Mark D'Urso Master of Architecture Thesis Portfolio by Mark D'Urso

Boston Architectural College Final Review: April 27, 2015 Wayfinding Architecture: Thesis Instructor: Robert Hsiung, FAIA Creating Healthy Mental Connections Via Architecture Mark Dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Urso Design Critics: Arthur Cohen, Chuck Redmon, Russ Feldman, Morel Orta, Will Melcher, Sotirios Kotsopoulos Date of Graduation: May 22, 2015 Master of Architecture

____________________ Mark Dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Urso Student

____________________ Robert Hsiung, FAIA Thesis Instructor

______________________ Ian F. Taberner, AIA Director of Thesis

Waterfront Approach 1

Looking Down to “Lily Pad”Interactive Space

Table of Contents - Thesis Summary 5 - Site & Analysis 8 - Master Plan & Program 16 - Resiliency Design Strategies 18 - Floor Plans 20 - Elevations 42 - Perspectives 44 - Sections 52 - Model 54 - Materiality 60 - Structural 62 - Sustainable Design Strategies 66 - Mechanical Design Strategies 68 - Laboratory Precedents 70 - Documentation of Past Reviews - Introductory 76 - Preliminary 82 - Schematic 90 - DD1 98 - DD2 106 - Biographical Note 114 - Conclusions

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- Thesis Proposal

119 3

Waterfront Approach at Night 4

Thesis Summary

The goal for this thesis project is to explore how architecture (not signage) can facilitate wayfinding to help communicate and improve how individuals navigate a given space stimulating strong mental connections via architecture allowing the design to benefit the health and well-being of individuals. What makes wayfinding a useful investigation is that as responsible professionals our designs need to allow a healthy dialogue between the mind, body, and architecture to create a positive sense of place to facilitate a closer connection rather than feeling disconnected, disoriented, and overwhelmed. The site is located on the southeastern waterfront of Charlestown, Boston MA in the former Navy Yard. The site is an existing deteriorated and abandoned drydock from the WWII era with Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Menino Park adjacent to the site. The drydock area is approximately 69,037 S.F. and is zoned for high-density gross floor area (GFA) of 325,000 S.F. in this Spaulding Complex. So the key objectives for this thesis project are to design a research laboratory for Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital in which the architectural design can facilitate wayfinding to improve individuals health and wellbeing, conform to the high-density GFA zoning requirements of 325,000 S.F., and lastly given the location on the waterfront provide resiliency design strategies to combat coastal storms and sea-level rise.

Thesis Summary

Bonaventure Hotel

Architecture to Orient the User Not Confuse (M.C. Esher â&#x20AC;&#x153;Relativityâ&#x20AC;?)

Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health

Guggenheim Museum

Seattle Public Library

Avoid Architecture that Undermines Wayfinding 6

Thesis Summary

Architectural Wayfinding Elements Diagram 7

Site

Site The proposed site is located on the southeastern waterfront of Charlestown, Boston MA in the former Navy Yard. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s an existing deteriorated and abandoned drydock from the WWII era fully inundated with water as the locks have been removed with Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital the adjacent site.

Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital Site

Site Model 9

Site Analysis

Existing Building

Little Mystic Channel

Existing Building

Parcel 7 Vacant Lot

Existing Building

i rk

Six

Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital

en Av

ird

e re

Existing Building

Thomas Menino Park Prevailing Winter Winds

Existing Building

e Av

Existing Building

Fir

Prevailing Summer Winds

irt h

St t

e re

Site Visit Sketches

View of Boston Skyline & Waterfront

Noon

Site Plan

Boston Inner Harbor

Site Analysis Vacant Site Owned By Spaulding Rehab Hospital Potential Location for Additional Parking

Spaulding Rehab Underground Parking Garage Spaulding Rehab Garden & Therapy Trail Spaulding Rehab Hospital

Menino Park

Harborwalk Look-Out

Site

Condos & Mixed Use

Condos

Legend Apartment Condominium Mixed Use Commercial Industrial Institutional Government Garage, Tanks, Other Primary Circulation Paths Harborwalk Circulation Paths

Site Adjacencies & Use Circulation Bldg. & CirculationDiagrams Path Diagram

Site Analysis

Legend

Site Seawall & Pile Support Diagram

Line of Existing Seawall Pile Support Concrete & Granite Seawall Support

Site Analysis

Boston Waterfront

East Boston Waterfront

Menino Park

Site Views Diagram 15

Master Plan & Program The building typology will be a neuroscience research center. This research facility will be apart of a larger healthcare entity that being Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, which is located on the adjacent site.

Site Plan 16

Site Area: 69,037 sqft. Allowable G.F.A.: 325,000 sqft. 1st Floor: 2nd Floor: 3rd Floor: 4th Floor: 5th Floor: 6th Floor: 7th Floor: 8th Floor:

45,000 S.F.

Total GFA:

325,000 S.F.

54,000 S.F. 56,000 S.F. 50,000 S.F. 40,000 S.F. 40,000 S.F. 20,000 S.F. 20,000 S.F.

325K ALLOWABLE GFA

Master Plan & Program Program: Public: - Welcome Center - (4) Retail Spaces - Restaurant - Fitness Center - Lecture Hall: 319 Seats - Raised Harborwalk - Underground Parking Lot: 213 - Above Ground Parking Lot: 257 Private: - Research Laboratories - Spaulding Rehab Clinic - Loading Dock Shipping/Receiving - Offices/Admin./ Conf. Rooms - Lab Cafeteria - Lab Meeting Rooms - Roof Gardens - Interior Gardens - Mechanical Penthouses

Program Diagram 17

Resiliency Design Strategies Strategies to Combat Coastal Storms and Sea-Level Rise - While having the site located on the southeastern waterfront of Charlestown provides many advantages, it is susceptible to flooding from storm surges and sea-level rise. The following are methods to combat these conditions making the site more resilient. - Raised ground floor of the building to elevation 19’ which is the Boston City Baseline. This provides a 3.35’ offset from the current 100 year flood and 135’ offset from 75 year flood elevation increase.

Resiliency Design Strategies Strategies to Combat Coastal Storms and Sea-Level Rise - Raised the harborwalk to 2nd floor for anticipated future sea-level rise and coastal storm surges, which allows the building to be accessible and passive survivability during extreme storm surges. The raised harbor walk also acts as protective barrier for the surrounding site. - Mechanical, electrical, & emergency services are all located in an enclosed rooftop penthouse out of harms way and allow the building to still function during extreme storm surges. - The concrete foundation wall are raised 2.5â&#x20AC;&#x2122; above the ground floor keeping the glazing from floor level to provide waterproofing and flood protection. - The fuel oil pumps in parking garage are sealed in a water tight submarine vault and electrical supplies encased in concrete, to protect them during extreme storm surges. - All critical building program such as labs, cafeteria, and offices all located on 3rd floor or higher.

