hvar ploče

vis

pelješac korčula

ston lastovo mljet dubrovnik

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50 km

10

50 km

Cultivated Landscapes

Setlling and Infrastructure

Karst landscape was modified and cultivated for agriculture, pastures and timber production.

Ancient land divisions for agriculture (fig. 19) and dry-stone wall structures are still present in the territory. Unsuitable land and unapproachable slopes grew into dense forests.

Small original settlements along the coastal line started to spread in mid 20th century and today grow mostly in service to accommodate tourists.

In parallel, island villages lost local vibrancy since agricultural production was replaced by tourism.

Until 19th centuries large surfaces were deforested for pastures and timber production. Depopulation processes started on islands first in the early 20th century (due to economic breakdown that came with grapevine disease) and then continued from inland villages and islands in mid 20th century due to intensive littoralisation processes. After that, reforestation started in many abandoned areas, but it also implied the abandonment of rural productivity. (Feurst-Bjeliš, 2018) 30

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fig.19. ancient agricultural land division, Roman towns Iadera (left) and Salona (right), today Zadar and Split

Due to demanding karst geography, building any kind of infrastructure was always a huge challenge. The first important connection was Adriatic Highway from the 1960s that runs all along the east Adriatic coast. It was the main infrastructural spine until a new highway was built in the 2000s in the hinterland. It significantly sped up the road connection between continental and Adriatic Croatia. Railways only run until Split and they are in very bad condition. Sea routes with ferry connections are a vital mechanism for servicing islands' and keeping them active.

ferry speed boat boat

fig.20. sea connections between coast and islands (main ferry company Jadrolinija) 31

Taming Karst Landscape Due to a lack of suitable lands for production, there is a great impact of humans on the karst environments in the Mediterranean region. Karst surfaces have been significantly adapted in order to enhance their agricultural potential. The most typical modifications are removals of limestone from the soil and their reuse in the formation of dry-stone walls (fig.21. 1a, 1b) (Lewin & Woodward, 2009). Numerous stone block-fronted terraces became an inherent element in the Croatian karst.

Excavated stone also served as a built material for plot divisions and small dry stone structures made without mortar. In 2018 the technique was inscribed on the 'Intangible Cultural Heritage' UNESCO list.

fig.21. human modification in karst environments in the Dinaric region to create deeper soils and flat surface for cultivation

fig.22. land art in karst - fallen firemen memorial, Murter-Kornati 2012 author: arch. Nikola Baťić

fig.23. memorial elevations

fig.24. modification of karst landscape, island Vis > 32

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Oasis in the Karst Karst fields (poljes) are a real oasis for agricultural production in otherwise very steep, rocky, or unapproachable terrain. Poljes are flat-floored depressions widely spread in Dinaric limestones (that is why the term 'polje' itself comes from the South Slavic languages). (Lewin & Woodward, 2009). In South Croatian islands, there are small poljes, while the ones with larger surfaces appear in Croatian and Bosnian karst hinterland.

fig.25. the distribution of poljes in Dinaric karst region

fig.26. a typical karst system in the Mediterranean region fig.27. Stari Grad Plain, island Hvar > 34

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Embedded Layers of Settling In the Adriatic Croatia, one can follow traces of settling all the way back to prehistoric hilltop villages. They were replaced with coastal towns in the period of Greeks and Romans. Many modern cities developed on their ancient origin (Zadar, Trogir, Split, Vis, Metković). Some principles established at that period remained enduring elements until today, for example, compactness, narrow streets, tectonic structures, small windows, micro-location based on protection, connectivity and natural assets, etc.

Urban historic layering from different periods is evident in the examples of built (and unbuilt) imprints in Split. Starting from Roman palace (Diocletian's Palace) (fig.29) which doubled in size towards the west in middle ages (fig.31), all the way to modern reinterpretations from the 1960s in Split III Neighbourhood (fig.30) to unbuilt ŽnjanDragovode project from 1980s. (fig.28)

fig.28. settlement Žnjan-Dragovode, Split, competition authors: Hržić, Mance, Šegvić, 1984/85.

fig.29. Diocletian Palace, Split, 4. century BC

fig.30. Split 3 settlement, Split, competition from 1968 authors: Mušič, Starc, Bežan (plan) fig.31. the historic core of Split - layers of transformation > 36

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fig.32. overbuilding trends in the coast, Makarska

Trends as Opportunities Due to planning tradition from the Modernist period, Croatian territory has good foundations of space regulation. However, with a quick switch to the neoliberal system, many established values failed under the logic and pressures of private capital. Negative spatial and socio-economic consequences are especially evident In the Adriatic Croatia. Here, each activity is intertwined with tourism as a predominant economy. It provoked further depopulation and, consequently degradation of rural areas.

In parallel, in the coastal area, with the development of mass tourism, small towns started to spread uncontrollably causing sprawl and suburbanization in agriculture land. This disbalance of stagnating rural life and seasonally hectic coastal life, dependant on tourists, left agricultural production on the margins of economic activities.

On the other hand, there is a huge movement of people, depending on season, economy and trends. In general, the local population is rapidly decreasing and many people are migrating to more developed countries. They are re-visiting in the hights of the season when population multiplies with other incoming tourists or seasonal workers from other parts of Croatia or neighboring countries. There is also an expected influx of immigrants in the near future. As the trends change, there is also a possibility of an influx of new types of users, like workers who will choose to live in the Mediterranean climate on isolated islands, regardless of the place they work, since for many people jobs might move completely online, or 'ecologically-conscious' communities, individuals and families, still active retired people, etc.

fig.33. today deserted village Malo Grablje, island Hvar 38

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The Flux of Users and Activities Besides natural and manmade structures, there are equally important immaterial elements that are constantly influencing spatial aspects in the South Croatian territory. Decreasing of the local population, seasonal workers, a large influx of tourists, the potential of newcomers (immigrants, new types of tourists or 'eco-hippies', 'city-escape hippies'), can all influence new ways of living in the territory with a higher level of mobility and local small-scale food production. A mix of various users and appropriate territorial distribution of their activities are therefore crucial factors for designing new agro-tourist-aqua-urban realities.

(b)

vinedresser

boat tent backyard

olive farmer

plot in the field plot On the slope studio apartment

beekeeper constant

apartment / house

ho(s)tel room

temporal

apartment renter construction worker

occasional

tourist service local tourist family tourist

seasonal

active-rest tourist robinson crusoe tourist

(a)

other parts of croatia

neighboring countries

NO. OF INHABITANTS (2018)

NO. OF TOURISTS (2018)

TROGIR SPLIT OMIŠ

12,942 170,419 14,661

147,128 859,224 159,251

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MAKARSKA PLOČE DUBROVNIK ŠOLTA BRAČ HVAR

14,261 8,929 44,376 2,176 14,648 11,572

251,678 5,512 1.265,237 18,138 258,355 330,887

10 11 12 13 14

VIS KORČULA PELJEŠAC LASTOVO MLJET

3,536 15,196 5,470 772 1,155

50,240 168,985 135,745 8,443 33,108

fig.34. comparison of the number of inhabitants and tourist arrivals in 2018.

nautical tourist

Trogir-Čiovo-Šolta-Vis section. (a) The territory is largely defined by temporalities, movements and activities of its users (existing users are marked in solid lines and potential in dashed line). (b) Each user requires certain minimal 'typology' for its type of activity. (c) The dynamism of the system is enhanced with temporality.

