«Иностранный язык (английский)»

ДЕПАРТАМЕНТ ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ ТЮМЕНСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ Государственное автономное профессиональное общеобразовательное учреждение Тюменской области «КОЛЛЕДЖ ЦИФРОВЫХ И ПЕДАГОГИЧЕСКИХ ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ»

МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ УКАЗАНИЯ для студентов по выполнению самостоятельной работы по дисциплине «Иностранный язык (английский)» специальности 44.02.03 Педагогика дополнительного образования в области технического творчества

Тюмень 2018

Печатается в соответствии с решением методического совета ГАПОУ ТО «Колледж цифровых и педагогических технологий» от «13 » июня 2018г., протокол № 5

Рецензент – Айзятова Г.Г. преподаватель ГАПОУ ТО «Колледж цифровых и педагогических технологий»

Методические указания для студентов по выполнению самостоятельной работы по дисциплине «Иностранный язык (английский)» специальности 44.02.03 Педагогика дополнительного образования в области технического творчества /Сост. Ю.А. Вторушина. – Тюмень: ГАПОУ ТО «Колледж цифровых и педагогических технологий», 2018. – 38 с.

В пособии представлены методические указания для студентов по выполнению аудиторной и внеаудиторной самостоятельной работы по дисциплине

«Иностранный

робототехники»

и

язык

«Современные

(английский)»

по

темам

«Основы

информационно-коммуникационные

технологии». Пособие содержит тексты профессиональной направленности и практические задания (упражнения) к текстам. Пособие адресовано студентам, обучающимся по специальности 44.02.03 Педагогика дополнительного образования в области технического творчества.

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Содержание

Введение……………………………………………………………………………4

1. ROBOTICS

1.1 History of Robotics……………………………………………………………….5 1.2 Historical Robotics………………………………………………..........................9 1.3 The First Robot “Unimate”………………………………………..…………….10 1.4 Leonardo da Vinci's robots……………………………………………………....12 1.5 The Three Laws of Robotics………………………...…………………………..14

2. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES

2.1 Computer……………………………………………………………….……….17 2.2. Using of Personal Computer…………..…………………………….………….22 2.3. Types of Computers……………………………………………………….……27 2.4. The Internet……………………………………………………………………..30

Тексты для чтения………………………………………………………………….33 Литература…………………………………………………………………………..38

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Ведение УВАЖАЕМЫЙ СТУДЕНТ! Методические указания для студентов по выполнению самостоятельной работы по дисциплине «Иностранный язык (английский)» созданы Вам в помощь для работы на занятиях, подготовке к практическим работам и зачетам. Представленные методические указания направлены на ознакомление и изучение тем «Основы робототехники» и «Современные информационнокоммуникационные технологии». При работе над темами Вам предложены групповые, индивидуальные задания и задания для работы в парах, а также тексты разного уровня сложности. Практический материал построен с учетом нарастания трудностей и содержит предтекстовые упражнения, направленные на закрепление лексических единиц, тексты, послетекстовые упражнения. При работе с текстами Вам следует познакомиться с новыми словами, внимательно прочитать текст, выполнить задания по его содержанию. После завершения работы необходимо выучить новые слова. Внимание! Если в процессе подготовки и выполнения практических работ у Вас возникают вопросы, разрешить которые самостоятельно не удается, необходимо обратиться к преподавателю для получения необходимых разъяснений.

Желаем Вам успехов!!!

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1. ROBOTICS 1.1 History of Robotics Task 1.

Work in groups. Share information on what is “robot”, what kinds of robots you know and how we use robots in our life. Compare answers with other students and make list of uses for your class.

Task 2. Definition of a 'Robot' Read the definition of “robot”, translate use the dictionary:

According to the Robot Institute of America (1979) a robot is: "A reprogrammable, multifunctional manipulator designed to move material, parts, tools, or specialized devices through various programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks” A more inspiring definition can be found in Webster. According to Webster a robot

is:

"An automatic device that performs functions normally ascribed to humans or a machine in the form of a human."

Compare this definition with your.

Task 3.

Read and translate the text use the dictionary.

The word 'robotics' was first used in “Runaround”, a short story published in 1942, by Isaac Asimov. “I, Robot” a collection of several of these stories, was published in 1950.

One of the first robots Asimov wrote about was a robotherapist. A modern counterpart to Asimov's fictional character is Eliza. Eliza was born in 1966 by a Massachusetts Institute of Technology Professor Joseph Weizenbaum who wrote Eliza - a computer program for the study of natural language communication between man and machine.

She was initially programmed with 240 lines of code to simulate a psychotherapist by answering questions with questions.

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Task 4.

Answer the following questions.

1. When was the word “robotics” used for the first time?

2. What kind of robots was it?

3. Who was the creator of this robot and what was its name?

4. What “profession” did it have?

Task 5.

