Surname, Given Name Oh, Jinyi Nickname Mandy Profession M.A. (DIA), Germany Contact Number +4917656976687 Email mandywithlove94@gmail.com Linkedin
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would first like to thank my thesis advisor, Professor Ivan Kucina of the Anhalt University Department 3 at Dessau International Architecture Graduate School, Hochschule Anhalt. The route to Prof. Ivan Kucina was always open whenever I ran into a trouble spot at my research project. He consistently allowed this project to be my own work but steered me in the right direction whenever he thought I needed it. I would also like to acknowledge Architect Roger Bundschuh, professor of the Anhalt University Department 3 at Dessau International Architecture Graduate School, Hochschule Anhalt, as the second advisor of this thesis, and I am gratefully indebted to his very valuable comments on this research project. I would also like to thank the experts who were involved in the validation survey for this research project. Without their passionate participation and input, it could not have been successfully conducted. Finally, I must express my very profound gratitude to my family and friend for providing me with unfailing support and continuous encouragement throughout my years of study and through the process of researching and designing this research project. This accomplishment would not have been possible without them. Oh Jinyi (Mandy)
ABTRACT
Schools and educational spaces are a crucial part of our investment in the future. Education equips locals with the tools required to develop innovative solutions to the world’s greatest problems. The classroom today is developed from the past and to meet the need of the current century. Schools, universities and other educational institutions all require an architecture that enables a productive learning environment. But architecture also has a role to understand the changes in the society and to design learning spaces that can interact with and promote a sustainable culture of usage. This research topic studies the possibility of architecture role in creating radical educational spaces to solve issue resulted from the behavior of the future society (such as digitization) in Penang, Malaysia. BAUHUB 2049 is formed from network of future design university installed at different part of the world. And BAUHUB 2049 (Penang Series) is one of the learning hub facility. It will serve a group of 30 students and 3 professors that will stay there one semester and then move to the next hub while leaving it for the next group of students to come. In collaboration with the local society, BAUHUB 2049 (Penang Series) will serve as foundation to improve human touch, connection and interaction among the isolated digital group though education. It will raise this awareness by bringing back and improving the traditional social public spaces to the local context. It will be the key for social sustainable growth.
STRUCTURE
In the following chapters, different theories and concepts will be discussed under the chapter, ‘World 2049’, ‘Site 2049’ and ‘BAUHUB 2049 (Penang Series)’. World 2049 The exercise of postcards and comic poster leads to the study of World 2049. In this chapter, the future constellation topics are elaborated. The issues and discussion in these topics serve as a important framework to create the site in 2049. Site 2049 The next chapter describes the site analysis to create the site in 2049. It gives the readers some more background insights of the chosen site. BAUHUB 2049 (Penang Series) The research proposal will be uncovered in BAUHUB 2049 (Penang Series). This chapter describes the space of the future design university, how it contributes to the local community and the strategy recommendation.
DEFINITION
These definitions serve as a guideline for the discussion in the following chapters:
Hawker Noun A person who travels about selling goods, typically advertising them by shouting. ‘hawkers and costermongers pushed their little handcarts, crying ‘Bread!’, ‘Fish!’ and ‘Meat pies!’’ (Oxford Dictionaries). Steven Goh. Tang Yen Hawker Stall (甜汤圆), Magazine Road – Traditionally Favorite Savor. June 11, 2011. Penang Food, Stevengoh.com, Georgetown.
Hawker Center Hawker center or food court center is an openair complex in Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, Hong Kong, and the Riau Islands in Indonesia. It is an open-air complex that house many stalls selling a wide variety of affordably priced food. They are mostly conveniently located at the heart of housing estates, usually with adjourning wet markets.
Simon Long. Gurney Drive in Penang. Moment Unreleased, Getty Image, Georgetown.
