PLAN30001 Final report

PLAN30001 (Scenario Planning Final Report) Completed on 14/06/2020 Pages: 22 | Word count: 2029

Manasi Chopdekar (935401) Tutorial 2/ Tutor: Eric Gaisie Cover photo – Marina Barrage, Singapore (Teng Chye 2019)

CONTENTS 1.

1.1.

1.2.

1.3.

Introduction Problem statement Implications of current crisis on urban living Recent climate change impact

…3 …3 …4 …5

2.

2.1.

2.2.

2.2.1 2.3.

2.4.

2.4.1 2.4.2 2.4.3

Scenario analysis Scenario matrix Strategic direction: Sustainability Its key indicators Scenario evaluation table Singapore: A water-sensitive city Key features SWOT Analysis Government strategy on water shortage crisis mitigation

…6 …6 …7 …7 …8 …9 …9 …10 …10

3.

Current policies to achieve water-sensitivity

…11

4.

4.1.

4.1.1.

4.2.

4.2.1.

New policy recommendations Broad strategy Case study – precedent analysis Policy recommendations Facilitating an interdisciplinary learning approach to green planning Using stormwater to manage urban trees Incentives for developers to produce cost and energy-efficient desalination facilities

…12 …12 …12 …13 …13

5.

5.1.

Conclusion Reflection

…16 …16

6.

References

…17

4.2.2.

4.2.3.

List of abbreviations BCA CSGN HDB NEA NRF PUB R&D URA

…14 …15

Full form Building and Construction Authority Central Scotland Green Network Housing Development Board National Environmental Agency National Research Foundation Public Utilities board Research and Development Urban Redevelopment Authority

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INTRODUCTION

Rapid urbanization of cities has placed an increasing pressure on their natural resources (Satterthwaite, 2011, pg. 1763). This has become problematic for cities like Singapore that have limited land resources (International Water Association 2019) and no groundwater sources (Lai 2016) to support their growing population, which has led to nationwide water shortage.

This report will analyze the implications of Singapore’s urban water crisis on its urban design and population and will identify its main influencing factors.

This would inform the development of a desired future scenario based on a set strategic direction, following which policy recommendations would be proposed with an aim to achieve the desired outcome by 2061, which is when Singapore’s Water Agreement with Malaysia would expire (Ministry of Foreign Affairs 2020).

Problem statement “Limited availability of land, climate change and increase in urban population (Yuen-C 2019), combined with heavy reliance on climatedependent water sources (Tan 2016) to fulfil its population’s water demand has created an urban water crisis in the small island-nation of Singapore, resulting in conflicting land uses, and socio-economic conflict and equity issues over distribution of available clean water (Zhi Xin 2016). This can cause nationwide water stress by 2040 (The Sunday Times 2017) and risk availability of water resources for Singapore’s future generations if appropriate measures to alleviate the water crisis are not taken in time.”

Land shortage

Climate change

Population increase

Water shortage

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Implications of current crisis on urban living Social implications Current residents need to conserve water, or the water crisis would worsen in the future, and the population may face imposed water restrictions (MacFarlane 2018). This also places importance on NGO conducted awareness and reservoir-clean up programs (WWS 2020).

Spatial implications With conflicting land uses, available spatial resources would need to be allocated efficiently through a joint effort by the URA, NEA, HDB and PUB.

Institutional implications Singapore’s NRF and other research facilities will face increased pressure to finance and develop innovative cost and energy-efficient water management technologies in a lesser span of time (PUB 2020).

Economic implications Flashfloods will occur more frequently (A Paulo & Guangzheng 2019) and this could cause severe damage to Singapore’s reservoirs and would require part of the nation’s income to be spent on repairs.

Environmental implications Singapore’s green spaces would need to become self-sufficient to reduce pressure on available water resources for its management (Nouri, Borujeni & Hoekstra 2019, pg. 1).