1. Read and translate following words and word combinations, use the dictionary. intertwine

clockmakers

science

gain

the basic principle of progress

apply

technology

handcrafted devices

pneumatics

living creatures

hydraulics

researcher

consider

be capable

mankind’s greatest accomplishments

arranging blocks

artificial

stacks

sentient being

a visual sensor

manufacturers

to process

available

equip

attainable

microprocessors

appear

handle

the clockwork figures

data

medieval churches

the surrounding environment

invention

the principle of feedback

response

degree

to change

spreading

6

exploring

to expand

applications

the home-made robots

sign of the future Task 6.

Read the text about “History of Robotics” use the dictionary.

History of Robotics The history of robotics is intertwined with the histories of technology, science and the basic principle of progress.

Technology used in computing, electricity, even pneumatics and hydraulics can all be considered a part of the history of robotics.

Robotics currently represents one of mankind’s greatest accomplishments and is the single greatest attempt of mankind to produce an artificial, sentient being. It is only in recent years that manufacturers are making robotics increasingly available and attainable to the general public.

The concept of robots dates back to ancient times, when some myths told of mechanical beings brought to life. Such automata also appeared in the clockwork figures of medieval churches, and in the 18th century some clockmakers gained fame for the clever mechanical figures that they constructed. Today the term automaton is usually applied to these handcrafted, mechanical (rather than electromechanical) devices that imitate the motions of living creatures. Some of the «robots» used in advertising and entertainment are actually automata, even with the addition of remote radio control.

The term robot itself is derived from the Czech word “robota”, meaning «compulsory labor». It was first used by the Czech novelist and playwright Karel Chapek, to describe a mechanical device that looks like a human but, lacking human sensibility, can perform only automatic, mechanical operations. Robots as they are known today do not only imitate human or other living forms. True robots did not become possible, however, until the invention of the computer in the 1940s.

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One of the first true robots was an experimental model designed by researchers at the Stanford Research Institute in the late 1960s. It was capable of arranging blocks into stacks through the use of a television camera as a visual sensor, processing this information in a small computer.

Computers today are equipped with microprocessors that can handle the data being fed to them by various sensors of the surrounding environment. Making use of the principle of feedback, robots can change their operations to some degree in response to changes in that environment. The commercial use of robots is spreading, with the increasing automation of factories, and they have become essential to many laboratory procedures. Japan is the most advanced nation exploring robot technology.

Nowadays robots continue to expand their applications. The home-made robots (горничная) available today may be one sign of the future.

Task 7.

Mark the following statements as True or False.

1. The history of robotics differs from the histories of technology, science and the basic principle of progress.

2. Robotics is the single greatest attempt of mankind to produce a sentient being.

3. The first robot was made in the 20th century.

4. The first robot was like a human being.

5. The term robot describes a mechanical device that looks like a human and it can perform only automatic, mechanical operations.

6. Robots as they are known today only imitate human or other living forms.

7. The first true robot was an experimental model designed by researchers at the Stanford Research Institute in the late 1960s.

8. Nowadays robots can change their operations to some degree in response to changes in that environment.

9. Robots cannot change their operations to some degree in response to changes in that environment.

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10.The USA is the most advanced nation exploring robot technology.

Task 8.

2. Complete each sentence using the correct word from the box.

Science, living creatures, accomplishments, ancient times, mankind sentient being, handcrafted devices, , an experimental model, the basic principle of progress

1. The history of robotics is intertwined with the histories of technology, __________ and __________________.

2. Robotics represents one of mankind’s greatest _____________ and is the single greatest attempt of ______________ to produce a ________________.

3. The concept of robots dates back to ___________________, when some myths told of mechanical beings brought to life.

4. Today the term automaton is usually applied to these ___________________ that imitate the motions of ____________________.

5. One of the first true robots was ____________ designed by researchers at the Stanford Research Institute in the late 1960s.

1.2 Historical Robotics Task 1 Read the text. Use the dictionary. Make a list of new words.

Historical Robotics Many sources attest to the popularity of automatons in ancient and medieval times. Ancient Greeks and Romans developed simple automatons for use as tools, toys, and as part of religious ceremonies. Predating modern robots in industry,

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the Greek God Hephaestus was supposed to have built automatons to work for him in a workshop. Unfortunately, none of the early automatons are extant.

In the Middle Ages, in both Europe and the Middle East, automatons were popular as part of clocks and religious worship. The Arab polymath Al-Jazari (11361206) left texts describing and illustrating his various mechanical devices, including a large elephant clock that moved and sounded at the hour, a musical robot band and a waitress automaton that served drinks. In Europe, there is an automaton monk extant that kisses the cross in its hands. Many other automata were created that showed moving animals and humanoid figures that operated on simple cam systems, but in the 18th century, automata were understood well enough and technology advanced to the point where much more complex pieces could be made. French engineer Jacques de Vaucanson is credited with creating the first successful biomechanical automaton, a human figure that plays a flute. Automata were so popular that they traveled Europe entertaining heads of state such as Frederick the Great and Napoleon Bonaparte.

Task 2 Answer the questions.

1. For what use were developed the first simple automatons?

2. Are the first automatons of ancient Greeks and Romans extant nowadays?

3. What kind of automatons were popular in the Middle Ages?

4. What mechanical devices were made by Al-Jazari?

5. What was the first automaton in Europe?

6. Who was the creator of the first successful biomechanical automaton?

1.3 The First Robot “Unimate�

Task 1 Read the text. Use the dictionary. Make a list of new words.

