Aphrodite, Space Settlement Concept Research

Year 2020 has been unexpected for the whole planet Earth. All of us have experienced situations which have completely changed our perception on life and the way we view simple daily activities. Activities around robotics, science, space exploration and technology turned out to lend a hand to people in need of vital oxygen and health protection, while humanitarian subjects soothed people’s souls with songs, arts, and words of encouragement.

We are five classmates and best friends. Even though quarantine socially distanced us for a while, it brought us a diverse mixture of feelings, which we have never perceived before. While social distancing resulted in an enormous amount of sadness and melancholy, it helped us appreciate what we had previously taken for granted as well.

Although banned from travelling, we started our imaginary journey questioning, researching, and wondering who we are, where do we come from and where are we heading to. Online communication was our common friend as it brought us virtually together although physically apart.

Although best friends, we are very diverse in our passions and we have realized that there is a place in this Universe for life in every shape or form. We only have to look for it in order to sustain life on Earth.

As hospitals were running out of oxygen supplies, we decided to research how space technology can improve life on Earth by increasing the oxygen supply around our planet or providing suitable technology that could save lives in desperate need of oxygen.

We have witnessed together remotely, the first commercial mission launched by Space X and NASA from the USA to the International Space Station, the mission from Kazakhstan, the launch of Perseverance rover to explore Mars and watched SpaceX satellites that could be observed from our hometown in Bucharest. We also listened to the exciting space experiences narrated by the Canadian astronaut, Chris Hadfield.

As Stephen Hawkins said “I don’t think human race will survive next thousand years, unless we spread into space”, we dared to dream and imagine how a mini-Earth could be settled into space.

To begin with, we started out with a bit of history to understand previous space exploration and how technology development in relation to space exploration can improve life on Earth.

We analyzed our solar system’s planets and satellites and their advantages/disadvantages for supporting life in space. We researched how chemistry and minerals support life and what are the resources that planets should provide in order to support life. After deciding on a settlement in close proximity to Venus, we analyzed our location from a stability point of view - equilibrium and orbital, distance from shuttle to Earth/Sun, communication efficiency, radiation, space debris and costs.

Once we established the location, we identified the needs of our sustainable mini-Earth and designed the settlement in a fractal structure to be modular, scalable, extensible over several phases, stable and easy to assemble while in space. External and design structure were built out of eco-friendly materials.

We looked at what nature gave us on Earth so that we give back to space with renewable resources and design made in harmony with nature.

“Men Sana in corpore sano” is what keeps us physically fit on Earth. Due to lack of gravitation in space and its effects on human body, physical activity is an intensive activity mandatory to support life in space. We decided to accommodate sport activities on our settlement and discussed its effects on health.

What a human can be without a soul and its spirituality? Although astronauts that go in space nowadays have multiple skills and expertise, what happens beyond science when humans reach their limit of knowledge? How does the Universe challenge human journey? While humans might not have a response to all questions, there has always been a possibility to retreat in arts, music, meditation, or wisdom. Our settlement fosters human soul.

Although isolated during the pandemic quarantine, we mimicked how isolation affects life in space and understood astronauts’ psychological challenges. We would like to thank astronaut Chris Hadfield for sharing with the world his vast knowledge on science, and life experiences in space, our parents for their support during the lockdown and their words of encouragement, our teachers who shared their knowledge and passions, throughout our educational classes, Space Foundation and National Space Society (NSS) for sharing the multitude of resources and encouraging children around the world to think beyond limits, and not the least important, Google, for its search engine and facilitating access to a vast library of facts and figures.

“The earth is the cradle of humankind, but one cannot live in the cradle forever." -Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, 1895

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION FACTS AND HISTORY ON SPACE EXPLORATION HOW EXPLORING SPACE IMPROVES LIFE ON EARTH ANALYSIS OF PLANETS SCOPE OF OUR MISSION WHY VENUS

7 7 7 7 8 8

CHAPTER 2 LOCATION ANALYSIS ON VENUS ATMOSPHERE ANALYSIS OF LAGRANGE POINTS CONCLUSION OF LOCATION CHOICE

11 11 11 13

CHAPTER 3 SPACE SCIENCE ORBITAL MECHANICS WALTER HOHMANN AND ATMOSPHERIC DRAG NEWTON LAWS ARTIFICIAL GRAVITY RADIATION ENERGY CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN VENUSIAN ATMOSPHERE

15 15 15 16 18 19 20 21

CHAPTER 4 SETTLEMENT DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION NANO TO MACRO – FROM NATURE TO SPACE FROM PHI TO PENTAGON TO PLATONIC SOLIDS AND TO FRACTALS MAGIC OF PHI GOLDEN NUMBER FROM PENTAGON TO PLATONIC SOLIDS FROM PLATONIC SOLIDS TO FRACTALS ELEMENTS OF DESIGN: FROM 2D TO 3D AND FRACTALS APHRODITE SETTLEMENT STATION DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION EXTERIOR DESIGN INTERIOR DESIGN CAPACITY CALCULATION CONSTRUCTION MODEL CONSTRUCTION PHASES DIGITAL 3D MODEL

24 24 24 24 24 25 25 25 27 27 29 31 32 32 32 34

CHAPTER 5 RENEWABLE RESOURCES BIO-ARCHITECTURE FROM NATURE TO DESIGN CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS GREEN ALGAE

37 37 37 38 40

BIO-FUEL ECOLOGY HYDROPONIC FARMING WATER MANAGEMENT WASTE MANAGEMENT SOIL MANAGEMENT

40 42 42 42 44 45

CHAPTER 6 HABITAT AND URBANISM ECONOMY TRANSPORT POLITICAL SYSTEM MARKETING, ADVERTISEMENT & ENTREPRENEURSHIP INDUSTRY & TECHNOLOGY TECHNOLOGY ROBOTICS RESEARCH

47 47 48 49 50 55 57 60

CHAPTER 7 HEALTHY LIFE - NUTRITION, MEDICINE & PSYCHOLOGY NUTRITION BIO-FOOD FOOD FOR HEALTH AND NUTRITION COOKING SPORTAND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY MEDICINE PSYCHOLOGY

63 63 63 64 66 67 68 69

CHAPTER 8 SCIENCE OF “WELL-BEING” SPIRITUALITY AND SPACE ART AND SPACE ENTERTAINMENT AND SPACE PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES AND SPACE MUSIC AND SPACE CREATIVE WRITING

71 71 72 74 75 76 78

BIBLIOGRAPHY

79

APHRODITE TEAM

82

Chapter 1 Introduction Facts and history on space exploration Space wondering and exploration has been a people’s dream even from ancient times but only in the XXth century, with the help of technology, people were able to fly into space.

Space exploration is at the beginning of its times, just as Geographic discoveries from XV th and XVIth centuries started an important chapter in the history of our modern world. Just as of now we can, by plane, go around Earth in a day, something which was a fantasy for people living 5 centuries ago. Consequently, in 5 centuries from now, space exploration will probably be part of people’s normal lives.

How exploring space improves life on Earth In 2015, United Nations’ resolution was to setup sustainable goals for our planet, targeting year 2030. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) or Global Goals are a collection of 17 interlinked goals designed for a more sustainable life for all.

Technology built for space helps sustain Earth’s goals and although the mission is to settle in space, all the instruments researched and built for a successful mission will benefit Earth as well.

Just to name a few, as of now, satellite communication, satellite positioning, Earth Observation satellites and Microgravity research hit targets for the Sustainable goal #9, “Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure”.

Studying vegetation throughout the year can help take decisions such as sending food to aid organizations where harvest is severe. Moreover, the exercises and equipment used in space can be reused on Earth to improve health as most of the equipment was built for astronauts whose bones and muscles got pogressively weaker due to the lack of gravity in the first place. As their immune system and cardiovascular system changed, medical devices were built to support life.

“Clean water and sanitation” – Sustainable goal #6, is reached by using the inventions used in space to filter out wasted water.

Last but not least, Education is a very important goal for a sustainable planet Earth as exploring space is sustaining Earth.

Analysis of planets If our mission is to make possible living on another planet, we first need to attain access to resources essential for supporting life: water and atmosphere. While deciding in what direction we should go into our solar system, we needed to consider several aspects: distance from Earth, source of water, atmosphere, radioactivity, light and gravitation.

Essential elements in our atmosphere are Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Sulphur.

The existence of carbon is essential in order to form organic compounds such as protein, carbohydrates and fats as many complex molecules are needed so as to perform functions that sustain complex life. Furthermore, Carbon also bonds well with oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen.

The Nitrogen found in the atmosphere is also needed in order to make DNA and RNA, the carriers of the genetic code for life on Earth, which is transformed by bacteria into a form used by living cells.

Phosphorus is an essential component of cell membranes, the layer surrounding the inside of the cells that controls the movements of substances in and out.

Sulphur is part of most biochemical processes on Earth and most enzymes cannot function without it.

Venus is the second planet from the Sun, but it is the hottest of the solar system due to its atmosphere. It doesn’t have any moons unlike Mars, which has two moons. Moreover, Venus is almost the size of Earth (Venus’ diameter is 12,104km in diameter compared to 12, 756 km in diameter for Earth) and it is positioned 108 mil. Km away from the Sun. For a better understanding into the positioning of venus, we can take as an example our Earth which is 150 mil. Km away from the sun. Consequently, Venus is closer to Earth, in comparison to Mars, which is almost at a 228 mil. Km distance from the Sun.

Venus’ Period of rotation is 243 Earth days and its period of revolution is 225 Earth days, compared to Mars which has 24.6 Earth hours for its period of rotation and 687 Earth days for its period of revolution.

Venus’ atmosphere is made up almost completely of carbon dioxide, as well as small doses of nitrogen and clouds of sulfuric acid. Venus’ air is so dense that mass wise, its small traces of nitrogen are four times the amount found on Earth, although nitrogen makes up more than three-fourths of the terrestrial atmosphere. This composition causes a greenhouse effect that heats up the planet even hotter than the surface of Mercury, although Venus lies farther from the sun.

Chemical composition of Venus:  Carbon dioxide: 96 percent  Nitrogen: 3.5 percent  Carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, argon, and water vapor To summarize, Venus is the closest planet to Earth and it is almost the same size and almost same gravitation, 8.87 m/s 2.

However, due to its high temperatures and high pressure, life cannot be supported on its surface, but, fortunatelly, it is possible to support life in its clouds at above 50 km altitude.

Unlike Venus, Mars is a candidate for habitat on its surface as it has ice caps, which are source of water.

Out of 171 known Moons in our solar system, the largest moon is Jupiter’s moon, Ganyede. Ganyede, Europa, and Callisto have icy crafts that cover icy oceans so these destinations are also explored for life.

Scope of our mission The scope of our mission is to colonize space by creating a settlement that will mimic the life on Earth.

The challenge is to launch spacecrafts from Earth with minimum weight so as to ensure successful a take off from Earth’s orbit and be able to build, in space, a self-managed community by using the least amount of resources possible and use local resources to generate water and oxygen.

Our settlement and the spaceships that carry out materials have to protect humans, plants and animals from high radiation and use artificial gravity in the creation of rotation, the inertial force that mimics the effects of gravitational force.

Reusable energy and waste management are also part of the plan, and with Sun’s proximity we will generate energy with solar panels and nuclear reactions, as well as Acoustic and Kinetic energy coming from music and dance.

Once we identify a stable location in space and are able to defy the planet’s gravitational force , we can start building our settlement in several phases to ensure modularity and scalability. Our settlement will respond to people needs: life, primary needs, safety, spiritual, psychological needs, as well as love and affection, esteem and self-actualization by feeding creativity, research and wonder.

Why VENUS There are 5 letters in V-E-N-U-S and we are 5 girls and as “Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus”, as John Gray believes, it looks like we are good candidates for Venus, aren’t we?

Number 5 is the number of Pentagon, the geometric shape that is built from PHI, known to be the basis of the Golden number that defines the golden proportion. The golden proportion is the symbol of perfection in arts and beauty,as well as the basis of balance and stability in fractals or planet distances.

Besides fiction and symbolism, we have chosen VENUS for the potential it has for experiments as our Earth, which is unfortunately degrading due to global warming, is expected to look like Venus in the next thousands years. In addition, Venus is currently an excellent place on which we could conduct research in relation to what we can do to preserve life on Earth.

Our settlement’s name is APHRODITE, which in ancient times was the Greek goddess of love and beauty. Venus is the only planet to be named after a female god, the goddess that symbolizes beauty and love, because it was the brightest planet known to ancient astronomers, also known as the evening star.

Venus has been considered Earth’ sister, due to its proximity to Earth and almost same size. It has been believed, since ancient times, that there is life on it. Little did they know about the harsh hot environment discovered in the late 1960’s that discouraged its exploration. However, as of September 2020, phosphide was noticed via telescope, which is a sign of life. It might not be the life we have imagined or the one we have on Earth, but it is our duty to face our fears and explore the beauty of Venus from another perspective.

Even though the possibility of living life on Venus’ surface is not taken into account at this moment, despite a very similar gravity to Earth, there is an area at 50 km altitude in Venus’ atmosphere that might support life in space.

Venus is an easier and less costly colonization target than Mars as it is the closest planet to Earth. Therefore, the round trip can be 30 to 50% shorter than the round trip to Mars. Less trips mean less weightlessness and radiation, less fuel and lower costs, less food and water to carry. Moreover, our ship will not need to carry an extra capsule for landing and for take off from Venus, as we were supposed to need for the Moon or Mars.

Venus’s advantages as a planet for colonization:  It is closer to the Sun which means 4 times more solar power than you could get on Mars  Thick atmosphere, which means better protection from space radiation and meteorites and more of an issue Carbon Dioxide( can extract Oxygen)  The Gravity – Venus has 0.9 Earth g’s (prolonged exposure to reduced gravity is detrimental to humans’ health – in Earth orbit astronauts lose bone mass at about 10 times the rate of someone with a dense osteoporosis- and the gravity on Venus does not pose a threat)  At roughly one atmosphere of pressure, a habitat in the atmosphere will not require a high-strength pressure vessel.  The thick atmosphere provides about one kilogram per square centimeter of mass shielding from galactic cosmic radiation and from solar particle event radiation, eliminating a key difficulty in many other proposed space settlement location  Since breathable air is a lifting gas, the entire lifting of an aerostat can be breathable gas, allowing the full volume of the aerostat to be habitable volume and this represents an enormous amount of lifting power. A one-kilometer diameter spherical shape will lift the mass of two skyscraper buildings. Therefore, if the settlement is the size of a modest city, the amount of mass which can be lifted will be large enough. The result would be an environment as spacious as a small-size city.

Chapter 2 Location Analysis on Venus atmosphere Venus is the planet of choice for our colony. But where exactly on Venus? Is it on the ground? Is it in the atmosphere? No Moons around Venus, so Moon is out of question.

The problem with temperature on Venus is that there is so much CO2 that the greenhouse effect makes the surface so hot it is inhabitable( over 450 degrees Celsius) The problem with the barometric pressure on the surface(over 90 Earth atmospheres – landing on the Venusian surface would have the same impact on the human body as diving 1 km underwater-). Most probes of NASA and the Soviets imploded in mid-air. This means the surface is out of question.

At least for this century.

However, 50km(30 miles) above the Venusian surface:  The temperature is of 70 degrees Celsius( 158 degrees Fahrenheit) and the pressure is approximately 1 Earth atmosphere, which is probably the closest environment to be found in comparison to the one found on Earth  NASA’s system analysis and concept director has unveiled the conceptual blueprint for the scheme they call the High Altitude Venus Operational Concept(HAVOC)  Venus is considered to be used as practice for colonies elsewhere  It has lately been announced that traces of a rare molecule known as phosphine have been found in the atmosphere of Venus, a hellish and heavily acidic environment.

Placing our colony at 50 km above ground gives fast access to Venus resources, gets advantages of gravity closer to gravity on Earth, and floating in the air like a balloon saves on resources.

Analysis of Lagrange points There are places in the Universe where the forces of gravity balance out. They are named L-points –after French mathematician Joseph-Louis Lagrange who discovered them in 1772.

When considering the gravitational interaction between 2 massive objects like Earth and Sun, or Earth and Moon or Sun and Venus, their gravitational forces balance out perfectly in 5 places. In these L-points we can place a low-mass satellite or a spaceship or colony and maintain its position using zero energy.

Lagrange points L1 = between the 2 massive objects and is balanced between the gravitational pull of two objects.