Architects as relationship builders. -Jeanne Gang
TABLE OF CONTENT
1.0 INTRODUCTION
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2.0
WORLD 2049
2.1 Postcards 2.2 Comic
3 5 15
3.0
SITE 2049
3.1 Location 3.2 Background 3.3 Transformation 3.4 Site Considerations
4.0
BAUHUB 2049 (PENANG SERIES)
4.1 Design
5.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY
17 19 27 29 37 51 65 106
1.0
INTRODUCTION
With the advancement of digital technology, such as mobile applications, virtual reality, verbal interaction will not be as active as before when human is connected through social media online. Among the digital society, we are being connected while becoming disconnected physically. People of tomorrow will decide to stay at home because they can buy anything with one click away while through their mobile device. For example, they can purchase food online and being delivered to their doorstep the next minute. Gradually, they become isolated from their physical world. In 2049, people become more lonely. Loneliness does not always stem from being alone. It is a function of how socially connected we feel to the people around us.1 To solve this issue, education will play an important role. This is because it is always the key to social growth and development.2 The purpose of writing this research is to show my interest upon discovering on how designing education can revitalize social interaction among the isolated digital group in physical life. Before designing new spaces, architects should understand the future of education system. There was a time when educational institutions and teachers were engaged in transmitting a way of life to the students. Nevertheless, education has transitioned from social controlled environment into more socially opened minded instrumental environment. For instance, the classroom in 19th century is designed to meet demand for physical labor where there is little room of individual or free thinking. Next in 2019, classroom is designed for individual thought, creativity and collaboration over industriousness. In 2049, there will be new type of classroom. The future education system will emphasis on art and innovation. The formal classroom will be turned into a learning hub. It highlights engagement, lifelong learning and a globalized network. This research proposal focuses on designing future learning hub for design education in Penang, Malaysia. By naming it BAUHUB 2049 (Penang Series), it has the aim to improve social and physical behaviors of the neighborhoods. By how? It will redesign and reintroducing back the traditional local social spaces, that is the hawker center. For Penang, hawker center plays essential part of the history. Traditionally, hawker center is a great social leveler. It blends all the culture and background into this place where we can share our experience and life together with all different races and people. It a place where people of different races, religions and cultures can mingle, and rich and poor equally queue up for their favorite dishes, said by Simon Tay, Former Chairman of the National Environment Agency.3 Hawker culture is not only about food, it’s about hardships, experience and flavor of life - human touch, connection and interaction. As stated from a study by University of Oxford, social eating connects the community. 4 Thus far, the design education community will study how to bring back this hawker center culture. They find ways to enhance social interaction through the sense of dining experience with the thrill of hawking culture to attract the digital society to eat and dine at an open again. In the 1
education course sytem, professor takes role as a mentor, while students learn through peer-topeer learning. Furthermore, it is a globalized network composing student from different countries. They are global learning community who promote intercultural competencies. To set this project as a pioneer movement, BAUHUB 2049 (Penang Series) will be located at KOMTAR, a mixed-use development and iconic landmark of Penang island. Specifially, I envision it will attach onto the KOMTAR facade where the food & beverage area and carpark are located. This is because, car park will become obsolete soon with the growing popularity of car sharing experience.5 Also, it serves as a facility to rejuvenate the site context. Before starting to design BAUHUB 2049 (Penang Series), I have formed the future world scenario based on 9 future constellations, namely urban growth, climate change, economy, politics, society, biotechnology, education, human and design. Through observation, fantasy, reading books and articles, drawing, watching TED talk and related documentary videos, I have come to form the characteristic of the future society. The idea of human physical isolation because of advancement technology is further strengthen through the story in comic development. It is the era when food is 3D printed and can be delivered to your door-step. The local society is encouraged to stay in-door because the convenience of the technology. This contributes to the factor that hawker center culture is diminishing. This means that one of the important traditional social space is gone. Then, the focus is switch to macro and micro analysis of the site context. The site has the potential to become a core of the city as it becomes the transport hub in the future. This brings out the idea of BAUHUB 2049 (Penang Series) to become center focus for the locals. In short, BAUHUB 2049 (Penang Series) is a seed for neighborhood rejuvenation. It investigates how architecture creates interactive education environment to impact the society with their addiction in the digital world. Based in Penang, the program studies how to improve this isolation behavior by reintroducing and improving the traditional social spaces.