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The First Robot “Unimate�

After the technology explosion during World War II, in 1956, a historic meeting occurs between George C. Devol, a successful inventor and entrepreneur, and engineer Joseph F. Engelberger, the two discuss the writings of Isaac Asimov.

Together they made a serious and commercially successful effort to develop a real, working robot. Engelberger started a manufacturing company 'Unimation' which stood for universal automation and so the first commercial company to make robots was formed. Devol wrote the necessary patents. Their first robot nicknamed the 'Unimate'. As a result, Engelberger has been called the 'father of robotics.'

The first Unimate was installed at a General Motors plant to work with heated die-casting machines. In fact most Unimates were sold to extract die castings from die casting machines and to perform spot welding on auto bodies, both tasks being particularly hateful jobs for people.

Both applications were commercially successful, the robots worked reliably and saved money by replacing people. An industry was spawned and a variety of other tasks were also performed by robots, such as loading and unloading machine tools.

Unimation

is

still

in

production

today,

with

robots

for

sale.

Task 2 Mark the following statements as True or Fals.

1. After the technology explosion during World War II, in 1956, a historic meeting occurs between George Devol and Isaac Asimov.

2. The inventors made a serious and commercially successful effort to develop a real, working robot.

3. 'Unimation' was the first commercial company to make robots.

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4. Their first robot nicknamed the 'Unimate'.

5. George C. Devol has been called the 'father of robotics.'

6. Unimates were sold to extract die castings from die casting machines and to perform spot welding on auto bodies, both tasks being particularly favored jobs for people.

1.4 Leonardo da Vinci's robots Task 1.

Work in groups. Share information on who was Leonardo da Vinci and what for he was famous. Compare answers with other students and make list of uses for your class.

Task 2.

Read and translate following words and word combinations, use the dictionary:

a genius

a performance

to be recognized as‌

an amusement

an achievement

a nickname

to be self-educated

the soldier robot

an invention

a knight

an inventor

a warrior

a cart

medieval armor

programmable

human-like movements

Task 3.

Read the text. Use the dictionary.

Leonardo da Vinci's robots

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There is no doubt that Leonardo da Vinci was a genius. Although nowadays he is mostly as a great artist, his achievements in other fields are also very notable.

Especially, if the fact that he was self-educated in fields other than painting is recognized.

Amongst many of Leonardo's inventions there are some automata as well.

This mechanism is also known as Leonardo's cart. It was known earlier that the mechanism was self-propelled, but it was not known that the cart was programmable.

There are stories that tell that Leonardo made a mechanical Lion that was able to walk and present flowers at the end of its performance. It is said that this Lion was presented to a King of France as an amusement.

Leonardo's robot is a nickname given to a humanoid automaton designed by Leonardo da Vinci. This device is also known as the soldier robot, or as the Leonardo's mechanical knight. Basically, it is a warrior, clad in medieval armor that is capable of some human-like movements.

Leonardo da Vinci was one of the brightest minds of his time.

Task 4.

Complete each sentence using the correct word from the box.

the cart, the brightest minds, automata, a humanoid automaton, was able, a genius, a King of France, self-educated, clad in medieval armor, performance

1. There is no doubt that Leonardo da Vinci was _______________.

2. Especially, if the fact that he was ________________ in fields other than painting is recognized.

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3. Amongst many of Leonardo's inventions there are some ____________as well.

4. It was not known that _________was programmable.

5. Leonardo made a mechanical Lion that ___________ to walk and present flowers at the end of its ______________.

6. The Lion was presented to __________________ as an amusement.

7. Leonardo's robot is a nickname given to ______________ designed by Leonardo da Vinci.

8. It was a warrior__________ that is capable of some human-like movements.

9. Leonardo da Vinci was one of _______________ of his time.

1.5 The Three Laws of Robotics Task 1 Read and translate the three laws of robotics. Use the dictionary. Make a list of new words.

1. Law Zero: A robot may not injure humanity, or, through inaction, allow humanity to come to harm.

2. Law One: A robot may not injure a human being, or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm, unless this would violate a higher order law.

3. Law Two: A robot must obey orders given it by human beings, except where such orders would conflict with a higher order law.

4. Law Three: A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with a higher order law. Three Laws of Robotics In 1942, beloved science fiction writer Isaac Asimov penned a short story, “The Runaround.� In it scientists are puzzled by the bizarre behavior of a robot named Speedy, who cannot complete a task, though he must obey humans, because the task involves danger to the robot. Instead of being able to follow orders, Speedy sings snatches of Gilbert and Sullivan operettas and races around in circles. This comic story 14

introduces the Three Laws of Robotics, rules usually memorized by science fiction enthusiasts, and familiar to an increasing number of scientists.

The Three Laws of Robotics became the springboard for Asimov to explore all the situations in which the laws contradicted each other or were inoperable. His first few “robot” stories became several and were later published in book form in the novel I, Robot. What is clear through Asimov’s work is that though the Three Laws of Robotics were meant to protect robots with relative intelligence and to protect their human users, there were loopholes and problems.