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Fig. 1 Drought-affected area near Linggiu reservoir (Nadarajan 2016)

Recent climate change impacts Drought is caused by many factors including climate change, and is difficult to predict. The severity of its impact on Singapore’s water supply can be understood by observing the drought-struck Linggiu Reservoir in Johor in 2016 (see Fig. 1). The historically low levels of water have raised concerns about availability of imported water in the future, which is one of Singapore’s four national taps (Ming En 2016).

Technological advancements facilitating an increasing reliance on climateindependent water sources (see Fig. 2) would help to balance this impact of climate change on current and future availability of water (PUB, Singapore’s National Water Agency 2018, pg. 25).

To develop plausible future scenarios regarding Singapore’s water crisis, the relationship between these two factors, namely ‘drought’ and ‘innovations in water management R & D’ have been examined using a scenario matrix.

Fig. 2 Singapore’s water demand distribution between its four national taps (PUB, 2016)

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SCENARIO ANALYSIS The scenario matrix produces four different scenarios based on the frequency of drought occurrence in the future and whether there would be sufficient innovation in water technology R & D to reduce the overall damage to the different aspects of urban water system brought on by drought.

Scenario matrix As-is situation

Worst outcome

No need for conservation?

All drained out

HIGH

Innovations in water management R & D

LOW

Drought frequency

Innovations in water management R & D

Residents placed under water restrictions, Singapore loses at least one of its climate-dependent national taps with no alternative sources, water tensions with Malaysia increase as prices surge, grassroots initiatives crop up to brainstorm water conservation methods

Innovations in water management R & D

Reduced dependency on imported water, overdependence on existing tech continues, pressure on Singapore’s climate-dependent water sources which low tech development will not be able to accommodate – residents could face water restrictions in near future

Desired outcome

Viable outcome

Self-sufficient Singapore Drought frequency

Drought frequency

Innovations in water management R & D

The water-sensitive city Drought frequency

Water Agreement with Malaysia will be terminated earlier than scheduled, land use will conflict between water infrastructure and more accommodation for growing population, advancements in water tech makes water replenishment processes climateindependent

HIGH

Innovations in water management R & D

Reduced dependency on imported water, economic benefit over exporting water management tech, guaranteed water security for its growing population, some water infrastructure land may be freed up for other purposes

LOW Drought frequency

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Strategic direction : Sustainability Current mitigation efforts made by Singapore to alleviate its water shortage crisis focuses on increasing the sustainability of its water management for the nation’s future population (PUB 2020). This report will adopt the same strategic direction, and will place emphasis on enhancing interactions with the urban water cycle to create a liveable and productive environment for present as well as future generations.

Its assessment indicators • Increase in and efficiently distributed green infrastructure – decrease in total stormwater runoff • Self-sustaining green spaces – reduces the amount of water spent on managing them

ENVIRONMENTAL

• Increase in carbon sequestration – response to climate change • Improving efficiency of existing water technologies to make it more eco-friendly

• Use of cost-saving and renewable water management technology • Multipurpose uses of water management facilities – e.g. reservoir also being used as tourist attraction • Increase in resilience of water supply infrastructure – less money spent on repairing damages caused by surrounding environmental factors

ECONOMIC

• Population aware of water conservation importance and uses water wisely • Active involvement of community with NGO initiatives in waterconservation programs – response to population growth

SOCIAL

• Secured and equitable water supply to all households and work facilities – improved overall health and wellbeing of community

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Scenario evaluation table Based on the sustainability assessment indicators, all four scenarios were evaluated in order to identify the most suitable scenario that would help achieve the set strategic direction.

Table. 1 Scenario evaluation based on sustainability assessment indicators (Chopdekar 2020)

Rating scale in terms of achievability -2 = very low

-1 = low

0 = medium

1 = high

2 = very high

As it can be seen from table 1, scenario 4 – ‘the water-sensitive city’ is the most optimum scenario towards achieving the sustainability strategic direction.