The High Line NYC

Site Landmarks & Nodes

Site Views

Boston Skyline

Menino Park

East Boston

Wayfinding Diagram 1st Floor

Wayfinding Diagram 2nd Floor

Site Approach on Foot

Site Approach on Foot 1st Floor

Site Approach by Ferry

Site Approach by Car

Site Approach by Car 1st Floor

Site Approach by Car 2nd Floor

B2 Floor Plan

B1 Floor Plan

1st Floor Plan Spaulding Campus Parking Lot

Spaulding Rehab Hospital

Menino Park

Six t

e re

Loading Dock

Welcome Center

Retail

n ve tA

Fir

Lobby

Underground Parking Garage

Ferry Terminal Fitness Center Boston Harbor

Circulation Area

2nd Floor Plan

Spaulding Rehab Hospital

Six t

e re

Welcome Center

Retail Raised Harborwalk

ve tA

Fir

Lecture Hall

Lobby

Boston Harbor

Restaurant

Circulation Area 33

3rd Floor Plan Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital Welcome Center

Spaulding Clinic

Labs & Support

Write-Up Area Lab Lobby Roof Garden Offices

Cafeteria

Conference Rooms

Circulation Area

4th Floor Plan Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital Welcome Center

Roof Garden

Labs & Support

Write-Up Area Lily Pad Lily Pad

Labs & Support

Write-Up Area

Circulation Area

5th Floor Plan

Labs & Support

Write-Up Area Lily Pad

Lily Pad

Labs & Support

Write-Up Area

Circulation Area

6th Floor Plan

Mechanical Penthouse

Lily Pad Roof Garden

Labs & Support

Write-Up Area

Circulation Area

7th Floor Plan

Lily Pad

Labs & Support

Write-Up Area

Circulation Area

8th Floor Plan

Mechanical Penthouse

Egress, Life Safety, Barrier Free

Legend Egress Stair Elevators

Egress, Life Safety, Barrier Free Diagram

Circulation

Building Circulation Diagram

Elevations

Perspectives

Waterfront Approach

Perspectives

Waterfront Approach at Night

Perspectives

Looking Down to “Lily Pad”Interactive Space

Perspectives

Circulation Path Birds-Eye View from the Southwest 47

Perspectives

Circulation Path Birds-Eye View from the Southeast 48

Perspectives

Circulation Path Birds-Eye View from the Northeast 49

Perspectives

Circulation Path Birds-Eye View from the Northwest 50

Perspectives

Main Pathway View

Menino Park Pathway View

View from Menino Park

View from Spaulding Rehab Hospital 51

Sections

Site Model

Building Model

Harborwalk Section Model

Materiality Hunter Douglas Quadroclad Metal Rainscreen Facade Panels

1600 WALL SYSTEMTM3

JULY, 2014 EC 97911-063

FEATURES

Materiality Kawneer 1600 Curtain Wall System 3

Features • 1600 Wall SystemTM3 has a 2-1/2" (63.5) sight line • Standard 6" (152.4) or 7-1/2" (190.5) depth systems are compatible with SystemTM1 and SystemTM2 • Inside glazed verticals utilize the IsoStrutTM thermal barrier to provide • • •

superior structural and thermal performance Integral vertical exterior cover and thermal barrier reduce installed cost Horizontals utilize a thermal separator and pressure plate to allow for glazing or re-glazing from the exterior Standard infill options are 1/8" (3.2), 1/4" (6.4) and 1" (25.4)

• • • • • •

Thermally Broken by means of a continuous 1/4" (6.4) low conductance spacer Concealed fastener joinery creates smooth, monolithic appearance Shear block fabrication method Standard 90 and 135 degree inside and outside corners available Offers integrated entrance framing systems Peroxide-cure high performance EPDM silicone compatible glazing materials for long-lasting seals • Two color option • PermanodicTM anodized finishes in seven choices • Painted finishes in standard and custom choices Optional Features • Steel reinforcing available • Integrates with Kawneer windows and concealed GLASSventTM for curtain wall • 1600 PowerWallTM solar photovoltaic (PV) infill in lieu of glass

Kawneer reserves the right to change configuration without prior notice when deemed necessary for product improvement,

Laws and building and safety codes governing the design and use of glazed entrance, window, and curtain wall products vary widely, Kawneer does not control the selection of product configurations, operating hardware, or glazing materials, and assumes no responsibility therefor,

• 1600 Wall SystemTM3 is an inside / outside glazed captured curtain wall

Product Applications • Ideal for low-rise to high-rise curtain wall applications where inside glazing and high performance is desired For specific product applications, Consult your Kawneer representative.

61 kawneer,com

ADMD030

Structural

View From South

View From North 62

View From East

View From West

Structural -The structural system consists of concrete below grade using the existing foundation walls of the drydock with concrete column supports. -The structural system above grade consists of steel framing with composite steel and concrete decking system. - The raised harborwalk consists of cantilevered concrete columns and supports with wood decking and glass railing around the perimeter.

Wal Section

Harborwalk Supports

Structural

Basement Framing Plan

1st Floor Framing Plan

2nd Floor Framing Plan

Structural

3rd Floor Framing Plan

4th-5th Floor Framing Plan

6th-8th Floor Framing Plan

Sustainable Design Strategies Photovoltaic panels

Mechanical penthouse w/ high efficiency equipment Rainscreen facade w/ high performance insulation Rooftop gardens to reduce heat island effect & retain storm water

High-performance triple pane low-e insulated glazing

Perimeter circulation allowing fully day lit interior spaces w/high efficiency lighting & photocell sensors

Light Shelves on South, East, & West facades to prevent overheating

Sustainable Design Diagram 66

Sustainable Design Strategies - Green roofing and gardens to prevent heat island effect and retain storm water. - Extensive insulation, low-emissivity glass and triple glazed windows creating a high performance envelope. - Rainscreen facade, adds protection to the building and added insulating barrier. - Light shelves to prevent overheating the interior spaces and reduce glare. - Photovoltaic panels on roof tops Green Roofing

Rainscreen

- High efficiency lighting - Photocell sensors to automatically reduce use of artificial lighting when sufficient daylight is harvested through the windows. -High efficiency mechanical equipment.

Natural Lighting Controls 67

Mechanical Design Strategies

Lab Layout Diagram

VAV System

Lab Mechanical Equipment & Air Circulation Diagram

Mechanical Design Strategies All the mechanical, electrical, & emergency services are all located in an enclosed rooftop penthouse out of harms way and allow the building to still function during extreme storm surges. - Emergency Generator - Cooling Towers - Chillers - Air-Handling Units - Variable Air Volume system - Boilers - Electrical Switchgear

Building Mechanical Equipment & Air Circulation Diagram 69

Laboratory Precedents South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute Architect: Woods Bagot Location: Adelaide, Sa, Australia Year: 2014 Area: 270,000 sqft.

Lab Floor Plan

Laboratory Precedents

Laboratory Precedents Allen Institute for Brain Science Headquarters Architect: Perkins+Will Location: Seattle, WA Year: 2015 Area: 280,000 sqft.

Lab Floor Plan

Laboratory Precedents

Laboratory Precedents Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health Architect: Stantec Location: Vancouver, BC, Canada Year: 2014 Area: 140,000 sqft.

Lab Floor Plan

Laboratory Precedents

Introductory Review

Introductory Review Introductory Review Feedback 9/15/2014 • Comments on site context apply, where are people coming from? How to people approach the site. Where do they park? Diagram paths of travel that relate to Spaulding and other surrounding buildings. • Use Spaulding as a guide for scale of your building. Programmatically it should be a partner to Spaulding, they should work together and not belittle or undermine each other. • How to decide which master plan scheme to proceed with? Borrow the density of the park if necessary. Role of architect are problem solvers, 90% of our work is with developers, so it is a decision we make. • Finding out more about Spaulding internally will help if you want your building to cooperate. • Wayfinding at different scales. Wayfinding at building scale and at master plan level. Identify patterns of ways. • The “T” shape entry mat not work well with the fundamental ideas of the building • The lab in Australia had a clear, open, connective space that explains the layout. It also has a clean side and a dirty side (lab support & lab). The services space with utility and corridors these are important elements. Simple diagram but interesting views. High visual clarity to understanding of the layout. Having lab enclosed in glass lights up space and makes researchers aware of daylight and time of day. Support space size depends on the research. Offices need to be close of in the labs. • Internalize constraints in your head now to help you do the master plan so you can focus on planning, layout etc. When you stack labs on top of each other you need some type of vertical connection and circulation. • If building gets to wide stack program and have shared support space, Kahn stacks building vertical. • The glass for corridor also for lab work having an awareness of light and space. Combine all services and overlap the labs to serve corridors. The center gives clarity to the building. • Central space is a good visual explanation and expression of connection. • Have extra or supplementary circulation in the true public realm. The usual way to accomplish clear circulation is to cerate extra circulation. • Find reasons for people to go from one building to another. Spontaneous gathering spaces should be near vertical circulation and coffee bars, food, café, water cooler, restrooms for people to exchange ideas and thoughts and be creative. • If you want buildings to work together think of reasons to go together with Spaulding. • Programmatic touch down common area for researchers. • How does your building it visually relate to Spaulding? Where are you coming from and how do you recognize the building? Diagram patterns of wayfinding on master plan. Diagram paths in Spaulding building and connections particularly on ground plane visually, physically, spatially etc. How do you get in your building and not get in the way of people going to Spaulding. Necessary steps to make decisions. • Patterns of wayfinding, how to enter the site, how do adjacent buildings relate to the site. • Look at approach to site from Boston and Cambridge. From boat on water. • What can you put in this building that will draw people into this building even if its only the staff of Spaulding; fitness center, restaurants, café. Liberty wharf commercial restaurants on the bottom 2 floors.