TOWN / ISLAND 1 2 3

florist fisherman

apartment extra weekend house

Massive seasonal tourist arrivals contribute to all kinds of economic activities. They also put great social and environmental pressure to small towns and islands.

orchardman

camping house

pavilion

Territorial Dynamics

(c)

eco hippie city-escape hippie

europe / worldwide

1

2

3

season

7

4

8

9

5

10

12

non-season

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13

other parts of croatia

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neighboring countries

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100 000 INHABITANTS 100 000 TOURISTS

europe / worldwide

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50 km

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Illustration of Important Trends demography

agriculture

_ population decrease

_ underused agricultural potentials _ more than half of Croatia's food products derive from imports

fig.35. the population forecast for Croatia

tourism _ fluctuation of tourist arrivals depends on crisis moments

foreign & local

foreign

local

_ spatial implications of tourism _ commodification

fig.39. underused agricultural potential in Croatia, ha per county

_ gentrification _ seasonality

climate change _ more frequent weather extremes _ heat waves

fig.36. a number of tourist overnight stays from 1946 to 2016.

_ dry periods, temperature rise

fig.41. more frequent storms in coastal areas, Dubrovnik, 2019

fig.37. new leisurescapes, island Vir fig.38. the crowd in front of the city-wall gates, Dubrovnik, summer 2017

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fig.40. more frequent unusual weather conditions, Dubrovnik, 2017

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Planning Tradition Urban planning played an important role in the spatial formation of the former Yugoslavia. Among many other urban projects from various national and local Urban Planning Institutes, there were two important territorial plans from the late 1960s that considered the entire East Adriatic coast. One for the North and the other for the South Adriatic Region. Here relevant, Regional Physical Plan of the South Adriatic Region from 1969, considered all aspects of local development intertwined with an already growing tourism economy (fig.43, fig.44).

fig.43. Regional Physical Plan of South Adriatic Region, 1969 - agriculture

+ nature: protected,,, moĹžda samo tu naturu

fig.42. Split Regional Plan, Urban Institute of Dalmatia & Shankland and Associates, London, 1970 44

fig.44. Regional Physical Plan of South Adriatic Region, 1969 - synthesis 45

II STRATEGIES ANTICIPATING NEW CONDITIONS _ TOWARDS REFABRICATED TERRITORIAL SYSTEMS

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refabricating coastal dynamics

Towards Refabricated Territorial Systems Since the population is decreasing, the climate is becoming more severe and tourism, in the hands of private investors, dictates spatial dynamics, the project is focused on reinforcing natural system (rather than only envisioning new urban developments) that can deal with these trends. Ecological enhancement can mitigate expected climate extremes, help recover land, gradually replace the unnecessary and misplaced urban fabric, and serve as a counterpart to sprawled leisurescapes. It can provide long term benefits and prepare the environment for other generations.

New agro-urban infills are suggested as dynamic typologies that can accommodate different users and adapt to different circumstances. Productive and environmental corridors can create resilient networks that would work together with existing natural and manmade values. Such refabricated territory might become a new hotspot for 'hippies', young families, nomadic intellectuals, people in retirement, refugees, immigrants, tourists. But, it can also be left aside hibernating for some decades. The project explores how can the system adapt to various scenarios, but always including local production within the enduring, enhanced ecological system and with replaceable agro-urban typologies.

invigorating island activities 48

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Reinforced Natural Landscapes

FIRE-DAMAGED LANDSCAPE rec

ov

er

re-wild

QUARRY-DAMAGED LANDSCAPE

e los

re-d

esi

gn

fig.45. around 600ha of burnt forest in Pelješac peninsula, 2018 (satellite Copernicus EU Sentinel-2, shortwave infrared spectral channel - the effects on vegetation cover)

WILD LANDSCAPE

y

sif

er

st

LOW PERCENTAGE OF QUALITATIVE AND BIODIVERSE AFFORESTATION

div

lose es

ig

n

re

-fo

re

AMBIENT LANDSCAPE

-d

CLIMATE CRISIS AND FREQUENT CLIMATE EXTREMES

re

Adriatic region in Croatia is expected to have an increase in temperature extremes and an increased frequency of heat waves in the near future. In the period from 1995. to 2014. Croatia had almost 5400 open space fires with the damage of around 260 000 ha of forest, 82% of which was in the Adriatic region. There is a general trend in the Mediterranean of increasing fire-affected areas, the frequency of fire, their intensity and severity due to the increase of temperature extremes and increased frequency of heat waves. (Bakšić, Vučetić, and Španjol, 2015).

Rapid fire spread is also related to the fast-burning Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis) that is spread all around the Croatian coast. Its roots retain soil and treetop protects soil from drying (in summer) and erosion (in winter). However, it has to grow for several decades to prepare the ground for other tree species, such as holm oak (Quercus Ilex) that might contribute to biodiversity and slower fire spread.

Another type of damaged landscapes are quarries. In Croatia, they are often illegal and in sites that are unplanned for stone exploitation (they can be found even in national parks, nature parks and protected landscapes). Regardless of legal obligations, there are almost no examples of completed reclamation or conversion projects of quarries in Croatia (Gašparović, Mrđa, and Petrović, 2009).

Even though a high percentage of the coast is forested, the majority of coastal cities in South Croatia have insufficient public and green areas.

Public transport is very weak, bike infrastructure is almost nonexistent and mobility is dependant on private cars. Roads congestion is especially evident in tourist season.

These are only some of the severe issues that can be mitigated or reversed with enhanced natural landscapes. Depending on the different characters they can be turned into wild, ambient, safeguarded or lost landscape.

SAFEGUARDED LANDSCAPE

fig.46. Adriatic region is predominantly forested with Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis)

LACK OF PUBLIC GREEN AREAS IN URBAN CENTERS

t

ap

ad

re-

LOST LANDSCAPE

ENDANGERED PROTECTED NATURE

ard

egu

saf

in tion fra n re rve e nt fi

o

UNAPPROACHABLE AND NON-PRIORITY LANDSCAPE

Possible land transformations applying different types of natural landscapes.

fig.47. common car predominance and traffic jam in bigger towns, Split, 2018 50

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Reinforced Natural Landscapes _ WILD LANDSCAPE activity: (re)(a)forest, recover type: wild forest, forest Massive linear afforestation along the coast (in the mountains and in the waterfront) and patches in the islands create new wilderness. Its purpose is to mitigate climate extreme heats and to structure new natural robust system as enduring territorial value.