As example, A satellite can be positioned above the surface of the Moon, Earth’s gravity is pulling it towards it, but the Moon’s gravity is counteracting keeping the satellite in balance, therefore no need for energy usage on the satellite. There are infinite L1 points in the Universe and one relative to each system: Earth-Moon, Sun-Earth, Sun-Venus, Sun-Jupiter, Jupiter- one Moon L2 = located on the same line as the Mass but not between them. L2 is stable due to orbital trajectories. Location is best for keeping telescopes to monitor the Universe.

L3 = located on the opposite side of the system. The forces of gravity between the 2 masses maintain the same orbital velocity. Objects in L3 will remain hidden by the Sun L4, L5 points are located ahead and behind the lower mass object in orbit. They form an equilateral triangle with the 2 masses First 3 Lagrange points are gravitationally unstable and objects placed in these points will lose stability in time.

L4 and L5 are the stable locations where many asteroids are static orbiting the planets without being attracted by orbital forces of the planets.

Space settlements are most stable in L4 and L5 Lagrange points, without using energy.

However, International Space Center ISS, first space settlement to orbit the Earth starting 2000, was not located in any of Lagrange points, but in Low Earth Orbit at 340 km altitude. Reason was to act fast into getting access to Earth’s resources but being placed so low above Earth atmosphere, requires energy to maintain its speed around orbit.

ISS is a pioneer in space colonization but our settlement near Venus will support a habitat in the future when advances in technology will enable faster access to nearby planets, Venus and Earth.

Venus exploration from Lagrange point orbits

Spacecrafts were launched to Venus starting 1960 with Venera aircraft sent by Russia, followed by NASA, Pioneer in 1970.

European Union launched “Venus Express” in 2005, while Japan launched Akatsuki in 2010.

Most of the spacecraft launched to Venus so far were high polar elliptical orbits with a period of revolution of one day.

Unlike the orbits of the functioning of previous missions, the location of two vehicles in orbits in the vicinity of the collinear points of Lagrange, L1 and L2, will allow continuous monitoring of Venus from the illuminated and unlit sides.

Exploration of Venus by devices in the orbits of the Lagrange points can be used for the following purposes:  day and night cloud monitoring, research the effects of solar radiation;  study of the structure of the ionosphere using a radio signal with apparatus in orbit around the planet;  study of the solar wind and its interaction with the atmosphere of the planet.

As L1, L2 and L3 are unstable locations, these locations can be used by our settlement transportation fleet to follow Venus’ trajectory.

As L4 or L5 are stable, we may colonize our settlement in one of these points while transportation fleet can dock into our settlement after finalizing cargo and industry missions. But we still analyze before taking a decision.

The orbits of the Lagrange points of the Sun-Venus system

The collinear points of Lagrange remain unchanged relative to two attracting bodies: the Sun and Venus.

Credit: Institute of Astronomy; Russian academy of sciences; INASAN Science Report 2019

Credit: https://bit.ly/3jLOh6P

Our vehicles will follow Venus from orbits in the vicinity of collinear points L1 and L2. Our settlement placed in stable L4 or L5 can have two spacecraft for continuous monitoring of the planet from the illuminated and unlit sides in order to study the processes in the atmosphere and its interaction with the solar wind.

Calculating Lagrange distances While all planets follow an elliptical orbit, Venus’s orbit is the closest to being circular of any of the planets. It’s average distance from the Sun is 108,208,000 km while Earth orbits the Sun at an average distance of 149,598,023 km.

According to Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation, any particle of matter in the universe attracts any other with a force varying directly as the product of the masses and inversely as the square of the distance between them.

F = gravitational force between two objects m1 and m2 = masses of the objects r = distance between the centers G = Newton’s constant of gravitation = 6,67 . 10-11

⋅

Given r, distance between Sun and Venus = 108208000 km; M = mass of the VSS’ vehicle The distance between Sun and a spacecraft situated in Lagrange L1 point is d1

d1 =

.

The L4 and L5 are the most stable of the five Lagrangian points due to Corriolis force. Even if perturbations can interfere with the body placed in one such point, it will drift back toward its initial position.

Aphrodite’s Venus Settlement Station, can be placed in L4 in Phase 1, L5 in Phase 2, while settlement’s vehicles can orbit in L1, L2 Lagrange points and dock into VSS. One turn around L1 and L2 takes approximately 112.5 days, which corresponds to half the period of revolution of Venus around the Sun (243 days) For the Sun-Venus system, such a low-cost flight between the L1 and L2 orbits will take about one month.

Conclusion of location choice As ISS (International Space Station) is located at 340 km above Earth into atmosphere and not Lagrange Points, as LP are too far away for regular trips, we will place our settlement into Venus atmosphere as well, keeping L4 and L5 Lagrange points as backup plans for moving to a stable environment, in case unexpected phenomenon might occur. L1 and L2 will be the trajectory of Aphrodite’s Venus Settlement Station’ s vehicles for observation, research and resources, as except for settlement itself, which will be located into Venus clouds, our habitat will also have vehicles for transportation that will dock into Aphrodite. Lagrange Points will serve as stable points for satellites and backup plan, closer to Venus, than Earth.

Chapter 3 Space Science Orbital mechanics Walter Hohmann and atmospheric drag Before getting to even build our settlement near Venus, we must leave Earth on a spaceship and distances in space between planets are variable due to planet’s rotation and vehicle acceleration as it works differently in zero gravity than on Earth.

Atmospheric drag

In order for the spaceship to take off and get into orbit/change the orbit, we have to take into consideration atmospheric drag. The equation of the drag is defined by : The equation of the drag is defined by :

VARIABLE

IDENTITY

METRIC UNITS

D Cd ρ V A

Drag Drag Coefficient Density of air Velocity Reference Area

Newtons No units kg/m ³ m/s m²

Why should spaceships take off from a place as close as possible to the Equator?

The length around Equator is about 25.000 miles. When a person is sitting on Equator, they speed around the orbit with 2500 miles per hour, while a person sitting on the North pole has 0 speed. Therefore, in order to get a better launch into orbit, every boost of given speed should be taken advantage of. After take-off, orbiting from North to South around the world gets more rotations.

Once the spaceship goes into orbit, with a speed of 8km/s, 25 times the speed of sound, the density is 0, therefore there is no drag.

A good example for the theory that the closer you are to the center of gravity, the faster you move is the comparison between the earth orbiting the sun (365 days and a distance of 93 million miles) and the moon orbiting the earth (28 days and 250 thousand miles). Therefore, to go around the world more quickly and change the speed between orbits, you have to decelerate to go on a lower orbit.

Atomic oxygen slows down the spaceship. That force drags the ship down and the orbit slowly decays. If the astronauts wouldn’t do anything about it, the space station would spiral in until it gets steeper and steeper and it would eventually plummet to earth. The solution to this problem is that once in a while, the astronauts have to fire the engine to raise the space station on a higher orbit.

Changing Orbits

German mathematician, Walter Hohmann figured out in 1925 what is the most efficient way to go from a low orbit to a slightly higher one. He explained the theory in a science fiction book and used later in changing orbits. It was later called a Hohmann transfer. The theory is based on the fact that the space ship needs to tangentially accelerate which transforms the circular orbit into an ellipse. Afterwards, it needs to accelerate every half of the ellipse around the earth. Same applies to changing orbits while going to Venus, having Sun as the centre.

Newton Laws In order to get to Venus and to ascertain how much fuel will be needed and what type of rocket engine fuel, we have to start first and foremost with Newton’s Laws of motion.

There are three types of fuel for rocket launching.

Solid fuel burns like an explosive and you cannot control acceleration/deceleration. It is the heaviest as it occupies 93% of the rocket and it is mainly used for launching spaceship to space.

Liquid fuel helps controlling the acceleration, stop, start or speed and helps control velocity once the rocket is launched into space. It occupies 77% of the rocket.

Ion fuel is still under research but if used, will save a lot of weight while launching from Earth. The goal is to have a smaller mass of gas that pushes at same speed of thrust so that rocket is lighter and gets same speed as using solid fuel. Mass of “ion gas” can push thrust through a magnetic acceleration process and can replace chemical gas. If used, 20% of the rocket would be occupied by this type of fuel, reaching a speed of 30 km/s In determining acceleration, we use Newton laws.

Newton’s First Law Newton’s First Law simply explains that an object will remain inactive or in uniform movement unless an external force affects its state and changes the motion, also including the phenomenon of acceleration. An external force comes from outside an object rather than a force internal to an object, because an internal force within an object can’t modify the object’s movement.

This law is usually named the law of inertia. Inertia represents the property of a body to stay at rest or in motion with constant velocity –a vector that indicates both speed and the direction of the motion. By measuring mass of an object we determine the inertia. The bigger the mass, the harder is it to set it in motion. Therefore, it is easy for us to understand that some objects have more inertia than others (for example, it is definitely tougher to change the motion of a desk than that of a notebook).

In order to have a better insight into this law, here is an example: Assuming that the spacecraft is in deep space and not surrounded by any planets, once it has fired its engines for a period of time, the ship accelerates and reaches a level of speed. After the engines are stopped, there is no force acting on the spacecraft. So, what happens to the spacecraft? As a consequence of Newton’s First Law, the craft will keep coasting at the same speed and in the same direction, until an external action will modify its state.

We understand that coasting has an important role when it comes to space travel. The astronauts only need to fire their engines to then coast the rest of their way to a planet. When the spacecraft reaches the proximity of that planet, they must use fuel to slow down, also using Newton’s Laws to create an opposing force in order to land safely.

Newton’s Second Law

Newton’s Second Law of motion is applicable only if the force is an external one. Therefore, this law focuses on how much an object will accelerate when forces act upon it. We observe that the acceleration is proportional to the net force and is inversely proportional to the mass. Using the same amount of force on a small object – a fruit – will produce a bigger acceleration than a heavier object – a chair – which will accelerate slower.

Putting this law in practice means that the astronauts have to learn how to push themselves through their spacecraft and when to stop so as to prevent floating around helplessly and also hitting something or someone. Now when you think about this process, it seems like a piece of cake, when in reality, the unexperienced astronauts always collect many bruises from simply moving. In an animal’s case, this situation gets worse as it can’t adapt to the microgravity environment and for some of them, it ends tragically (an example is a set of new-born quails who couldn’t adapt to life aboard the space station and died after a few days).

Newton’s Third Law

Newton’s Third Law states that if a body exerts a force on another body then that other body is going to exert an equal force on the first one. This law is the key to rocket propulsion for space travel. Rockets move forward by expelling fuel backward at high velocity. So, when the rocket exerts a backward force on the gas, the gas reacts with the same force but in the opposite direction.

As an application of Newton’s Third Law, even the simple action of typing at a computer in a spacecraft will send an astronaut floating away. This is a reason why many space stations are provided with restraining loops where the astronauts can fix their feet.

ACTION – REACTION: Equal in magnitude - Opposite in their directions

The laws of motion don’t behave differently in space than they do on Earth. The difference is that the Earth’s gravitational field changes their precise effects. A crew travelling in space has to put up with every tiny detail and action that we would normally consider absurd, but that makes their entire experience much more exciting. We never understand the power of gravity and we take it for granted. For example, on Earth, because of gravity, the air in our houses circulates in a normal way: hot air rises because it is lighter than cool air. In space, nothing is lighter than anything else, so this process doesn’t work. Therefore, with no ventilation fan, an astronaut could suffocate while sleeping due to the carbon dioxide that accumulates around his face.

Artificial gravity Part 1 We can't envision how living would be without gravity since the absence of it would significantly change the manner in which we see life. As an outcome, we can't grasp on the idea of a planet without gravity.

A micro-g environment has proven to be detrimental to astronauts’ overall health. One of the most damaging factors is associated with weightlessness which in the long term takes a huge toll on the musculoskeletal system. Thus, the vast majority of space explorers have experienced bone decalcification, at a rate of 1-2% per month in order to correct the electrolyte balance, resulting in bone mass to diminish, making them vulnerable to impacts. Additionally, loss of muscle tone represents an unfortunate effect of the lack of gravity.

Contrary to expectations, the 120-130 day long journey from Earth to Venus, short and even harmless in appearance , still impacts the astronauts’ lives, from a physical and psychological perspective , as the human body our isn’t wired in such way to bear micro-g conditions.

Therefore, we took into account two possible solutions in order to make artificial gravity.

A first possibility to solve the issue would be to use gigantic spinning disks to create artificial gravity through centrifugal forces. Also, spaceships ought to be of a circular shape and to continuously spin.

The centrifugal approach was supported by the understanding that if you spin an object quick enough, it will equal the gravitational acceleration of about 9.81 m/s2 at sea level, thanks to the centrifugal forces acting upon it . However, the larger drawback is that once you produce artificial gravity this way, the people on board will get sick.

What happens is that, when a ring is spinning, an astronaut placed in it, will be shoved. Basically, it will result in their feet going at a speed higher than their head’s. This phenomenon is called the Coriolis Effect .We can take the case of a seated astronaut who suddenly stands up; his head is supposed to move vertically, however as the upper part of the body has a linear velocity and is being stirred to a location where it requires a lower linear velocity, the astronaut will find himself falling forward as his head attempted to move quicker than it should have, so as to keep the angular velocity constant.

Additionally, the angular velocity should be limited to around 2rpm (0.209 rad/s) in order to keep the gradient between feet and head to a minimum. Therefore, since we will require a larger amount of artificial gravity, we will also need a bigger radius.

To simulate Earth’s gravitational acceleration, we will need the angular velocity formula to determinate de minimum radius.

This means the diameter of the disk should be of about 450m, which would be very costly. By comparison, the first settlement in space, ISS, has 5m in diameter.

But ISS doesn’t have artificial gravity as its scope is to house experiments concerning micro-gravity; therefore there is no need to create artificial gravity on ISS. However, On Aphrodite, we need to create artificial gravity in order to maintain human life.

Designing a centrifugal spin around the axis of the settlement would have its limitations, as we need to make sure that artificial gravity must be present everywhere except at the spin axis. This makes expansion of the settlement over time difficult to perform.

For a comfortable journey, with no damaging effects in the long run, we need to find a way to get used to the lack of gravity, a little trick , thus one of the most practical and facile method of obtaining it while transiting is through installing “gravitational rooms” on the ships. Basically, the inhabitants will spend a couple of hours daily in them, in order to combat the bad effects of the lack of gravity in the span of the 120 days, from Earth to Venus. The prototype of the artificial gravity machine made consists of a metal platform, like a hospital bed, installed in a centrifugal machine with a variable rotational speed.

The resemblance of this machine to a vortex or Montagne Rousse from an amusement park is rather obvious, but unlike those that make people feel dizzy and disoriented, this prototype has the opposite effect, helping the human body to adapt to the effects of micro-gravity.

Part 2 One the many benefits of the location of our choice would be the lack of artificial gravity our new lifestyle would require. Even though planet Venus doesn’t present the best living conditions (acidic rain, toxic air) in order to sustain a complex ecosystem, but to our delight, above the cauldron of carbon dioxide, at around 50 km, studies have established that it would be the second best place to live after planet Earth.

The gravity at this altitude is almost 91 % of Earth’s; therefore the differences are almost unnoticeable and are subject to disappear alongside evolution. Additionally, its atmospheric pressure is rather similar to the one on Earth and the aerospace provides enough protection from the radiations emitted by the sun.

Nonetheless, the fact that we would not need to create a settlement that needs to constantly generate artificial gravity through the consequence of the inertial force, which is centrifugal force, not only will diminish the costs greatly, but also make easier the transition to a new era.

Credit: https://bit.ly/3tZuiWY

Credit: https://bit.ly/37e1PCQ

Radiation Earth is protected from radiation (electrically charged particles) coming from the Sun and interstellar space due to its magnetic field that pushes the particles away. If we were to define it, radiation is a type of energy emitted in different forms. In space, it can be seen with human eye, those flashes of light affecting the optical nerve. Moreover, after several studies, scientists reached the conclusion that astronauts are at significant risk because of radiation, having many more chances at being diagnosed with cancer, nervous system effects and degenerative diseases. The amount of radiation an astronaut is exposed to can be compared to a number of 150 to 6000 chest x-rays.

Our purpose is to ensure our astronauts’ safety, by finding ways to increase their tolerance to radiation, pressure and temperature variation.

When talking about Venus, radiation plays a presiding role in a variety of processes that define the climate of Venus, one of the most distinctive planets in the solar System. Its thick cloud layer, which covers the planet entirely, reflects more than 75% of the incoming solar power back to space, so that the level of energy that Venus absorbs significantly decreases.

