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2-12-2008
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ES;D EG,af om 0efBuD;Xmersm;ESihf jynfwiG ;f vlraI &; yxrqk&&Sad om txu(16)rS e0rwef;ausmif;ol rqk&nfjrifhaxG;? toD;oD;ay;tyf csD;jr§ifhMuonf/ toif;tzJGUrsm;jzifh zJGUpnf;cJhaMumif;? A[dktzJGU vufatmufwGiv f nf; 'kw, d qk&&Sad om txu(14)rS e0rwef;ausmif;om; armifausmaf usmf pmrsufESm 5 aumfvH 1 ✺
pmrsufESm 4
2-12-2008 rEÅav;wkid ;f at;csr;f om,ma&;ESizhf UH G NzdK;a&;aumifpD Ouú| tv,fyidk ;f wkid ;f ppfXmecsKyf wkid ;f rª; Akv d cf sKyfwifaiG pG,af wmfjrwfapwDawmf(rEÅav;) a&TMumouFe;f &ufvyk v f 'ª gef;ylaZmfyJG tcrf;tem; wGif q&mawmfBuD;xH a&TMumouFef; qufuyfvª'gef;pOf/
rEÅav;wkid ;f at;csr;f om,ma&;ESizhf UH G NzdK;a&;aumifpD Ouú| tv,fyidk ;f wkid ;f ppfXmecsKyf wkid ;f rª; Akv d cf sKyfwifaiG pG,af wmfjrwfapwDawmf(rEÅav;) a&TMumouFe;f &ufvyk v f 'ª gef;ylaZmfyJG tcrf;tem; wGif a&TMumouFef; qufuyfvª'gef;ylaZmfpOf/ ❖ pG,af wmfjrwfapwDawmfrS tpdk;&vufxufwiG Af k'j¨ rwf pG,af wmftm;w½kwjf ynfoUl or®w EdkifiHrS 1994ckESpf {NyDvwGif wpfBudr?f 1996ckEpS f 'DZifbmvrS 1997 ckEpS f rwfvtxd wpfBudrf pkpkaygif;ESpBf udrw f kid w f kid yf ifah qmif ylaZmfEkdicf Jhojzifh ESpaf ygif; 2500 ausmfu Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif\ Ak'j¨ rwfp, G af wmfurkd su0f g;xifxif Munfñdkzl;ajrmfcGifh&&SdcJh&m Ak'¨ bmomolawmfpifwdkU\ vGefuJ xl ; jcm;vS p G m aom uk o d k v f u H aMumifh jzpfaMumif;/ txl;ojzifh rEÅav;NrdKUonf jrefrmwdkU\ udk,fhxD;udk,fheef; udk,fhMuiSef;ESifhpHjref;cJh&m rif; aejynf a wmf j zpf c J h j cif ; aMumif h o*Fg,emwifawmfrcl &hJ momoemh atmifajrjzpfjcif;? ½dk;&m,Ofaus;rI tarG t ES p f r sm; pk a 0;&mt&yf jzpfvsu&f jSd cif;? t&yfav;rsuEf Sm rS jynforl sm;tvG,w f ul0ifxu G f oGm;vmaom A[dktcsuftjcm jzpfjcif;wdkUaMumifh &[ef;? &Sifvl jynfoltaygif;twGuf ypöKyÜef oHo&mESpjf zmaumif;usKd ; wdk;zG,f &mwdkUudk &nfajrmfí EdkifiHawmf tBuD;tuJAv kd cf sKyrf ;ª BuD;oef;a&T\ vrf;ñTecf suEf SihftnD rEÅav;NrdKU