WILD LANDSCAPE

In less approachable areas and areas that need recovery. _ AMBIENT LANDSCAPE activity: adapt, design type: park-forest, recreation Related with areas of intense human activities, contributing to microclimate conditions and serving as approachable wilderness. Along the coast, it appears in the areas of bigger settlements as a continuation of the wild landscape. _ SAFEGUARDED LANDSCAPE

AMBIENT LANDSCAPE

activity: protect, enhance type: national parks, nature reserves, arboretum An already valuable landscape that does not require changes but only regulation and protection. _ LOST LANDSCAPE activity: refrain from any activity type: self-sown wilderness 'Sleeping' areas that can later be activated or left aside according to future needs.

SAFEGUARDED LANDSCAPE

LOST LANDSCAPE

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Recharged Hybrid Corridors In the long and narrow Adriatic coast in the South of Croatia, besides Split, there are five other towns: Trogir, Omiš, Makarska, Ploče and Dubrovnik.

They are positioned between mountains and sea (fig.49). These urbanized centers are attached to Adriatic highway (fig.48), an important infrastructural spine from the Yugoslav period.

The scenic overview from the road to the sea turns into unpleasant bottlenecks when it reaches these towns. The project suggests road transformation inside of the urban areas.

Adricatic highway connects abandoned or monofunctional tourist infrastructure heritage from the Modernist period (fig.51) that can become new social condensers along the coast attracting tourists and locals.

Future interventions along the coast can be compressed in urban centers rather than dispersed all along the coast. Together with their hinterland, they can be transversal corridors overlapped with a panoramic corridor along the coast. Such a case is tested in the site of Trogir.

Completely different dynamics happen on the islands. Here, productive cores always work together with surrounding inland villages and their coastal towns. Possible recharging of such a productive corridor is tested at the example of Šolta.

SETTLEMENTS trogir

ADRIATIC HIGHWAY split

1 2

ISLAND POLJE (FIELD)

3 omiš

4 5 makarska

ploče

fig.48. Adriatic highway (built between 1950 and 1965) is an important infrastructure spine along the entire ex-Yugoslav coast.

dubrovnik 6 7

0

fig.49. Makarska, transversal from Biokovo mountain and town to the Adriatic sea

fig.50. Dračevo polje (field), island Vis. 54

10

8

50 km

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

fig.51. examples of abandoned or renovated Modernistic heritage along the Croatian coast. 1-Hotel Marina Lučica, Primošten, arch. L. Perković, 1969-72; 2-Motel Sljeme, Trogir, arch. I. Vitić, 1964-65; 3-Hotel Marjan, Split, arch. L. Perković, 1959-63; 4-Hotel Maestral, Brela, arch. J. de Luca, A. Rožić, M. Salaj, B. Bernardi, 1963-65; 5-Health Resort, Krvavica, arch. R. Marasović, 1963; 6-Hotel Libertas, Dubrovnik, arch. A. Čičin-Šain, Ž. Vincek; 7-Hotel Excelsior, Dubrovnik, arch. N. Šegvić, 1965; 8-Hotel Pelegrin, Kupari, arch. D. Finci, 1963.

55

Recharged Hybrid Corridors _ PRODUCTIVE CORRIDORS activity: recharge, reactivate hybrid: productive and inhabited areas in the islands They are focused on the largest agricultural land connected with the biggest towns. These productive hearts can become new ways of rural living in the islands.

omiĹĄ TRANSVERSAL toursim nature agriculture

+

+

++

+

trogir TRANSVERSAL agriculture industry toursim

_ PANORAMIC CORRIDORS activity: reuse, renovate

+

+

+

hybrid: infrastructure route with Modernist superstructures as anchoring points ( ) Old Adriatic highway requires adjustments in highly populated areas where it creates bottlenecks, while otherwise it can be revived as elongated corridor attached to existing superstructures from the Modernist period. This anchoring points require refurbishment (when abandoned) or hybridization in use (if monofunctional hotels) to contribute to new territorial dynamics.

makarska TRANSVERSAL toursim nature

PRODUCTIVE CORRIDORS

_ TRANSVERSAL CORRIDORS activity: reset

++ +

+

hybrid: settlements with touristic neighborhoods, agricultural production, infrastructures

dubrovnik TRANSVERSAL tourism agriculture

++

+

PANORAMIC CORRIDORS

Transversal corridors with high intensity of programs and specific challenges that require reset.

+ ++ +

++

ploÄ?e TRANSVERSAL port agriculture

56

+

TRANSVERSAL CORRIDORS 0

10

50 km

57

Processes and Actors in Territorial Transformations DESERTED MOUNTAINS

ACTORS, STAKEHOLDERS

INVESTMENT, PROCESS

QUARRY-DAMAGED LANDSCAPE

SPRAWL IN THE AGRICULTURE LAND

CONTINUOUS TOURIST LANDSCAPES

TRAFFIC JAM IN VITAL URBAN AREAS

FIRE-DAMAGED LANDSCAPE

ABANDONED MODERNISTIC HERITAGE

UNDERUSED AGRICULTURAL LAND

ABANDONED FACTORIES

DESERTED ISLANDS' AREAS

LACK OF COASTAL INFRASTRUCTURES

INACTIVE RURAL LIFE

STRATEGY, ORGANISATION, COORDINATION, PLANNING

PURCHASE OF THE LAND, MERGING SMALL PLOTS, ETC.

INCENTIVES, SUBSIDIES

NEW POLICIES AND REGULATIONS

FUNDING

EXPERTS' RESEARCH, EVALUATIONS, ASSESSMENTS, SUGGESTIONS

IDEAS, DESIGN

MANAGEMENT

NATIONAL GOVERNMENT

NATIONAL GOVERNMENT

EUROPEAN UNION

EUROPEAN UNION

EUROPEAN UNION

EUROPEAN UNION

LOCAL GOVERNMENT

NATIONAL GOVERNMENT

LOCAL GOVERNMENT

LOCAL GOVERNMENT

NATIONAL GOVERNMENT

NATIONAL GOVERNMENT

NATIONAL GOVERNMENT

LOCAL GOVERNMENT

INSTITUTE, AGENCY, ASSOCIATION

LOCAL GOVERNMENT

PUBLIC COMPANY, OWNER

PUBLIC COMPANY, OWNER

LOCAL GOVERNMENT

LOCAL GOVERNMENT

LOCAL GOVERNMENT

PUBLIC COMPANY, OWNER

EXPERTS (ARCHITECT, FORESTER...)