In 1984, Allen and Crawford came to the conclusion that radiation from the lower atmosphere leaks to space through almost transparent “windows” - spaces between CO2 and H2O absorption bands. Compared to Mars, where its atmosphere can’t filter sun’s rays, a travel to Venus is a bit safer, but it also requires some protective measures against radiation. Earth has as protection a magnetic field, but not Venus. Therefore, when designing our settlement, we have to take into consideration efficient solutions against it.

In order to completely understand what are we facing with, we have to determine the level of radiation coming from space and what can we do about it. To detect it, we have to take a test-tube of gel and to compress it so that it is tightly closed and when a radiation flash crosses it, will leave a trace behind, similar to a bubble. Finally, in a week’s time we can figure out the direction it comes from.

Throughout the years, there were more solutions proposed.

One is to surround the spaceship with magnetic shield. The idea was inspired by the protective layer – the atmosphere - Earth has against radiations. We think we can put together a magnetic field by using an electromagnet. It would create electric current through a wire, which will enter the walls of the settlement leading to a magnetic shield that doesn’t hurt the astronauts.

Another solution proposed is also to surround the spaceship, but this time with tanks of water, close to 3 metres thickness, in order to absorb the particles. This idea isn’t the most efficient, because the ship should not carry heavy and it is also quite expensive.

Last but not least, our astronauts could wear lead vests, similar to those patients wear when having an x-ray.

The problem is that the level of radiation to which we expose ourselves when having an x-ray can’t even remotely approach the level of radiation astronauts need to face in a trip. Therefore, the lead vests need to be thicker than the one used in a medical context, because those aren’t enough.

Having more than one economical and efficient solution to protect our astronauts from radiation encourages us to believe that we can assure them that this issue is taken care of and they will have a safe travel to Venus.

Energy The atmosphere of Venus can be located even above 80km altitude compared to Earth having atmosphere at 10km high, while on Venus, at 50km pressure becomes the same as Earth at sea level.

The large amount of CO2 in Venus atmosphere together with water vapor and sulfur dioxide create a strong greenhouse effect, trapping solar energy and raising the surface temperature to around 467 °C, hotter than any other planet in the Solar System, despite being second planet from the Sun, after Mercury.

Sun is made from hydrogen gas, the lightest element in the universe. Through fusion process, 4 hydrogen atoms produce one atom of helium. Fusion releases energy that cause Sun to be hot and bright. As hydrogen form helium, supply of hydrogen decreases and over time, in 5 billion years, Sun will run out of hydrogen and start to cool down.

Energy coming from the Sun is energy produced through nuclear fusion. Plants uses photosynthesis to harvest energy from the sun and by using solar cells we can harvest energy from the Sun as well just as plants do. Even on Earth, we try to convert from fossil fuels to more sustainable energy, like solar energy.

Solar energy is an accessible source of energy in space and settlement system can be powered through solar panels as on our planet half of the day would be dark, while space has continuous solar illumination.

Therefore, there are several sources of energy in space that can be converted into electricity to sustain the settlement:  solar energy  nuclear energy  alternative energy - acoustic and kinetic

Solar energy We obtain solar energy by placing solar panels as we cover the settlements with small modular solar cells on the exterior. Energy gathered from the solar arrays will be converted to electrical energy and stored into nanocapacitors devices.

Apart from solar panels installed on the settlement exterior and nuclear energy generated on the settlement, we can also use solar satellites in the orbit equipped with solar panels which will constantly gather sun light and transform it into electrical energy and energy will be transferred to settlement by power beaming.

Nuclear energy

Regarding nuclear energy, we can use it by building a nuclear fusion reactor. As Venus is in proximity of the Sun, we can use solar flares for generating nuclear energy, which are a sudden increase in the Sun's brightness. The massive amount energy released in a solar flare originally comes from nuclear fusion in the Sun's core and emanate from Sun’s spots, every 11 years during solar cycle. The flare ejects ions, electrons, and atoms into space which cause auroras around Earth’s magnetic poles and sometimes affect communication.

Inside a fusion nuclear reactor the atoms reach high speed until they collide. One example is the Sun itself, where the temperatures reach 15,000,000 degrees Celsius. There, hydrogen atoms collide, despite their electrostatic repulsion and from two light hydrogen atoms ( H-H) a new heavier element, Helium, results. The advantage of fusion reactors over fission is that the reactive waste amounts is hundreds of times less.

Energy measurements We will use Einstein’s formula E = mc2 to measure energy in Joules, also known as watt-second unit of measurement and calculate capacity needed to power the settlement, which shows that mass is converted into energy and vice versa, as c is constant, the speed of light.

Where, E = energy; m = mass; c = speed light = 3 x 108 m/s E = mc2

Chemical reactions in Venusian atmosphere In order to support life on the settlement, we need to generate oxygen.

How is the harsh Venusian environment going to provide a continuous source of oxygen, considering Venus’ abundance in sulfuric acid rains?

Oxygen can be obtained through multiple processes.

The most basic process that comes from nature and supports life on planet Earth is the process of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is the process by which plants and some bacteria use energy from sunlight to produce sugar, which is converted into ATP, and feeds all living things.

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light —> C6H12O6 + 6 O2 The source of generation of the oxygen on Aphrodite settlement through photosynthesis will be Aquaculture farm and green plants sera. In regard to photosynthesis, it allows plants, bacteria, and algae to take carbon dioxide and, with the help of the sunlight, turn it into the oxygen we all breathe. Aloe vera is known to remove benzene and formaldehyde.

Dissimilar to most plants, it absorbs carbon dioxide and discharges oxygen during the night making it the most oxygen giving plant at night.

Obtaining oxygen out of carbon dioxide by high energy vacuum ultraviolet laser Nowadays, photosynthesis can be bypassed and oxygen (O2) can also be made by zapping carbon dioxide (CO2) with a laser.

High-energy ultraviolet light can split carbon dioxide into CO and O segments.

O=C=O Carbon is double bonded to the oxygen atoms, and it's way easier, chemically speaking, to simply cut away one of those bonds and create a CO molecule and an oxygen atom.

Another source for generating oxygen on Aphrodite will be through the process of electrolysis which is a process that can split water into hydrogen and oxygen molecules by use of an electrical current through a quantity of water, after obtaining H2O from Venusian clouds’ complex processes.

2H2O(l) = 2H2(g) + O2(g)

There are two electrodes: the anode (+) where the oxidation reaction occurs, and the cathode (-), where the reduction reaction occurs.

The selection of electrodes and voltages and even additives are vital in order to get the wanted result.

The ore is melted- The electrodes are put in -The metals go to the negative electrode (cathode) and oxygen to the anode (+).

However, in order to obtain oxygen through electrolysis process, we need water and we cannot leave Earth with large amounts of water due to its heavy weight. Therefore, we need to extract or generate water in space.

Venus atmosphere is abundant in sulfuric acidic rains. But sulfuric acid cannot be transformed into water. There is a way to get water is we react sulfuric acid with a strong base, like sodium hydroxide, but part of water comes from the base.

H 2SO4+2NaOH−>H2O+Na2SO4, where NaOH is obtained from 4*( 2NaCl + 2H2O => H2 + Cl2 + 2NaOH ) Venus is known as the “greenhouse” planet and at cloud-top level, and it has the most similar conditions to Earth.

Atmosphere contains the primary elements required for life: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and Sulphur.

Water can also be produced in Venus atmosphere by using Sebatier process, which allows reaction of dioxide and hydrogen at elevated temperatures and pressures.

CO2+ 4H2—>CH4 + 2H2O Methane is a useful substance as it can be a good source of fuel for the space transporters and shuttles while 0.2 kilograms of hydrogen and 1.2 kilograms of carbon dioxide product about 1 kilogram of H2O. Water with different levels of purity can be utilized in different ways.

There are 3 main categories: Ultrapure water, which is used in pharmaceutical industry, Drinking water, Water with a small amount of impurities, which is used for day to day activities, other than drinking, like animals, washing the dishes, showering.

In regard to disinfection there are options such as: Ozone disinfection, Ultra-violet (UV) disinfection (Solar water disinfection), Chlorine dioxide disinfection

Chapter 4 Settlement design and construction Nano to Macro – From nature to space From PHI to Pentagon to Platonic Solids and to Fractals Magic of PHI The world we live in is passionate about numbers but there is one among these who are worthy of attention. It √

is the irrational number 1,618033988749895 = For centuries this number has been called by seductive names as golden number, transcendental proportion, divine number, divine proportion. The golden number, which is represented with the Greek letter ф (phi), belongs to a region made up of connections and unbelievable and unexpected numerical properties.

The divine number is mysteriously linked to concepts of beauty and perfection, and for some unknown reasons, all the geometrical figures, like right-angled polygons or the regular polygons or the spiral that respect this proportion are particularly pleasing to the eye.

Apart from balanced proportions that define beauty and perspective, there is a broad applicability of ф, starting from nature - nano-biology to macro-space. Leonardo da Vinci used this number to draw perfect proportions in the human proportion in “The Vitruvian Man” while Piero della Francesca used it to define perspective. Golden ratio is also used in music and in space

THE VESUVIAN MAN BY LEONARDO DA VINCI

THE FLAGELLATION OF CHRIST BY PIERO DELLA FRANCESCA

Golden Number

If we join all 5 points of a pentagon in a different way, we get 5 pointed star, called a pentagram. A pentagram can be found in many symbols and all its magic comes from number ф. If pentagon sides measure 1, then the star sides measure ф, while the side of the interior pentagon is Pentagon and star shapes can be found in nature and universe and they can be extended indefinitely.

According to Mesopotamian tablets, number five was the number of the harmony in health and in beauty as it presumed a balanced combination between the two, the first even number and the third, the first complete odd number.

Phi, golden proportion and Universe

From Pentagon to Platonic Solids

Named after Platon, there are 5 Polyhedron constructed from regular polygons: tetrahedron, hexahedron, octahedron, dodecahedron and icosahedron. All faces of a platonic solids are congruent, and all sizes have equal length, with congruent angles.

A dodecahedron has 12 faces that are pentagons. A dodecahedron is dual to icosahedron, having sides in the golden ratio of ф.

Icosahedron has 20 faces equilateral triangles. Dodecahedron and icosahedron are dual to each other

From Platonic Solids to Fractals

Fractal is a geometrical shape that while looking at the smaller parts they reproduce the entire figure. Shape is created starting from an element and growths, making similar but smaller copies of the original element.

Phi ф is also important in fractals and this concept was presented by French mathematician Benoit Mandelbrot in 1982 in his book “The Fractal Geometry of Nature”.

Fractals are found in nature, while looking at trees towards their leaves, geographic landforms or in blood vessels in human body, until we expand towards the Universe looking around solar systems and galaxies. Using fractal geometry and mathematical formulas we can represent elements in nature.

When a fractal grows, we use a proportion smaller than 1 and if we use proportion of , then elements fit perfectly to create a stable structure. In a tree, if segment was lower than ф, then branches would be too far apart, while if proportion greater than ф, branches will overlap.

Elements of design: from 2D to 3D and Fractals

A Pentagon structure will allow us to create modular, extendable installation for our Aphrodite settlement in space.

One of the building blocks in creating the settlement structure will start from a pentagon, towards pentagrams in 2D plan and Dodecahedron in 3D, extending over time the settlement in a fractal structure. The magic of ф will help us create endless possibilities for adapting our settlement to new requirements and changes.

Together with the “beautiful” pentagon, another shape that draws attention is hexagon, the most economical and strongest shape that uses the least amount of material to build a solid structure. Cylinders are most economical if placed alone but placed together they leave large gaps in between, as walls cannot be shared. This is the reason bees chose the hexagon for their honeycomb and not circles.

Out of a hexagon, we build other 3D Platonic solids, like Tetrahedron, Octahedron and Icosahedron.

Having platonic solids, who are dual to each other, we can embed shape within shape in endless possibilities, as well as we can build solid structures, economical using least amount of materials and able to spin to create extra artificial gravity.

As combinations and permutations of elements are infinite, we use our creativity to shape the settlement structure out of Platonic solids in a fractal composition, making it modular and extensible over time.

By using mathematical concepts like regular polygon, regular polyhedral, recurrence, duality, tessellations, fractal constructions, isometric transformations or rotations we can extend the settlement in several stages

Starting from 2D shapes, pentagon and hexagon, we build 3D modules, dodecahedron from pentagons and tetrahedron, octahedron, icosahedron from hexagons, while from pentagons and hexagons together, 3D domes.

2D 2D Star Constellation 3D Dodecahedron 3D Dodecahedron in Pentagon Fractals

2D Hexagon

2D Honeycomb constellation

3D Tetrahedron

Octahedron

Icosahedron

3D Fractals

Aphrodite Settlement Station Design and Construction Exterior design The challenge of building the settlement is to have a modular design approach, as limitation is that every piece needs to be assembled in space.

Fractal structure allows to build in several phases by extending the settlement, starting from a small part and attaching extra elements while reproducing the original design. This allows scalability and growth, starting from small to large, and balance the elements so that it ensures backup in case some components face technical challenges.

By attaching extra components, in the shape of dodecahedron for external design, building up domes for observation and using the economic benefits of hexagons for interior design, we ensure a stable, extendable structure by increasing size and capacity over time. As station becomes more complex, it needs to be assembled in space using robots as settlement must survive in harsh environments and build its own power source.

The constellation structure will be built in several phases.

Phase 1 will be able to accommodate 7000 people and will be built in a constellation of 12 dodecahedrons + 1 dodecahedron in the middle.

Shield should be strong enough to offer protection against radiation. Regarding artificial gravity, there will not be a rotating settlement as gravity in Venus clouds is very similar to gravity on Earth and the new approach to get extra artificial gravity will be by rotating beds, as discussed in previous chapter.

Energy generated on the settlement is by using solar panels and nuclear energy, therefore solar panels will cover the exterior facets.

In phase 2, we will link 2 constellations of dodecahedrons (12 + 12 + one dodecahedron in the middle for each).

Linkage is possible by attaching the side of a pentagon from one constellation to another and ensuring a passage to go through. Each constellation will act like a standalone city but together they will form Greater Aphrodite Area. Each dodecahedron will serve a functionality that will be replicated in the following constellation.

In phase 3 forward, we have 2 solutions for extendibility. One is to reconstruct a constellation of constellations of dodecahedrons, keeping the initial “round” shape. Advantage is that it has an easier access to the center as they are all glued together and follows the fractal geometric form. Another solution is to form a linear composition of constellations of dodecahedrons. Advantage is that we can easily decouple constellations and let them float independently. Disadvantage is that if one constellation becomes dysfunctional, the others that follow lose connectivity with previous ones.

As each phase has at least 10 years span for construction, we will decide whether we use the round or linear model in at least 30 years. Advancements in technology together with experience gained building phase 1, will bring new data into the equation.

Interior Design

In the first phase, each dodecahedron will serve a different function, like ecology, social activities, command and data center, planetarium, habitat area, space-port docking center or research.

Each dodecahedron represents a category of needs. Each category can fulfill several functions.

Dodecahedron

ECOLOGY

Category

DATA CENTER

RESEARCH

HABITAT

TRANSPORT

INDUSTRY

LEISURE

Function

Bioarchitecture



Aquaculture



Hydroponic farming







Command center





Navigation and Orientation Center



 

Instruments room



Experiment

  



 

Medicine



Food



Sleep



Government



Psychology





Entertainment





Spiritual rooms





Art Exhibition





Music auditorium





Sport





Cargo

OTHER



 

Bio-fuel

 

Planetarium

Mini-shuttledocking

C A R G O

v

-

Bio-architecture – for building out architectural structures from Earth nature’s resources Aquaculture – for building green-blue algae like chlorella, spirulina that ensures essential nutrients, bio-farming and bio-fuel Hydroponic farming – for crops and food Planetarium – for space observation and research on nano-particles of the unknown matter Industrial Generation of O2, H2O for human needs and bio-fuel for transportation Experiments – for micro-biology, nano-articles experiments in Venus atmosphere gravity, soil experiments, study Venus atmosphere or study human body in lower gravity–coordination between eyesight, balance, blood pressure ; research of fluids and how is the light/heavy mixture of substances; Research on flames and heat; Research on Dark matter or dark energy is the Universe matter didn’t studied yet and understanding small particles could give humanity great progress to generating energy or maybe ability to manipulate gravity, observation of Venus Instruments Room for measuring radiation, weather changes, lower gravity research. Instruments for navigation: visual optical, magnetic fields – deciding North or South, spinning gyroscopes, onboard sensors for

acceleration/deceleration, signals from GPS coming from satellites, Thrusters or Spinning for orientation Animal habitat to ensure trophic level for adaptation in the habitat of plants and animals Mini-shuttle-airport: Docking for vehicle transportation Technical: Communication Command Center: All information comes from the Earth; satellites dishes sending out information after doing the geometry calculus like angle calculation for changing orbits and Spaceships need to be at the same altitude as Aphrodite - VSS so same orbit. Command center and command center engine with communication antennae’s to ensure communication with Earth and vehicles orbiting Venus. Data Center for data analysis and process and program robots’ new functions and fixing broken components.