1. Grace Kim. “How Cohousing Can Make Us Happier (and Live Longer).” Speech, TED, December 12, 2019. 2. Natalie. AN ARCHITECTURE GUIDE to the UN 17 Sustainable Development Goals. 1st ed. Copenhagen: KADK, 2018.National Environment Agency. “Announcements & Notices.” National Environment Agency. July 25, 201 http://www.nea.gov.sg/ public-health/hawker-centres/announcements-notices. 3. Lee Kuan Yew, School of Public Policy at the National University of Singapore, ed. Keeping Char Kway Teow Cheap— At What Price? National University of Singapore. 2015, accessed January 15, 2019, https://lkyspp.nus.edu.sg/docs/default-source/case-studies/hawker-centre-case-study.pdf?sfvrsn=2bc7960b_2. 4. ”Social Eating Connects Communities.” University of Oxford. March 16, 2017, accessed January 20, 2019, http://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2017-03-16-social-eating-connects-communities. 5. DEBBIE YONG, “Owning an Actual Car Is Soon Going to Seem Obsolete. Here’s Why”, Fortune. March 8, 2018, accessed March 17, 2019, http://fortune.com/2018/03/07/car-ownership-transportation-self-driving/.
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2.0
WORLD 2049
[What] World 2049 is a theoretical world formed after the production of poscards and comic poster. It is the result from the study of the 9 future constellation topics, namely, urban growth, climate change, economy, politics, society, biotechnology, education, human and design. [Why] The issues and discussion in these topics serve as a framework to create the World 2049. [How] Analysis towards research predictions, case studies and related article is important to understand towards world changes overtime. The result is then summarized into the poster (see next page).
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View inside a tram at Geogetown city, Penang, Malaysia in 2049.
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2.1 POSTCARDS Dear Me,2049
Messages from Me, 2019.
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Scenario 1
Scenario 2
Scenario 3
Scenario 4
Scenario 5
Scenario 6
Scenario 7
Scenario 8
Scenario 9
Scenario 1: Urban growth Densely Populated City
Projections show that urbanization, the gradual shift in residence of the human population from rural to urban areas, combined with the overall growth of the world’s population could add another 2.5 billion people to urban areas by 2050, says UN.1 I believe Georgetown city, Penang is going to be densely populated. Dear 2049 Me, can you tell me what will the housing typology looks like? Can you find a place to breathe?
1. UN. “68% of the World Population Projected to Live in Urban Areas by 2050, Says UN | UN DESA Department of Economic and Social Affairs.” United Nations. Accessed November 5, 2019. https://www.un.org/development/desa/en/news/popula tion/2018-revision-of-world-banization-prospects.html
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Scenario 2: Climate Change Flash Flood
It's almost the monsoon season, are you prepared for the flood? You should already in dry area and stocked up with foods. Since now, 10 to 15 per cent drop in farm yields annually because of unpredictable weather. I believe climate change has made the world heading towards food security crisis. Along by 2050, with the global population expected to reach 9.8 billion, I remember it was 2017 when YiPei called and said that her bed was drifted away by the muddy flood water. It was the worst flood in a decade.The extreme variations in rainfall due to climate change has brought many new surprises. I hope the state now has well developed flood hazard map and Malaysian is more environment sensitive.Stay dry and healthy! 7
Scenario 3: Economy Automated Service
Many players in the food industry has adopted automated solution this is because the ability to supplement or replace human labor with automated solutions is fast becoming a lifeline for many foodservice operators.1 So the future? Robots working alongside human line cooks and in the front of the house? Restaurant meals delivered by drones, robots and self-driving cars? Chatbots communicating with guests online? Check, check and check.
1. Tanyeri, Dana. “The Future of Automation in Foodservice.� Home - Foodservice Equipment & Supplies. Accessed February 5, 2019. https://fesmag.com/features/foodservice-issues/15850-the-future-of-automation-in-foodservice.