Throughout the short stories in I, Robot , and in Asimov’s follow-up novels The Caves of Steel, The Naked Sun, The Robots of Dawn, and Robots and Empire, Asimov continues to explore the inherent conflicts in obeying all three laws, and adds an additional law, the Zeroth Law, stating that robots cannot harm humanity or by failing to act, allow humanity to come to harm.

Some people might wonder why short stories written as early as the 1940s would have any relevance in the present day. Like many science fiction writers, Asimov dreamed what people would later discover. As we now have “smart” robots and machines of different types, serious discussion exists in the scientific community regarding laws needed to protect these expensive machines, and more importantly to protect humans from them. Implementing the Three Laws of Robotics is not simple, and theories on practical applications of laws for robots, based on Asimov’s novel is a matter of great debate.

What must be remembered, of course, is that Asimov presents us with problems that result from the Three Laws of Robotics, and seldom a complete set of conclusions on how to counter the inherent inconsistencies in the laws. They are nevertheless a springboard for all who research or create robots today, and the laws may be worth knowing as we continue to advance into the field of robotics.

Task 3.

Work in pairs. Complete each sentence using the correct word from the box.

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Intelligence, introduces, problems, dreamed, science fiction writer, loopholes, implementing 1. In 1942, beloved _____________Isaac Asimov penned a short story, “The Runaround.�

2. This comic story ____________the Three Laws of Robotics, rules usually memorized by science fiction enthusiasts, and familiar to an increasing number of scientists.

3. the Three Laws of Robotics were meant to protect robots with ____________and to protect their human users, there were _______________and _____________.

4. Like many science fiction writers, Asimov_________ what people would later discover.

5. __________the Three Laws of Robotics and theories on practical applications of laws for robots is not simple.

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2. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES

2.1 Computer Glossary Laptop – ноутбук PC

(Personal

Memory – память Computer)

персональный компьютер Keyboard – клавиатура Monitor – монитор Hard drive – жесткий диск Flash card (drive) – флешка Floppy disc – дискета Floppy disc drive - дисковод Motherboard – материнская плата Video card – видеокарта

– Display – экран Sound card – звуковая карта Case – компьютерный корпус Computer mouse – компьютерная мышь Mouse mat – коврик для мыши Power indicator – индикатор питания Data cable – кабель данных Copier – ксерокс Fax – факс Computer desk – компьютерный стол

Power supply – блок питания Operating

system

–

Internal modem – встроенный модем

система

Power strip – сетевой фильтр

Overload – перезагрузка

операционная

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Software – программное обеспечение

Query – запрос

Router – роутер

Security - безопасность

System unit – системный блок

Source –источник

Provider – провайдер

Speakers - колонки

Headphones – наушники

Net – сеть интернет

Back-up copy – резервная копия

Link – ссылка

Window – окно

Font – шрифт

User – пользователь

Player – проигрыватель

Storage – хранение

Message – послание

to power down – выключать

Email

to update – обновить upload – закачивать to log in – входить в систему to log out – выходить из системы to register – регистрировать to fix – устанавливать to browse – просматривать to crack – взламывать

account

–

учетная

запись

электронной почты Useful verbs – полезные глаголы to switch on /off – включать/выключать компьютер to display – отображать to get a virus – получить вирус to erase /delete – стирать to detect – обнаруживать to type – печатать

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to use – использовать

Task 1 Share information on how you use computers in your free time. Make a list of uses.

Task 2 How do you think these professions might use computers? Discuss in groups.  Architect  Teacher  Interior designer  Farmers  Sales people Task 3 Work in pairs. Find out the information from your partner.

Example: Download music from the Internet /what site?

-Have you ever downloaded music from the Internet?

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-What site did you use?

1. Send a video email attachment /who to/when?

2. Replace a hard disc/what model?

3. Fix a printer fault/what kind?

4. Make your own website/how?

5. Have a virus/which virus?

6. Watched TV on the Internet/ which station?

7. Write a program/which language?

Task 4 Writing. Describe how you use computer in your study and your free time. (15 sentences) Task 5

Task 6 Read and translate the text use dictionary.

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Computer is an electronic device that can receive a set of instructions called program and then carry out them. The modern world of high technology could not be possible without computers. Different types and sizes of computers find uses throughout our society.

They are used for the storage and handling of data, secret governmental files, information about banking transactions and so on. Computers have opened up a new era in manufacturing and they have enhanced modern communication systems. They are essential tools in almost every field of research, from constructing models of the universe to producing tomorrow's weather reports. Using of different databases and computer networks make available a great variety of information sources.

There are two main types of computers, analog and digital, although the term computer is often used to mean only the digital type, because this type of computer is widely used today. Everything that a digital computer does is based on one operation: the ability to determine: on or off, high voltage or low voltage or — in the case of numbers – zero or one or do-called binary code. The speed at which the computer performs this simple act is called computer speed. Computer speeds are measured in Hertz or cycles per second. A computer with a «clock speed» of two thousand MHz is a fairly representative microcomputer today. It is capable of executing two thousand million discrete operations per second.