Technical: Navigation and Orientation Center Telescopes in planetarium for looking at the stars and pivot a telescope with mirrors, that comes out of the ship as a telescope of a submarine. Also, Gyroscopes for orientation by looking at the stars: spaceship has tiny telescopes to find the star so that to rotate the ship once it finds the reference star. Outside information about navigation can become from control center like Houston or magnetic field – but telescopes give information easier Leisure like Music auditorium and entertainment, Exhibition for art, photography, Spirituality: yoga, meditation and prayer space, Health and medicine, Physical needs: recreational activities, sports, cycling, pool, Psychological needs like counselling and culture like poetry Kitchen, Sleeping area and relaxation, Meeting rooms,Deposit cargo

Capacity Calculation Dodecahedron edge length a=70m

Area

Volume

V = 2.62845 x106

Inradius Height = 2xRi

Height = 77.9461 x 2 = 155.8922

According to Gerard Kitchen O'Neill, the American space activist who proposed design of a space colony, population density without getting crowded is approx. 5900 people per km 2.

Area of the constellation of dodecahedrons, for a side of 70m = 101164 m 2 x 13 = 1315132 m2 = 1,315132 km2.

If 5900 people density can populate 1km2, then 1,315132 km2 can be populated by 7759 people.

Therefore, approximately 7000 people can inhabit the settlement in the phase 1, considering a dodecahedron with edge length of 70m.

Construction model Construction Phases All modules will be built and assembled in space. 3D Printers will print 3D models and BioArchitecture research will build organic structures, durable, from nature

Digital

3D Model

Chapter 5 Renewable resources Bio-architecture From Nature to Design When it comes down to construction, an important resource is the building material.

Throughout the history, civilizations evolved from Stone Age towards industrial steel or plastic. Together with the discovery of fire, metal tools were easier modeled, allowing craftsmen shaping products which came to people very handy in refining objects. This was the evolution of architecture throughout thousands of years.

Together with industrial revolution at beginning of XXth century, Earth resources start to become short in supply as Earth has finite resources Final frontier of design is to bring life into the product as new age of design and creation emerges: from nature-inspired design to design-inspired nature.

For us, this is where nature and culture unite.

Bioarchitecture incorporates the bioinspired design, a multiscale approach to the solutions and opportunities that nature presents in solving universal human problems.

The weight that we take with us must always be taken into account and be limited. We found that using renewable sources could be the best alternative, giving the fact that they last a longer period of time.

But in order to build big, we have to think small.

On Aphrodite settlement station, we will build some construction materials organically and assemble components while in space. This will significantly reduce costs and will support trophic chain in eco-friendly environment. We will grow object structures, some from seeds, some built by silk worms or ants during trip to Venus and this will reduce the weight lifted off from Earth. Also, by using 3D Printers in space we will be create 3D objects that will only be assembled. As travel duration to Venus is approximately 3 months, organic structures can start growing after leaving Earth orbit.

According to Neri Oxman, physician and architect who leads an interdisciplinary team at MIT’s Media Lab, the future of architecture resides in Bio-architecture and development of materials and structures inspired by nature. In „Silk Pavilion” experiment, a project that mixes design, engineering and science, it was found an alternative way to obtain fabric, organically. Silk-worms are insect that are used in their pupa stage for textile purposes, dying during the process.

Structures can influence silkworms to spin in sheets instead of cocoons.

After building two domes, one syntethically and one organic from silk worms web, results were similar in texture.

Credit: https://bit.ly/2Zfw0Fl

Considering the fact that a female moth will lay between 300-500 eggs, there is no need of bringing a large number in the first place. This idea may seem peculiar, but in result the silk could be used, not only for the pavilion, but also for clothes and different objects.

In total, the project used 17,532 silkworms cohabiting and cofabricating. Each silkworm weighs about 5g, which makes a total of 87 kg, the weight of an adult human. Every female-worm lays about 500 eggs. The lifecycle of a silkworm is as follows: they stay in egg for about 2 weeks, after they feed with leaves for 3,4 weeks, then they transform in cocoon where they stay for about 3-4 days and produce silk, before transforming into adult moth, when they die. Structures can influence silkworms to spin in sheets instead of cocoons.

Construction materials What if we were to omite the use of plastic?

As researchers at the Georgia Institute of Technology have found, a material from two naturally-occurring polymers , cellulose(C6H10O5)n -most abundant organic polymer on Earth and chitin(C8H13O5N)n -found in crustaceans, shrimp shells and fungi, could offer an environmentally-friendly alternative to traditional plastic usage.

Chitin

CASEIN (C81H125N22O39P) The main milk’s main protein can be used to create a processable polymer. Casein is renewable, biogredable and compostable, allowing for developing a bioplastic with no significant aquatic toxicity.

Pectin

Pectin is known as a type of structural fiber found in the primary cell wall and intracellular layer of plant cells mainly in the skin of apples, oranges, lemons, and so on. How can we use to our advantage?

Credit: https://bit.ly/3jR3Aey

Bio-materials applicability

Other applications of bio-degradable materials include obtaining bio-fuel, making clothes and obtaining resistent glue made by ants, that cements structures

Photosynthetic Clothes

What if we were to combine photosynthetic cynobacteria (located in oceans, freshwater pounds) and E.coli (bacterium that inhabits the human gut), two microorganisms that have never met. The cyanobacteria converts light into sugar, whereas the E.coli consumes sugar and turns it into biofuel, very useful for the built environment. Moreover, can fluoresce bright colours in darkness. This could go even further by creating photosynthetic wearables. create designs that are inspired by nature, to designs made with and by nature, to, possibly designing nature herself.

Photos Credit: Yoram Reshef

Credit: https://bit.ly/3plQbvQ

Glue cement made by Weaver ants

This ant creates huge basket leaf nests, using collective intelligence. In the process, their tasks are divided up:  workers, brace ants that hold the leaves toghether  the gluers that use special silk produced from their larvae to glue the leaves and once dried down, becomes a strong, waterproof wall, strong enough to keep the leaves in position  food collecters and protecters

Credit: https://bit.ly/3qjsbuU

Algae-Based 3D Printer Structure Algae can produce biofuels and bioplastics. Two sheets of glass that connect to a larger reservoir at the base of the exterior windows can grow algae. Algae can grow by taking the light and heat that are not absorbed by glass. Installing small biorectors units we can transform energy and reduce the carbon emission by embracing the production of algae through objects. If Aphrodite Settlement uses the light in Venus proximity, it can grow and produce algae continuously, which turns into bio-fuel.

Green algae Bio-fuel Biofuels are a renewable energy source, made from organic matter or wastes , that could play a valuable role in the Biofuels are a renewable energy source, made from organic matter or wastes that could play a valuable role in the development of our settlement. The idea that we could get from the Earth enough fuel supplies to safely sustain the colonies for a longer period is rather unrealistic, as far as we are concerned. Of course, we could always take into consideration the possibility of finding new and innovative ways of obtaining fuel after long and tiresome explorations of the Venusian surface; however that could prove to be too costly and time-consuming. Therefore, we need to find solutions both sustainable and cost-effective.

After a thorough analysis, we decided to settle with microalgae as our main fuel-generating source. We chose them due to their high lipid contents, ease of cultivation, and rapid growth rate.

Name of the microalgae % dry weight 1 Botryococcus braunii 25-75 2 Chlorella 28-32 3 Cylindrotheca 16-37 4 Dunaliella primolecta 23 5 Isochrysis 25-33 6 Monallanthus salina 20 7 Nannochloris 20-35 8 Nannochloropsis 31-68 9 Neochloris oleoabundans 35-54 10 Nitzschia 45-47 11 Phaeodactylum tricomutum 20-30 12 Schizochytrium 50-77 13 Tetraselmis sueica 15-23 14 Crypthecodinium cohnii 20 Above, we have a detailed list that contains the species of microalgae and their oil contents in relation to their dry weight, which we could utilize on our Venusian space settlement. It is rather obvious that some species have a high level of oil, some reaching almost 80%. Moreover, the majority of microalgae have the ability to double their biomasses within a day, whereas some can even shorten the process by 72%.

However, this process comes with a couple of disadvantages as well, one being related to how we will safely keep them on the settlement. As we previously stated, microalgae are hydrophone microorganisms that require a humid environment, such as a swamp or a lake. Obviously, in the first part of the colonization, we won’t be able to afford such luxuries as recreating the Earth’s hydrography on board.

Therefore, we came up with the idea of scattering miniature suspended microalgae farms (fig1) on the walls of the settlement and in specially designed sectors, to ensure a sufficient amount of fuel for the activities carried out on board and the subsequent missions in outer space and on the surface of Venus. Another disadvantage would be related to the facts that the photosynthetic growth of microalgae requires light, CO2, and inorganic salts. The temperature needs to be strictly controlled (between 20 Co and 30 Co). Nevertheless, another advantage of our location is that Venus is known for receiving 243 Earth days of natural light at a time, which is optimal for the photosynthesis of the algae as long as they are placed in the proximity of a window.

Another issue that needs to be addressed is related to the water used for the farms. As mentioned above, microalgae is often found in a myriad of aquatic environments, such as fresh and marine water, municipal wastewaters, industrial wastewaters and animal waste waters which encompass adequate amounts of carbon (organic or inorganic), nitrogen (urea, ammonium or nitrate), and phosphorus as well as other elements. Thus, to replicate the conditions of natural habitat, we could recycle the water used in other parts of the ship, for instance, the sector dedicated to crops or animals.

We will be creating a cycle, similar to Earth’s, that will help us save resources of utmost importance in the long run.

Image Credit: https://images.app.goo.gl/pHcGNFde87E9M3K37

The next step will be harvesting. A large variety of strategies have been adopted: chemical-based, mechanicalbased, biological-based, and sometimes even electrical-based. One of the main impediments of this process is the size of the microalgae, as they are extremely small. Therefore, we will use a chemical process called flocculation. It increases the size of the particle, making it a lot easier to harvest the algae through another process called flotation.

Image Credit: https://images.app.goo.gl/zCNSXatMuDt7gMEG7

The last step and almost one of the most important ones are converting the microalgae biomass into the much-coveted biofuel. The methods can vary depending on the specific feedstock and the type of fuel we would need. However, our main concern will be obtaining biodiesel and bioethanol. The processes are complex and technologically challenging; therefore we have simplified them in the picture attached below..

Image Credit: https://images.app.goo.gl/2X5Tt7o1zXZaYkNy7

Ecology Ecology is an important aspect of the settlement that has to be modified. Crop growing takes up a lot of space and time, and the soil cannot be brought from the earth as it is very expensive. Therefore, we have to come up with new ways of crop growing.

Hydroponic farming Given the fact that a crop growing system which does not require soil is the most efficient way to grow plants, we have chosen the hydroponic system. Other qualities of the hydroponic system include: takes up less space, less necessary labour (the system takes care of everything), the plants grow 25% faster because of the nutrients pumping system, 30% more efficient that the classic system because it keeps the plants fresh, no waste of water (closed system), Less need for herbicides and pesticides Besides the food that the crops generate, plants will also provide oxygen, and participate in the regeneration of air. (the oxygen is captured by a capsule and released to the population) The soil will be substituted for a mineral enriched water-based solution which offers the same properties as soil or better. From the biggest quantity needed to micronutrients, here is the list of minerals: Nitrogen, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Sulphur,Chlorine, Boron, Iron, Manganese, Zinc, Copper, Molybdenum For our settlement, we have chosen the vertical farming aeroponic system.

Credit: https://bit.ly/3plPDWO

Credit: https://bit.ly/2OxHrWN

Here, at a smaller scale, it is clear how the extra solution is collected in a reservoir and is ready to be recycled.

With this system, plants are never placed in water. Instead, their roots are sprayed with a nutrient mist several times an hour. This brings us the certainty that no water goes to waste. Moreover, the spraying machines take care of everything, so there is a limited necessity for labour.

Water management Obtaining water using the Sebatier process We need a nickel catalyst. In result from this process, we obtain methane (CH4) and water.

The nickel catalyst may be replaced with an aluminum one which would be easier to find.

The chemical reaction is as follows: CO2+ 4H2—>CH4 + 2H2O Methane is a useful substance as it can be a good source of fuel for the space transporters and shuttles.

0.2 kilograms of hydrogen and 1.2 kilograms of carbon dioxide product about 1 kilogram of H2O. By applying higher heating values the process energy efficiency is as it follows:  Methane HHV: 889 kj/mol  Hydrogen HHV: 286 kj/mol

Heat of combustion, Higher Heating Value (HHV)  4H2 = 4x 286 kj/mol = 1144 kj/mol  CH4 = 889 kj/mol  HHV Efficiency = 889 kj/mol / 1144 kj/mol = 78%

Reverse Osmosis This is a process that involves a separating technique and using pressure.

Even if the method is largely known for its ability to separate salt from seawater, it is highly dependent upon the fluid’s condition.

When two substances with the same solute but of different concentrations are put into contact the tendency is to mix until reaching uniformity. When adding a membrane the fluid with lower concentration will go through the membrane to the substance with a bigger concentration.

The reverse process applies a pressure higher than the previous one. This way fluids travel back through the membrane while solids that aren’t dissolved remain in the other compartment.

Are there substances that do not get removed during reverse osmosis?

Bacteria and parasites do not get removed during this process. It is possible to incorporate further filtration system to eliminate them Advantages of Reverse Osmosis Systems:  removes pesticides, polluants, fluoride, chlorine, arsenic improving the taste, purity and quality  low budget, cheap to maintain and easy to install Credit: https://bit.ly/3b2VfQM  plastic waste comparing to bottled water Does it waste water?

Yes ,the rate of waste can be as high as 75%!

1 gallon purified……..3 gallons is pumped to drain How to reduce wastewater?

Wastewater from the Reverse Osmosis process cannot be reduced as the amount generated is in a direct relation to the amount of filtered water required, but it can be used elsewhere to replace water which would otherwise have been drawn from the supply.

Greywater Systems Although the brine ejected from the system cannot be used by people for drinking or washing, it can still be used around the spaceship.

Greywater systems is a totally separate water service installed for processes such as flushing toilets, supplying washing machines and watering plants.

Nanofiltration For further purification, we propose nanofitration.

In regards to disinfection there are options such as:  Ozone disinfection  Ultra-violet (UV) disinfection (Solar water disinfection)  Chlorine dioxide disinfection Water with different levels of purity can be utilized in different ways. There are 3 main categories:  Ultrapure water used in pharmaceutical industry  Drinking water that will have to meet the quality standards given by the World Health Organization  Water with a small amount of impurities used for day to day activities, other than drinking (i.e animals,washing objects ,showering)

Waste management Here we ask one fundamental question: can we convert waste into usable resources? If in 1 year, just 4 people produce about 2500 kg of trash, imagine 7000! It is beneficial to think of ways of reducing or transforming it.

During such a long-duration mission it is required to regenerate the life-support materials such as C02, hygiene water, urine, sweat and even feces and convert them to usable forms.

What advantages do we have by repurposing as much of the mass that we launch up to space with us? For a longduration space travel, converting the waste leads to minimizing the unnecessary volume, creating space for volume needed for all sorts of activities and exploration, “the heart of closing the loop on human spaceflight”. In an extraterrestial habitat a plant-based life support system represents a huge potential for self-sufficiency and food production.

A Different Approach Instead of providing one or two heavy, excessively complex and expensive, pieces of mechanical equipment, we should provide a large number of simple units running on forward osmosis .Is mostly passive, with no compressors, evaporators, sublimators, distillers, adsorbers, or desorbers, designed to have their capacity consumed gradually throughout the mission.

For blackwater or solids , using residue of dry biomass and CaCO3 that can further provide radiation shielding. It promises a low cost, low maintenance, easy, highly redundant system. It contains a unit with polyethylene bag/tank with FO membrs and velved orificies.

Credit: https://bit.ly/2Ouk9RG

 Results:  will provide CO2 removal  O2 revitalization  recycle gray water (great for after the reverse osmosis process presented in the Water Management chapter)  solid waste processing WW Primary Functions (Based on Air Algae Solid Bag H2O Humidity & Thermal Inputs and Outputs) Bag Growth Bag bag Control bag O2 Revitalization   CO2 Removal   Clean Water Production   Semi-Volatile Removal  Urine & Graywater Processing   Blackwater processing  Humidity & Thermal Control  Nutritional Supplement 

Soil management It is known that recycling is mandatory on a spaceship and that waste can serve us good in other forms, like compost.