PUBLIC COMPANY, OWNER

INSTITUTE, AGENCY, ASSOCIATION

PRIVATE COMPANY, OWNER

PRIVATE COMPANY, OWNER

INSTITUTE, AGENCY, ASSOCIATION

NGO

INSTITUTE, AGENCY, ASSOCIATION

TERRITORIAL DISTRIBUTIONS

EXPERTS (ECONOMISTS...)

RETURNS, BENEFITS

ACTORS, STAKEHOLDERS

TROGIR

58

ČIOVO

ŠOLTA

HVAR

KORČULA

LASTOVO

PRIVATE COMPANY, OWNER

VARIOUS EXPERTS

NGO

NGO

PUBLIC COMPANY, OWNER

PRIVATE COMPANY, OWNER

VARIOUS EXPERTS

LOCAL GOVERNMENT

PRIVATE COMPANY, OWNER

PUBLIC COMPANY, OWNER

PUBLIC COMPANY, OWNER

PUBLIC COMPANY, OWNER

LOCAL GOVERNMENT

LOCAL GOVERNMENT

PRIVATE COMPANY, OWNER

NATIONAL GOVERNMENT

LOCAL GOVERNMENT

LOCAL GOVERNMENT

LOCAL GOVERNMENT

LOCAL GOVERNMENT

NATIONAL GOVERNMENT

NATIONAL GOVERNMENT

LOCAL GOVERNMENT

EUROPEAN UNION

NATIONAL GOVERNMENT

NATIONAL GOVERNMENT

NATIONAL GOVERNMENT

NATIONAL GOVERNMENT

INCOME FROM TOURISTS (TAXES, TICKETS)

FOOD PRODUCTION, EXPORT, NEW JOBS

LOCAL VITALITY, ATTRACTING NEW USERS, NEW JOBS

HEALTHY GREEN ENVIRONMENT, ATTRACTING USERS

HOUSING INCOME FROM TAXES AND RENT

ENERGY PRODUCTION (WINDMILLS), RAINWATER REUSE ETC.

PRODUCTIVE FORESTS

SAVINGS ('SELF-MAINTENANCE')

RECOVERED WILD LANDSCAPE

ACTIVE MOUNTAINS

DENSE STRUCTURES IN AGRICULTURE LAND

COMPRESSED TOURIST LANDSCAPES

REDESIGNED COASTAL ROAD

PRIVATE COMPANY, OWNER

REUSED ABANDONED MODERNISTIC HERITAGE

RECOVERED LANDSCAPE

INVIGORATED AGRICULTURE

REUSED FACTORIES

ACTIVE RURAL LIFE

NEW COASTAL INFRASTRUCTURES

LOST LANDSCAPES

59

Synthesis Subtle Infill in Robust Nature

NATURAL LANDSCAPES

Different coastal and islands territorial dynamics are integrated into a unified ecological system.

WILD LANDSCAPE AMBIENT LANDSCAPE

+

In the islands, the patches of natural framework interact with productive corridors. They include large fields, adjacent villages and coastal towns.

With small scale interventions, they might become hotspots for new island dynamics.

SAFEGUARDED LANDSCAPE

Coastal line, on the other hand, is a vast elongated landscape. It is merged with the old coastal road in which valuable examples of the Modernist tourist infrastructure become anchoring points for new coastal dynamics. This system is in interaction with transversal corridors or larger towns (Trogir, Omiš, Makarska, Ploče and Dubrovnik). Five micro centers thus become concentrated islands surrounded by the loose coastal landscape.

+

++

LOST LANDSCAPE

HYBRID CORRIDORS

+

PRODUCTIVE CORRIDORS

TRANSVERSAL CORRIDORS

+

+

++

+

+

These general principals from the territorial scale are further tested in two case studies, one coastal transversal (Trogir) and one island with productive corridor (Šolta).

PANORAMIC CORRIDORS

60

0

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61

III DESIGN INQUIRIES TWO CASE STUDIES

_ TROGIR - RECLAIMED AGROPOLIS _ Å OLTA - INVIGORATED PRODUCTIVE CORRIDORS

62

63

4x1 km

5x5 km

Trogir - Reclaimed Agropolis Trogir is a coastal town established by Greek colonists in the 3rd century BC. The historic town is a small island between mainland and island Ciovo. The area around the historic core begins to urbanize with the wave of modernization after the Second World War. In the following decades, the town expands, gradually filling the grid of agricultural land, the trend that still continues nowadays.

In the example of Trogir, it is possible to explore the overlap of 'transversal' and 'panoramic' corridors.

On one hand, the town is positioned between mountains and the sea, and on the other, it is elongated along the Adriatic highway. This coastal road brings frequent car congestion in the vital urban areas, in front of the historic core. Motel Trogir, connected with the coastal road, is an example of abandoned Modernist heritage. Other trends that are characteristic for Trogir include sprawl in the agricultural land, and simultaneously, unregulated apartment blocks in a form of endless leisurescapes in Ciovo island.

The project focuses on recovering agricultural land incorporated in a larger ecological structure.

Suggested agro-urban typologies are concentrated structures in the mosaic of the productive

64

fig.52. satellite map of Trogir >

landscape. The robust vegetal system is connecting the mountains and the waterfront following the

next page: fig.53. Trogir historic core

traces of the previous water streams.

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65

66

67

fig.54. image of Trogir in 1912, view from ÄŒiovo island

fig.55. Trogir map from 'Atlas factice des possessions de Venise et de l'Archipel', G. F. Camocio (Venise), 1571 68

0

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69

vast wilderness

green fingers

waterfront landscape

Nature as an Enduring Framework green hilltops

A simple strategy of massive tree planting is a starting point for other future interventions. It can mitigate climate extremes, create comfortable microclimate conditions, structure territory, and become a visually appealing environment.

According to specificities of each part of the territory, it can be planned as a variable and biodiverse but still interrelated system.

terraces villas

agro-urban assemblages clustered infill

Built as Replaceable Infill

parasite extensions

70

Suggested built typologies are in close interaction with the ecological framework and productive landscape. All types are concentrated clusters, but each with its own specificities depending on topography, adjacent surrounding and other existing conditions. They are flexible enough to be replaced, adapted or changed, according to various future scenarios.