Nowadays microcomputers can perform from eight hundred to over three thousand million operations per second and supercomputers used in research and defense applications attain speeds of many billions of cycles per second. Digital computer speed and calculating power are further enhanced by the amount of data handled during each cycle. Except two main types of computers, analog and digital there are eight generations of digital computers or processing units.

Task 7 Answer the questions: 1. What is the computer?

2. What are they used for?

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3. How many types of computers are there?

4. What type of computer is widely used today?

5. What operation is it based on?

6. What is a computer speed?

7. What is a speed of microcomputers nowadays?

2.2 Using of Personal Computer Task 1 Write the name of the computer’s parts:

Task 2 Read a text about computers. Check that you know these words and expressions from the text. to carry out

to store

sequence

to deliver

to embed

to unplug

to receive

manual

data

to restart

to follow instructions

helpline

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to process

to fiddle with sth

to produce information

hard disk

hardware

floppy disk

software

backing up

processing unit

to remove

Task 3 Read the information about personal computers and choose the best heading for each paragraph (1 – 8). There is extra heading which you don’t need to use.

A. Computer Error & Human Error B. What Happens Inside?

C. Numerous Modern Computers D. Organizing Files E. Hardware and Software F. Health Problems G. Times of Trouble H. The First Electronic Computers I. Common Information about a Computer Personal Computer 1. A personal computer is a programmable machine which is designed to sequentially and automatically carry out a sequence of arithmetic and logical operations. The first electronic computers were developed in the mid-20th century (1940 – 1945). Originally,

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they were the size of a large room, consuming as much power as several hundred modern personal computers (PCs).

2. Modern computers, which are based on integrated circuits, are millions to billions of times more capable than the early machines, and occupy a fraction of the space.

Personal computers in their various forms are icons of the Information Age and are what most people think of as ‘computers’. However, the embedded computers, which are found in many devices from MP3 players to fighter aircraft and from toys to industrial robots, are the most numerous.

3. A computer receives facts, which are known as data, and following instructions, it processes these facts to produce information. Computers can process vast amounts of data in a very short time. Data and information can be numbers, letters, sounds, pictures or symbols. Pictures and symbols, which a computer produces, are called graphics.

4. A computer cannot think for itself. It will do exactly as it is told – no more and no less. People often talk about ‘computer error’, but usually this means human error. If you are sent an electricity bill for millions of dollars when you only use one light bulb, it means that the computer was given the wrong instructions.

5. In order to process data computers need two things – hardware and software.

Hardware is the computer’s machinery – the parts you can see and touch, like the monitor and all the electronic devices and circuits inside. Software is all the facts and the lists of instructions that a computer receives in order to carry out its tasks. All the different tasks of instructions are called programs.

6. Let’s see what goes on inside the brain of your computer – its processing unit. 

Input. Data and instructions are fed into the computer.



The control unit. Input comes here first and is sent to the correct part of the computer to be processed. When work is completed, the control unit collects the information.



The arithmetic unit. The computer carries out all its work in the arithmetic unit.

The control unit and the arithmetic unit are together called the Central Processing Unit (CPU).

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

Memory. Data and instructions are stored here.



Output. The processed data is delivered to the user.

7. If your computer stops working, first check that all your cables are properly connected. It’s funny to call a technician only to find that your dad unplugged your machine to do the vacuuming. Read your manual and try switching off and restarting the system. Most hardware and software manufacturers have a helpline you can call for advice. Don’t attempt to fiddle with electronics yourself. If your manuals are too full of jargon to understand, you can buy simpler guides that explain things more clearly.

8. Make sure that your files on the hard disk are organized into different directories so you can find them easily. You may copy the files from the hard disk onto compact, external hard, USB (Universal Serial Bus) flash disks or any other portable devices.

Then if you lose any files from the hard disk, you will still have a copy of your work.

This is called backing up. Try to remove unnecessary files from the hard disk. If it gets too full, data can become jumbled and your computer starts working more slowly.

Task 4 Read the statements and decide if they are true (t) or false (f).

1. Hardware and software are things without which a computer can’t work.

2. It is the central processing unit that is the main part of a computer.

3. All manuals are difficult to understand.

4. If a computer stops working, the first thing to do is to call a technician.

5. Every user of a computer can see and touch its hardware.

6. Computer manufacturers can hardly have a helpline you can call for advice.

7. Different directories can help you find your files quickly.

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Task 5

Work with the partner and find English equivalents in the text above. предназначать

посылать, отправлять

последовательно

счёт за электричество на …

развивать

электрическая лампочка

в середине 20-ого века

для того чтобы

первоначально, сначала

схема, цепь

размер

задание, задача

мощь, энергия

программа

основывать(ся) на

устройство ввода информации

миллиард

устройство управления

способный

арифметическое устройство

занимать (место)

запоминающее устройство

доля, частица

устройство вывода информации

различный

должным образом, правильно

однако, тем не менее

соединять

многочисленный

пытаться, пробовать

огромное кол-во чего-либо

руководство

именно так, точно

ясно объяснять

не больше и не меньше

убедить(ся), убеждать(ся)

значить

портативное устройство

человеческий фактор

портить(ся) перепутывать(ся)

Task 6 Match the words from the columns and translate the word combinations.