Preliminary Review

Preliminary Review Preliminary Review Feedback 10/13/2014 • Show impact of tides (daily high, low & tidal surge) on sections • Tall research building not good idea, not much flexibility. sqft per floor not enough for lab to be efficient, rectangular shape is better. • 25,000 - 50,000 sqft is good per floor for a lab rather than stacking horizontal because it is hard to connect people. • Need bank of elevators separate for staff and deliveries. • You missed a step in studying how big a lab needs to be really function properly, what are the elements, schemes need to have more purpose develop places that aide wayfinding. Work with lab module first then layout on site. • Australian lab could flip corridor for service and will be essential for laying out the space. • Do comparison of sizes of lab floor plans side by side. • The longer you can extrude the lab the better and more efficient it will be on the drydock site. • Need to understand and convey how lab works in order to do your design, need to know internal organization. • Need to figure out what the lab module is first before you start designing other things such as master plan. • Support lab space now days is about half of the lab space. • Corridor internal to the lab is very advantageous like In Samhri plan because it is part of the lab. • Open labs are good for lots of reason • What kind of places in a research building promote way finding and promote socialization and collaboration. • Don’t focus on specific lab layouts, focus on creating a building that promotes collaboration & interaction: macro level getting through building and micro level of spaces on every plan. • Then there are places where collaboration occurs through interaction and those are things that occur within the circulation paths of the building. spaces near stairs, white or glass boards on walls for writings. Lab turns every wall into a white wall for ideas and collaboration. • Could be multiple wings that overlap for interactions. What happens at those interactive places, opportunity for things, elevators, stairs. • Suggest you focus on building on the dry dock and not trying to build on the triangle and have 2 master plan scenarios one is horizontal and one is vertical and they both relay on a common building block footprint of module that you would apply either way. • Problem I’m wrestling with is density, only one scheme that met density but if lab is not going to be this massive 325,000 sqft building what do you do with the rest of the site. Buy it by the yard with the lab building as much as you can then building an office nose facing the water. • Natural connection between Spaulding with retail and it culminates in something that you draw people too. • Another problem is having the site on a pier is service, garbage truck and public need separate spaces to come in, rather than them all coming in the same way. Need to manage access to have a public side and a service side. • Elevated Harbor walk on nice view of city side and can have service space underneath it so you don’t take away view and make most of the space to have separate entry for service. • A typical lab is 14.5 - 15 ft floor to floor.

Schematic Review

Schematic Review Feedback 12/08/2014 • Make your building plan more efficient — more labs, less writeup, smaller atriums… Make your building mass less bloated consolidate vertical circulation and reduce building height. Consider adding a lower building extension over the questionable “water court” next to the welcoming center in order to reduce total building height (by one floor?) — thus making better scale transition with the surrounding buildings. • Service, shipping, receiving, loading dock on side facing water and over drydock water feature for loading dock. • Service circulation, make a transfer level rather than having service deliveries having to come to the other side on pedestrian levels. (for example come up to 4th floor, then have a transfer to other side where you can go up to labs or down to public area with out disturbing circulation. • Need to balance proportion of lab space on floor plan to support space. Too much open space. • Atrium is too large, its overkill. Look at it as one building rather than two and carve away spaces. Rebalance lab/support/write-up/ atrium spaces • Make bench length standard like 4, the more adaptable you can make it the better. The building will outlast the client, the safest way to develop plan is to make it as flexible as possible. • Building is too large need to treat it like one building and carve away spaces such as atrium/gathering. Making building massing lower, too tall. • No more than 2 or 3 floors for public space and make the rest labs. 97

DD1

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DD1

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DD1

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DD1

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DD1

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DD1

DD1 Review Feedback 2/23/2015 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Larger collaboration spaces for both sides to interact. Occupiable green roof for Spaulding. Public space as collaborative space Diagram collaborative spaces and how you get there Are there spaces where the whole floor can collaborate? Does there need to be? Atrium could serve as more of a central collaborative zone in the center rather than having spaces on the ends. Put most meeting spaces in the center with a few private ones on the ends. Interior gardens can provide indoor relief and gathering spaces areas where people can talk to other people. The collaboration should be more loose, a place where people can relax (food, cafe) Atrium is (barrier) dividing or working against user groups collaborating, make the atrium a magnet for collaboration. Should have open stairs throughout and in the atrium Make people circulate down them not like a typical stair. Add intermediate landings that could serve as group spaces. Merge the two sides of the building So formalized that it is difficult to find accidental collaborative space. All meeting spaces should direct people to the center Place conference room as interlocking so that you have vantage points to different floors. This will allow you to break the scale of the facade up. Terracing through the atrium like lilly pads, creating different levels of paths for causal and informal meetings. 105

DD2

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DD2

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DD2

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DD2

MECHANICAL SYSTEMS:

SUSTAINABILITY & RESILIENCY DESIGN STRATEGIES:

• (2) Mechanical Systems (Lab & Public) • Emergency Generator • Cooling Tower • Chiller • Air-Handling Units • Boilers

• Green roofing and gardens to prevent heat island effect and retain storm water.

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• High efficiency insulation, low-emissivity glass and triple grazed windows. • Grey water system

DD2

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BUILDING MATERIALITY: HUNTER DOUGLAS

KAWNEER 1600 CURTAIN WALL SYSTEM 3

DD2

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DD2

STRUCTURAL: • Concrete foundation & column supports below grade. • Composite steel and concrete decking & steel column supports above grade. • Steel trusses to be provided for longer spans as indicated on plans.

BUILDING MATERIALITY: HUNTER DOUGLAS QUADROCLAD METAL RAINSCREEN FACADE PANELS

KAWNEER 1600 CURTAIN WALL SYSTEM 3

MECHANICAL SYSTEMS:

SUSTAINABILITY & RESILIENCY DESIGN STRATEGIES:

• (2) Mechanical Systems (Lab & Public) • Emergency Generator • Cooling Tower • Chiller • Air-Handling Units • Boilers

• Green roofing and gardens to prevent heat island effect and retain storm water. • High efficiency insulation, low-emissivity glass and triple grazed windows. • Grey water system • Photovoltaic panels • Raised ground floor building elevation 19’ which is the Boston City Baseline. • Raised harborwalk to 2nd floor for anticipated future sea level rise and coastal storm surges. Raised harbor walk also acts as protective barrier. • Mechanical, electrical, & emergency services are all located in the rooftop penthouse. • Raise glazing from floor level to provide waterproofing and flood protection. • Fuel oil pumps in parking garage sealed in a water tight submarine vault and electrical supplies encased in concrete.