We are able to obtain compost with these 5 easy steps: 1 .Firstly, we must separate the brown waste (ex: dried leaves, wood, hay) that contain a big amount of carbon from the green ones ( grass, vegetal wastes) that are rich in nitrogen.

2.Next, we will combine 2 parts “brown” and 1 part “green”.

3.We will put a small amount of water until the mixture has a sponge-like texture.

4.This must be let to fermente with the air at least 2 weeks.

5.It is ready to be put in the organic garden!

Distilling water with soil from mud vulconoes An experiment let us produce a stable outcome through three different types of distilled, tap, and simulant lunar regolith water does not only react differently, but the result of oxygen and hydrogen is significantly higher with a stimulant.

The Berca Mud Volcanoes is a geological and botanical reservation located in Scorțoasa commune close to Berca in Romania. They are mud volcanoes, small shaped structures just a few metres high caused by the eruption of mud and natural gases.

There have been few studies which have investigated the electrical conductivity of volcanic ash and how it may change in different volcanological and environmental factors. Results show that dry volcanic ash is non-conducting (ρ>1.56×107 Ωm), however, the conductivity of volcanic ash increases with the adsorption of water.

Gas analysis indicates that the composition varies from site to site, but mainly consists in methane, with approximately 2% carbon dioxide, and 2-15% nitrogen.

If we were or use this soil from the Mud Vulcanoes as a stimulant in distilling water the rate of oxygen and hydrogen gas production would certainly increase, not to mention the speed of the process.

Credit: https://bit.ly/3pjISF9

Vulcanoes on Venus There are around 1,600 major volcanoes on Venus, none are known to be erupting at present and most are most likely long extinct.

In our advantage, recent studies from January 2020 show that Venus is currently volcanically active. University of Maryland discovers that 37 of Venus coronae show signs of ongoing activity. A question that we ask ourselves is what if we used this mud for distilling water.

Credit: https://bit.ly/3rSsOM9

Chapter 6 Habitat and Urbanism Economy As we have seen when we researched bio-architecture, there are several materials that can be replaced with newlydeveloped methods took straight from nature. For our first phase, we agreed to include bio-architecture in 20% of our total of materials, in order to see how will it react. If the results are going to be pleasing, for our next phases, we will consider a larger percentage. Besides its eco-friendly and innovative side, bio-architecture decreases our total cost.

For our exterior design, we can’t really modify the traditional materials that have been used ever since rockets were sent to space, such as: steel, titanium, glass, etc, but for the interior design, bio-architecture will play an important role.

Materials Price Steel $603.52 per metric ton Titanium $3,750 per metric ton Glass – 12mm thick $112.88 per m2 Aluminium $1,979.35 per ton Lead – against radiation $1,972 per ton For the jobs that require repetitive actions, the settlement will be provided with robots: Type of robot Price of a robot Agriculture $3 million Construction $1 million Hygiene & Cleaning $2 million Medicine $5 million Entertainment $1 million Transports $8 million Taking into consideration our particularities and what researchers have recently concluded in relation to the cost of a space settlement, we reached the sum of $70 billion for an area that can hold up to 400 people.

Our settlement has a surface of 1,315,132 m2 that is set to hold around 7000 people, our estimated cost therefore being: $1,225 billion dollars Cost has always been a hindrance to discovering the universe. With an average of $18,500 per kilogram launched in space, many projects have never reached a finish line. Our purpose is to reduce the total cost by recovering and reusing every possible material. Also, we are confident that our tendency to use biodegradable materials will lower our final price. We plan to transport our silkworms to Venus where they can produce silk structures, as we have amazingly observed in our bio-architecture chapter. In order to have a solid outcome, we decided that 65 thousand silkworms would be enough. Problem is, they multiplicate very fast, each female producing around 500 eggs every two weeks, before dying. Therefore, knowing that the trip to Venus takes 3 months, we will take only a few pairs (male and female) of silkworms, which are going to reproduce and get close to our needed number.

Thinking out of the box will make this project more affordable and definitely more attractive. We hope that by implementing more nature-based solutions, our cost could get reduced to approximately $1000 billion.

In the past, travelling to the moon seemed impossible. Then in 1969, Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin became the first men to land on the moon. The Apollo program cost around 28 billion dollars, which in today’s dollars means approximately 288 billion dollars. Recently, NASA has come up with the plan to send people back on the moon, the price estimated being around 20-30 billion dollars. The difference is striking, but this happens mainly because technology has evolved in the last years significantly and has come as a benefit in developing space travels.

Our project is definitely something almost unreachable. The prices estimated are colossal and it’s really hard to imagine it turning into reality. However, space travel is a field characterised by mystery and obscurity, day after day new details being discovered. Creating space settlements has been an idea frequently discussed and maybe in 20 years or more, the cost proposed here could decrease, turning Aphrodite into a project somewhat more realistic than it is at the moment.

Crypto-currency jobs In order to maintain a balance on our settlement and between the people, an economic plan needs to be mapped out.

Our resources are valuable and they can’t be used excessively. Being a futuristic project, it is obvious that new ideas have to be carried out.

Therefore, we chose cryptocurrency as our monetary unit. What is cryptocurrency? Basically, it is digital money, based on blockchain technology – similar to Bitcoin. The main difference between this system and other well-known monetary units – Euro, Dollar – is that cryptocurrency isn’t managed by any authority, everything being digitalised.

We aim to create an environment that will provide a high quality of life for everyone living there. A stable community from every point of view isn’t easy to obtain. Thus, a thorough selection is required in order to get the most determinate and competent people. Not only do they have to be from every working domain, but also, they must understand that without cooperation and mutual help, Aphrodite can’t survive. Our desire is to engage every person on the settlement in maintaining a resourceful place by assigning jobs. Offering their help, they will be awarded with a monthly salary with which daily necessities and other goods can be procured. Furthermore, in every sphere, there will be available places for volunteers who want to do extra work, giving an example of passion and will power to those who sometimes feel unmotivated.

If we want to build a system in which things can function properly, the involvement of our inhabitants is crucial. The population will be of almost 7k people, so if everyone is engaged, the work won’t be tiring or stressful.

Obviously, we have a backup plan for special cases and emergencies in which people won’t be able to do their jobs.

Their needs will be supported by the government during that time and there will be replacements ready to intervene.

Transport Our settlement encompasses 12 units dedicated to different areas, areas, but one problem which raised some questions was how the inhabitants will be able to commute from their destined housing to either their workplace or to any desired place on the settlement. Personal transport is out of the question as we will not have the space for the necessary infrastructure. Additionally, we will not be able to afford the extra weight that a car would imply. However, we could not afford to circulate by foot through the sectors as it will be too time-consuming and even impossible in the presence of heavy baggage. As a solution, we have come up with a hybrid type of public transport which is both cost-effective and comfortable for the inhabitants.

Decatran is a high-speed system that includes a 2x1.5 meters pod, with 4 seats and a completely autonomous system. The pods are going to be “attached” to a metallic line they will have no contact with it because of a passive magnetic levitation system. It requires no external power to suspend vehicles. The magnetic repulsion is created while the pods are moving over shorted wire loops in the track. Also, the vehicles will be driven by a linear engine positioned either in the track or in the car. Consequently, the framework will have not many moving parts; fundamentally the pod itself moving along the track, ventilation systems, doors, heating, and air-conditioning systems.

Thanks to all of these, the friction will be kept to a minimum, the speed remaining somewhat constant.

All 13 units are going to be crossed by 4 lines, following an elliptical orbit just like electrons in an atom. The tracks will be supported above the ground by standard metal utility poles, between 35 and 53 m in length. They could also be attached to the walls of the dodecahedrons.

The stations will be scattered around the settlement depending on where is most inhabitants located, or in the proximity of cargo deposits. The stations will be on smaller portions of tracks adjacent to the main one. There, citizens will have to press a button and a pod will be there in less than 30 seconds. Another feature of the Decatran is the face recognition system. The computer is going to search through a database, finding out whether the passenger has any music or temperature preferences, therefore making sure that the ride is as comfortable and entertaining as possible, unlike what we have to deal with, here, on Earth.

One other benefit is represented by the costs and the reparations which, in theory, could be done by simple workers, as the mechanism is generally not so complicated. There will also be no need for any type of fuel, besides energy generated by the pods themselves and no additional drivers. Moreover, traffic jams are out of the question as possible accidents are immediately intercepted and managed by the controllers, and in sectors where traffic is heavy, we propose a grid design that avoids them by grade separation, guide ways, their exit and entry ramps will be crossing above or below each other.

Image Credit: https://images.app.goo.gl/FycER2Er4s562osh9

Political system The „Union of Aphrodite” , as any newly-formed state, will require a set of rules and a group of elected individuals whose job is to smoothly run and represent our futuristic nation. What we aim for is no utopian society, but what we want, through our institutions and regulations, is to abolish corruption. Also, we want to run our nation by a governmental meritocracy.

As the name suggests, UA is a federal-state characterized by the union of the 13 dodecahedrons. Each one of these 13 is a partially self-governing sector. Organizationally speaking, UA is a technocratic constitutional democratic republic in which the most important role is held by the Venusian Congress Venusian Congress The Venusian Congress represents the soul of the aphroditians, as all decisions made here influence each citizen’s life to some extent. It is placed in one of the dodecahedrons and that area is highly restricted to the other inhabitants, therefore the access is going to be made with the help of a face recognition system.

It has 13 members, of which 12 are the leaders of their respective dodecahedrons, while the last member is the prime minister and also the leader of the congress. Their job is to make laws, to make sure that they are respected, and to also make sure that the funds are properly managed. Additionally, the members are to represent their respective dodecahedrons and to present the problems their sector encounters, for the congress to propose possible solutions and subsequently vote upon them.

They must also be the voice of their people, fight for their rights when violated, and generally make sure that peace prevails on the settlement. Also, as every dodecahedron is dedicated to a specific and well-defined sector, it is mandatory for the respective congressman/congresswoman to be a professional with previous experience in the domain and also with a diploma that attests to their expertise. For instance, if we are talking about a sector in which agriculture is the primary concern, then the leader must have a strong theoretical base in this field. However, they will receive help from their counselors, people whose role is to manage subsectors and to discuss possible propositions that could be later discussed in the congress. They have the right to participate in the general meetings, but they do not have the right to vote.

Election procedure The elections are going to take place on Earth, as we wish to have a stable government by the time we arrive on the Aphrodite Settlement. People have to vote only for the members of the congress and the prime minister. Each of them

will conduct a campaign, but to be eligible for the chair, they must present their respective CVs and any other evidence for their expertise. Additionally, the candidates must have a clean record and proof of impeccable health.

After a thorough analysis of the documents, conducted by a commission established by the leaders of the project, the name of the candidates will be put on ballot papers. The prospective inhabitants will have to vote by sending the codes positioned next to the candidates to an encrypted address. Every measure is going to be taken to avoid any kind of cyber-attack that could potentially compromise the elections.

Marketing, Advertisement & Entrepreneurship The purpose of our marketing project is to prepare an informational campaign on Earth so that people on Earth who are willing to explore space become motivated and are well-informed of the challenges or risks they could face as well as educational and personal qualities they have to have in order to be eligible for flying to space.

Demographics According to the United Nations Population Division’s World Population Prospect on 2019, below we can find the distribution based on age/sex indicator.

United Nations Total Population Age Group age Total Male Female 0-4 years 8.79% 8.99% 8.59% 5-9 years 8.58% 8.79% 8.38% 10-14 years 8.25% 8.47% 8.04% 15-19 years 7.85% 8.01% 7.69% 20-24 years 7.74% 7.92% 7.56% 25-29 years 7.75% 7.9% 7.6% 30-34 years 7.76% 7.85% 7.67% 35-39 years 6.91% 6.95% 6.87% 40-44 years 6.35% 6.36% 6.34% 45-49 years 6.16% 6.15% 6.18% 50-54 years 5.66% 5.61% 5.72% 55-59 years 4.88% 4.80% 4.97% 60-64 years 4.07% 3.94% 4.21% 65+ years 9.06% 8.01% 10.11% We will conduct a survey for us to answer the question: “Do you want to go to space?”

Building the panel of respondents We will choose the sample below of 80 respondents. The Panel was chosen to be distributed and be representative of the overall population, based on the distribution of percentages. As the overall population is 7.674 billions, our school project cannot build a sample based on the total population but we will work based on the distribution of percentages.

When targeting the categories of people that will populate the Aphrodite settlement, we will not be discriminating based on race, sex or ethnicity, nor we will take into consideration whether they are married, have kids or are single. We consider that their intellectual, physical capabilities and strong motivation are all that matters.

In order to respect children’s rights to freedom of choice of their profession and to be ensured that we send to space motivated people, fully aware of their decision, willing to assume both success and failure, we have decided to inhabit Aphrodite with adults over 25 years old. Furthermore, in children’s cases, medical problems might appear, as radiation is way more harmful in the developing stage of humans and for them to adapt from 3/8 to 1 g might be damaging as well.

However, we will conduct survey on children as well to foresee whether they dream about flying to space one day and what we can do in order to help them understand what is expected of them and what education path they might follow so that they make informed choices.

Moreover, we will not discriminate against the settlers’ origins on Earth as there is already proof that astronauts from all around the world who showed enthusiasm in exploration and vision, have already made a change in successful space projects.

In our distribution panel across 80 respondents, we included age categories for children, pre-teens, teens, students, new graduates, family starters, adults, senior adults. 8.79% children under 4 were distributed equally across all categories as babies start to discover their whereabouts on Earth.

Children 5-9 Pre-teen 10-14 Teens 15-19 Students 20-24 Young graduates 25-29

Aphrodite Panel respondents Total Total Percentage percentage number Male 9.58% 8 9.79% 9.25% 8 9.47% 8.85% 7 9.01% 8.74% 7 8.92% 8.75% 7 8.9%

Total Male 5 5 4 4 4

Percentage Female 9.38% 9.04% 8.69% 8.56% 8.6%

Total Female 3 3 3 3 3

Family starters 30-45

22.02%

18

22.16%

9

21.88%

9

Adults 46 - 65 Senior Adults 65+

21.77% 10.06%

17 8

21.5% 9.01%

8 3

22.08% 11.11%

9 5

Group age

Total

80

42

38

After we established our panel, we built the survey in order to identify who is more willing to go to space, which age category and which gender. Qualities that the settlement’s residents are required to have are to be assessed later in the interview process. Firstly, we need highly motivated people to colonize Aphrodite. Therefore, our marketing campaign will identify the categories where people might need more information in order for them to take a decision.

Our Survey model answers the question, “Do you want to go to space?” as well as to understand the reasons for their choices. Google Forms was used to generate the survey, based on the following questions. The Survey was completed by 80 respondents that match our panel of demographics and based on their answers, we got the following chart results:

Results Out of 80 respondents, 25% responded Yes – they would go to space if given the chance.

Out of 20 respondents who answered Yes (25% of total 80), 75% were Men/Boys (15 boys) and 25% were Women/Girls (5 girls).

In the category “Children 5-9”, 1 out of 5 boys said yes and out of 3 girls, no one said yes.

In the category “Pre-teen 10-14”, 3 out of 5 boys said yes and 1 out of 3 girls said yes.

In the category “Teen 15-19”, 3 out of 4 boys said yes and 2 out of 3 girls said yes.

In the category “Students 20-24”, 1 out of 4 boys said yes and out of 3 girls, no one said yes.

In the category “Young graduates 25-29”, 2 out of 4 boys said yes and 1 out of 3 girls said yes.

In the category “Family starter 30-45”, 2 out of 9 boys said yes, and out of 9 girls, no one said yes.

In the category “Adult 46-64”, 2 out of 8 boys said yes and 1 out of 9 girls said yes.

In the category “Senior Adult 65+”, 1 out of 3 men said yes and out of 5 girls, no one said yes.

Interpretation of results While looking at the age distribution, we can see that the very young children are still very much attached to their families and want to stay on Earth, while pre-teens are more willing to leave Earth, the teens are the most excited to leave Earth, students are more willing to stay on Earth to study, new graduates want to explore space even though they are not as excited as the teens, the family starter age group wants to stay more on Earth, the adult age group wants to give space another chance and finally, senior adults are more willing to stay on Earth.

While looking at the gender distribution, we observe that most of the people who want to go to space are boys(75%).