r[m"r® & H o D uk e f ; awmf a y:ü pG,af wmfjrwfapwDawmf(rEÅav;) udk udk;uG,cf JhMujcif;jzpfaMumif;/ 1995 ckESpf Zlvkdiv f 6&uf wGifyEéufawmfwifcJhNyD; 1996 ckESp'f DZifbm13&ufüa&TxD;awmf wif v ª a tmif j rif N yD ; ajrmuf c J h í ¤if;aeUüyif yxrtBudrf a&TMum ouFef;&ufvkyfvª'gef;ylaZmfyGJudk crf;em;xnf0gpGm jyKvkyfEdkifcJh aMumif;?,ckaw&ortBurd af jrmuf a&TMumouFef; &ufvkyfvª'gef; ylaZmfyGJudk ,cifESpfrsm;enf;wl crf;crf;em;em;usif;yjyKvkyfoGm; rnfjzpfaMumif;/ bmoma&;tarGtESp?f ½dk;&m ,Ofaus;rItarGtESprf sm; raysmuf rysuaf p&efESihf jrefrmh½kd;&mvufrI ynmwdrfjrKyfaysmufuG,f roGm; ap&ef,ckuo hJ Ukd a&TMumouFe;f awmf &uf v k y f v ª ' gef ; yl a Zmf y G J r sd K ;ud k azmfxkwftm;ay;usif;yjyKvkyf jcif;jzpfonfhtjyif bmoma&; tarGtESpfwdkUwGif tvGefxl;uJ rGefjrwfvSonfhumv'geouFef; tvªjzpfojzifhvkyftm;ynm&Sif rsm; ukokdv&f Sirf sm;onf twdki;f rodukodkvf xl;rsm;&&Sdrnfjzpf ygaMumif; ponfjzifh ajymMum; onf/
xdkUaemufwkid ;f rª;upG,af wmf jrwfapwDawmf(rEÅav;) aw& ortBudraf &TMumouFe;f &ufvkyf vª'gef;ylaZmfyGJzGifhyJG tcrf;tem; atmifjrifNyD;ajrmufonfh txdr;f trSwftjzpf &wema&Trdk;?aiGrdk; rsm; &GmoGef;NzdK;ay;onf/ quf v uf í wd k i f ; rª ; ES i f h tzJGU0ifrsm;onf pG,fawmfjrwf apwDawmf *E¨uk#w d kdut f wGi;f &Sd "r®puúrkj'mbk&m;ESiphf , G af wmfjrwf wdkUtm; yef;? a&csrf;uyfvªylaZmf zl;ajrmfMunfñdkMuNyD; apwDawmf &ifjyif ta&SUajrmufaxmifhESifh ta&SUawmifaxmifhwdkUwGif qDrD; rsm;udk xGef;n§dylaZmfMuonf/ xd k U aemuf wd k i f ; rª ; ES i f h tzJGU0ifrsm;onf "r®pMum0wf toif;rsm;\ &GwfzwfylaZmfaerI udkvnf;aumif;?&ufuef;ynm&Sif rsm;jzpf a om tr&yl & Nrd K Ue,f a&Munfaygufaus;&GmrS r[m rm,ma'0D? r[myZmywda*gwrD? ,aomf"&m? 0domcg? acrm? okZmwm? Zey'uvsmeD? omrm 0wDESifh OyÜv0Pfpifawmfrsm;rS a&TMumouFe;f &ufvkyaf erIrsm;udk vnf;aumif;? rEÅav;uZmwf XmecGJrS oDqkdazsmaf jzMuolrsm;ESihf wdki;f &if;om;½dk;&mtutzJUG rsm;udk
vnf;aumif;Munfh½Itm;ay;NyD; *kPjf yKaiGrsm;cs;D jr§ihf ay;tyfonf/ qufvufí pG,fawmfjrwf apwDawmf(rEÅav;)aw&ortBurd f Ak ' ¨ y l Z ed , yG J a wmf A k ' ¨ g bd a ou taeuZmwifyGJ? a&TMum ouFe;f uyfvyª EJG iS q hf rG ;f qefprd ;f avmif;vSL ylaZmfyGJukd ,aeUeHeuf 6em&DwGif pG,af wmfjrwfapwDawmf(rEÅav;) *E¨uk#dwdkuftwGif;ü usif;yjyK vkyf&mtcrf;tem;odkU EdkifiHawmf Mo0g'gp&d, a&Tusio f moemydkif 0gqdkausmif;q&mawmf tbd"Z r[m&|*k½k tbd"Zr[m o'¨r® aZmwdu