1. to read

a) machine

2. light

b) instructions

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3. to organize

c) data

4. to connect

d) bulb

5. hard

e) information

6. to process

f) cables

7. to follow

g) a manual

8. programmable

h) a computer

9. to collect

i) files

10. to restart

j) disk

Task 7 Match the words with a similar meaning.

1. complete

a) mistake

2. attempt

b) device

3. work

c) finish

4. remove

d) operate

5. unit

e) delete

6. error

f) try 2.3 Types of Computers

Task 1 Read and translate the text, use the dictionary.

There are a lot of terms used to describe computers. Most of these words imply the size, expected use or capability of the computer. While the term computer can apply to virtually any device that has a microprocessor in it, most people think of a computer as a device that receives input from the user through a mouse or keyboard, processes it in some fashion and displays the result on a screen.

Do you know the different types of computers?

1. PC. The personal computer (PC) defines a computer designed for general use by a single person. While a Mac is a PC, most people relate the term with systems that run the Windows operating system. PCs were first known as microcomputers because they 27

were a complete computer but built on a smaller scale than the huge systems in use by most businesses.

2. Desktop A PC that is not designed for portability is a desktop computer. The expectation with desktop systems is that you will set the computer up in a permanent location. Most desktops offer more power, storage and versatility for less cost than their portable brethren.

3. Laptop Also called notebooks, laptops are portable computers that integrate the display, keyboard, a pointing device or trackball, processor, memory and hard drive all in a battery-operated package slightly larger than an average hardcover book.

4. Netbook Netbooks are ultra-portable computers that are even smaller than traditional laptops.

The extreme cost-effectiveness of netbooks (roughly $300 to $500) means they're cheaper than almost any brand-new laptop you'll find at retail outlets. However, netbooks' internal components are less powerful than those in regular laptops.

5. PDA Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) are tightly integrated computers that often use flash memory instead of a hard drive for storage. These computers usually do not have keyboards but rely on touchscreen technology for user input. PDAs are typically smaller than a paperback novel, very lightweight with a reasonable battery life. A slightly larger and heavier version of the PDA is the handheld computer.

6. Work station

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Another type of computer is a workstation. A workstation is simply a desktop computer that has a more powerful processor, additional memory and enhanced capabilities for performing a special group of task, such as 3D Graphics or game development.

7. Server This is a computer that has been optimized to provide services to other computers over a network. Servers usually have powerful processors, lots of memory and large hard drives. This type of computer can fill an entire room.

8. Mainframe In the early days of computing, mainframes were huge computers that could fill an entire room or even a whole floor! As the size of computers has diminished while the power has increased, the term mainframe has fallen out of use in favor of enterprise server. You'll still hear the term used, particularly in large companies to describe the huge machines processing millions of transactions every day.

9. Supercomputer This type of computer usually costs hundreds of thousands or even millions of dollars.

Although some supercomputers are single computer systems, most are composed of multiple high performance computers working in parallel as a single system. The best known supercomputers are built by Cray Supercomputers.

10. Wearable computer The latest trend in computing is wearable computers. Essentially, common computer applications (e-mail, database, multimedia, calendar/scheduler) are integrated into watches, cell phones, visors and even clothing.

Task 2 29

Complete the sentences, use the information from the text: 1. … is more powerful than … , as it is used to perform more complex tasks.

2. … are portable types of computers whereas … are not designed for portability.

3. … is the biggest and most powerful type of computers.

4. … are the latest trend in computing.

5. … need more space to be installed than … .

6. … are much smaller than … and can be the size of a paperback novel.

Task 3 Are the following sentences true (t) or false (f)?

1. Any device that has a microprocessor can be called a computer.

2. Desktop computers are as cheap as laptops.

3. All portable computers use touchscreen as an input device.

4. Laptops are more expensive than netbooks.

5. A workstation is the same as a desktop computer.

6. A mainframe is absolutely different from an enterprise server.

7. Supercomputers are the most powerful and expensive computers in the world.

8. Some countries produce clothing which has embedded wearable computers in it.

2.3 The Internet Task 1 Read and translate the text, use the dictionary. Make a list of new words and word expressions:

Everywhere we go, we hear about the Internet. It's on television, in magazines, newspapers, and in schools. One might think that this network of millions of computers around the globe is as fast and captivating as television, but with more and more users logging on everyday and staying on longer and longer, this 30

ÂŤInformation SuperhighwayÂť could be perhaps more correctly referred to as an expressway of big city centre at rush hour.

It is estimated that thirty five to forty million users currently are on the Internet.

According to a recent statistics, an average Internet call lasts five times as longer as the average regular telephone call. 10 percent of the Internet calls last 6 hours or longer. This can cause an overload and, in turn, cause telephone network to fail.