0

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71

2020 - Suburban Dispersal

trogir mountains: rare inhabitation, scarce vegetation, quarries and occasional vineyards

plains:

island Ä?iovo:

new highway

growing suburban

unregulated areas of

bypassing town

fabric

individual houses serving adriatic highway

historic core:

for tourist rentals

condense town founded by greeks in 3rd century bc

neglected

overbuilt

traffic-congested

dispersed

wilderness

agriculture land

waterfront

leisurescapes

0 72

250

500 m 73

New Frame - Landscape Typologies

vast wilderness

GREEN FINGERS

WATERFRONT LANDSCAPE

green hilLtops

forest

linear park system

linear park system

forest

forest park

ORCHARDS

POCKET PARKS COURTYARDS

0 74

250

500 m 75

Insertions - Agro-Urban Typologies

terraced villas agro-urban

parasite

assemblages

extensions CLUSTERED INFILL

0 76

250

500 m 77

2100 - Concentrated Living in Spreading Nature

i. composing new

II. reclaiming

III. loosening

IV. compressing

wilderness

agriculturAL land

waterfront

leisurescapes

0 78

250

500 m 79

vast wilderness

vast wilderness productive pockets

terraced villas

productive pockets

productive pockets

tourism infrastructure

productive pockets

forest park

transversal vegetal flows

transversal vegetal flows

tourism infrastructure

green fingers

agro-urban assemBlages

agro-urban assemBlages

productive carpet agro-urban assemBlages

CLUSTERED infill

terraced villas

CLUSTERED infill

green fingers

CLUSTERED infill

loose waterfront landscape

flexible market

coastal road makeover

recharged modernistic heritage

PARASITE EXTENSIONS

80

hilltops natural oasIS

81

I. Composing New Wilderness NATIONAL/LOCAL GOVERNMENT MOUNTAINS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY, POLICIES, COORDINATION PUBLIC COMPANIES 'CROATIAN FORESTS' - INITIATIVE, PLAN, EXPERTIZE

PREPARATORY PHASE

QUARRY/FIRE DAMAGED LANDSCAPES UNDERUSED MOUNTAIN POTENTIALS

Mountain peaks were used as strategically positioned spots for prehistoric settlements.

Today they are archeological sites sometimes damaged with new unregulated quarries areas.

Otherwise, the entire Trogir hinterland is a vast lost landscape in town vicinity. It has the potential for large-scale wildness.

fig.56. the prehistoric village, Baradići Seget, Trogir mountain area is rich in archeological remains of typical prehistoric hilltop settlements (gradina)

EXECUTION PHASE

fig.57. quarry in Sutilija hill, Seget Donji, Trogir, quarries in the mountainous Trogir area are not just environmental threats but are also occasionally damaging archeological sites

EUROPEAN UNION FUNDING, POLICIES, EXPERTISE NATIONAL / LOCAL GOVERNMENT FUNDING, PARCELIZATION, INCENTIVES

2020

PRIVATE / PUBLIC EXPERTS DESIGN, FORESTING ...

NATIONAL / LOCAL GOVERNMENT INCOME FROM TAXES, ORGANIZED PARK FORESTS, NEW CULTURAL LANDSCAPES, PRODUCTIVE FORESTS

CIRCULAR RETURN, BENEFITS

AFFORESTATION NEW HOUSING AND TOURIST TYPOLOGIES

2100 82

This new wilderness is in service to climate extremes mitigation on a large-scale. And, in the foothills, when reaching the town, it is intertwined with agriculture production (olives and vineyards), new types of settlements, tourist spots, and forest park pockets (with recreation), offering new values on a local scale.

fig.58. Marjan, Split, 1870

fig.59. forest park Marjan today, Split, this example of massive afforestation in nearby Split testifies how the environment in karst terrain can rapidly recover with human initiatives 83

vast wilderness

forest park

productive pockets

tourism infrastructure meditation gardens terraced villas

2020 84

OLIVE FIELD

2100 VINEYARD

GARDEN

TREES

BUILT

0

100 m

85

possible transformation scenarios for terraced villas pop-up village small wooden DIY accommodation units/viewpoints/workshop spots for adventurous tourists, organized in clusters in the hilltops at the locations of old abandoned villages

2020

fig.60. ref. example for pop-up village units, author: Hanna Michelson, Sweden

fig.61. applicable local knowledge: NGO Dragodid that revives old techniques of dry-stone walls constructions

2050

now scarcely vegetated mountain areas with unrecognized potentials ...

2100

... can become a spot for new ways of living, first by preparing terraces with typical stone drywall structures that follow topography ...

... eventually, light structures of housing units can fit in, while terraces in front can be used as gardens ...

2150 ... new times might bring new needs, and housing units can be removed and nature can completely take over ...

scheme of the plan segment terraced villas new forms of living within nature; replaceable prefabricated structures can be placed and moved from fixed stone drywall framework

vast wilderness massive afforestation in higher altitudes, and in proximity to larger settlements provides giant ecological framework at the coastal scale

dry-stone walls as 'rails' with inserted villas (plan view) productive pockets production from fields pours upwards into the mountains as pocket clearings in a massive forest

touriSM infrastructure small spots with restaurants, or accommodation, with an ideal view towards the sea

meditation gardens gardens with aromatic herbs planted in terraces organized within the traditional dry-stone wall system

Pinus halepensis 86

Quercus Ilex

Pinus Nigra

Cupressus

Olea Europaea

Ficus

Citrus Sinensis

Lavandula Angustifolia

forest park linear park with recreation in connection of mountains and fields 87

II. Reclaiming Agricultural Land

NATIONAL GOVERNMENT COASTAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY, POLICIES LOCAL GOVERNMENT LEGAL SUPPORT, COORDINATION, ORGANISATION, PLANNING

PREPARATORY PHASE

DISPERSED HOUSING IN THE AGRICULTURAL FIELD

If the trend of filling the agricultural land with individual housing units continues, this valuable resource will be completely overtaken by suburban fabric.

fig.62. suburban sprawl in the fields

fig.63. new housing units appearing each season 2020

EXECUTION PHASE

LOCAL GOVERNMENT FUNDING, PARCELIZATION, INCENTIVES FOR LOCAL OWNERS/FARMERS PRIVATE / PUBLIC EXPERTS DESIGN (URBANIST, ARCHITECT), CONSTRUCTION ...

LOCAL GOVERNMENT INCOME FROM TAXES, RENTS, SELLING PRIVATE OWNERS LARGER PLOTS FOR FOOD PRODUCTION, INCOME FROM RENT

CIRCULAR RETURN, BENEFITS

CONCENTRATED SETTLEMENTS

To prevent further degradation of productive land, it is necessary to disrupt the expansion of suburban fabric. Gradually, new dense neighborhoods can replace dispersed individual houses. The rest of the land would return into fields or vegetal areas.

fig.64. dispersed suburban fabric, Trogir 2100 88

89

productive carpet

agro-urban assemBlages

transversal vegetal flows

green fingers

2020 90

OLIVE FIELD

2100 VINEYARD

GARDEN

INACTIVE FIELD

GREENHOUSE

TREES

BUILT

0

100 m

91

possible transformation scenarios for agrarian assemblages

2020 currently dispersed suburban fabric in the fields ...

fig.65. ref. example for widened passages - green bridge in Manchester

2050 ... can gradually be replaced with higher and denser structures ...

fig.66. ref. example of parking on grassy surfaces with trees that can replace asphalt in the agriculture field authors: Bruun & Mollers Landscape Architects, Germany

widened passages

2100 ... that would grow and shrink according to needs and demographic flux ...