b'´EÅt*¢, d trª;jyKaom q&mawmf o H C mawmf ( 45)yg; <ua&muf csD;jr§ihfawmfrlMuonf/ a&S;OD;pGm wdki;f rª;ESihf wm0ef&dS olrsm;u q&mawmf? oHCmawmf rsm;tm; t½kPfqGrf; qufuyf vª'gef;onf/ xdkUaemuf Ak'¨g bdaou taeuZmwif tcrf; tem;usif;y&m tcrf;tem;udk earmwóoHk;Budrf &Gwq f kd bk&m; uefawmhzGifhvSpfonf/ quf v uf í q&mawmf ? oHCmawmf t&SifoljrwfwdkUu pG,fawmfjrwfapwDawmfESifhAk'¨ ½kyfyGm;qif;wkawmfrsm;tm; Ak'¨g bd a ou taeuZmwif a wmf
rlMuonf/ xd k U aemuf wd k i f ; rª ; ES i f h y&dowfwUkdu0gqdak usmif;q&mawmf BuD;xHrS ig;yg;oDvcH,laqmuf wnfMuNyD;q&mawmf? oHCmawmf wdkUu y&dww f &m;awmfrsm;&Gwyf mG ; o&Zösm,f csD;jr§ihfawmfrlMuonf/ quf v uf í wd k i f ; rª ; ES i f h tvª&Sirf sm;u rkj'mudk;rsKd ;½kyyf Gm; qif;wkawmfrsm;ESihfpG,af wmfjrwf apwDawmftm;&nfrSef;í q&m awmfBuD;rsm;tm; a&TMumouFef; qufuyfvª'gef;onf/ xdkUaemuf wdki;f rª;ESit hf vª&iS f rsm;onf a&TMumouFef;rsm;udk udkifaqmifí pG,fawmfjrwftm; vuf,m&pfvSnfhvnf ylaZmfNyD; rkj'mudk;rsdK; Ak'¨½kyfyGm; qif;wk awmfrsm;? pG,fawmfjrwfwdkUtm; a&TMumouFef;rsm;vTrf;NcHKuyfvª ylaZmfonf/ quf v uf í vª ' gef ; rI tpkpktwGuf rEÅav;wdkif;oHC em,utzJGUOuú| jrawmifwdkuf a&T0g0if;ausmif;q&mawmf tbd "Zr[m&|*k½k t*¾r[mo'¨r® aZmwd u "Z b'´ E Å o moem bd0Hou tEkarm'emw&m;ESifh a&pufcsw&m; csD;jr§ifhawmfrlNyD; tcrf;tem;udk Ak'¨omoeH pd&H
wd|wk oHk;Budr&f Gwq f kdí ½kyo f rd ;f vdkufonf/ xd k U aemuf wd k i f ; rª ; ES i f h y&dowfrsm;u &ifjyifawmfwGif q&mawmf? oHCmawmf (45)yg; wdkUtm; qGrf;qefawmfESifh vªzG,f ypönf;rsm; avmif;vªMuonf/ xdkUaemuf wdkif;rª;ESifhtzJGU onf &ifjyifawmfywfvnfwGif rEÅav;wyfe,fwyf&if;^wyfzUGJrsm;? Xmeqdkif&mrsm;? vlrIa&;toif; tzJGUrsm;? tvªXmersm;rSqGrf;qef awmfESihv f ªzG,yf pön;f rsm; avmif; vª a erI u d k vS n f h v nf M unf h ½ I MunfñdkMuonf/ ,aeUusif ; yjyKvk y f a om pG,af wmfjrwfapwDawmf(rEÅav;) aw&ortBudrAf k'¨ylZed,yGJawmf wGif tv,fydkif;wdkif;ppfXmecsKyf ESifh wyf&if;wyfzJGUrsm;? rEÅav; wd k i f ; at;csrf ; om,ma&;ES i f h zHUG NzdK;a&;aumifp?D rEÅav;NrdKUawmf pnfyifom,ma&;aumfrwD? wdki;f tqifhXmeqdkif&mrsm;? vlrIa&; toif;tzJGUrsm;? tvª&Sifrsm;\ pkpkaygif;tvªXme(187)XmerS vª'gef;ypönf;wefzdk;rSm aiGusyf 18ç643ç637jzpf N yD ; bk & m; yGJvmjynfolrsm;tm; nydkif;wGif rEÅav;NrdKUrS ykvJwpfcdkif Zmwf obif t zJ G U jzif h {nf h c H a zsmf a jz cJhaMumif; od&onf/