The local network was designed for short calls which you make and then hang up, but Internet calls often occupy a line for hours. With so many users in the Internet and their number is growing by 200 percent annually, it certainly provides new challenges for the telephone companies. The Internet, up to the beginning of the 90s, was used only to read a different texts. Then in the early 90's, a way was made to see pictures and listen to a sound on the Internet. This breakthrough made the Internet to be most demanded means of communication, data saving and transporting.

However, today's net is much more than just pictures, text, and sound. The Internet is now filled with voice massages, video conferencing and video games.

With voice massages, users can talk over the Internet for the price of the local phone call.

Nowadays we no longer have to own a computer to access the Internet. Now,devices such as Web TV allow our television to browse the Web and use Electronic Mail. Cellular phones are now also dialing up the Internet to provide E-mail and answering machine services. The telephone network was not designed and built to handle these sorts of things. Many telephone companies are spending enormous amounts of money to upgrade the telephone lines.

K. Kao and G. Hockman were the first to come up with the idea of using fiber optic cables, as opposed to copper wire, to carry telephone signals. Fiber optics uses pulses of light to transmit binary code, such as that used in computers and other electronic devices. As a result the amount of bandwidth is incredibly raised. Another solution for the problem is fast modems which satisfy the need for speed.

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By accessing the Net through the coaxial cable that provides television to our homes, the speed can be increased 1,000 fold. However, the cable system was built to only send information one way. In other words, they can send stuff to us, but we can't send anything back, if there is no modem available.

Yet another way is being introduced to access the Internet, and that is through the use of a satellite dish just like the TV dishes currently used to deliver television from satellites in space to your home. However, like cable connection, the information can only be sent one way.

Faster ways of connecting to the Internet may sound like a solution to the problem, but, just as new lanes on highways attract more cars, a faster Internet could attract many times more users, making it even slower than before.

To help solve the problem of Internet clogs, Internet providers are trying new ways of pricing for customers. So, in business time any connection to Net cost more than your connection in the night.

In conclusion, I should add that if we want to keep the Internet usable and fairly fast, we must not only improve the telephone lines and means of access, but also be reasonable in usage.

Task 2 Answer the questions: 1. How many users are currently in the Internet?

2. How long does an average Internet call last?

3. What can cause the overload of the telephone system?

4. What was the main purpose of the Internet up to the 90s?

5. Do we need to have a computer to get access to the Internet today?

6. Who was the first to come up with the idea of using fiber optic cables?

7. What is the alternative way to get access to the Internet today?

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Тексты для чтения The Machine Minds – Should Mankind Mind them?

It is a moment of pride for each nation following any technological invention.

Any invention is a strong base to a complete hassle free future. Year ago when the idea of first Robots came up, human looked at them like Alien creatures who could be a possible threat to earth and humanity. In spite of such negative critics’ development in this area has proceeded since then to prove worth all of those short coming. From small arrangements of mechanical parts that could perform work, Robots have now involved to being look alike humans. In a very frank sense, think alike of humans. This is exactly what the world feared. But the question now is, does this post a threat to human existence? May seem a little absurd but the potential of further developments keep this question clouded with vague answers.

Robots have been much of Human’s reflection. So when we fear raise of evil robots it does make lot of sense. Robots can do what humans call the three D`s – Dull, Dirty and dangerous jobs. But that is not the limit to their abilities. What we fear is basically what technology can lead us into.

Robots Leading the future Military settings are where robots have been under rigorous research. In a normal human setting one would like to find how harmless a Robot is to humans but in military it is exactly the opposite. Talks about fully automated robots have been clearly eliminated especially in industries such as the Defense. This is because of serious threat to very own kind that has been found possible when robots are engaged on their own.

Selecting and engaging targets must be handled by humans to keep things in hand at any time.

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Babysitting Robots Humans are now mentally debating about getting robot babysitters or making them elderly people’s companion. Both might seem tricky start as replacing humanly love and affection with machines does not seem convincing. This could be an issue beyond simple programming. Some fields where robots might be involved do demand programming development but those are restricted to mechanical outcomes. While it comes to how close they can replace a Human, robots still need work from more than Human Brains. Programming can get them to understand emotions but we can hardly find how close they are to feeling our emotions. Emotions can be programmed but never made a part of them.

While all this covers up the advancements the problem about whether or not to fear this future stays fresh. While most simply neglected this question to avoid ambiguity in solutions some bold answers have come up. Use what technology gives to you. What we have achieved today is far beyond what was predicted years ago. Millions of minds involved in this development will definitely find a way to make the situation stay under our hands. For now Robots prove worth of an investment as they can increase efficiency and performance in any work. Technology will expand job opportunities so fearing job displacement can also be eliminated henceforth. So do robots need mechanics and doctors for they are still combination of human minds. Robots have actually made understanding the world better. They have led the path to limitless research about the world that would simple remain imagination, if not. Giving up on such machines would probably prove low of mankind’s ability. So will it form the future but much under Human control. If it is the ‘Terminator’ future you are fearing far, humans already understand the risks and will work on handling them.

Robots are inventions of the mankind. They are our kids not fathers unless another human decides to make them. Of all that one could suggest making this raise 34

less threatening, programming ethics and conduct does make clear and possible sense.