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DD2 DD2 Review Feedback 3/24/2015 • Parking: Remove 1 bay of parking to open up space. (possibly make it 90 degree parking with 5% ramp and park along it • 200 parking spots per level one long ramp) • Ramp only one corner and use space under loading dock for parking. • Move drop off by welcome center make roundabout around welcome center • Make welcome center bus dropoff too. Consider how people get dropped off to welcome center.. • Develop a map of the landmarks & map out visitors & users path diagram. • Critics question entry from welcome center, its not reinforcing overall premise of wayfinding. • Diagram circulation of user groups. • Identify users • Determine how they get there • Draw paths of travel for each user group • Flip circulation onto water side, lacking of middle element /landmark on waterside by ferry terminal. Add as many landmark wayfinding elements as possible. • Possibly make auditorium the first thing one sees from welcome center rather than wall of retail then traveling long distance to lobby. • Needs to be a program element that ties into research lab. • Conference center for symposiums? • NW corner is first thing one sees from road, possibly use that to your advantage. • How can the form of the auditorium scoop people in. • Transition from place to place, not place to hallway. • Lacks landmarks between welcome center and south lobby. • Having something that allows visitors to understand your building early is a good thing. • Presentation walk-through procession of building. • Security of elevators. • Move atrium away from water possibly 30’-40’. • Possibly flip atrium v shape 180 degrees.

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Biographical Note I’m an architectural designer in Boston, New York, and New Jersey areas. I’m currently about to graduate with my Master of Architecture degree at Boston Architectural College. I have worked for firms servicing the NJ & NY areas specializing in residential, institutional, & commercial design. Excelled in a variety of design types and scale projects, ranging from 500- 2,000 square foot commercial projects to 500- 3,000 square foot residential projects. I have gained significant amount of experience in the field for years and I am always looking to expand my skills. I am self-motivated individual who is multi-tasked oriented, reliable and knowledgeable individual with excellent analytical, organizational, and interpersonal skills. Experience Mikesell & Associates Architects - Planners, Newark, NJ, June 2014 – January 2015 Position: Architectural Intern - Designed preliminary plans for owner’s approval. - Developed measured drawings from visiting project sites. - Construction Administration & Project Management Mileto – Godsall Associates LLC., Nutley, NJ & Long Valley, NJ, January 2011 – December 2012 Position: Draftsmen/ Architectural Designer Held full time during the summer and remote work from - Boston during academic year. - Designed preliminary plans for owner’s approval. - Prepared final construction plans and details for code approval and bidding. , May 2007 – August 2010 Position: Architectural Designer / Project Manager - Excelled in a variety of design types and scale projects, ranging from 500- 2,000 square foot commercial projects to 500- 3,000 square foot residential projects. - Developed measured drawings from visiting project sites. - Provided building code analysis for clients. - Designed preliminary plans for owner’s approval and met with clients to discuss plans. - Prepared final construction plans and details for code approval and bidding. - Provided owners with construction management and project coordination. William A. Godsall Associates P.A. Architects-Planners, Nutley, NJ, July 1998 – May 2007 Position: Architectural Intern Held a part-time position during the academic year & full time during the summers. - Assisted in measuring existing conditions of project sites. - Developed CAD drawings of existing project conditions & generated details library. - Generated photocopied drawing sets for clients & managed firm project files. 114

Education Boston Architectural College, Boston, MA, September 2010 – 2015 Master of Architecture

Biographical Note

Seton Hall University, College of Arts & Sciences, South Orange, NJ, September 2002 – May 2007 Bachelor of Arts in Liberal Studies, Minor: Art History Skills Software: - AutoCAD - Revit - SketchUp - Rhinoceros - Microstation - ResCheck - ComCheck Adobe Creative Suite/Cloud: - Photoshop - Illustrator - InDesign - Dreamweaver - Lightroom Microsoft Office: - Word - Excel - PowerPoint Operating Systems: - Microsoft Windows - Mac OS X Miscellaneous: - Drawing - Drafting - Modelmaking - Photography

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Conclusions Wayfinding architecture is a complex issue to fully understand and implement in architectural design today. We have to take a step back to understand how we as human beings interact with architecture in our day to day lives and what type of messages architecture can communicate to improve our health and well-being, rather than hinder it. When a space becomes difficult to navigate it can have an adverse affect on individuals health and well-being disrupting our sense of place. When individuals become disoriented due to poor wayfinding design it can create stressful and frustrating situations creating unease, anxiety and other health issues. My goal at the start of this thesis project was to explore how wayfinding architecture improve the health and well-being of individuals and identify what elements of architecture can reinforce it. I feel I have been successful in this respect with my thesis project and this experience has opened my eyes in relation to the health and well-being aspects of architecture. As responsible professionals our architectural designs need to allow a healthy dialogue between the mind, body, and architecture to create a good sense of place to facilitate a closer connection rather than feeling disconnected, disoriented, and overwhelmed. Focusing on how architecture can guide individuals successfully through a space in a meaningful and stimulating manner enhancing the individuals experience generating a healthier environment is something that will be useful throughout my entire career as an architect. Thesis has been a long challenging process of exploration and it is remarkable to see the difference from where I initially started my thesis proposal a year ago to how my project has evolved into such a rich and unique design. I have learned so much throughout this process and itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s a rewarding feeling to see the final design after all the hard work and late hours that were put in. I would like to express gratitude to my brilliant thesis instructor Bob Hsiung for continuing to challenge me throughout this process and my exceptional thesis panel for giving some of the best feedback at my time at the BAC. I owe the success of the project to all of you and I am very lucky to have had such intelligent and distinguished members on my panel.

Thank you Bob, my panel, and Ian!

I would like to dedicate this thesis project to the most wonderful people in the world my parents Giuseppe & Carol. Thank you for all your support throughout this process. 116

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Wayfinding: Creating Strong Mental Connections Via Architecture Spaulding Research Center Charlestown, Boston, Ma

Boston Architectural College Masters of Architecture Thesis Proposal Thesis Program Director: Ian F. Taberner, AIA Thesis Coordinator: Thor Sandstad Thesis Seminar Instructor: Ian F. Taberner, AIA Thesis Studio Instructor: Susan Twomey Mark Dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Urso Thesis Masters of Architecture Candidate: Thesis I (expected start): Fall 2014 Date: April 30, 2014

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Table of Contents Thesis Summary -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 124 Thesis Abstract --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 125 Thesis Statement ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 126 Methods of Inquiry ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 130 Terms of Criticism ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 131 Building Systems Integration Statement ------------------------------------------------------------------ 132 Site Statement ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 134 Programming Statement ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 136 Programming Research ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 139 - Existing State ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 139 - Site Description and Analysis -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 139 - Codes ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 159 - Cultural Context -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 163 - Informational Context ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 173 - Precedents --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 177 - Neuroscience Institute Building ------------------------------------------------------------- 178 - Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health --------------------------------------- 180 - Salk Institute --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 182 - Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital --------------------------------------------------------- 184 - Saynatsalo Town Hall --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 186 - Alamillo Health Center ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 188 - Future State -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 191 - Mission and Goals ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 191 - Cost Evaluation --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 197 Case Studies & Analysis ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 203 - Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 204 - Cooper Union Academic Building ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 208 - Carpenter Center ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 210 - Walker Art Center ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 212 - Danish Maritime Museum ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 214 - The Image of the City by Kevin Lynch ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 216 - The Human Brain: Neurons & Synapses ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 218 - Human Senses Used in Wayfinding ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 219 - Wayfinding Architecture by Romedi Passini ----------------------------------------------------------------- 220 - Wayfinding: People, Signs, and Architecture by Romedi Passini & Paul Arthur------------------ 222 Sketch Problem -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 224 Health and Wellness: Cultural Contribution -------------------------------------------------------------- 226 Thesis Client Advisor / Representative ------------------------------------------------------------------- 227 Schedule of Requirements -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 228 Thesis Candidate Resume -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 229 Footnotes --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 231 Annotated Bibliography ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 245 Appendix --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 253