trSmpum;ajymMum; rEÅav;wkdif;at;csrf; om,ma&;ESizhf UHG NzdK;a&;aumifpD Ouú| tv,fyid k ;f wkid ;f ppfXmecsKyf wkid ;f rª;Akv d cf sKyw f ifaiG pG,af wmf jrwfapwDawmf (rEÅav;)aw& ortBudrfajrmuf Ak'¨ylZed, yGaJ wmfEiS ahf &TMumouFe;f &ufvyk f vª'gef; ylaZmfyt JG crf;tem;wGif trSmpum;ajymMum;pOf/
2-12-2008
pmrsufESm 5
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(1) trsdK;om;EdkifiHa&;&m vkyfief; (2) Edkiif aH wmf umuG,af &; ESifhvHkNcHKa&;vkyfief; (3) pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief; (4) vlrIa&;ESifh oufom acsmifcsda&; vkyfief; (5)jynfoUl tusKd ;jyK vkyif ef; wdkUyifjzpfaMumif;/ xd k v k y f i ef ; pOf ( 5)&yf u d k taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&Guf aeouJo h Ykd tzJUG BuD;taejzif2h 005 ckEpS f ppfrx I rf;a[mif;tzJUG nv D mcH u csrSwfcJhonfh a&SUvkyfief;pOf (5)&yfudkvnf; taumiftxnf azmfaqmif&Guaf eaMumif;/ xkdUtjyif ppfrIxrf;a[mif; tzGJUBuD;\ em,uBuD;jzpfonfh wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf taejzif h v nf ; toif ; BuD ; \ wdk;wuf&m wdk;wufaMumif; tcg tcGifhoifhovdk vrf;ñTefrIrsm; jyKcahJ Mumif;?¤if;vrf;ñTerf mS Mum;csuf rsm;udk vkyfief;vrf;ñTeftjzpf cH , l N yD ; taumif t xnf a zmf aqmif&Gufvsuf&SdaMumif;/ jrefrmEdkiif HppfrIxrf;a[mif; tzJGUBuD;\ vkyfief;pOf(5)&yfudk taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&u G &f ef A[dktqifhwGif A[dkpnf;½Hk;a&; aumfrwDrsm;jzifh vkyfief;tzJGU (5)zJGUudk zJGUpnf;xm;aMumif;? jrefrmEdkifiHppfrIxrf;a[mif;tzJGU ordkif;tusOf;csKyfESifh vkyfief; wm0efBuD;(5)&yftay:tao;pdwf
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rEÅav;wkid ;f at;csrf;om,ma&;ESizhf UH G NzdK;a&;aumifpD Ouú| tv,fyidk ;f wkid ;f ppfXmecsKyf wkid ;f rª; AkdvfcsKyfwifaiG ppfrIxrf;a[mif;oifwef;zGifhyGJtcrf;tem;wGif oifwef;om;rsm;udk &if;&if;ESD;ESD; awGUqHkEIwfqufpOf/ xdkrSwpfqifh wdkif;rª;ESifh wifjyonf/ xdkUaemuf wdki;f rª;onf vrf; qufvufí wdkif;rª;onf 30? 57vrf;? 58vrf;Mum;ESifh tzJGUonf csrf;at;ompHNrdKUe,f? NrdKUywf vrf;Mum;wpfavsmuf 35vrf;? 