But ethics can never be a set of rules. They can develop only by correcting each and every possible negative outcome that one can lead to. Humans evolved with such ethics so will Robots.

Sunday, December 28, 2014 By Varshnee Raj Robots: Society's helpers or mankind's downfall?

The robotic population of the world is over 5 million, I learned yesterday at the Cheltenham Science festival. Noel Sharkey of Sheffield University, UK, told the audience that there are already 1.2 million industrial and 4 million service robots in use. That number is growing. But robots are also taking on greater responsibilities and Sharkey thinks this raises ethical questions. He fears some robots could harm society.

His first example was robots designed to keep elderly people company, such as the expressively faced Pearl and Paro the seal pup. Sharkey questions whether anyone would choose to be nursed by a machine, or to have their nearest and dearest tended by one.

A study has shown that Paro reduces levels of stress hormones, but Sharkey cites a follow up that found it was actually the interaction with researchers that was responsible. Only 20% of the Cheltenham audience thought it would be safe to leave an elderly person alone with a robot for 4 hours, and no-one thought 8 hours would be safe. Similar issues apply to robots designed to help look after children, such as Sony's Qrio (shown below playing with children) and NEC's PaPeRo (Partner-type Personal Robot).

Both have already been tested in nurseries and schools, but Sharkey worries about a generation raised mainly or solely by robots: "Even if they are safe and entertaining, what kind of role model is a robot? Could they lead to a generation of social misfits?" There is much still to be researched on human-robot relationships. But evidence shows children do treat them like real living things. We need to know more

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before robots change society more than they already have. Would you trust your child, or old age, to a robot?

Lucy Middleton, New Scientist researcher The Pros and Cons of Robots With robots becoming more common each and every day, it is important to understand both the advantages and disadvantages that robots have. This will help enable people to better determine when to use and when to not use robots.

The Advantages of Robots 1. Cost: The most obvious advantage of robots is their cost. Robots are cheaper than most human counterparts, and their costs are still decreasing.

2. Abilities: Robotic abilities, what robots can do, are now extremely vast and growing.

3. Productivity: Robots do not tire and can work very long hours without service or maintenance. As a result, robots can be significantly more productive than people.

4. Precision: Robots can be much more precise than people. For instance, robots should not tremble or shake as human hands do. Furthermore, robots can have much smaller and versatile moving parts than people. As a result, robots have even performed medical surgeries, because they can be more precise than people.

5. Strength: Without a doubt, robots can be significantly stronger than people.

6. Speed: Additionally, robots can be significantly faster than people too.

7. Size: Robots can come in any size. Whatever size needed for any task can be created.

8. Environment: Robots can be designed to work in extremely harsh environments, such as in space, without air, underwater, fire, etc. Thus, robots can be used instead of people when human safety is a concern.

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9. Dangerous and Unwanted Work: Finally, robots can do jobs that people are unwilling to do. For instance, many robotic probes have been sent throughout the solar system to never return back to Earth. I don’t think many people would be willing to do those types of jobs.

10.Warfare: Using robots in warfare eliminates putting more people at risk and has proven to be very successful.

The Disadvantages of Robots 1. Jobs: In my opinion, the biggest issue with using robots is the huge loss of jobs for people. Basically, robots have eradicated a wide range of middle class jobs in several industries, such as car manufacturing.

2. Limited Functionality: Robots are very good at doing perfectly defined jobs, however robots typically do not handle the unexpected as well as people do.

3. Lack of Intelligence: Since robots are not intelligent or sentient, robots can never improve the results of their jobs outside of their predefined programming.

In other words, robots do not think. At least, not yet.

4. Lack of Emotions or Conscience: Similarly, robots do not have emotions or conscience; therefore, robots lack empathy and all of the advantages that come with it. As a result, this limits how robots can help and interact with people.

5. Colonization: While robots can be sent to other planets and distance moons to help colonize them, they cannot build an independent functioning society.

6. Dangerous: Robots can be extremely dangerous. Whether robots are malfunctioning or designed for warfare, robots can be very hazardous to people.

In conclusion, robots have a wide range of advantages and disadvantages. And their utilization will only increase through time and with more technological advances.

Hopefully, this article will help people to better determine when to use and when to not use robots.

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Литература 1. Коваленко П.И., Агабекян И.П. Английский для технических ВУЗов./ . П.И. Коваленко, И.П. Агабекян Учебное пособие. Ростов-на-Дону: Феникс, 2008.350с.

2. Луговая А.Л. Английский язык для студентов технических специальностей: Учебное пособие/ А.Л. Луговая- М.: «Высшая школа»; Издательский центр «Академия», 2001-150с.

3. Радовель В.А. Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности: Учебное пособие/ В.А. Радовель– Ростов н /Д: Феникс, 2006.-224с.

4. Электронный ресурс: Полезные веб-ресурсы и материалы в помощь преподавателям. Формы доступа: http://www.britishcouncil.org/japan-trenduk-ukcities.htm 5. Электронный ресурс Википедия Энциклопедия на английском языке. Формы доступа: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki 6. Интернет ресурс Информационные технологии в обучении языку. Формы доступа :http.//www.just-English.ru

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