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Wayfinding “In the process of way-finding, the strategic link is the environmental image, the generalized mental picture of the exterior physical world that is held by an individual. This image is the product both of immediate sensation and of the memory of past experience, and it is used to interpret information and to guide action. The need to recognize and pattern our surroundings is so crucial, and has such long roots in the past, that this image has wide practical and emotional importance to the individual.” 1 Kevin Lynch The Image of the City 1960 “A good environmental image gives its possessor an important sense of emotional security. He can establish an harmonious relationship between himself and the outside world. This is the observe of the fear the comes with disorientation; it means that the sweet sense of home is strongest when home is not only familiar but distinctive as well.” 2 Kevin Lynch The Image of the City 1960 122

Wayfinding “It has to communicate its content, its spatial organization, its circulation system, entrances, exits, horizontal and vertical paths. Architecture has to have distinct and memorable features and destination zones. In other words, it has to communicate wayfinding information.” 3 Paul Arthur & Romedi Passini Wayfinding: People, Signs, and Architecture 1992

“Tim Berners-Lee, a creator of the World Wide Web, likens the brain’s complexity to the nearly infinite capacity for Web sites to connect to each other. “A piece of information is really defined only by what it’s related to,” he said. “The structure is everything. There are billions of neurons in our brains, but what are neurons? Just cells. The brain has no knowledge until connections are made between neurons. All that we know, all that we are, comes from the way our neurons are connected.” 4 Michael S. Sweeney Foreword by Richard Restak, M.D. The Brain The Complete Mind: How it Develops, How it Works, and How to Keep it Sharp 2009 123

Thesis Summary Thesis Abstract:

Wayfinding: Creating Strong Mental Connections Via Architecture

We experience and interact with architecture in the world daily through movement and communication. Although there is a lot of movement going on with the overall form and façades in contemporary architecture, designers are not as concerned with the human mind and body and how it moves through a given space in terms of legibility and wayfinding. As we move through a space we take communicative experiences in from our architectural surroundings such as legibility, scale of a space, and ease of navigation. When a space becomes difficult to navigate or wayfind it can have an adverse affect on individuals health and well-being disrupting our sense of place. When individuals become disoriented due to poor wayfinding design it can create stressful and frustrating situations. These situations can generate adverse physical and psychological effect on the human mind and body such as hyperventilation, rise in blood pressure, heart attack, anxiety attack, and panic attacks. Successful wayfinding is not signage; successful wayfinding has to do with the manner in which the architecture is designed to facilitate an individual’s navigational clarity through a given space. This will be demonstrated in the design of the Spaulding Research center.

Thesis Statement:

My goal for this thesis project is to explore how architecture (not signage) can facilitate wayfinding to help communicate and improve how individuals navigate a given space stimulating strong mental connections via architecture allowing the design to benefit the health and well-being of individuals. In our designs, we need to generate spaces that are highly legible and communicate a good sense of place that can guide our movements, mind, and spirit in the architecture rather than generating spaces that neglect it, seeing it as a low priority or hindrance. This will improve the health and well-being of the individuals and challenge architects to generate richer designs. What makes this a useful investigation is that as responsible professionals our architectural designs need to allow a healthy dialogue between the mind, body, and architecture to create a good sense of place to facilitate a closer connection rather than feeling disconnected, disoriented, and overwhelmed. We need to focus on how wayfinding architecture can guide individuals successfully through a space in a meaningful and stimulating manner enhancing the individuals experience generating a healthier environment.

Methods of Inquiry: •

The design of the circulation system and decision points must be highly legible to aide in understanding the building, decrease user disorientation, and create a rewarding and exciting user experience. • The design must incorporate spaces the contribute to the overall health and well-being of the users such as short corridors, places of rest, scenic views, and exposure to natural elements such as green space, water, and natural light in order to facilitate a healthier wayfinding environment. • The architectural elements should help the users navigate through the program with ease providing clear choices. In addition the design should offer stimulating and rewarding experiences for the users allowing appealing paths for discovery and enticing views. Terms of Criticism: • Through precedent studies decision points and circulation will be analyzed in relation to wayfinding. From these precedents I will try to find out the identity of these systems of circulation to make the wayfinding experience more exciting and successful. • There are particular architectural spatial qualities in wayfinding that can contribute to the overall health and well-being of users and create a good sense of place. An area of inquiry will be to discover what these spatial qualities consist of and how they can be implemented into the design to benefit the users health and well-being during the wayfinding process. • There are certain architectural elements that can inform users on what direction to take, where to enter a building, and how to move through a space. Analyzing specific precedents will be the focus to find patterns of wayfinding that are informative and directive to users creating comfortable and exciting experiences.

Building Typology:

The building typology will be a Neuroscience Research Center.

Site:

The proposed site is located on the southeastern waterfront of Charlestown, Boston MA in the former Navy Yard. The site is an existing deteriorated and abandoned drydock from the WWII era fully inundated with water as the locks have been removed with Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital the adjacent site.

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Thesis Abstract We experience and interact with architecture in the world daily through movement and communication. Although there is a lot of movement going on with the overall form and façades in contemporary architecture, designers are not as concerned with the human mind and body and how it moves through a given space in terms of legibility and wayfinding. As we move through a space we take communicative experiences in from our architectural surroundings such as legibility, scale of a space, and ease of navigation. When a space becomes difficult to navigate or wayfind it can have an adverse affect on individuals health and well-being disrupting our sense of place. When individuals become disoriented due to poor wayfinding design it can create stressful and frustrating situations. These situations can generate adverse physical and psychological effect on the human mind and body such as hyperventilation, rise in blood pressure, heart attack, anxiety attack, and panic attacks. Successful wayfinding is not signage; successful wayfinding has to do with the manner in which the architecture is designed to facilitate an individual’s navigational clarity through a given space. This will be demonstrated in the design of the Spaulding Research center. Successful wayfinding is not signage; successful wayfinding has to do with the manner in which the architecture is designed to facilitate an individual’s navigational clarity through a given space. Just because a design supports successful wayfinding doesn’t mean the architecture is simplistic, there are many examples of architecture that are wayfinding efficient, but also spatially interesting and complex. The site is an existing deteriorated drydock inundated with water from the old Navy Yard located in Charlestown, Boston, MA. The site overlooks the waterfront of the Boston Harbor, East Boston, and the Boston skyline with Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital on the adjacent site. The Navy Yard district has a rich history providing ship design, construction, and repairs for the U.S. Navy and it is now a national park. This study aims to prove successful wayfinding creates strong mental connections with individuals through the architectural design to facilitate an individual’s navigational clarity through a given space. This will be demonstrated in the design of Spaulding Neuroscience Research Center.

Concept Progression

*All sketches & models by author

125

Thesis Statement My goal for this thesis project is to explore how architecture (not signage) can facilitate wayfinding to help communicate and improve how individuals navigate a given space stimulating strong mental connections via architecture allowing the design to benefit the health and well-being of individuals. In our designs, we need to generate spaces that are highly legible and communicate a good sense of place that can guide our movements, mind, and spirit in the architecture rather than generating spaces that neglect it, seeing it as a low priority or hindrance. This will improve the health and well-being of the individuals and challenge architects to generate richer designs. What makes this a useful investigation is that as responsible professionals our architectural designs need to allow a healthy dialogue between the mind, body, and architecture to create a good sense of place to facilitate a closer connection rather than feeling disconnected, disoriented, and overwhelmed. We need to focus on how wayfinding architecture can guide individuals successfully through a space in a meaningful and stimulating manner enhancing the individuals experience generating a healthier environment. Some questions that will be explored in this study are: • How can architecture help the individuals navigate a space? • How can we design architecture that can improve how individuals wayfind? • What human senses do we use to wayfind? • How does the human brain interpret how we wayfind and what is the communication process?