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Singapore: A water-sensitive city Singapore as a water-sensitive city is the ideal scenario for the set strategic direction because it not only guarantees water security for Singapore’s future population, but also enhances the nation’s overall livability and productivity. (see Fig. 3).

Fig. 3 Vision directions for a water-sensitive city (CRC for Water Sensitive Cities Ltd 2020)

Key features A water-sensitive city is a city that in itself becomes a potential water supply catchment. Its key features (CRC for Water Sensitive Cities Ltd 2020) are:

Provision of different and multipurposed water sources

Enriched natural ecosystem and enhanced environmental, economic and social benefits

Water-sensitive communities where residents make informed water choices and decisions

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SWOT Analysis of the scenario as per current situation

Guaranteed water security, enhanced health of reservoirs and other water bodies, climate change risk mitigated, public spaces integrated with water management and conservation, sustainable tech export - improved economy (CRC for Water Sensitive Cities Ltd 2020).

Lack of groundwater sources (Lai 2016), major water supply sources still climatedependent, insufficient awareness over conservation of water

Increase adaptability of existing infrastructure for water-resilience and improve existing water resource efficiency in terms of cost and energy (Cooperative Research Centre for Water Sensitive Cities Ltd 2020)

Cancellation of the Water Agreement from Malaysia (Reuters 2018), reduction of funding and research efforts on climate-independent water technology, land use conflict, unpredictable situations like pandemic outbreak (Wateroam 2020).

Government strategy on water shortage crisis mitigation Current policies from the Ministry of the Environment & Water Resources (2020) and planning schemes are targeted towards helping Singapore achieve self-reliance in terms of its water supply, encouraging innovation in water management technology through awards and incentives, conservation of available water by residents and keeping waterways and catchment areas clean.

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CURRENT POLICIES (to achieve water-sensitivity) 1

NPark’s Skyrise Greenery Incentive Scheme (SGIS) – SGIS funds up to 50% of the installation costs of green roofs and vertical gardens (National Parks Board 2020) on existing residential (see Fig. 4) and non-residential buildings.

Green roofs help reduce CO2 emissions, thereby increasing carbon sequestration, mitigating urban heat island effects and improving urban landscape amenities.

Fig. 4 Roof-garden on apartment block (Editor 2014)

2

Finding groundwater sources through monitoring wells – NRF R & D facilities are collaborating with private sector industries to find groundwater sources (see Fig. 5) which can become the nation’s fifth tap and reduce pressure on other climate-dependent sources (Channel News Asia 2013).

Having a groundwater source is beneficial because being underground, it is naturally filtered so it would not suffer from pollution and contamination from toxic industry chemicals.

However it is expensive to access it.

3

Fig. 5 Groundwater monitoring well, Singapore (Singapore Environmental Consultancy & Solutions)

Lee Kwan Yew Water Prize – It is a prestigious award that is awarded to those who resolve complex water challenges by developing new and innovative technologies (see Fig. 6). It has since its initiation in 2008, gained global recognition as a “premier water prize” (Singapore International Water Week, 2019).

This facilitates competition and therefore enhance productivity in terms of achieving results. It also helps the nation’s planners, engineers, and other professions help in leading communities to become water-sensitive.

Fig. 6 Lee Kwan Yew Water Prize (Singapore International Water Week 2019)

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NEW POLICY RECCOMENDATIONS It can be seen from the few examples of Singapore’s current policies (see page 11) that their strategic plans have considered almost all aspects of a water-sensitive city – from innovations among professional planning and collaborating fields in resolving current water crisis, to finding new water sources to mitigate the impact of climate change on existing water sources, to greening the city, thereby enhancing the nation’s sustainability in terms of water management.