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Scenario 4 : Politics Govern by “Social Credit” System
In 2013, I had my first Uber rating experience when it was first launched in Malaysia.In 2020, China government will use “Social Credit” system to maintain security. Yet it questions privacy of citizen. In “Nosedive”, a British science fiction anthology series Black Mirror, we can see the social implications of the competitive and obsessive rating system characters use among each other. It makes viewers realize the distant future setting of the show narrates their own present infatuation with digital and social connectivity. Could this eventually be our future? Where the people live on rating while the government use the system to control us. 9
Scenario 5: Society Digitized Society
Kurzweil Claims That the Singularity Will Happen by 2045.1 When technology becomes so advanced, human will eventually live like the scene in the movie, “Ready Player 1”. When much of humanity uses the virtual reality to escape the desolation of the real world.
1. Reedy, Christianna. “Kurzweil Claims That the Singularity Will Happen by 2045.” Futurism. October 16, 2017. Accessed January 2, 2019. https://futurism.com/kurzweil-claims-that-the-singularity-will-happen-by-2045.
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Scenario 6: Biotechnology Integration of Robots & A.I. in Daily Task
I like the convenience of asking Siri to help me search information on the internet without touching the device. Also, people are using Amazon's Echo to control lights in their homes and access other information. How is it like now 2049, has it incorporated well in our home system and officially become the new 'servant' in the house? As human become comfortable with AI/robots, Human hire a robotic to do their jobs or they may install robotic parts on their body. In the future, it is hard to differentiate biological organism and robots/AI as they become essential to assist our daily tasks.
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Scenario 7: Education Engagement, Lifelong Learning & Globalized Network
Dear 2049 Me, tell me this future education system model proposed by Khan Academy for 2050 is correct: - Education will move from a passive classroom model to an active, discovery and creative based model. - The traditional college will be replaced by exploratory paths which focus on achieving understanding in vari ous interests unbound by traditional structures. - Teachers will move from being lecturers to being tutors, coaches and mentors. - 99% of the world’s population will achieve literacy.1 1. Academy, Khan. “Year 2060: Education Predictions.” YouTube. December 27, 2011. Accessed December 2, 2018. https:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=CiKrFcgVSIU&list=LLFZcKg2nsKlr1GSdyhdyzSA&index=24&t=814s
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Scenario 8: Human Isolated by Internet
Source: Research on ‘The Internet, Social Networks and Loneliness’ by Coget, Jeane Francois.
As a new social space, the Internet is starting to replace tangible social spaces, with a number of people’s faceto-face relationships being replaced by online relationships. Internet has a negative impact on people’s relationships, because it decreases their quality. Another way to put it is that face-to-face ties are replaced by more numerous online ties. However, face-to-face ties are strong while online ties are weak. And the breadth of relationships gained in the process doesn’t offset the loss in depth. In digital remote world, triggers the epidemic of loneliness.
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Scenario 9: Design Collaborative Fields to Improve the World
The designer always has utopian task since the past: able to tackle the major societal challenges of our time, starting from the issues of equity. As the society changes from time to time, we will also require a different approach, in order to achieve the latter. Since now, designers are moving into to a collaborative, inclusive, network-driven process. The advancement of technology makes it easier to crowdsourcing, open access, and mass customization. I believe in the future, it will still be core process to generate more innovative solution. As stated, interaction among disciplines and people is crucial.�–Carlo Ratti, director of the MIT Senseable City Lab, designers of Treepedia.
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2.2
COMIC POSTER
The comic highlights the issue of loneliness as a result from tecnological singularity. Technological singularity a hypothetical moment in time when artificial intelligence and other technologies have become so advanced that humanity undergoes a dramatic and irreversible change.1 Inspired from movie, ‘Ready Player 1’, humanity uses the virtual reality software to escape the desolation of the real world. People’s face-to-face relationships being replaced by online relationships. As the boundary between physical and virtual life is blurred, people become socially disconnected in the physical life. In reality, Psychologists see a pattern in this success driven culture of busyness and the associated “connection disconnection” of an increasingly digitally remote world, and it’s triggering what they say is rapidly becoming a direepidemic of loneliness. In the elderly, this epidemic of loneliness is known as the “hidden killer.”new research shows that loneliness may now be the next biggest public health crises to face Americans since the rise of obesity and substance abuse.2
1. “Technological Singularity.” Wikipedia. June 20, 2019. Accessed November 18, 2018. https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_singularity.