According to Reshma Saujani, founder of the “Girls who code”, “girls are raised to be perfect, to avoid risk and failure, get straight A’s, while boys are taught to be brave, play hard, being awarded for taking risks”. She is promoting an attitude towards encouraging girls to celebrate failures and play for the sake of playing, not necessarily for winning.

Action items to launch information campaign for space exploration  Build posters to advertise for university studies in Space Science (Astrophysics, Robotics)  Organize competitions about space related subjects in order for people to study art and science and stir their imagination  Organize talks and debates in order to encourage young girls to experiment and research, even though they might fail, as failure is not final, but an attempt towards success

If the respondent is motivated and has the age of 25+, he can apply to become an Aphrodite resident, and will be evaluated psychologically if he fits the requirements.

Aphrodite Settlement resident requirements Competence  Passionate in either astrophysics, science, robotics, construction work, philosophy, psychology, arts or literature         

Personal Team player Proactive, self-starter Survives stressful situations with ease Adapts easily to changes Has no problem with spending time alone or with a small circle of friends for long time Leadership Empathic More Balanced than adrenaline rushed Athletic

Entrepreneurship Our goal as a team was to bring this project as closer to a real-life realisation as possible.

Therefore, we have thought, as a first step, about a non-profit organisation that would help us bring awareness to our cause, raise funds, as well as market the project to the general public.

Therefore, we will establish “Space Horizons Foundation” in hopes of collecting funds for space exploration with the help of the art industry. Just as Corporate Social Responsibility gets corporations involved in coming up with innovative ideas for supporting communities, our foundation will ask communities of artists to brainstorm creative ideas for a noble cause, space exploration.

Organizations such as already well-known auction houses, start-up communities of artists from art hubs around the world or international cultural foundations are invited to participate to our annual international competition, named “Art-For-Aphrodite” that will award the best projects that collect funds for space exploration. This will mean free advertisement for the artists, a sense of selfachievement for contribute to the progress of humanity as well as an excellent “social media” hub for artists in general.

The next question that came to our mind was whether this project is sustainable or not. Sceptics might say that art revenue is so low that it cannot support space exploration. We believe that Art-for-Aphrodite is sustainable for various reasons.  Auctioning famous paintings and sculptures will not only raise millions of dollars which could provide food and other necessities for the settlers, but promote the expedition to people in other fields rather than scientific ones, which are very much sought after, as we will describe in the psychology chapter. For instance, Constantin Brancusi is a Romanian artist and philosopher whose sculpture was sold recently by an auction house for 71 million USD. We believe Mr Brancusi would have been proud to sponsor missions to space as almost all his artworks relate the communion between soul and space, the most famous artwork being “The Column to Infinite”. We understand that national patrimony cannot sponsor private missions but, as a lot of his artworks are part of private collections, we believe that collectionairs will be willing to give Mr Brancusi another reason to rest in peace. And if we look at contemporary artists that are following in Mr. Brancusi footsteps, we find another Romanian artist, Adrian Ghenie, who has already started donating to good causes. We are confident that there are so many artists in this world that will support this initiative.

The expensive and famous paintings would be donated by either private individuals fighting for a great cause or organisations such as museums, which would benefit them in terms of media exposure and customer appreciation.

Overall, it is a win-win for both parties.  It’s already been proven that events which gather artists for a week in annual forums, had a lot of success. It all started with Art Basel in Switzerland and due to its success it expanded to Hong Kong and then Miami. From that we can conclude that aartists definitely need a place to meet so who else is more appropriate that events organized by “Space Horizons Foundation”?  Artists have infinite sources of ideas, therefore, challenging them in a competition can be an inspiration for infinite projects that will ensure cash flow towards space exploration Business plan  Come up with a name, a mission and a strategy  Identify if business sustainable  Develop a marketing strategy  Engage volunteers and space enthusiasts Capital coming from funds collected in step 1 will be reinvested towards another company that will be in charge with production of spaceships to Aphrodite.

Industry & Technology One of the things a settlement requires to facilitate its development is the ability to sustain itself. Therefore, the production of goods, be it basic or more complex ones, play a huge role in the establishment of a healthy environment, namely a place capable of sustaining human life.

Our plan, in the first instance, is to focus on basic industries such as agriculture, pharmaceutical, manufacturing/materials, textile, metallurgy. Location-wise, each dodecahedron will house at least one factory.

Agriculture As far as we are concerned, agriculture will represent a priority, because by providing us with the obvious, which is food, it will offer us other kinds of raw materials that will benefit other industries, for instance, textile. Another point worth making is related to our diet that is going to be mainly plant-based and taking into consideration that we are limited to keeping small numbers of animals as it implies losing massive amounts of water and other resources, we will have to invest heavily in agriculture.

Textile Our textile production is going to be mainly plan-based as well. The reasons are linked to the fact that it would benefit the settlement if we omitted chemicals altogether. What’s more, natural textiles can be easily recycled. Therefore, we find textiles made out of hemp to be the most sustainable option in the long run.

Hemp comes from Cannabis Sativa, a plant that is easy to grow as it doesn’t require that much nutrition and water in the soil. It also does not need pesticides. Regarding the fiber itself, it is biodegradable, and it requires very few substances for its production. The fabric is UV resistant, durable, breathable and it also softens over time.

Manufacturing and materials Heavy materials will primarily be obtained through scouting the surrounding areas. We aim to develop technologies that we will allow us to explore the Venusian surface from which we could extract the granite, basalt rocks, silicon, aluminum, magnesium, iron, calcium, potassium, titanium, manganese. Another option would be to collect debris and other materials found in space and then recycle them.

In what manufacturing is concerned, we will create the objects we have on Earth, furniture, tools and others.

Also, we will use 3D Printers to obtain the necessary things, as they are both easy to use and cost-effective.

Pharmaceutical Pharmaceuticals are rather indispensable in the healthcare system and they play a major role in the development of our settlement. Since our resources will be limited, we expect major investments in the space exploration sector, as we consider it of utmost importance to find new sources of raw materials.

We will concentrate on developing natural and effective treatments by using the plants grown on board. By synthesizing various chemical compounds found in medicinal plants we could obtain a wide variety of pharmaceuticals: antibiotics, anti-depressants, probiotics, flu antivirals, contraceptives. However, our main concern will be to strengthen inhabitants’ immune systems by making them less dependent on these types of treatments and by administrating daily doses of vitamins.

Here we have a table of plants in which we can find substances mandatory in the production of important drugs.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Poopy Digitalis Willow bark Mycelia sterilia (fungus) Galega Officinalis

opiates digoxin Salicylic acid (aspirin) Myriocin Guanidine

6.

Mint

Menthol

Pain relief Arrhythmia Anti-clotting/pain-relief antibiotic Lowering of bloodsugars Nasal congestion

Metallurgy The obtaining of metals is going to be made through asteroid mining. It is widely accepted that asteroids contain nickeliron, silicates, and important metals such as gold, cobalt, iron, copper, platinum. As there is an infinite number of asteroids around the solar system, we could consider our metal resources endless, however, these missions could prove to be not so cost-effective. Primarily, to extract the metals from the asteroids we will use shaft mining. We will form a hole through the asteroids, and from top to bottom we will sink a shaft that will extract the ores and other minerals.

Technology Robotics Settlement needs to be self-managed. As challenge is to launch from Earth with least resources available and regenerate resources in space needed to maintain life, robots can be programmed and assembled while in space.

Technology is constantly evolving, and robots are already part of our daily life on Earth and space. However, as many repetitive tasks can be performed by robots with great precision, human’s feelings and creativity cannot be replaced by robots. Therefore, Aphrodite habitat will use robots to replace humans for repetitive activities. Robots will be in charge with processing machine-learning capabilities, giving predictions based on algorithms that manipulate and process big data of rules. Beyond human brain abilities to deal with volumes of data processing, robots will be able to process data. Humans will have control on the programming rules while robots will report data statistics and predictions. Humans on the settlement will use data to take decisions while keeping human feelings, emotions or use creativity and leadership.

There are several categories of robots that offer great support for the settlement: 1. Construction and space explorer robots International Space Station (ISS) was built with help of Canadian team who developed robots with long arms, so there is already a precedent in using robots in space.

Several rovers for space exploration, including Venus and Mars have already been built, therefore assembly on the settlement will be part of the planning.

2. Therapeutically and entertainment robots Living in space is for humans a risk, not only due to physical challenges but also to psychological needs. Less human and animal beings in space lead to mental exhaust as humans are, by their nature, social. Japan already built animal robots like Paro, that proved to be therapeutic for coexistence with humans, offered communication and proved to bring same improvements as those obtained from animal therapy.

There are already robots that play violin, drums, and all sorts of music thanks to Toyota in Japan that offer great concerts to comfort soul.

Honda in Japan developed android ASIMO that can walk, talk, run, hop, kick a football, sing, and do sign language. Therefore, we can build ASIMO in space to play sports and communicate with or enjoy the concert played by robots.

3. Agriculture robots Robots for planting seeds, irrigation, measuring temperature, humidity, harvesting, or vegetable picking are to provide great help in Aquaculture and green houses of the settlement 4. Medicine robots A human being living in space has to be a highly skilled individual in a vast area of domains, including medicine.

However, it is only a high-level overview of expertise in medicine for people who train for space, like astronauts.

Specialists on the other hand, like surgeons, dedicate whole of their life for getting highly skilled in one specialty, therefore is very difficult for a space scientist to become highly skilled in certain specialties. Besides, as machine learning and artificial intelligence advances, robots play a role in giving more accurate predictions than a highly skilled doctor, as data analyzed is huge and cannot be processed by a human mind with such accuracy.

Robots like DaVinci Surgical System, developed by United States or “Shadow Hand” developed by United Kingdom, are to be built in space to offer surgeries and proteases.

Nano-robots can be used to identify and destroy cancer cells for people who fall sick. United States research team is currently researching robots to be used in nanomedicine.

5. Laboratory research robots Robots in the laboratory are to follow a repetitive process like sampling, heating/cooling, mixing, shaking, testing.

Therefore, the laboratory will be self-managed by robots that will constantly perform tasks for human manager to have enough data for running reports and take decisions.

6. Household robots Robots for house cleaning, clothes cleaning, garbage disposal, cooking, gardening and even babysitting will provide assisted support while on settlement.

7. Transport robots Drivers of the future will be available continuously. Rovers and ships will be driven by robots that will be equipped with GPS signals and understand voice command 8. Educational robots During coronavirus pandemic, we all understood the importance of digitalization in education. Apart from educational platforms that enables communication remotely, there are robots, like Elias in Finland, that can help with practical assignments on math or languages. Advantage is that robots are not judgmental, they can repeat the same answer at student’s pace of learning, without getting tired and, in the near future, they will be able to read facial expressions.

Just as pilots use flight simulators, same robots can produce simulators for training without taking risks, by practicing medical skills like first aid.

Even only humans will create pieces of art and writing and cannot be substituted in creativity, robots on Aphrodite will have the ability to perform tiring and monotonous tasks.

How robots work There is a strong similarity between a robot and a human body. Just as our brain is the main controller of regular activities, acting like a computer, similarly a robot needs a microcontroller or microprocessor to get information, process it and command action.

Our body needs input from sensorial system, like hands that touch sends signals to brain if surface is hot, mouth that tastes so that we know when food it salty, nose that smells so that brain tells us to move our body in another location if it smells bad, ear that hears music and enjoy, or eyes that see and understand.

Similarly, robots need sensors, like sound sensor (microphone), optical sensors, video camera or photocells for sight, temperature, pressure a.s.o. Therefore, sensors get input data from environment to send over to microcontroller for processing.

Just as our muscular system responds to commands from brain, so do robots need motor system that use mechanics to support motor functions, like movement. To engage into movement of arms, robot also needs a small engine to put components into action, to simulate muscular system in human body.

When it comes down to programming, a microcontroller can be programmed with different integration platforms, like Arduino, that has two sections: setup() to be run once at startup and loop() to run continuously until an exit condition is reached.

Image Credit: Robofun.ro

Before creating a functional prototype on robots, here is the design.

Research What has driven us to work on this project was our realization that our home, the Earth, will become, maybe in a hundred or two hundred years, a wasteland, a place that will not be able to sustain life. But why do we have to research and simulate life in space, why do we need, now, after millions of years do, we have to find a habitable place so as to make sure that the homo sapiens do not go extinct? Global warming, one of our fiercest enemies and also a creation of the humankind. Human activities, mainly fossil fuel burning, increased heat-trapping greenhouse gas levels in Earth’s atmosphere, resulting in the depletion of the ozone layer.

Numerous studies have been conducted and the conclusion to many of them was that we have only one year and half to fix the damaged done, else our future is set. However, a solution could be hidden behind solar geoengineering or also known as the artificial manipulation of the climate. The idea was born with the eruption of the Mount Pinatubo in 1991. Basically, it spewed massive amounts of sulfur dioxide into the stratosphere which resulted in the formation of a shield around our planet that reflected sunlight back to where it came from. In the aftermath, for around two years, the temperatures were lowered by 5 degrees Celsius.

At the moment, we still do not have enough data necessary to conduct a project of such caliber. However, an experiment is in order. We launch a scientific balloon of decent size which will have attached a metal gondola with propellers, then it will rise 12 miles high into the stratosphere. There an aerosol, calcium carbonate, will be injected into the stratosphere and theoretically, it will replicate what happened in 1991.

This method still has to be tested and analyzed, because the stakes are high, since this project could take a turn for the worse, by further damaging the ozone layer. Nevertheless, this is still a project and what it does really is to address a symptom, not the “illness” per say. Therefore, the solution is to abolish the real cause of the global warming which are fossil fuels.

Experiment 1 The aim of the first experiment is to show how CO 2 is absorbed by heat rays, resulting in a rise in the temperature of the CO2 gas.

Step 1 Necessary Materials 1. The first thing we need to do is to put the sensor in the container and  Chronometer then seal it with the cling film.  Temperature sensor 2. Now, we need to place the container in the proximity of the heat source  CO2 (NOTE: the distance has to be accurately defined)  Hose 3. We need to write down the temperature every 30 seconds for 20 minutes  Tape measure (NOTE: don’t forget the initial temperature)  Cling film Step 2  Plexiglas container 1. We need to connect the hose to the mineral water bottle and then to  Carbonated mineral water the container so as to fill it with CO2  Hose 2. Repeat step 1.2  Source of heat 3. Check the temperatures every 30 seconds for 20 minutes  Digital thermometer 4. The results of the both steps need to be compared.

IMPORTANT NOTE: The container should be given some time to cool down between step 1 and step 2.

Interpretation of results One of the first observations is that, in both steps, the temperature has increased (around 15 K), however it is higher in the case of the container filled with CO2. We realized that the difference was of about 2 K after 20 minutes.

Infrared rays cannot go through the container’s walls, however the acrylic glass/ Plexiglas absorbs heat which is emanated every which way, including into the container. The gas in it absorbs the heat radiation , the CO 2 becoming heated. This heat is kept inside the tank, clarifying the higher increase in the container filled with CO 2. Sans gas, the air is incapable of absorbing heat. What happens with the heat in the air container is that is re-emitted outside through a process called conduction

Experiment 2 The aim of the experiment is to show that the burning of the fossil fuels by the humans releases additional CO2 in the atmosphere.

Instructions

         

Necessary Materials Calcium hydroxide solution Chronometer Gasoline Wood Water pump Glass funnel Two stands with clamps 2 hose connections 2 porcelain basins 3 wash bottles

1. Put the funnel upside-down; connect it to the stand 2. Under the funnel place the porcelain basin.

3. Use a hose, which is on another stand, to connect the funnel to the wash bottle.

4. Makes sure that the wash bottle is connected to the water pump.

5. The wash bottle must be filled with 3 cm of calcium hydroxide solution. Next, burn the gasoline in the porcelain basin and watch as the gases are being sucked through the funnel into the wash bottle.

6. Write down the time when a precipitation builds up.

7. Without burning, do a blind test.

8. Write down the time when a precipitation builds up.

9. Do this experiment with the wood, gasoline and no burning and then compare the observations.

Interpretation of results What we can observe is a faster build up of precipitation with burning than in the blind test without the burning.

The carbon dioxide passes through the calcium hydroxide resulting in a milky precipitation (precipitation of calcium carbonate).

Basically, this experiment shows us that by burning fossil fuels, a large amount of CO 2 is set free in the Earth’s atmosphere.