New policy recommendations will focus on similar aspects of water-sensitivity and will categorize its policies into the broad strategy of:

‘Green Infrastructure planning’ Green Infrastructure (GI) Green Infrastructure is a “strategic spatial planning tool and approach” (Hislop, Scott & Corbett 2019, pg. 637) that can deliver an interconnected network of green and blue ecosystem services integrated into public spaces which would enhance their multifunctionality, manage land use conflict, use SMART technologies and encourage public participation, thereby improving overall environmental condition, health and wellbeing of the population, boosting job opportunities and enhancing biodiversity (Hislop, Scott & Corbett 2019, pg. 637-38).

Case study CSGN Scotland, UK CSGN has incorporated green infrastructure planning into its policies under broad strategies of placemaking and sustainability (Hislop, Scott & Corbett 2019, pg.

640).

Their main focus is to increase the multifunctionality (Scottish Natural Heritage 2017) of their sites (see Fig. 9) and their aim is to is to transform Central Scotland into a place whose natural environment can add to its economic value and its people live quality urban lives, by 2050 (CSGN 2020)

Fig. 7 Scotland’s vision for future – integrated green and blue networks (CSGN 2020)

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Policy recommendations

Facilitate collaborative interdisciplinary green building projects (Yi Wei, 2018) at the academic level (see Fig. 9).

70%

30%

Regular buildings

Percentage of total green buildings (see Fig. 8) in Singapore in 2017 (Hill 2017)

Why the low percentage?

Lack of awareness from the real estate sector over the benefits of green infrastructure (Hill 2017) – complete construction first, making it energy-efficient is afterthought.

Fig. 8 Hotel Parkroyal, Singapore (Hall, 2013)

Benefits of policy ✓ Raises awareness on the importance of green technology while still in the learning process (junior college and university levels) ✓ Encourages a natural inclination towards considering energy- efficient building methods ✓ Creates a more water-sensitive youth community

Fig. 9 Training Framework to Build Green Collar Workforce (BCA 2014, pg. 9)

Policy

Timeframe

Expenditure

Efficiency in terms of sustainability

Policy 1

2-3 years for implementation across all institutions Therefore, achievable by 2025

Low

Very high

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Policy recommendations

Use infiltration trenches to direct stormwater runoff to irrigate urban trees (Szota, M.Coutts, Thom, Virahsawmy, Fletcher & Livesley 2019, pg. 144)

Fig. 10 Annual total rainfall in Singapore 1980-2018 (Meteorological Service Singapore)

Fig. 11 Stormwater runoff – car emission waste along with trash and dried leaves (DrDrainage 2017)

Problem With predicted increase in annual rainfall as per past trends (see Fig. 10), there will be an increase in stormwater runoff which can cause flash flooding on streets (see Fig. 11) and in local reservoirs (PUB 2013).

Benefits of policy ✓ Using infiltration trenches to supply stormwater to trees is more cost-effective than pipes and water quality is also high ✓ Significantly reduces stormwater runoff without negatively affecting growth of trees – suitable for hot climates (Szota, M.Coutts, Thom, Virahsawmy, Fletcher & Livesley 2019, pg. 154) and also provides a sustainable water source for urban trees. ✓ Increase vegetation coverage in areas with heightened stormwater runoff will reclaim roads for walking, cycling – reduces carbon emissions facilitating overall health and wellbeing of community.

Policy

Timeframe

Expenditure

Efficiency in terms of sustainability

Slightly high

High

Policy 2

5 years for research and policy approval, followed by 10 years for implementation Therefore, achievable by 2035

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Policy recommendations

Provide incentives for private sector developers and researchers to produce multipurposed cost and energy-efficient desalination facilities.

Problem with current desalination plants and waste treatment facilities – Too expensive

Very energy-intensive (PUB 2020) Requires a lot of land (see Fig. 12) Fig. 12 Tuas Desalination Plant (Quah 2018)

Benefits of policy ✓ By 2060, desalination plants would face double the water demand it does today (Lin 2018). This policy facilitates multipurpose use of desalination facilities, thereby reducing land-use conflict, along with reducing costs and energy utilized by current facilities.