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2. Rose, Marina. “The Science Of Human Connection And Wellness In A Digitally Connected World.” Medium, Thrive Global, 5 Oct. 2017, medium.com/thrive-global/the-science-of-human-connection-and-wellness-in-a-digitally-connected-world-611eb8c1b51c.
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3.0
SITE 2049
[What] The chosen site is KOMTAR, located in the heart of Georgetown city. Currently, it is a multipurpose complex. [Why] To be placed at KOMTAR, BAUHUB (2049) Penang Series, is to set as pioneer movement for all. This is because KOMTAR’s initial idea is to revitalize Penang. It is a landmark and represents the identity of Penang. [How] Site analysis is carried out to study the contextual issues (current and historical). Then, the future challenges that are brewing is being elaborated. The result is then summarized into the poster
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(see next page).
View inside a high-rise apartment at Geogetown city, Penang, Malaysia in 2049.
KOMTAR
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3.1 LOCATION
Key Plan, Location Plan & Site Plan 2019
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The site, namely KOMTAR, is a mixed-use development located at the Georgetown, city of Penang island. Georgetown city is Malaysia’s second largest city, with 708,127 inhabitants as of 2010. It is the capital of Penang state in Malaysia. The city core has been inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2008.
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Georgetown Fabric Historical Timeline - Morphology, 1792-2019
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Bird Eye View of Geogetown City, Penang, 2019
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Proposed Site
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Site Plan, 2019
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Open Carpark + Kimberley Hotel Georgetown +
KOMTAR Walk / Mall +
Le Dream Boutique Hotel +
Prangin Shopping Mall +
KOMTAR + M Summit 191 Executive Suites +
Prangin Shopping Mall + Hotel Jen +
The Wembley A St Giles Hotel + Cititel Express Penang +
First Avenue Shopping Mall +
Open Carpark +
Sia Boey Old Market & Canal +
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3.2 BACKGROUND Community Identity & Culture, 2019
This research focusses on the food hawking culture of Penang, Malaysia. It is one of those places, where the “informal economy” of street hawking has satiated people on the island for generations. Making up 12% of the economy today, street hawking of all items is a critical form of employment, and, when it comes to food hawking, a coveted one. Yet, as Penang’s streets lined with locally beloved vendors become increasingly attractive to tourists, the culinary knowledge and entrepreneurial spirit of aging vendors, quality and quantity of ingredients and the regulations and budgets of the municipality may collide. Penang’s world-famous hawker food began as “blue-collar” street food sold to immigrant port laborers over a century ago. Hawker food has since gained a following from curious tourists, but for locals, it remains cheap food concocted from fresh ingredients sourced from the nearest wet markets. Travelers from all over the world come to Penang for one primary reason– the food. Just this year, Lonely Planet had revealed Penang to be its number one culinary destination for 2014. CNN named George Town, the state capital, one of the top street food havens in the world.1 Meanwhile, Penangites are unabashedly proud of their hawker food, and are incredibly loyal and protective about their favorite hawkers and their recipes. This is because the foods are cooked fresh and recipes have been passed down from generation to generation. A great hawker has been consistently good and reasonably priced for a long time.
“Hawker Center”, https://edition.cnn.com/ travel/article/george-town-pen ang-greatest-street-food-city/index.html
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Cavin Teo. “Queue for Penang Road Famous Teochew Chendul.” Digital image. Entree Kibbles. August 13, 2016. http://cavinteo.blogspot.com/2016/08/penang-road-famous-te chew-chendul.html.