62vrf;ESihf 73vrf;Mum; vltiftm;jzifh ausmufrsm;cif; uwå&mxyfydk;vTm cif;Edkifa&; vrf;vkyif ef; jyKjyifaerIvkyif ef;cGif aerIESifh vrf;Budwfpufjzifh vrf; twGuf ausmufacsmvrf;cif;jcif; odkUa&muf&Sd&m wm0ef&Sdolrsm;u cif;aerIudk Munfh½Ippfaq;NyD; NrdKUawmf0efESifhwm0ef&Sdolrsm;tm; vkyfief;aqmif&GufaerIrsm;tm; BudKqkdMuonf/ xdkUaemuf wdkif;rª;onf 35 vd k tyf o nf r sm;rS m Mum;NyD ; Munfh½Ippfaq;&m NrdKUawmf0efESifh vrf;wHwm;Xme acwåXmerª;wdkUu vrf;? 62 vrf;ESifh 73vrf;Mum; jyefvnf xGufcGmoGm;onf/ tqd k y gvrf ; onf ay20 vk y f i ef ; aqmif & G u f N yD ; pD ; rI E S i f h wGifausmufxyfuwå&mwifjcif; f m;ay3000txd Edkiv f eG f qufvufaqmif&Gufrnfh tajc vk y f i ef ; aqmif & G u f a erI r sm;ud k tus,t taersm;udk &Si;f vif;wifjyonf/ Munf½h pI pfaq;&m vrf;wHwm;Xme uwÅ&m (Asphalt Concrete) ,if ; aemuf wd k i f ; rª ; u acwå X merª ; a':cif a raX;u cif;jcif; vkyif ef; aqmif&u G Nf yD;pD; ausmufacsmvrf;cif;aerIvkyif ef; vk y f i ef ; aqmif & G u f N yD ; pD ; rI E S i f h aeNyD;xyfrHí ay20tus,ftm; rsm;ud k Munf h ½ I ppf a q;NyD ; qufvufaqmif&Gufrnfh tajc EdkifvGefuwÅ&m (AC)cif;jcif; NrdKUawmf0efESihf wm0ef&o Sd lrsm;tm; taersm;udk &Sif;vif;wifjyNyD; aqmif&Gufae&m t&Snfay2500 vdktyfonfrsm; rSmMum;onf/ NrdKUawmf0efu jznfhpGuf&Sif;vif; NyD;pD;aeNyDjzpfaMumif;od&onf/
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pmrsufESm 6
2-12-2008
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THE WAVES r*¾Zif; jzefhcsd rEÅav; 'DZifbm 1 ,if;r*¾Zif;udkrsuEf mS zHk;cGiûhf ycsuf 5411221108jzifh xGu&f v dS mjyD jzpf&m ,if;r*¾Zif;wGif armifudkMuD;? armifpl;prf;? OD;csrf;at;? armifomZHk? azjrif?h OD;[efxeG ;f ? armifckid af tmif(ppfaf wG)? ZxGe;f vif;? a'gufwmaeZifvwf? udk[ef? armifaZ,sm? rif;ok0PfwdkY\ pmay vuf&mrsm;ESifh a'gufwmoef;xGef;\ History of Modern MyanmarwdkYjzifh xkwfa0jzefYcsdvdkufjyD; &mjynfh(rEÅav;) pmtkyf qdkifwGif 0,f,lzwf½IEdkifaMumif;od&onf/ (rD'D,m)
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pmrsufESm 12
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pmrsufEmS 14
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pmrsufESm 16
2-12-2008
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