✓ Incentive provision to the private sector will encourage them to contribute, which would reduce pressure on the NRF and will encourage competition in terms of resource provision – this is useful for obtaining quality results in a relatively shorter span of time.

Policy

Policy 3

Timeframe

Expenditure

Efficiency in terms of sustainability

5-6 years for policy approval and incentive provision Followed by 20-30 years for producing innovative solutions Therefore, achievable by 2060

Initial – very high In the long-run – low

Very high

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CONCLUSION Singapore’s current water shortage issue could become a major national water crisis by 2040. Population increase and climate change causing increased flash flooding and drought are major contributing factors whose negative impacts on Singapore’s climate-dependent water sources can be mitigated effectively by enhancing the efficiency and capacity of its climate-independent water sources.

The nation has sought out opportunities for development by initiating several mitigation strategies that has helped facilitate its journey towards becoming selfsufficient in terms of water-management. This makes the desired scenario of Singapore becoming a water-sensitive city achievable through its current policies that show its drive towards attaining a sustainable urban water system. The new policy recommendations in this report will enhance the efficiency of current policies in terms of sustainability by incorporating Green Infrastructure as a planning practice in Singapore.

Reflection This report is the culmination of research conducted over the course of three months as part of Planning Scenario and Policy Workshop (PLAN30001). This subject has taught me how scenario planning can be implemented in planning for urban resilience and sustainability and the way interaction between different stakeholders can be facilitated.

The course lecture on climate change and water-sensitive cities (Blunt 2020) has played a big role in shaping my understanding of the final scenario presented in this report and the workshops conducted have guided my report’s structure and research methodology. This course has enhanced my understanding of key planning issues and the role of scenario building and developing, and data analysis in order to propose informed solutions to a complex urban problem.

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REFERENCES A Paulo, D. & Guangzheng A. (2019, Dec 21). Climate change, floods and drought: Here’s how badly Singapore could be affected. Channel News Asia. Retrieved from https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/cnainsider/how-badly-climate-change-floodsdroughtcould-affect-singapore-12202206 Blunt, S. (2020). Planning Scenario and Policy Workshop PLAN30001 Lecture 6 Semester 1 – 2020 [Lecture notes]. Retrieved from https://canvas.lms.unimelb.edu.au/courses/14034/external_tools/701 Channel News Asia. (2013, May 27). Underground reservoirs could be Singapore’s “fifth tap”. EcoBusiness. Retrieved from https://www.eco-business.com/news/underground-reservoirs-could-besingapores-fifth-tap/ Cooperative Research Centre for Water Sensitive Cities Ltd. (2020). Water Sensitive Cities Index.

Retrieved from https://watersensitivecities.org.au/solutions/wsc-index/ CRC for Water Sensitive Cities Ltd. (2020). What is a water sensitive city? Retrieved from https://watersensitivecities.org.au/what-is-a-water-sensitive-city CSGN. (2020). Central Scotland Green Network Trust: working together to improve the lives of 3.8m people. Retrieved from http://www.csgnt.org.uk/ Hill, T. (2017, Apr 19). Why has Asia been slow to catch on to green buildings? Eco-Business.

Retrieved from https://www.eco-business.com/news/why-has-asia-been-slow-to-catch-on-togreen-buildings/ Hislop, M., Scott, A.J. & Corbett, A. (2019). What Does Good Green Infrastructure Planning Policy Look Like? Developing and Testing a Policy Assessment Tool Within Central Scotland UK. Planning Theory and Practice, 20(5), 633-655. doi: 10.1080/14649357.2019.1678667 International Water Association. (2019). Turning Isolation into Opportunity. Retrieved from https://iwa-network.org/city/singapore/ Lai, L. (2016, May 27). PUB to widen monitoring of groundwater. The Straits Times. Retrieved from https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/environment/pub-to-widen-monitoring-ofgroundwater Lin, C. (2018). Tuas Desalination Plant opens, another milestone in Singapore’s water quest.