2150 ... in the future, it can be easier to remove concentrated blocks if there is more need for agriculture ...

scheme of the plan segment

existing 'tunnels' and bridges that cross big bypass highway can be extended in the width of green fingers

agro-urban assemblages the new typology that is meant to gradually replace dispersed suburban fabric; hights are variable, but a few times bigger than the average existing house, with much higher density; at the ground level housing units are connected with public transversals; typology is a hybrid that combines advantages of individual and collective and of rural and urban

TRANSVERSAL VEGETAL FLOWS continuation of green fingers towards the mountains

productive carpet reclaimed field as big mosaic of productive patches with inscribed dense agrarian assemblages

green fingers mosaic of agricultural land is enriched with elongated vegetal structures that connect mountains and waterfront; they also provide neighborhood-scale park system; they follow existing logic of unused and already vegetated plots (along old water streams), thus reinforcing existing system

92

93

III. Loosening Waterfront NATIONAL GOVERNMENT COASTAL/ROAD DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY; HERITAGE PROTECTION LOCAL GOVERNMENT LEGAL SUPPORT, COORDINATION, ORGANISATION, PLANNING PUBLIC COMPANIES 'CROATIAN ROADS' - STRATEGY NGOs 'MOTEL TROGIR' - INITIATIVE FOR MODERNISTIC HERITAGE PROTECTION

PREPARATORY PHASE

Old Adriatic Highway, the coastal road from the 1960s, is now passing through different environment than originally. When entering towns (like Trogir) it is highly congested with traffic, especially during the tourist season. It also creates a division between the town and its waterfront.

ROAD AS BOTTLENECK

ABANDONED HERITAGE

2020 EXECUTION PHASE

fig.67. Adriatic Highway, longitudinal infrastructure route along the entire Yugoslav coast, built in phases from 1950-65

EUROPEAN UNION FUNDING LOCAL GOVERNMENT FUNDING, MANAGEMENT PRIVATE / PUBLIC EXPERTS DESIGN (URBANIST, ARCHITECT), CONSTRUCTION ...

LOCAL GOVERNMENT INCOME FROM TOURIST (TAXES, TICKETS) PRIVATE OWNERS, LOCALS EXTENDED CITY CENTER WITHOUT CAR DOMINANCE, INTENSE LOCAL AND TOURIST EXCHANGE

CIRCULAR RETURN, BENEFITS

Since there is already an existing bypass highway at the edge of the town it is possible to redirect main traffic away from the waterfront.

Thus, when passing through the town, Adriatic Highway can be reprofiled to the local road with public transport, bike, and pedestrian corridors.

It will become part of the new loose waterfront landscape. Since there is also a new alternative car bridge, the old Trogir bridge can be turned into a car-free zone.

fig.68. the old bridge connecting Trogir with Čiovo island, vital point is often occupied by cars

Consequently, a vital point of the city will gain new urban character. Reuse of existing Modernist heritage with new programs, as well as new densification with hybrid usages, will further contribute to, currently lacking, urban dynamics.

VIBRANT WATERSCAPE

RECHARGED HERITAGE

2100 94

fig.69. abandoned Motel Sljeme, arch. Ivan Vitić, 1964-65, the valuable modernistic heritage left to degradation

95

flexible market

coastal road makeover

loose waterfront landscape

CLUSTERED infill

urbanized park system

2020 96

OLIVE FIELD

recharged modernistic heritage

2100 VINEYARD

GARDEN

INACTIVE FIELD

GREENHOUSE

TREES

BUILT

PARKING

0

100 m

97

flexible market a new market in front of the old town is a big structure that can be covered and enclosed in various ways, according to daily needs; existing trees can remain; its simple structure is not competing with the historic core

fig.70. ref. example for clustered infill in the waterfront Oslo skyline

coastal road makeover Adriatic highway, an important modernistic infrastructure can now turn into narrower local road passing through waterfront promenade;

CLUSTERed infill coastal clustered densification in interaction with existing bigger waterfront buildings; they will bring the lacking pulse of urbanity in the city

main traffic flow can be redirected to the bypass highway

fig.71. coastal road and Motel Sljeme in its original condition

urbanized park system new urbanity goes in pair with new vegetated public spaces, parks and courtyards are equipped with outdoor furniture, playgrounds, etc.

98

recharged heritage the abandoned modernistic motel would best be protected if its usage continues in an adapted way; as other pavilions floating in new waterfront landscape, the motel can get new public function related to open public space

LOOSE WATERFRONT currently highly paved waterfront, cut with the coastal road from the rest of the town now becomes linear loose landscape rich in biodiversity; asphalt and concrete surfaces are replaced with the permeable ground; renovated waterfront complements and respects the historic core

99

IV. Compressing Leisurescapes

NGOs INITIATIVES, DESIGN SUGGESTION PRIVATE OWNER/COMPANY INITIATIVES, COORDINATION, ORGANISATION, PLANNING

Endlessly multiplied housing units for rent have already formed newly built landscapes along the Croatian coast. Čiovo island is a representative example of such a case.

LOCAL GOVERNMENT LEGAL SUPPORT, COMPENSATIONS

PREPARATORY PHASE

UNREGULATED LEISURESCAPES

2020

EXECUTION PHASE

EXPERTS DESIGN (ARCHITECTS), FORESTERS LOCAL GOVERNMENT FUNDING, PARCELIZATION, INCENTIVES, PUBLIC SPACE MANAGEMENT

LOCAL GOVERNMENT INCOME FROM TOURIST TAXES PRIVATE OWNERS MORE RENTING AREA, CHEAPER SHARED TOURISM INFRASTRUCTURE AMONG OWNERS / RENTERS

To prevent the continuation of this trend, expansion in such areas can be regulated by keeping hilltops as a green oasis. It goes hand in hand with another strategy of compressing existing structures by adding parasite-like fillings.

Newly formed clusters should be designed to add missing public space, vegetation or facilities, and to group individual spaces into shared spaces. If there is only one car access for one cluster (instead currently for each house), even the unnecessary roads can gradually turn into vegetal and pedestrian areas.

fig.72. individual renting houses in Čiovo, new coastal leisurescapes

CIRCULAR RETURN, BENEFITS

COMPRESSING BUILT FOOTPRINT

2100 100

fig.73. Čiovo, 1968 vs. 2018, comparison of one segment of the island, in 50 years span, clearly illustrates speed in which environment changed with private interventions 101

possible transformation scenarios for parasite extensions hilltops natural oasIS

2020 landscapes with apartment blocks for rent ...

2050 ... can be densified with parasite-like extensions that would group few houses ...

2100 ... the other neighbors might like the idea ...