Wayfinding Elements

Wayfinding Senses

Brain Neurons & Synapses

Communication Network

Concept Sketches

126

Concept Models

*All sketches, models & diagrams by author

Thesis Statement These questions will be addressed by researching case studies that focus on wayfinding in the form of architecture, literature, environmental psychology, the human mind, and the human senses to gain an understanding of how individuals wayfind and the importance and complexity of it. Kevin Lynch in his book The Image of the City provides a structure for what constitutes successful wayfinding in cities consisting of five elements of mental mappings: paths, edges, districts, nodes, and landmarks. These five elements of mental mappings can be translated to architectural design just at a smaller scale proven by psychological wayfinding studies conducted by architect /psychologist Romedi Passini and Paul Arthur. They called wayfinding spatial problem solving where the individual navigating finds a satisfactory solution to a larger task through navigation. In my research I found the neurons and synapses cells of the human brain to be an inspirational image for wayfinding by means of creating a positive communication network of connections between other cells to navigate functions. The human brain functions, communications, and senses will be analyzed in order to understand how information is processed and what senses wayfinding has an impact on. The Guggenheim in New York is one noteworthy example of a successful wayfinding design that is efficient, provides open orientation references, displays order and clarity in circulation and design, but is also spatially interesting and complex architecture. These case studies are all interrelated and seem to inform each other is different aspects of wayfinding and will provide a solid basis for understanding wayfinding problems and processes to help develop architectural design solutions.

COLLABORATIONS

BRAIN FUNCTION & HUMAN SENSES

COMMUNICATION NETWORK

NEURONS & SYNAPSES SMELL

SIGHT

CONNECTIONS

BUILDING FOR HEALING OF THE MIND

TOUCH HEARING

PRACTITIONER

INTERACTIONS

DISCUSSIONS MEETINGS

PATHS

LANDMARKS NODES

EDGES DISTRICTS

NATURAL LIGHT

WAYFINDING ARCHITECTURE

MATERIALITY

BUILDING FOR HEALING OF THE MIND

LINE OF SIGHT

PATIENT

RESEARCHER

SPATIAL HIERARCHY

CLARITY OF CIRCULATION

Concept Diagram

Program Concept Diagram

Concept Models

*All sketches, models & diagrams by author

127

Thesis Concept Model Progression

Concept Models 128

*All models by author

Thesis Concept Model Progression

Concept Models

*All models by author

129

Methods of Inquiry Methods of inquiry are influenced by the collection of researchable evidence in relation to my wayfinding thesis. Methods of inquiry allow me to test my thesis and give a firm set of guidelines to focus on in the concept and design process.

â&#x20AC;˘ The design of the circulation system and decision points must be highly legible to aide in understanding the building, decrease user disorientation, and create a rewarding and exciting user experience. â&#x20AC;˘ The design must incorporate spaces the contribute to the overall health and well-being of the users such as short corridors, places of rest, scenic views, and exposure to natural elements such as green space, water, and natural light in order to facilitate a healthier wayfinding environment. â&#x20AC;˘ The architectural elements should help the users navigate through the program with ease providing clear choices. In addition the design should offer stimulating and rewarding experiences for the users allowing appealing paths for discovery and enticing views.

130

Terms of Criticism Terms of criticism allow me to lead the discussion and provide specific points to be evaluated upon. It’s a precise measuring technique to direct critical judgments of the merits and faults of my work to see if I am fulfilling the goals of my thesis.

• Through precedent studies decision points and circulation will be analyzed in relation to wayfinding. From these precedents I will try to find out the identity of these systems of circulation to make the wayfinding experience more exciting and successful. • There are particular architectural spatial qualities in wayfinding that can contribute to the overall health and well-being of users and create a good sense of place. An area of inquiry will be to discover what these spatial qualities consist of and how they can be implemented into the design to benefit the users health and well-being during the wayfinding process. • There are certain architectural elements that can inform users on what direction to take, where to enter a building, and how to move through a space. Analyzing specific precedents will be the focus to find patterns of wayfinding that are informative and directive to users creating comfortable and exciting experiences.

131

Building Systems Integration The integration of building systems that could foster the development of my wayfinding thesis is designing a highly legible circulation system that allows users to easily perceive where they need to travel in a given space. A central atrium space in the building that acts as a node allows users to orient themselves and foster social interaction. Lastly the introduction of natural light to the interior spaces and views to the waterfront provide healthier conditions to orient themselves and understand where they are located. Some interesting and relatable examples of building systems integration that relate to my design concept can be seen in the Guggenheim Museum and Cooper Union Academic Building. For the design of Guggenheim Museum Wright designed a spiral form inspired by the design concept of an inverted ziggurat as he felt that this inverted design would redefine the circulation with a ramp system in the museum implying a symbol of continuous renewal.5 The spiraling ramp circulation system allows users to easily identify how the circulation system of the building functions having visual contact with the center. The design concept for Cooper Union Academic Building was to be a vessel to foster of social interaction with visitors, students, and faculty of all departments.6 This was accomplished by creating social spaces to interact such as the vertical piazza, grand staircase that climbs 4 stories in height, Sky bridge staircases span through the atrium, and a skip-stop elevator in order to force individuals to use the stair to foster social interaction.7 These elements support successful wayfinding and implement the idea of the architecture being used to foster communication between disciplines. Structural technological system considerations in relation my building typology of a Neuroscience Research Center will be explored in relation to condition of the foundation. The site is located on an existing abandoned drydock inundated with water located on the Boston Harbor waterfront. The conditions with the foundation will need to be investigated with a geotechnical and structural engineer to see if the building can be built on the existing drydock or if structural piles will be necessary to understand what those conditions will be. The structural engineer will also need to be consulted regarding the design of steel members and concrete especially over large span areas such as open central spaces such as an atrium. The environmental technological system considerations that need to be examined since this is Neuroscience Research Center will be ease of accessibility to the building for users with disabilities and temperature controls in patientâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s rooms and laboratories. For example providing a processional ramp into the building that fulfills accessibility guidelines, but also creates a unique experience for users entering and exiting the building. Also the design of elevator systems in the building is very important for disabled users. The structural engineer will have to be consulted regarding this design as well. The life safety technological system considerations that need to be addressed since this is Neuroscience Research Center are fire safety and security. The appropriate amount sprinklers, extinguishers, emergency staircases, and other fire prevention systems need to be implemented for the safety of the patients and researchers. The researchers laboratory and patient rooms should be highly secure as well for the protection of the researchers studies and safety of the patients. 132

Building Systems Integration The building will be located on the Boston harbor waterfront getting a significant amount of southern exposure from the sun and strong wind coming off the waterfront. The southern sun exposure is good during the winter but in the summer it needs to be shaded to prevent overheating by use building technology. Some building envelope systems such a building skin, rain screen, or double skin faรงade can reduce solar heat gain from entering the building during summer months and protect the building from strong winds. In addition sun fins and light shelves are other architectural elements that can block sunlight from overheating the interior space and bring indirect light into the building. Some sustainable design technologies that could be incorporated are high performance insulation and glazing, photovoltaics panels due to the high southern sun exposure, geoexchange if it is possible to use the harbor as a heat sink, and green roofing. In relation to building system services laboratories have intensive mechanical system requirements and can vary depending on the type of research conducted. So there must be an adequate amount of interstitial space between floors to accommodate mechanical systems, fire suppression systems, electrical, gas, water, and sanitary conduits, and any other systems that maybe required. In addition laboratories historically consume a significant amount of energy so an initiative to minimize waste of energy will also be important in the building services design.