Today Online. Retrieved from https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/first-government-owneddesalination-plant-officially-opens MacFarlane, D. (2018). Is Perth really running out of water? Well, yes and no. The Conversation.

Retrieved from https://theconversation.com/is-perth-really-running-out-ofwater-well-yes-andno-90857

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REFERENCES (cont.)

Ming En, S. (2016, Apr 23). The Big Read: Receding water levels at Linggiu Reservoir expose S’pore’s vulnerability. Today Online. Retrieved from https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/receding-water-levels-linggiu-reservoir-expose-sporesvulnerability Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (2020). Water Agreements. Retrieved from https://www.mfa.gov.sg/SINGAPORES-FOREIGN-POLICY/Key-Issues/WaterAgreements Ministry of the Environment & Water Resources. (2020). Managing our water – clean water policy.

Retrieved from https://www.mewr.gov.sg/policy/managing-our-water#verticalTab3 National Parks Board. (2020). Skyrise Greenery Incentive Scheme 2.0. Retrieved from https://www.nparks.gov.sg/skyrisegreenery/incentive-scheme Nouri, H., Borujeni, S.C. & Hoekstra, A.Y. (2019). The blue water footprint of urban green spaces: An example for Adelaide, Australia. Landscape and Urban Planning, 190, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2019.103613 PUB, Singapore’s National Water Agency. (2018). Quenching our Thirst: A look at the past, present and future of research at PUB, Singapore’s National Water Agency. Innovation in Water Singapore, 10, 1-50. Retrieved from https://www.pub.gov.sg/Documents/Innovation_in_Water_Singapore_Vol10.pdf PUB. (2013). Managing Urban Runoff – Drainage Handbook 1st Edition. PUB, the national water agency and The Institution of Engineers Singapore (IES). Retrieved from https://www.pub.gov.sg/Documents/managingUrbanRunoff.pdf PUB. (2020). Desalinated Water. Retrieved from https://www.pub.gov.sg/watersupply/fournationaltaps/desalinatedwater PUB. (2020). Singapore Water Story. Retrieved from https://www.pub.gov.sg/watersupply/singaporewaterstory Reuters. (2018, Jun 26). Water row resurfaces as Malaysia’s belt-tightening resurrects age-old dispute with Singapore. Business Insider Singapore. Retrieved from https://www.businessinsider.sg/singapore-malaysia-water-row-dispute Satterthwaite, D. (2011). How Urban Societies Can Adapt to Resource Shortage and Climate Change. Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences, 369(1942), 1762-83. doi: 10.1098/rsta.2010.0350 Scottish Natural Heritage (2017, Jul 14). What is green infrastructure? [blog post] Scotland’s Nature. Retrieved from https://scotlandsnature.blog/2017/07/14/what-is-green-infrastructure/

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REFERENCES (cont.)

Singapore International Water Week. (2019). Lee Kuan Yew Water Prize 2020. Retrieved from https://www.siww.com.sg/events/details/lee-kuan-yew-water-prize-2020 Szota, C., M. Coutts, A., Thom, J.K., Virahsawmy, H.K., Fletcher, T.D. & Livesley, S.J. (2019).

Street tree stormwater control measures can reduce runoff but may not benefit established trees. Landscape and Urban Planning 182, 144-155. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2018.10.021 Tan, A. (2016, Nov 6). Use less water, PM Lee reminds as Johor reservoir dries up. The Straits Times. Retrieved from https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/environment/use-less-water-pmreminds-as-reservoir-dries-up The Sunday Times (2017, Nov 5). Valuing every drop as water stress rises. The Straits Times.