CaCO3(s) + 2H2O(l) + CO2(g)↔ Ca2+(aq) + 2HCO3-(aq)

Chapter 7 HEALTHY LIFE - Nutrition, Medicine & Psychology NUTRITION BIO-FOOD Super foods powders such as chlorella, spirulina, ginkgo biloba+ginseng, wheatgrass and barley grass are great health supplements due to the fact that they are tasteless and compact. (one unit of powder lasts up to a year). Therefore, we have decided to include these super foods and more in the settlers’ meal plans.

All of the super foods mentioned bellow can be taken in any combination of two every day, with the mention that the settlers shouldn’t take the same two food supplements more than two days in a row. For example, an inhabitant could take on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays spirulina and wheatgrass and on the rest of the days ginkgo biloba+ginseng and barley grass. With all that in mind, the Health Association analyses the inhabitant’s health and recommends the necessary super foods Moreover, these supplements can be taken in a powdered form in juices, tea or yogurt or in a tablet form which is more compact.

Powders Spirulina We have chosen spirulina as our main super food available on the spaceship for many reasons:  spirulina is the easiest algae to turn into a food supplement. In comparison, chlorella supplements are usually slightly more expensive than spirulina supplements because it requires additional time and equipment to convert the algae into a powder that can be easily digested.  it is densely packed with vitamins A, B, C, E, and K, as well as iron, magnesium, potassium, and calcium.  It also provides four grams of protein per tablespoon of powder, so it is great to incorporate it in a post workout smoothie. The quality of the protein in spirulina is considered almost as good as the one in eggs and it gives all the essential amino acids.  it is said to be the most nutritious food available on earth and has anti-cancer properties Ginkgo biloba and ginseng Ginkgo trees have survived the worst earthquakes and ever the Hiroshima bombing which means that they continued to extract their nutrients from the soil even after it was extremely radiated. Therefore, it is safe to say that the essence extracted from the ginkgo trees has amazing properties and the plant itself is a good addition to the settlement.  The powder contains powerful antioxidants  improves brain function- the Combinations of ginseng and ginkgo biloba also help treat ADHD or symptoms begin from childhood of difficulty in paying attention or controlling their impulsive behavior.  reduces stress  improves lung function-it reduces bacteria inside the lungs  improves heart function- improves the heart by reducing its cholesterol in your blood circulation system.

Wheatgrass  high in vitamins A, C and E, iron, magnesium, calcium and amino acids.  it has 8 of the 17 essential amino acids (meaning your body cannot produce them and you must obtain them from food sources)  keeps blood sugar levels under control  reduces cholesterol  may kill cancer cells

Barley grass    

natural detoxifier- it helps reduce toxic build-up in the body. rich in magnesium, amino-acids, vitamin C,A, calcium, phosphorus and antioxidants improves skin health helps with digestion- it has the highest amount of fiber among grains. The fiber in the powder works as a probiotic

Foods and plants Aloe vera Aloe vera is a miracle food that has healing properties especially for burns and skin ailments. some of the properties are: Antioxidant, Anti-bacterial and anti-viral, Improves wound healing, Reduces constipation, Lowers blood sugar, May improve digestive health, May prevent skin damage caused by UV rays and radiation therapy, May help reduce depression Broccoli sprouts Broccoli sprouts are an amazing superfood which is very convenient to grow on the settlement as well. In essence, growing broccoli sprouts isn’t any different from growing broccoli. Consequently, this vegetable can provide two aliments for the inhabitants.

Among the properties we can find: broccoli sprouts lower blood pressure and triglycerides levels, anti-inflammatory, prevent autism and cancer, prevent dangerous bacteria from accumulating in the digestive system, manage diabetes Chia seeds Chia seeds have been known as health boosters since the Aztecs and Mayans. They are gluten-free and usually grown organically which is a reason why they would be easily grown on the ship.

They are packed with fibres, protein, fat, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus.

Some of their qualities are: almost all of their calories are fibres, they are a good and compact source of protein, they are great for the bones, might lower the risk of heart problems, easy to incorporate in one’s diet

FOOD FOR HEALTH AND NUTRITION When dealing with such new ways of living it is crucial that we diminish the number of potential impediments.

Therefore, it is necessary that we do anything in our power to limit health diseases related to food as much as possible. These include metabolic diseases (obesity, diabetes), cardiovascular diseases, cancer etc. Consequently, it is obligatory that we provide a good nutrition for the colonists, specifically a balanced diet and physical activity.

A normal diet for an average settler of 35-year-old 170 cm and 70kg that works-out in moderation is consisted of:  15 % proteins  25 % lipids  60 % carbohydrates If the person consumes 2500 kcal a day the number of kcal consumed from each category should be: For proteins: 15/100* 2500 = 375 kcal per day For lipids: 25/100* 2500 = 625 kcal per day For carbohydrates 60/100* 2500 = 1500 kcal per day

The equivalent in grams is: For proteins: 375/4= 93.75 g per day For lipids: 625/9= 69.44 g per day For carbohydrates 1500/4= 375 g per day

A potential diet plan for a settler is presented below: QUANTITY PROTEINS

CARBOHYDRATES

LIPIDS

Bread

200g

16g

100g

-

Potatoes

100g

2g

20g

-

Pasta

100g

4g

20g

-

Fruits 10-15 % (1)

500g

2g

50g

-

Fruits 20 % (2)

200g

1g

40g

-

Vegetables 5 % (3)

500g

0g

25g

-

Vegetables 10% (4)

200g

2g

20g

-

Cheese

30g

7.5g

1g

9g

Milk / Yogurt 500 ml

10g

10g

10g

Cheese

30g

7.5g

1g

Milk / Yogurt 500 ml

10g

10g

10g

Eggs

50g

7g

-

6g

Oil-bearing plants

25g

3g

5.5g

16g

Leguminous plants

50g

12g

26g

0.5g

Oil

10g

-

-

20g

Butter

10g

Meat / Fish

100g

23g

-

8g

Sugar

20g

-

20g

-

Hams

30g

2.5

-

6

9g

10g

(1) : such as apricots, cherries, strawberries, grapefruit, mango, oranges, peaches, tangerines (2) : such as bananas, grapes, dates (3) : such as green onion, cucumbers, cauliflower, green beans, tomatoes, spinach, green salad (4) : such as carrots, beetroot Habits Such as drinking and smoking will be banned given the fact that they are unhealthy habits, and it don’t correspond to the ideas set and there is not enough space on the agriculture torus in order to plant tobacco and produce alcohol. Nevertheless, the atmosphere would be altered by the harmful eliminated gases in the tobacco case

COOKING Cooking methods will be altered to a more technological inclined approach rather than a traditional one. There will be automatic cookers and kitchen robots that would ease the inhabitants’ job, although cooking itself will be more of a hobby for the residents, instead of a necessity. Pre-made meals will be the go-to dishes for the settlers, which provide the necessary nutrients.

If the residents choose cooking as a hobby, recipe books will be available online and will consist of four parts.

Every recipe will have 4 parts:  Ingredients  Preparation mode  Serving Caloric intake  1.Ingredients. At a push of the button on the inhabitant’s phone the ingredients for the chosen recipe will be delivered at the inhabitant’s door.  2. the preparation mode will be available online with cooking steps for beginners.  3 serving sizes will be decided in a programme where the residents fill out a questionnaire which provides the necessary serving size.  caloric intake is decided based on the serving sizes and the programme will display the amount of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids every serving size contains.

PRE-MADE MEALS Packages containing every ingredient necessary for the chosen meal that are partially prepared (example: cakemix kits, taco kits etc) will be available, as well as a cooking robot that can cook almost every type of dish in a premade form. An already available option is the Thermomix which is a compact kitchen robot, that offers recipes and cooking programmes suited for it, has a built-in scale and can multitask. It is perfect for a beginner.

MOLECULAR GASTRONOMY Molecular gastronomy offers simpler methods of cooking in some circumstances. Therefore, the inhabitants could choose to incorporate molecular gastronomy in their cooking such as:      

Centrifuge technique Food dehydrator Syringes (for injecting fillings) Addition of carbon dioxide (for adding bubbles and making foams) Liquid nitrogen for instant freezing and shattering Maltodextrin for turning a high-fat liquid into a powder

SPORTAND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY It is essential that the inhabitants maintain their best physical form, given the fact that physical inactivity is considered to be the fourth leading risk factor for global mortality. In the study “Global Recommendations on Physical Activity for Health” devised by WHO (World Health Organization) it is stated that the optimal physical activity differs mainly on three categories: children from age 5 to 17, adults from age 18 to 64 and age 64 and above.

Here is are the recommended activities for every age group: Age group Physical activity Recommended period of practice Children  Sports like bicycle riding, At least 60 minutes a day 5-17 swimming, canoeing  Play like games that involve running or other physical activities  Muscle-strengthening At least 3 times per week activities like gymnastics, pushups, rock climbing, use of resistance bands  Bone-strengthening activities like jumping, running, tennis, basketball Adults 18 Moderate-intensity training 150 min / week 64 like walking  Muscle-strengthening 2 times / week activities like weight lifting  Vigorous-intensity aerobic 75 min / week activity like jogging, swimming  Muscle-strengthening activities like push-ups 2 times / week Elders 64+  Moderate-intensity aerobic 150 min / week activity like walking, cycling  Muscle-strengthening 2 times / week activities like heavy gardening Along with a balanced diet this schedule ensures that the settlers will live a healthy life with as little as possible health problems Special cases and the Health Association It is clear that designing one plan will not meet everyone’s needs because we are all different. Allergies and health issues can be a reason for the plan to be changed, as well as wanting to lose weight or become more fit. Therefore, implementing a Health Association is the way to go. The health association should monitor every settler’s diet and physical activity plan with a device based on nanotechnology which will aid the inhabitants in order to test themselves in the medical domain and, when necessary, to offer changes suited for their needs. For example, if an inhabitant finds out that he has a gluten intolerance, the health association will make changes accordingly in his plan and redirect him to a doctor for more thorough investigation.

The device in reference could be:  A Multifunctional bracelet  An Insulin pen  Multifunctional tablets

MEDICINE

Considering the fact that we are planning a settlement with futuristic technology and an evolved way of living it is without a doubt that the medical field will be as evolved as other domains. The medical staff’s responsibilities will be predominantly taken by robots such as nano robots or surgery robots, but all in all doctors will definitely not vanish, as they are still essential on our settlement. For instance, the medical staff will be trained to operate surgery equipment or robots, as well as connect with the patient and guide him through the process.

Nanomedicine Basically, nanotechnology+ medicine=nanomedicine. This type of technology offers broad options regarding many fields:  drug delivery With the help of nanoparticles, drugs are able to reach certain cells easily. This has incredible positive repercussions; it lowers the risk of side effects due to the fact that the drug would be administered in lower dosages, the smaller quantities are less time consuming to administrate as well as cheaper. Simply put, the drug would only target the wanted cells, thus lower quantities would be needed and the patient’s side effects would diminish.  cell repair  a current study has proven that nanoparticles are proven to help heal sepsis or that in the future there will be cell repair machines. Therefore, the complexity of nanomedicine will help in healing infections.

MRI and ultrasound improvement With the help of nanoparticle contrast agents, MRI and ultrasounds would provide a better contrast, thus an early more accurate diagnosis.

Taking Precautions In order to diminish situations where diseases or medical issues are spotted too late, each inhabitant will own certain items that would check his health from time to time. For instance, the bracelet mentioned in sport and physical activity section will track the settler’s pulse to test if there are any heart issues. The weighting scale will alert the patient whether they need a medical check-up regarding their physical health and special toothbrushes will detect cavities.

Surgeries As stated before, robots will effectuate most of the procedure in order to provide more precision and attention to detail. Certainly, this does not mean that surgeons will not be needed, given the fact that they will be operating the machines and will intervene if one of the robots malfunction.

Machines and medical novelties on the settlement  MRI The MRI on the ship will create a 3d replica of the patient, because a 3d scan will allow the doctor to take a closer look at whichever body part they need  Surgery robots The surgery robots will be supervised by the doctors during the surgery, and the only surgeries performed from start to finish by them will be the common general ones.in more special and extreme cases, the surgeons will take the matter in their own hands, helped, of course, by their equipment.  Organ farm and artificial blood bank If artificial blood and organs will be invented, we consider an organ farm and artificial blood bank mandatory on our settlement. Artificial organs would be created by request, customized to the patient’s needs.

Hospitals As the houses will be technologically advanced, they will be suited for medical treatment. Therefore, many patients could choose to be treated at home instead of a hospital. Nonetheless, a main hospital will be created on the settlement, for researching purposes and for other inhabitants in need of medical aid that cannot be received at home.

We have chosen to create a single massive hospital in the centre of the settlement because it is easier to have all the facilities in one place such as dentistry, surgery, emergency room, NICU, paediatrics and infectious diseases.

Patients that choose to be treated at home have to make sure that at least one of their rooms is suitable for medical care. Consequently, one of the bedrooms should have an adjustable bed or available glass panels in case of quarantine.

PSYCHOLOGY Besides the physical form and mental capabilities of the inhabitants, psychological aspects should be taken into consideration when choosing suitable passengers for the settlement, in order to diminish unpleasant situations as much as possible.

Mental health To make that possible, each candidate should be evaluated by a psychologist. Illnesses such as depression, anxiety, OCD and bipolar disorder should be excluded from any candidate’s mental health results, as life on a settlement can get lonely at times and therefore accentuate health issues.

The passengers should have as little as possible to hold onto on earth. Moreover, the key qualities of a settler are high emotional stability and reasonable openness to experience compatibility The chosen passengers should be compatible with each other as much as possible, meaning that there should be a balance between leader, artistic minds, intuitivists, observants etc. In order for that to happen, we have chosen to conduct the sixteen personalities test and we suggest that at least half of them should be present on the settlement.

Therefore, all potential passengers should take the test and be directed to the job category that suits them best. Thus, analysts should make up most of the population, as they are rational, impartial and have great intellectual experience.

For example, the ENTJ (commander) personality is a great leader and has no problem in finding solutions for the toughest requests. The mediator (INFP) personality tends to be misunderstood and feels out of place unless they are doing what they love. Consequently, they are very trustworthy, and they will put their job on the settlement above all.

General requirements No matter their job on the ship, all inhabitants should show that they have certain qualities. Team spirit is a key requirement for the settlers, as well as altruism, a constant thirst for knowledge and for them to be self-driven and proactive.

The Biosphere 2 experiments The biosphere 2 experiments took place in Arizona (1991-1993 and 1994) and their purpose was to determine if a spaceship with earth’s biosphere was suitable for people to live on. From a psychological point of view, it has brought us an insight into what could happen if people were isolated for two years on a spaceship. Although the project itself failed, some important aspects were discovered during the experiment. The 8 biospherians were prone to unconsciously sabotage each other as the group dynamics were the hardest part to deal with, according to Nelson, one of the crew members. Even though Some of the crewmates were not on the best terms, this did not stop them from achieving goals and working together. Moreover, some of the biospherians felt like they had depression, but it was concluded after several tests that isolated groups tend to exaggerate psychological issues and they in fact were very healthy mentally. With all that in mind, we have concluded that the settlers should fit the explorer/adventurer profile and have the same capabilities as an astronaut giving the fact that these traits have seemed to work well in the biosphere 2 project.

Something of great importance that we have learned on our journey of understanding the how’s and why’s of bisphere 2 is that moral values such as empathy and honesty are the foundation of a balanced and successful team whether it’s on a settlement or a school project.

Personality evaluation We have concluded that we do not need the settlers to have identical personalities because there have been cases where opposites get along better. Therefore, we will focus on their personalities individually. To test their personalities, we have chosen the Five Factor Model (FFM), which is quite robust and for which there are enough standardized and adapted psychometric tools in different cultures that can be used for personality assessment.

Chapter 8 SCIENCE OF “WELL-BEING” SPIRITUALITY AND SPACE “Science is not only compatible with spirituality; it is a profound source of spirituality.” ― Carl Sagan, The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark Spirituality is a wide concept that differs from one human to another. In general, it means acknowledging that, somewhere, there is a power bigger than ourselves with which we can create a powerful connection. Ever since the world has been created, people found ways to manifest their spirituality, developing different religions or beliefs – in institutions such as churches, temples, etc. or simply through nature and arts.

Over the years, numerous scientists proved that spirituality has a visible impact on our mental health. As technology develops more and more, people tend to forget about their emotional and spiritual side, feeling lonely, sad and hopeless. Many corporations – Apple, Google, Yahoo, Nike, etc. - took notice of this issue and designed meditation rooms in their offices, stimulating their employees to take breaks and meditate. The man who set the meditation rooms trend was Steve Jobs, who had been practicing it from a young age, declaring that: “Your mind just slows down, and you see a tremendous expanse in the moment. You see so much more than you could see before. It’s a discipline; you have to practice it.”