Building Skin 8

RainScreen 9

Double Skin Facade 10 Photovoltaic Panels 11

Foundation Piles 12

133

Site Statement Charlestown

Suffolk County

State Map 13

Boston

City Map 14

District Map 15

The proposed site is located within the historical Navy Yard District of Charlestown, Boston, MA on the waterfront of the Boston Harbor. The Navy Yard has a rich history providing ship design, construction, and repairs for the U.S. Navy and is now a small national park with the rest of old Navy Yard properties available for potential development. Initially two site options were proposed both located in very close proximity of Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, as the proposed building will be affiliated with it and reinforcing that connection is very important to the proposed thesis. Site Options: Parcel 7 is a vacant irregular shaped remediated lot next to Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital on the North side overlooking the Little Mystic Channel, Tobin Bridge, and an industrial building owned by MassPort. The site is owned by Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital but is currently fenced off and unoccupied with no plans for future development at this time. Parcel 5 is an existing abandoned drydock next to Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital on the Southern waterfront of Charlestown overlooking Boston Harbor, Boston Skyline and East Boston. The site had previously belonged to the Navy Yard at one time used to repair and dock ships. It is currently abandoned and inundated with water with the locks removed. Ultimately Parcel 5 was the selected choice for the thesis site as it consisted of superior qualities and some interesting conditions that would provide a solid base for the proposed wayfinding thesis project. Some of the main reasons for the Parcel 5 selection in relation to the wayfinding thesis are the proximity to landmarks such as the Boston Harbor waterfront, East Boston Skyline, Boston Skyline, Tobin Bridge, and Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital. Locating the site near a body of water like the Boston Harbor with defined edge conditions enhances the users association to the site and locating it on southern waterfront will provide ample sun exposure allowing the opportunity for more natural light into the building and provide views to the exterior for users to identify their location in the building. Having a site with these features adds legibility, clarity, and opportunity for positive connections making a good vehicle for this wayfinding thesis. 134

*Diagrams by author

Site Statement

Parcel 7

Parcel 5

Site Plan 17 Parcel 7

Parcel 5

Aerial Site Images 16

The physical character of the chosen site is a narrow U-shaped drydock open to the Boston Harbor from the southern Charlestown waterfront. The walls of the drydock are constructed of reinforced concrete that is slowly deteriorating. To the east of the site is Menino Park on the pier surrounded by the harborwalk overlooking the city of Boston. To the north is Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital spanning approximately 8 stories in height. Then on west side is a residential condominium development over looking the Boston Harbor approximately 8 stories in height. The most important features of the site are the proximity to the waterfront and harborwalk providing calming views, the area being peaceful and quiet location, open green space with the park, and the traffic volume is low except when patients are being brought to the hospital. In terms of environmental conditions and reasonability the conditions of the drydock below the water will have to be investigated to be sure there arenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t any hazardous conditions and to support foundation structural members. Lastly the site relatively flat in elevation but designing a higher ground floor elevation for the proposed building to anticipate future sea level rise that will occur on the Boston Harbor waterfront will be important and need to be addressed. *All sketches, models & diagrams by author

135

Program Statement Spaulding Neuroscience Research Center The building typology will be a neuroscience research center for my wayfinding thesis. The building shall be approximately 40,000 square feet. Selecting a program such as healthcare that typically experiences wayfinding problems will make for a strong exploration. This research facility will be apart of a larger healthcare entity that being Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, which is located on the adjacent site. This facility will provide neuroscience research to better the mental health and well being of individuals and outpatient care for patients with neurological disorders and impairments. A neuroscience research facility must be able accommodate and support individuals with brain and nervous system disorders as well as the practitioners, researchers, and visitors. The facility design must also limit and designate the areas visitors, patients, practitioners, and researchers can occupy while not giving individuals too many choices in the navigation process. Proposed Program: • Research Laboratories • Laboratory Support • Outpatient / Exam Rooms • Lobby/ Central Space • Offices • Cafeteria • Library • Conference Center • Restrooms • Circulation (stairs, ramps, elevators) • Storage, Hallways, Mechanical

Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital

The performance program for my thesis that illustrates the important emotional designed spaces would be the central spaces, the patient, and researchers areas. Whether individuals are entering or exiting I want the central space design to reflect clarity and be a warm inspirational area looking at the waterfront that can foster interactions, discussions and communications with other disciplines (researchers, practitioners, patients, visitors, etc.) in the building to potentially inspire research advancements. I want this to be a place of work, meeting, discussion, reflection, and healing. For the patient and research areas I would like to provide healing and inspirational views overlooking the waterfront. This directs the patient’s focus toward nature creating a soothing environment with the water, warm sunlight, and green space where patients can focus on healing. This will also provides a calming place of concentration for the researchers to focus on studies. 136

*Photo by author

Program Statement

Building Program

Program of Use

The researchers, practitioners, and patients need to have their own separate spaces for research, studies, and treatment. Yet there needs to be different areas where the different disciplines can publicly interact fostering communication and sharing knowledge to benefit each other.

*Diagrams by author

137

138

Programming Research: Existing State Site Description and Analysis

139

Existing State

Site Location Parcel 5: Navy Yard Drydock First Avenue & Sixteenth Street Charlestown, Boston, MA 02129 Suffolk County

Boston

State Map 19 Charlestown

City Map 20

140

District Map 21

*Diagrams by author

Existing State

Site Location The proposed site is located within the historical Navy Yard District of Charlestown, Boston, MA on the waterfront of the Boston Harbor. The Navy Yard has a rich history providing ship design, construction, and repairs for the U.S. Navy and is now a small national park with the rest of old Navy Yard properties available for potential development. Initially two site options were proposed both located in very close proximity of Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, as the proposed building will be affiliated with Spaulding and reinforcing that connection is very important to the proposed thesis. Ultimately I decided to select Parcel 5.

Parcel 7

Parcel 5 is an existing abandoned drydock next to Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital on the Southern waterfront of Charlestown overlooking Boston Harbor, Boston Skyline and East Boston. The site had previously belonged to the Navy Yard at one time used to repair and dock ships. It is currently abandoned and inundated with water with the locks removed.

Parcel 5

Aerial Site Images 22

*Diagrams by author

141

Existing State

Site Plan

Parcel 7

Parcel 5

Charlestown Neighborhood Map 23

Site Visit Sketches & Analysis 142

*Sketches & Diagrams by author

Existing State

Site Plan

Little Mystic Channel

Zoning Setback Requirements: 25 247.37

’

Parcel 5: - Building setback from the seaward edge of the pier along the northeastern side shall be not less than 65’ an shall average 75’.

58.49’ 37.14’

9.5

8’

#114 Existing Building

89.14’

Parcel 7

- 325,000 sf. maximum new square feet of gross floor area (includes area of Menino Park & Pier)

’

e Av

. 08

Fif

23 02

#199 Existing Building

’

Six

- F.A.R. approximately 1.08 with limits not specified.

Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital

- 110’ maximum building height

u en

e re

’

#75 Existing Building

ird

Menino Menino Park Park

4 12

’

Parcel 5

#106 Existing Building

’

e Av

Fir

Existing Building

4’ 12 + Existing

Drydock Inundated w/ Water

- At least 50% of total lot area must be devoted to open space. - Front, rear and side yard requirements are not specified in code and shall require variance approval especially for the chosen site as it is a unique development condition being located on a drydock.

irt

Boston Harbor

*Drawings by author

e re

Scale: 1” = 150’

Site Plan 24

Boston

143

Existing State

Lynch Diagram Lynch Diagram based upon the concepts of Kevin Lynch consisting of paths, edges, districts, nodes, and landmarks.

Lynch Diagram 26 Path

Edge

District

Node

Landmark

Major Element

144

Minor Element

*Diagram by author

Existing State

Lynch Diagram Paths:

Paths are important to my wayfinding thesis because they are the routes along which individualâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s moves such as streets, walkways, canals, transit lines, and railroads.27 For many individuals paths are the most predominate elements due to their functionality to permit people to travel from one place to another while making observations of the surrounding environment.28 The main paths near the site on the Charlestown waterfront are First Avenue, Thirteenth Street, Sixteenth Street, and the harborwalk. There is a clear and significant amount of circulation routes to the site that will make it easy to navigate. Edges: Edges are important to my wayfinding thesis because they are linear elements not used as paths by the user.29 Edges generate boundaries between two areas and act as lateral references; some examples of edges are shorelines, railroad tracks, edges of development and walls.30 Such edges may be barriers, more or less penetrable, which close one region off from another or they may be seams, lines along which two regions are related and joined together.31 The main edges near the site on the Charlestown waterfront are First Avenue, Thirteenth Street, Sixteenth Street, and the waterfront. Since the site will be on three street edges and one waterfront edge all those boundaries will need to taken into consideration in the design and this also makes locating the building much easier occupying the full block.