Retrieved from https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/valuing-every-drop-as-water-stress-rises Wateroam. (2020, May 22). Factors that increase the risk of coronavirus [Blog post]. Retrieved from https://www.wateroam.com/social-awareness WWS. (2020). Waterways Watch Society (WWS). Retrieved from http://www.wws.org.sg/ Yi Wei, C. (2018, Aug 21). The missing piece in Singapore's green building puzzle. Eco-Business.

Retrieved from https://www.eco-business.com/news/the-missing-piece-in-singapores-greenbuilding-puzzle/ Yuen-C, T. (2019, Sep 26). Singapore population grows at slower pace to hit 5.7 million. The Straits Times. Retrieved from https://www.straitstimes.co Zhi Xin, T. (2016, Sep 22). Singapore’s biggest threat? The water crisis at its door. ASEAN Today.

Retrieved from https://www.aseantoday.com/2016/09/singapores-fight-for-survival-primeminister-lee-warns-of/

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REFERENCES (Tables, figures & icons) TABLES Table 1. Chopdekar, M. (2020). Scenario evaluation based on sustainability assessment indicators [table]. Data adapted from CRC for Water Sensitive Cities Ltd. (2020). What is a water sensitive city? Retrieved from https://watersensitivecities.org.au/what-is-a-water-sensitive-city/, from Gaisie, E. (2020, May 28). PLAN30001 Planning Scenario and Policy Workshop, tutorial 2, week 11: Strategic implications and responses to scenarios [Tutorial PowerPoint slides]. University of Melbourne, from Wong T.H.F., Allen R., Brown R.R., Deletić A., Gangadharan L., Gernjak W., Jakob C., Johnstone P., Reeder M., Tapper N., Vietz, G. and Walsh C.J. (2013). Blueprint2013 Stormwater Management in a Water Sensitive City. Melbourne, Australia: Cooperative Research Centre for Water Sensitive Cities, ISBN 978-1-921912-02-3, July 2013.

FIGURES Cover photo – Teng Chye, K. (2019). Marina Barrage, Singapore [image]. From resource to asset: Building a water-resilient Singapore. Retrieved from https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/capital-projects-and-infrastructure/our-insights/fromresource-to-asset-building-a-water-resilient-singapore# Fig. 1. Nadarajan, R. (2016). Drought-affected area near Linggiu reservoir [image]. The Big Read: Receding water levels at Linggiu Reservoir expose Singapore’s vulnerability. Retrieved from https://medium.com/@TODAYonline/the-big-read-receding-water-levels-at-linggiu-reservoirexpose-singapore-s-vulnerability-f4d88d0544a6 Fig. 2. PUB. (2016). Singapore’s water demand distribution between its four national taps [bar chart]. The Big Read: Receding water levels at Linggiu Reservoir expose Singapore’s vulnerability.

Retrieved from https://medium.com/@TODAYonline/the-big-read-receding-water-levels-atlinggiu-reservoir-expose-singapore-s-vulnerability-f4d88d0544a6 Fig. 3. CRC for Water Sensitive Cities Ltd. (2020). Vision directions for a water-sensitive city [diagram]. What is a water sensitive city? Retrieved from https://watersensitivecities.org.au/whatis-a-water-sensitive-city/ Fig. 4. Editor. (2014). Roof-garden on apartment block [image]. Asia Green Buildings. Retrieved from http://www.asiagreenbuildings.com/8834/singapore-promotes-green-roof-community/ Fig. 5. Singapore Environmental Consultancy & Solutions. Groundwater monitoring well, Singapore [image]. Installation of Shallow Groundwater Monitoring Wells in Singapore. Retrieved on Jun 10 2020 from http://secs.sg/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Installation-of-ShallowGroundwater-Monitoring-Wells-In-Singapore.pdf

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REFERENCES (Tables, figures & icons) Fig. 6. Singapore International Water Week. (2019). Lee Kwan Yew Water Prize [image]. Lee Kuan Yew Water Prize. Retrieved from https://www.siww.com.sg/media-room/gallery/photogallery/year/event/2018/Lee-Kuan-Yew-Water-Prize

Fig. 7. CSGN. (2020). Scotland’s vision for future – integrated green and blue networks [image].