Laurie Santos, Professor of Psychology at Yale University, who teaches their famous course, “The Science of WellBeing", shows that what we’ve been taught to be our sources of happiness – a good job, money, expensive stuff, etc. in fact stress us rather than bring joy into our lives. Besides other solutions for a happier lifestyle, she suggests meditation as being an effective method. The purpose of the course is to convince the students to introduce these habits in their routines, requesting a weekly review from each of them to observe the results. Most of them were suspicious at first, but after practicing meditation several times, they saw a positive impact.

Besides meditation, which is probably one of the most famous ways of spirituality, history shows us that humans have always been religious. Church rituals and famous holidays – Christmas, Easter, etc. - bring people who share the same beliefs together. It is considered by specialists that church gatherings create stable communities in which anxiety decreases and many find comfort, because they receive answers to their problems. Choosing to adopt a more religious lifestyle has brought people back to their senses, has reunited families and has restored peace in many cases. Religion promotes the idea that through prayers, a good behavior and different habits, we make our way to divinity, where there will be no pain and suffering.

Thus, many religious institutions provide a variety of charitable events through which those in need can be helped, also brightening the mood and increasing the confidence of those who volunteer to help.

Worldwide, there are lots of places in which men and women from different religions can gather and express their spirituality. On our settlement we are trying to create a life as similar as the one on Earth, providing Aphrodite with spaces specially destined for meditation, church rituals and praying, in which every religion and belief can be expressed.

An environment like Aphrodite comes with a lot of difficulties in terms of adaptation. Our inhabitants will have to get used to a new normal, to a completely different lifestyle in order to reach a point in which they will consider the settlement their home and the place where they belong. This process obviously takes time and challenges someone emotionally. Seeing how spirituality benefits one’s mental health, we encourage everyone on our settlement to manifest their spiritual side and to connect with anything they feel attached to. Creating a balance between what surrounds us and ourselves is a key aspect when it comes to adapting to a new way of living.

ART AND SPACE “Art is not a thing; it is a way.” ― Elbert Hubbard Art is any creative work of a human being, a form of expressing oneself and manifests the beauty by making something visually entertaining. It allows “discovery and development of elementary principles of nature into beautiful forms suitable for human use”, as brilliantly said by American architect Frank Lloyd Wright.

Art is more than just an image – it tells a story, as it elicits powerful sentiments and sends across meaningful messages through feelings. Arts encode information, stories and perspectives as it is a way of life and more than just a skill, it is a passion.

Art and science For a while, it was believed that people are predisposed to either right-hemisphere brain dominant, which is more creative or to left-hemisphere brain dominant, which gives mathematical skills. However, this proved to be a misconception as many astronauts are both artists and scientists. By using both skills people use the entire brain, the left and the right, by making a union between art and science. As each artist is unique through their own experimentation and process, painting in lower-gravity can become a challenge that creates opportunities for redefining new processes.

While doing science, there is often a routine that needs to be followed precisely, especially in space where is no room for errors. Due to routine, people are caught in keeping perspective out of sight. Through arts, people in space get a chance to introspect and relax, while looking for new horizons and vision, opening doors to “out-of-box” thinking.

By usage of art, scientific data is better communicated. As science fiction led to science facts, art leads to visual communication as a “picture worth a thousand words”. Many art competitions are being organized on a regular basis on Earth and professional artists depict how far away planets or galaxies might look like after drawing scientific facts.

Such galaxies are so far away that telescopes cannot reach to take real pictures therefore imagination brings perspective closer to reality.

Art and mental health Arts are a way of expressing ourselves from the beginning of civilization and arts bring benefits to people’s mental health, by reducing stress, boosting confidence, developing problem-solving skills or improving quality of life for those with illness. Research has shown that engaging in just 45 minutes of art-making significantly reduced the levels of cortisol(“stress hormone”) because it forces the mind to slow down and focus on the details, people becoming calmer and less anxious.

Problem-solving without boundaries and parameters but usage of imagination stirs creativity and challenges finding solutions for problems in ways were never solved before, as people in space are often challenged with unexpected.

Also, as time in space is too long related to human life, we expect people who become older and mentally sick, like dementia or Alzheimer, to comfort themselves though artistic activities.

Art and society Why is art important to Aphrodite settlement society?

Society is driven by the powerful elites, the dependent masses, government, cultural producers and artists, as described

by Vanes.

Action comes from the left-hand side while ideas come from the right. Hierarchy starts from top to bottom, from leadership to all individuals. As action is seen in policy changes and new laws, the source of ideas coming from the right, is hard to be quantified.

Artists are represented on the side of ideas, as Artists think from their heart with big, revolutionary, and visionary ideas. Artists bring ideas and trigger policy makers or academics for action. This is why artists are able to move people to action and create a significant cultural and political contributions.

Art movement Throughout history, art movements collected various artist messages under the same umbrella, specific to the passions, problems, doubts or challenges of the corresponding decade. At beginning of XXth century there was avant-garde movement characterized by optimism about the future. Industrial revolution brought the need for functional design, defined under Bauhaus movement, and later, kinetic art represented the physical movement as transportation vehicles became the new norm. As technology evolved, new movements came along and XX th century was known with most artistic movements as the speed of progress was phenomenal.

Today, we are immersed into contemporary art and in space exploration. A new artistic movement inspired from space exploration is currently under development, using different medias, like photography, computer-generated art or digital art. Aphrodite is a futuristic settlement that will also organize exhibitions with artworks made on Earth and transported to Aphrodite and will ensure cultural exchange with Earth by sending artworks to Earth and made on the settlement.

Art on Aphrodite ensures that identities and cultures are given recognition in space as we should not lose our identity and not forget our roots that are deep down in thousands of years of civilization on Earth.

“When the roots are deep, there is no reason to fear the wind” – Chinese proverb

ENTERTAINMENT AND SPACE “And those who were seen dancing were thought to be insane by those who could not hear the music.” ― Friedrich Nietzsche Besides the more practical aspects of the transition from Earth to a more or less artificial environment, from settlement specifications to basic things like procurement of food and water, we also have to take into consideration ways in which we could make the whole process a lot easier for the inhabitants. As previously discussed in our project, the relocation is going to take a huge toll on individuals’ mental health, as humans are wired in such to bear conditions existing on Earth. Therefore, we believe that by providing a plethora of different sources of entertainment to the inhabitants we could facilitate all other activities that take place on the settlement or in outer space. As we are not inanimate objects, we require activities that help us unwind, deal with stress and help with the production of essential hormones, dopamine, serotonin, etc.

TSH20 As we will be somewhat space-restricted we need to find solutions that can meet our necessities. Thus, we have decided that the only way in which we could at least mimic earthly activities is through virtual reality (VR).VR glasses are quite common on Earth. However, we wish to create a better version that will bend each individual’s creativity and will bring to life any desire of fantasy.

TSH20 will lead people to fully immersive VR experiences; we could be anywhere on Earth or in space, in the Middle Ages and even in the Bronze Age. What will differentiate what we already have from this new gadget is that it is going to stimulate all of our senses: smell, touch, sight, hearing, taste. The design is going to be essentially the same, simple goggles placed on the eyes. However, they will work as all primary sensory organs: tongue, skin, eyes, ear, nose.

Then, microchips will be placed on the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes. Depending on what image the user chooses, the goggles will send different types of stimuli to the chips, thus tricking the brain into perceiving any kind of smell, sound, texture in any given moment.

The sustainable Venusian “dayclub” Possibly the highlight of the Venusian settlement, the major venue placed in the middle of the new home, will serve as a “day club”, amphitheater and auditorium (it will change depending on the events that take place there). What we are aiming for is to exhibit the unity of the decahedrons through weekly events that will bring all inhabitants closer by giving them a sense of a whole. As we are restricted by space, we will not be able to permit entrance to all inhabitants at the same time. Therefore, we will be able to enter through a rotation system.

However, besides the benefits the Venusian party scene brings to the inhabitants' psyche and social life, it could also prove to be a sustainable solution in the long run for the settlement itself. How? Through the dance floor. The idea is to generate kinetic energy with the help of the partygoers' footsteps. “The more fun, the more energy” is the club’s motto. Under the floor tiles will be electromagnetic generators, which will harness the kinetic energy produced by the dancers and then turned into clean electricity. Additionally, each step could generate roughly 4 Joules of electrical energy, which could prove to be a considerable amount of energy, taking into account 900 inhabitants and 7 hours of continuous dancing.

Credit: https://bit.ly/3b3ueN9

Social Media Instagramming, Facebooking, twittering are by far the most “dug” activities by teenagers and even older generations. Social media is the easiest and fastest way for people to keep in touch even when they are separated by hundreds of miles.

We introduce” Aphpic”.A platform on which inhabitants can freely share their views, their experiences, and their photos, basically, their whole lives on the settlement.

The format is rather generic; we have the option to comment and to like the shared photos. Users can also communicate through direct messaging and can also create group chats. This platform also serves as an online shop, where users can sell services or products, new or used.

However, this application is heavily protected so as to not compromise the safety and integrity of the users.

Programmers and curators will make also sure that none of the guidelines are broken.

Places of leisure Virtual reality will not prove to be that beneficial in the long run, as inhabitants will still require human interaction and essentially, something real, tangible, that will bring that fulfillment that technology is incapable of providing us with. In every decahedron, we could have restaurants, coffee shops, and boutiques that reflect inhabitants’ personalities, former nationalities’ traditions, in the end, creating a small portal to their old lives on planet Earth. inhabitants and 7 hours of continuous dancing.

PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES AND SPACE “The challenge is to stay cool enough to handle the pressure in the moment so that you can succeed in the future” ― Jürgen Klopp; Football coach The correlation between sport and moral skills It has been proven that playing a sport can improve altruism and team reasoning. for instance, in cases such as competitive cycling, contestants co-operated during the race even though they didn’t have to. Playing a sport regularly is the easiest way to be taught about work ethic, teamwork and respect. Moreover, failure, which is part of any sport, teaches moral values and how to overcome adversity. Once adversity is overcome, it is easy to realize that life is sometimes tough and it's better to try and solve difficult tasks and rather than choose the easy way out. According to Jürgen Klopp, who is a very successful football coach, a team can lead if it lives in the present as they could win over stronger teams in the past and nobody expected, so other teams can win over your team. Therefore, do not live in the past, thinking that if you once won you might win forever, and neither in the future, chasing a dream of a play tomorrow.

Today is the day.

According to the Roger Federer, 17 times Grand Slam tennis champion, learning from loss is more illuminating than celebrating wins, as loss can make you stronger and learn from mistakes that help improvement.

With that being said, we strongly consider that sport should be part of any settler’s routine, in order to assure Aphrodite’s people physical well-being, as well as their mental health, on top of the physical challenges that gravity poses to people in space. Furthermore, besides conserving the already positive traits that the inhabitants have, playing a sport could also teach them new moral values, in an easy and fun way.

MUSIC AND SPACE “We are the music makers, and we are the dreamers of dreams.” ― Arthur O’Shaughnessy To start this chapter, me must have in mind this simple question: can we actually live without music?

As we see it, music can only be described as a brain workout.

Research show that in a 17 year old time frame(1981-1998), there where more than 1800 in-flight medical events, a significant procent including behavioral health:most common symptoms triggered throughout a space journey being transient anxiety, depression and annoyance. Other medical manifestations are space adaptation sydrome related to motion sickness and headaches and risk of acute or late central nervous system effects from Space Radiation , affecting motor function and behavior, resulting in neurological disorders. In space, the exposure to radiation are dissimilar in comparison to the levels on Earth and the particular reason for that circumstance are 3 main sources that take part in the space radiation surroundings: trapped particules in the terrestrial magnetic field, solar energetic particules and cosmic rays.

Needless to say,by implementing music on the spaceship we can merely enhance one’s mental health. How? It upgrades creativity,self-expression and the entire neural mechanism for that matter. Studies also show that critical problem-solving mentality is further ameliorated. Listening to or playing music plays a significant role during the age process, keeping the brain engaged.

Health wise,the impact of music causes an easier blood flow, reduction of the heart rate and decrease in the stress hormone. In like manner,not only serotonin and endorphin levels are increased, but also sleep quality, mood, mental alertness, memory. Astonishing results with such a mundane activity!

Why did we go for a song?

As a group, we would like to be defined by our composition, creating our very own anthem. The particular reason is bringing the selected people for this trip closer toghether, as the sense of cooperative work is manadory in this circumstance. Music is the universal language of mankind. We desire to attain the ideal combination of musical intruments, the piano, guitar, bass and drums completing each other, in a melodious and playful way.

We invite you to listen to our song, named „Venusian Symphony” by accessing this link: https://files.fm/u/jvcg93us7#/view/rdkubjzbh

Furhermore, we propose a special area for this exact circumstance, solving noise and privacy issues : soundproof cabins that incorporate echo-free acoustics not only for single usage, but also groups. On Aphrodite, we desire a strong bond in the community. Take as an example solitary time. On average, a person requires at least 20 minutes for self-care, that includes being alone with your own thoughts, write down the details in journal form, listen to music and so on. For a group to coexist harmoniously, each and every individual must be in a good state of mind.

We also offer the possibility of up to 2 people capacity cabin,for the exact purpose of private discussions, other group activities. Without any furniture this type of pod is around 1389 lb and has acoustics of 29 Db. Succesful companies already took the initiative and supplied offices with this type of compartment, why not take a stand and bring them on our settlement?

Credits: Framery Acoustics But what if we could transform music in an actual physical workout rather than just a brain one? For entertainment purposes, we present the idea of stairs that act as a piano with movement-sensitive steps as keys, each illuminating the activated note. This is our unconventional and interactive way of playing music on the spaceship, producing acoustic and kinetic energy with body movement, just as House of Music Museum in Vienna, showed us is already possible.

To sum up everything that has been stated so far, this ancient art is one of the most powerful forms of healing as it is said: “Music acts like a magic key, to which the most tightly closed heart opens.”-Maria von Trapp

Image Credit: House of Music, Vienna

CREATIVE WRITING ACROSTIC POEM by Eva Grosu

Spaceness A-bove the hazy bluish skies P-olluted by rambunctious cities, H-ere comes the space where nothing reigns R-econdite world, embraced in mystery.

O-ne shall never set back from learning, D-iscovering the depths of humankind, I-mmersing in the dazzling void.

T-ime and space are mingling E-arth must await, it’s universe’s time.

LIMERICK by Eva Grosu A: There once was a bright white planet A: From far away it may look like velvet B: Venus, the sister planet to Earth B: A pair of twins separated at birth A: We were attracted to it like a magnet

CINQUAIN by Eva Grosu Colleagues Steadfast, discerning Researching, brainstorming, describing Sent their ambition to space Friends

All Black and White Short story, by Ada Ciontu The sound of catastrophe was rapidly approaching. They all reached their heads in despair, unaware of what might happen. A tiny ball of fire was getting larger and larger as each moment passed by. It was heading in the direction of their spacecraft, shimmering brighter and brighter in the strong glass of their astronaut shells. Within seconds it hit them. Hard. Everything was destroyed. Bits and pieces were falling uncaringly all over them like an unstoppable avalanche and their fragile bodies were spinning hurriedly in the infinite darkness.

Pam saw nothing but unknown shapes moving about her eyes. She had been detached from the spacecraft and was on her own. Her body was like paralyzed in the endless blackness, floating farther and farther away from planet Earth. She had nowhere to go and no one to be saved by. The stringent sound of the Oxygen tank wailed in her numb ears: “10%”.

In a hundredth of a second, Pam was tossed into an invisible hole, sucked in like a vacuum. Her body was powerless in the face of the colossal force that had captured her. Her miniscule hands gripped the stone-cold walls of the pit black whirlwind, grasping at the chance to live. As the Oxygen percentage was swiftly lowering, her pulse was quickening. The same robotic sound shrieked: “1%”. The tremendous pressure was getting bigger as the opaque walls were towering above her, trapping her inside the unescapable black hole. Once the tank run out of Oxygen, her head started whirling without a stop and her muscles were getting strengthless. The Carbon Dioxide she was inhaling was making her feel light-headed, while her energy and consciousness were briskly degrading.

Pam felt nothing, saw nothing, heard nothing. She was stupefied.

As if from a deep sleep, she opened her eyes, only to see something she never would have expected. Humanlike creatures were moving around her, living a normal life, like people on Earth do. Except for the fact that the only colors existing were black and white, as in antique movies. She had a look at her own body. She was no exception.

Pam was petrified with happiness. She had just discovered possible human life outside Earth, the most sought-after question of humanity.

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