2150 ... and the extensions would multiply ...

parasite extensions instead of building more houses, the existing ones can be densified with new parasite implants with shared spaces (shared parking, courtyards, outdoor kitchen, etc.);

PARASITE EXTENSIONS

with this strategy, some roads will become redundant (since only one access to more houses would be enough) and private units would get a semi-public character

natural oasis in rapidly overbuilt 'leisurescapes' vegetation is intensified at the edges to prevent further spread of houses and to keep hilltops as a green oasis

2020 102

TREES

2100 BUILT

0

100 m

103

4x1 km

5x5 km

Ĺ olta - Invigorated Productive Corridors Ĺ olta is an island in the South Croatian archipelago. The traditional local economy was based on olives and grapes cultivation in the agricultural core of an island. Like in other nearby islands, small villages that used to have a vibrant rural life, are attached to agricultural land. Islands' depopulation started with severe grapevine disease at the beginning of the 20th century that completely ruined the local economy. The trend of emigration continued in the middle of the 20th century when coastal towns, with new job opportunities, became more attractive spots for living. Today, the trend deepens even further with the tourism economy mostly based in coastal towns, and with a general decrease of population.

Due to the lack of people in the islands, their agricultural potentials are largely underused.

Thus, the project investigates design strategies for refreshing forgotten ruralscapes in the islands that might attract new users. Agricultural land is combined with the vegetal network that enhances productive corridors and connections between villages. The productive core is surrounded by an extended ambient landscape that can include new forest houses and recreational areas for locals and tourists. The vast area of the island is designated as a lost landscape without any intervention, and with the aim to be left aside and shrink, so that the entire focus goes to main productive corridor. Suggested

fig.74. satellite map of Ĺ olta > 104

typologies for islands are small soft extensions of the existing villages.

0

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105

fig.75. cadastral plan, Grohote village, 1830

fig.76. plans of Grohote (left) and RogaÄ? (right), architectural drawings from 1990 106

0

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107

green promenade

green network

ambient landscape

Enhanced Natural Network lost landscape

Ĺ olta, like many other Croatian islands, already has a comfortable natural environment since there were much fewer human interventions than on the coastline. Its values are just enhanced with an ambient landscape that surrounds a productive core. It is related to existing settlements and supposes the option of future soft extensions and production activation.

coastal (infra) structure soft extensions

new rural commons

parasite extensions

Soft Replaceable Insertions Minimal and replaceable insertions are attached to the enhanced ecological system. These typologies are structured with natural elements of gardens, orchards or parks. Besides new extensions, existing empty houses can be renovated and reused.

108

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109

2020 - Dissolved Local Vitality OLIVE FIELDS IN THE SLOPES

SRIDNJE POLJE:

VILLAGE GROHOTE:

TYPICAL FIELD IN THE KARST

LARGEST SETTLEMENT

TERRAIN AS SYMBOLIC AND

IN THE ISLAND WITH

PHYSICAL CORE OF THE ISLAND

449 INhABITANTS

WITH TYPICAL DRY-STONE WALLS PLOT DIVISIONS

VILLAGE ROGAČ: MAIN PORT OF THE ISLAND WITH MOORING FOR NAUTICAL TOURISM; 126 INHABITANTS; 1h FERRY DISTANCE FROM SPLIT

INACTIVE

VANISHING

SEASONAL

PRODUCTIVE LAND

RURALSCAPES

TOURIST HOTSPOTS

0

110

250

500 m

111

Green Network with New Commons - Landscape Typologies

ambient landscape

GREEN network

ambient landscape

green promenade

forest park

loop park system

park corridors

linear park system

EXISTING olive fields

orchards

pocket parks

rows of trees

rows of trees pocket parks

0

112

250

500 m

113

Soft Extensions and Insertions - Built Typologies

hidden

new rural

soft

coastal

villas

commons

extensions

infrastructure

0

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500 m

115

2100 - New Rural

i. AWAKENING

ii. REFRESHING

iii. ANCHORING COASTAL

PRODUCTIVE POTENTIALS

RURALSCAPES

INFRASTRUCTURE

0

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250

500 m

117

olive fields enhanced green edges local&tourist routes

green network

new rural commons

soft extensions

green network

hidden villas

agroforum agroarena recharged agricultural production

lost landscape

park market

reused inactive factory

enhanced green edges local&tourist routes

micro bypass

micro bypass

coastal infrastructure continuous green promenade

lost landscape

118

119

I. Awakening Productive Potentials

NATIONAL GOVERNMENT ISLANDS' AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY, POLICIES LOCAL GOVERNMENT LEGAL SUPPORT, COORDINATION, ORGANISATION, PLANNING

PREPARATORY PHASE

Unlike coastal environments where tourism is the foundation of all economic activities, rural areas are often left to decay. Such trends are clearly seen in the example of inland villages in Šolta, where food production and rural living are gradually disappearing.

UNDERUSED ISLAND FIELDS

fig.79. inactive gardens, Grohote, Šolta

EXECUTION PHASE EUROPEAN UNION FUNDING, EXPERTIZE

2020

LOCAL GOVERNMENT FUNDING, PARCELIZATION, INCENTIVES FOR LOCAL OWNERS/FARMERS

fig.77. & fig.78. largest agriculture field in Šolta with only occasional productive activity

LOCAL GOVERNMENT INCOME FROM TAXES, NEW JOB OPPORTUNITIES, POPULATION GROWTH PRIVATE OWNERS SELLING FOOD PRODUCTS TO TOURISTS AND LOCALLY

CIRCULAR RETURN, BENEFITS

Some little activating impulses might invigorate new ways of living in accordance with nature and with local food production. Common spaces and new spots for adventurous tourism can spontaneously appear and disappear, and be in the hands of local bottom-up practices.

ACTIVATED FIELDS

2100 120

fig.80. widenings in the fields with wells and water sources, Šolta, old common places in the fields as a potential for new activities 121

new rural commons

green network

green network agroforum

hidden villas

recharged agricultural production

enhanced green edges local&tourist routes

agroarena

2020 122

OLIVE FIELD

2100 VINEYARD

GARDEN

INACTIVE FIELD

TREES

0

100 m

123

shade

agroarena

playground

agroforum

sitting

market

hidden villas the typology that allows complete isolation in an already isolated island environment; a place for adventurous 'hippie' lifestyle in complete harmony with nature

fig.81. ref. example for hidden villas author: Go Hasegawa, Japan

new rural commons existing public spots in agriculture land are turned into new common places with inserted pavilions, shaded places, playgrounds, amphitheater, etc. they are new meeting spots of locals and tourists, places for gatherings, rest, workshops, concerts ...

enhanced green edges ambient landscape mixed with olive fields on the slopes around agriculture field

green network continuity of vegetal fragments shapes enhanced network that crosses the agricultural heart of the island and extends towards villages

124

revived agriculture production currently underused field is now activated and integrated in a larger vegetal territorial system

125

II. Refreshing Ruralscapes Small picturesque settlements do not require any improvement, but only certain impulses for reactivation.