Our Mission. Retrieved from http://www.csgnt.org.uk/ Fig. 8. Hall, P.B. (2013). Hotel Parkroyal, Singapore [image]. Singapore Takes the Lead In Green Building in Asia. Retrieved from https://e360.yale.edu/features/singapore_takes_the_lead_in_green_building_in_asia Fig. 9. BCA. (2014). Training Framework to Build Green Collar Workforce [chart]. From BCA. (2014). 3rd Green Building Masterplan. Retrieved from https://www.bca.gov.sg/GreenMark/others/3rd_Green_Building_Masterplan.pdf Fig. 10. Annual total rainfall in Singapore 1980-2018. From Meteorological Service Singapore.

Retrieved from http://www.weather.gov.sg/climate-past-climate-trends/ . Copyright 2020 by Meteorological Service Singapore.

Fig. 11. DrDrainage. (2017). Stormwater runoff – car emission waste along with trash and dried leaves [image]. Earth Day 2017: 6 Ways Homeowners Can Reduce Stormwater Runoff From Their Property. Retrieved from https://medium.com/@DrDrainage/earth-day-2017-5-wayshomeowners-can-reduce-stormwater-runoff-from-their-property-9b94325a4e53 Fig. 12. Quah, J. (2018). Tuas Desalination Plant [image]. Tuas Desalination Plant opens, another milestone in Singapore’s water quest. Retrieved from https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/first-government-owned-desalination-plant-officiallyopens

ICONS (referenced in the order of their use in the report) Inconspng. Land shortage [icon]. Land-parcel PNG icon. Retrieved from https://www.iconspng.com/image/22107/landparcel Amin268. Climate change [icon]. Global warming line icon ecology vector image. Retrieved from https://www.vectorstock.com/royalty-free-vector/global-warming-line-icon-ecology-vector21427373 Iconfinder, ApS. Population increase [icon]. Continuously, demographic, growth, increase, population icon. Retrieved from https://www.iconfinder.com/icons/4895101/continously_demographic_growth_increase_populati on_icon

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REFERENCES (Tables, figures & icons) Creativestall. Water shortage [icon]. Water Drought Flat Vector Icon. Retrieved from https://depositphotos.com/vector-images/water-shortage.html?qview=200961906 Nature. Environmental [icon]. Environmental protection Free Icon. Retrieved from https://www.freepik.com/free-icon/enviromental-protection_876193.htm Hernandez, A. Economic [icon]. Money free icon. Retrieved from https://www.flaticon.com/freeicon/money_155906 Homan, C., GB. Social [icon]. Customer care. Retrieved from https://thenounproject.com/term/customer-care/619195/ T-vector-icons. Provision of different and multipurposed water sources [icons]. Variety icon.

Retrieved from https://stock.adobe.com/uk/images/variety-icon-trendy-modern-flat-linearvector-variety-icon-on-white-background-from-thin-line-business-and-analyticscollection/235795189 Freaktor. Enriched natural ecosystem and enhanced environmental, economic and social benefits [icon]. Eco friendly green building logo vector image. Retrieved from https://www.vectorstock.com/royalty-free-vector/eco-friendly-green-building-logo-vector26653825 Inueng. Water-sensitive communities where residents make informed water choices and decisions [icon]. Save water hands holding drop save water vector image. Retrieved from https://www.vectorstock.com/royalty-free-vector/save-water-hands-holding-drop-save-watervector-27102354 Srip. Too expensive [icon]. Expensive free icon. Retrieved from https://www.flaticon.com/freeicon/expensive_962825 Al-Alami, W. Very energy-intensive [icon]. Energy . Retrieved from https://thenounproject.com/term/energy/79974/

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