Hawker center is a great social leveler. It a place where people of different races, religions and cultures can mingle, and rich and poor equally queue up for their favorite dishes, said by Simon Tay, Former Chairman of the National Environment Agency, May 2007. It becomes “community dining rooms” and are important communal spaces where people gather, interact and forge community bonds. Hence, the key role that hawker centers is fostering community bonding and social interactions.2 Food hawking is an integral part of Penang’s identity. However, its food hawkers are an ageing population.3 Since 2014, the number of food hawkers in Penang has been on a gradually decline. (Figure 1)
Tr a d i t i o n a l l y hawker center represents as a social magnet for the localcommunity
Even though the declination, the issue has not been a prime item in both academic and public discourses. Also, part of the reason is the automated foodservice system in the industry. For example, growing number of food delivery system and automated food kiosk. The technology has ability to supplement or replace human labor with automated solutions is fast becoming a lifeline for many foodservice operators.4 Hence, the sustainability of Penang’s food hawking heritage is undoubtedly questionable for the following years. 1. Karla Cripps. “Penang: Asia’s Greatest Street Food City?” CNN. July 12, 2017. Accessed December 16, 2018. https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/george-town-penang-greatest-streetfood-city/index.html. 2. “News Releases.” National Environment Agency, 29 Dec. 2018, www.nea.gov.sg/media/news/news/index/reimagining-hawker-centres-greater-public-ownership-in-enhancing-hawker-centres-as-social-spaces. 3. Chong , Nicholas. “Making Food Hawking in Penang Sustainable.” Penang Institute, Penang Institute, 1 Feb. 2019, penanginstitute.org/publications/issues/making-food-hawking-in-penang-sustainable/. 4. Tanyeri, Dana. “The Future of Automation in Foodservice.” Home - Foodservice Equipment & Supplies. Accessed February 5, 2019. https://fesmag.com/features/foodservice-issues/15850-the-future-of-automation-in-foodservice.
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3.3 TRANSFORMATION
Site Context Background & Tranformation 2019-2049
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Site Plan, 2049
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Pedestrian bridge+
Monorail +
Sky bridge+
KOMTAR + Sky bridge+ Sky bridge+
Tram +
“Sponge” /Park +
Sky bridge+
LRT +
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KOMTAR Background & Tranformation Timeline, 1986-2049
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Community Identity & Culture, 2019 -2049
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3.4
SITE 2049 CONSIDERATIONS Zoning
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Government / Institution / Research
Residential / Hotel
Open
Office / Soho
Commercial
Herit
Accessibility / Environment
n Park
tage
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S.W.O.T Analysis
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Site Context 2049 Aerial View
Sky bridge+ KOMTAR +
Sky bridge+
Park+
LRT + 41
Monorail +
Pedestrian bridge +
Tram + 42
Zoom in- “Green”
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Zoom in- “Buildings”
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Zoom in- “Circulation”
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Zoom in- “Lifestyle”
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4.0
BAUHUB 2049 (PENANG SERIES)
[What] BAUHUB2049 (Penang Series) is an education hub for design community. It attaches onto KOMTAR, Georgetown city, Penang. [Why] It collaborates with the city to regenerate society. Through education, it is envisons to improves the social sustainability among the isolated digital group. [How] The hub revives and improves the traditional social spaces. It is an interactive open space for learning. To determine the space in the hub, programmatic bubble diagram is formed as shown in the next page. The activities happening in the hub is represented by the illustration. The performance is represented by the symbol on the top right of each activity.
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BAUHUB2049 (Penang Series) Bubble Diagram 52
Boundary
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To set this project as a pioneer movement, BAUHUB 2049 (Penang Series) will be located at KOMTAR, a mixed-use development and iconic landmark of Penang island. Specifially, I envision it will attach onto the KOMTAR facade where the food & beverage area and carpark are located. This is because, car park will become obsolete soon with the growing popularity of car sharing experience. Also, it serves as a facility to rejuvenate the site context.
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Classroom Tranformation Timeline Study
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BAUHUB 2049 (Penang Series) Users
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Proposed Program
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Conceptual Spatial Diagram
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4.1 DESIGN
Issues
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1. Traditionally, hawker center represents as a social magnet for the local community. It connects the citizens of different races through social eating.