Adding new soft extensions is an optional suggestion, in case that such villages become new desirable places to live.

NATIONAL GOVERNMENT ISLANDS' AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY, POLICIES

NATIONAL GOVERNMENT ISLANDS' DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY, POLICIES

LOCAL GOVERNMENT LEGAL SUPPORT, COORDINATION, ORGANISATION, PLANNING

LOCAL GOVERNMENT LEGAL SUPPORT, COORDINATION, ORGANISATION, PLANNING

PREPARATORY PHASE

PREPARATORY PHASE

POTENTIAL FOR VILLAGE EXTENSIONS

fig.82. typical ambient in South Dalmatian inland island village, Grohote, Šolta

ABANDONED FACTORY

EXECUTION PHASE

2020

LOCAL GOVERNMENT FUNDING, PARCELIZATION, INCENTIVES FOR LOCAL OWNERS/FARMERS

LOCAL GOVERNMENT INCOME FROM TAXES, RENTS, SELLING PRIVATE OWNERS INCOME FROM RENT, SELLING/BUYING LAND, SELLING FOOD PRODUCTS

CIRCULAR RETURN, BENEFITS

fig.83. distribution of 'served' and 'servant' spaces in typical South Dalmatian house EXECUTION PHASE LOCAL GOVERNMENT FUNDING, MANAGEMENT, EXPERTISE

LOCAL GOVERNMENT INCOME FROM TAXES, NEW JOB OPPORTUNITIES PRIVATE OWNERS / FARMERS LOCAL FOOD RAFINERY (OLIVE OIL RAFINERY), SELLING PRODUCTS

CIRCULAR RETURN, BENEFITS

SOFT EXTENSIONS

REUSED FACTORY

2100 126

fig.84. typical 'skyline' in South Dalmatian inland island village, Grohote, Šolta

127

green network

park pockets soft extensions

productive yards reused inactive factory

park market

2020 128

OLIVE FIELD

2100 VINEYARD

GARDEN

INACTIVE FIELD

TREES

BUILT

0

100 m

129

possible transformation scenarios for soft extensions

2020 areas at the edge of the villages which are neither built, vegetated nor used for agriculture ...

2050

2100

... can become positions for soft extensions with gardens in case the population starts to move in villages ...

2150

... it can extend or shrink leaving nature untouched ...

fig.86. ref. example for reused factory author: EFFEKT, Denmark

... or it can turn into complete wild nature once other spots once it is no longer inhabited ...

fig.85. example of abandoned island factory, island Vis scheme of the plan segment

reused inactive factory like in many other islands, Ĺ olta also has an abandoned factory from mid 20th century that can be reused as a small olive oil refinery; it can be new spot for local gathering and some island activities

soft extensions if the rural population starts to grow village can extend with small prefabricated structures; elements can be added or removed like boxes; the typology is a combination of public and private, standardized and specific, with shared outdoor kitchens - taking typical elements of the traditional local houses

productive yards park pockets small scale parks correspond to small scale villages

130

new terraced housing units can fit in the system structured with natural elements (gardens, trees) positioned between slopes and field, and in the vicinity to existing villages they are placed in the areas which are neither built nor used for agricultural production

131

III. Anchoring Coastal Infrastructure Unlike inland villages in islands, coastal settlements are more vibrant, especially during the season. Amount of visitors often requires more content than what is offered.

NATIONAL GOVERNMENT COASTAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY, POLICIES LOCAL GOVERNMENT LEGAL SUPPORT, COORDINATION, ORGANISATION, PLANNING

PREPARATORY PHASE

LACK OF COASTAL INFRASTRUCTURE

fig.87. mooring for nautical tourism in port Rogač, Šolta

2020

EXECUTION PHASE EUROPEAN UNION FUNDING LOCAL GOVERNMENT FUNDING, MANAGEMENT

fig.88. coastal promenades are often interrupted with cars, Rogač, Šolta

PRIVATE / PUBLIC EXPERTS DESIGN (URBANIST, ARCHITECT), CONSTRUCTION ...

If we assume revival of living in islands then coastal zones can be intensified by insertions of new 'infrastructure'. They are small multifunctional structures that will fulfill local and tourist requirements (sailing club, restaurant, shops, market...).

LOCAL GOVERNMENT INCOME FROM TOURIST (TAXES, TICKETS) PRIVATE COMPANIES / OWNERS INCOME FROM TOURISTS (RENTING, SELLING PRODUCTS) FARMERS FROM INLAND VILLAGES SELLING LOCAL PRODUCTS IN MARKET AND TO RESTAURANTS

CIRCULAR RETURN, BENEFITS MULTIFUNCTIONAL 'SOCIAL CONDENSERS' IN THE ISLANDS

2100 132

fig.89. small coastal village and port, Rogač, Šolta

133

coastal infrastructure

fig.90. ref. example of new coastal infrastructure author: SCOB Architecture and Landscape, Spain

micro bypass to release coastal promenade from cars in the areas of beaches and active bay edges it is possible to redirect cars with micro bypasses coastal infrastructure new infrastructure like a sailing club, restaurant, market, etc can be a small acupunctural project in the port area, where there is the highest interaction of tourists and locals

continuous green promenade

micro bypass

continuous green promenade intensification of vegetation along the coastal line goes in pair with micro bypasses

2020 134

TREES

2100 BUILT

0

100 m

135

Catalog of Agro-Urban Typologies

TERRACED VILLAS

AGRO-URBAN ASSEMBLAGES

SOFT EXTENSIONS 136

2020

2050

2100

2150

2020

2050

2100

2150

2020

2050

2100

2150 137

Conclusion South Croatian territory faces with socio-economic, environmental and urbanistic disbalances that are related to tourism as a predominant economy. The discrepancy between excessive leisurescapes with intense seasonal activities in the coastal towns, and abandoned villages and agricultural production in the hinterlands and on islands, further deepens this disharmony. On the other hand, rich natural and cultural traditions, contain inherent values for territorial refabrication. Thus, relying on these existing values, the focus of the thesis project is an exploration of possible ecological and agricultural transformations in the territory. Natural landscapes are used as a design tool to mitigate climate extremes and to frame the territory. Invigorated productive landscapes aim to structure a new backbone for other local economies. Both natural and productive landscapes are integrated with the imprints of new agro-urban typologies. These concentrated structures are inserted in a robust natural framework and related to agricultural production. The entire system is resilient and dynamic. Its parts can easily grow, shrink, change, or be replaced. Therefore, it is flexible enough to accommodate a variety of unpredictable future scenarios.

138

fig.91. a cover of tourist guide after completion of Adriatic Highway, illustrator unknown

139

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