4. The future- automated foodservice / the ability to supplement or replace human labor with automated solutions.
2. In 30 year, human will be isolated by technology. The digital society rather stay in the VR world online to escape the desolation of the real world.
5. On site, KOMTAR 2049, there is no social connector for all the users due to the booming of automated foodservice machine (Food Vending Machine Center). It is old and run-down.
3. Technology advancement will challenge the sustainability of public gathering space of the local community – hawker center. Soon, it disappears with time.
6. To tackle ‘loneliness’ in the micro and macro context, BAUHUB 2049 education group helps equip locals with the tools required to develop innovative solutions to bring back traditional food hawking culture.
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Strategy
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Car Park Food Vending Machine Center
Rejuvenation
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Modification
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Production
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Tram Stop
Boundary
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Clear Programmatic Identity
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Facilitated Connection
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Experiencing Circulation
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Morphology
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Carved Spaces
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Flash Flood Consideration
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Sun Shading
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Natural Ventilation
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Balconies As the New Social Connector
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Algae Facade Anticipation
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CLT Structural Attachment
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Form Generation
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Wassily Kandinsky — Circles in a Circle, 1923
c
Geometry Extraction
Floor Plan Translation Bound to Program & Performance
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Isometric Section
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Level 2
87
2 Plan
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Level 3
89
3 Plan
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Level 4
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4 Plan
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Level 5
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5 Plan
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Diagramma
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atic Section
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Front El
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levation
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Typology
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Materiality Section scale 1:20
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5.0
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Academy, Khan. “Year 2060: Education Predictions.” YouTube. December 27, 2011. Accessed December 2, 2018. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CiKrFcgVSIU&list=LLFZcKg2nsKl r1GSdyhdyzSA&index=24&t=814s. Billy Toh. “Malaysia in 2050: Old, Poor, Sick and without Children?” South China Morning Post. April 26, 2017. Accessed November 15, 2019. https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/southeast-asia/arti cle/2090798/malaysia-2050-old-poor-sick-and-without-children. Black Mirror (Nosedive). Directed by Joe Wright. Performed by Bryce Dallas ard. Netflix. October 21, 2016. Accessed October 21, 2016. https://www.netflix.com/de-en/title/70264888. Ciobanu, Radu, and Radu Ciobanu. “Being Connected While Becoming Disconnect ed – Digital Society – Medium.” Medium.com. May 06, 2017. Accessed January 20, 2019. https://medium.com/digital-society/the-theory-of-every thing-being-connected-1c6d20897595. Coget, Jeane Francois. The Internet, Social Networks and Loneliness. Seman sticscholar. Accessed January 15, 2019. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/bcd3/d7fff0203d3b4c193df48d 98d3a921b0c314.pdf. Grace Kim. “How Cohousing Can Make Us Happier (and Live Longer).” Speech, TED, December 12, 2019. Karla Cripps. “Penang: Asia’s Greatest Street Food City?” CNN. July 12, 2017. Accessed December 16, 2018. https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/george-town-penang-greatest- street-food-city/index.html. Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy at the National University of Singpore, Keeping Char Kway Teow Cheap—At What Price? National University of Singapore. 2015. Accessed January 15, 2019. https://lkyspp.nus.edu.sg/docs/default-source/case-studies/ hawker-centre-case-study.pdf?sfvrsn=2bc7960b_2 Natalie. AN ARCHITECTURE GUIDE to the UN 17 Sustainable Develop ment Goals. 1st ed. Copenhagen: KADK, 2018.National Environment Agency. “Announcements & Notices.” National Environment Agency. July 25, 2016. http://www.nea.gov.sg/public-health/hawker-centres/an nouncements-notices. Nicholas Chong. “Making Food Hawking in Penang Sustainable.” Digital image. Medium. February 1, 2019. Accessed February 13, 2019. https://penanginstitute.org/publications/issues/making-food-hawk ing-in-penang-sustainable/.
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