Districts:

Districts are important to my wayfinding thesis because they are a medium to large portions of the city that have a two dimensional range and the user can mentally enter and the environment has some type of recognizable mutual identifying character.32 Districts are easily perceptible from the inside but are also used a viable reference from the exterior.33 Many cities contain this type of structure of districts they are a miniature city within the city to an degree and this is the way users can differentiate certain locations or use as reference points.34 Charlestown itself is a major district of the city of Boston. The major district near the site in Charlestown is the Navy Yard along the southeast waterfront of the Boston Harbor. The Navy Yard has a rich history providing ship design, construction, and repairs for the U.S. Navy and it is now a national park. Some minor districts would use the different uses around the site such as residential, commercial, and, healthcare.

Nodes:

Districts are important to my wayfinding thesis because they are points that are strategically located in a city that users can enter and occupy in the environment.35 Examples of nodes can be main intersections, places of rest in transportation, a crossing of paths, moments of shift from one building to another, a street corner hangout, or an enclosed square.36 Nodes seem to engage with Lynchâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s other elements and are decision points for users. Some of the major nodes near the site in Charlestown would be the intersection of First Avenue and Sixteenth Avenue near Spaulding Rehab Hospital, Pier 8 on the harborwalk, and Charlestown Navy Yard pier. Some minor nodes would be intersecting street corners and walks near the site.

Landmarks:

Landmarks are important to my wayfinding thesis because they are a reference point that the user does not enter within but is an external object acting as a marker.37 Landmarks are apparent and simply defined physical object that stand out to the user some examples are buildings, towers, signs, stores, or hills.38 Some landmarks can be seen from a distance and from many angles over smaller elements such a buildings or hills and may not be within a city.39 Some of the major landmarks near the site in Charlestown would be Spaulding Rehab Hospital, Pier 8, Charlestown Navy Yard, U.S.S. Constitution and U.S.S. Cassin Young warships, the Bunker Hill Monument, the Boston Harbor waterfront, and the Tobin Bridge. 145

Existing State

Nolli Plan

Barry Playground

Parcel 7

Menino Park

Parcel 5

146

Nolli Plan 40

The density around the site is moderate. The site is located on a drydock on the waterfront with a public park on one side and step back condominiums on the other. So there is a significant amount of open space for visitors. The only large building around the site os Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital.

Existing State

Topography

Parcel 7

Parcel 5

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

Little Mystic Channel

The topography around the site is relatively flat but the ground floor of the proposed building should be raised to accommodate sea level rise.

Boston Harbor

Topography Plan 41 Scale: 1”=150’ 147

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

Existing State

Site Photos 1 Parcel 7 13

Parcel 5

8,9,10 1,2

5 3,4

15,16

6,7 17

Photo Orientation Map

148

*Photos by author

Existing State

Site Photos 8

*Photos by author

149

Existing State

Adjacent Land Uses The existing adjacent land use surrounding the site consists of institutional, commercial, condominiums, mixed use, and new public park just finishing up construction.

Parcel 7

Parcel 5

Adjacent Land Use Map 43 150

Existing State

Proximity for Parking, Transit, & Pedestrians

Parcel 7

Parcel 5

A five and ten minute walking radius is applied to the site which shows multiple bus stops, water ferries and parking garages for patients and visitors to the existing site. The Charlestown Navy Yard Museum and National Park is approximately a 10 minute walk from the existing site as well. Access to the Orange line would be an ambitious travel on foot as it falls off the map located on Community College Station which is a 25 minute walk unless a bus is taken to the station.

Proximity to Parking, Transit Nodes, & Pedestrian Travel Radius 5 & 10 Minutes 44 Legend Parking Transit Nodes (Bus stops & water ferries) Pedestrian 5 Minute Walking Radius Pedestrian 10 Minute Walking Radius

*Diagram by author

151

Existing State

Sun/Shadow Study

152

8 a.m.

12 p.m.

4 p.m.

December 21st Winter Solstice

March 21st Equinox

*Models generated by author

Existing State

Sun/Shadow Study

8 a.m.

12 p.m.

4 p.m.

June 21st Summer Solstice

September 21st Equinox

Locating the site near a body of water like the Boston Harbor with defined edge conditions enhances the users association to the site and locating it on southern waterfront will provide ample sun exposure allowing the opportunity for more natural light into the building and provide views to the exterior for users to identify their location in the building.

*Models generated by author

153

Existing State

Density / Crowding Site Visit: Friday, March 28, 2014 Time: 1:00pm Weather: Sunny, 52 degrees

Parcel 7

Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital Location

Parcel 5

The density / crowding around the site is moderate. The site is located on a drydock on the waterfront with a public park on one side and step back condominiums on the other. So there is a significant amount of open space for visitors. The only large building around the site os Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital.

Site Birds Eye View 45

Navy Yard Waterfront 46 Vacant Site

Marina Waterfront View From Pier 154

*Photos by author except where specified

Existing State

Wayfinding / Orientation Site Visit: Friday, March 28, 2014 Time: 1:00pm Weather: Sunny, 52 degrees

Parcel 7

Wayfinding around the site was very easy to follow due the waterfront location and openness of the area. The harborwalk provides an open path that helps guide the visitors around the site area with ease without losing orientation. Also Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital also act as major landmark in the area.

Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital

Parcel 5

Wayfinding Diagram 47

Harbor Walk Tobin Bridge

Spaulding Rehab Hospital

Little Mystic Channel

View of Boston From Pier *Photos by author except where specified

155

Existing State

Mircoclimate Information

Temperature Ranges 48

Precipitation 49 156

Snowfall 50

Existing State

Mircoclimate Information Prevailing Seasonal Winds Boston, MA 51

Prevailing Fall Winds

Prevailing Spring Winds

Prevailing Winter Winds

Prevailing Summer Winds 157

Existing State

Summary Conclusion 1. The site is located in an area where many of the adjacent properties are healthcare related uses, which would make it an excellent location for a research facility, especially since it will be apart of Spaulding Rehab Hospital on the adjacent site. 2. Having the site located on the Charlestown navy yard waterfront of the Boston Harbor helps individuals gain their orientation and facilitates wayfinding with the open spaces and harborwalk. 3. There is ample parking for patients, researchers, and practitioners from the Spaulding Rehab Hospital underground parking garages and adjacent public parking garages. 4. The site is located in close proximity to public transit buses and water ferries for patients, researchers, and practitioners that are commuting to the site. 5. The size of the site can accommodate a generously sized building program, with a park on the adjacent site that can accommodate public use. 6. Locating the site on the southern waterfront will provide ample day lighting for the building but sun controls will have to be put in place during the summer months to prevent overheating.

158

Programming Research: Existing State Codes

159

Existing State

Zoning Report

Parcel 7

Parcel 5

Zoning Map 52 160

Existing State

Zoning Report Zoning: 53

Parcel 7 & Parcel 5 sites both fall under the zoning of the Harborpark District: Charlestown Navy Yard. According to the zoning map they are known as Parcel 7 & 5 and have Special Use Restrictions according to Chapter 91 Tideland Regulations. At least 50% of the total lot areas of all lots within Charlestown Navy Yard shall be devoted to open space.The required setback for Parcel 7 at the shoreline, excluding piers is 20’(the required setback at the sides and ends of piers 20’ as well). The required setback for Parcel 5 seaward edge of the pier along the northeastern side shall be not less than 65’ and shall average 75’.The maximum gross floor areas for new developments on Parcel 5 is 325,000 sqft. and Parcel 7 1,625,000 sqft. (including off street parking). The F.A.R. of the proposed 40,000 sf. building to the site approximately 1.08 with limits not specified. The maximum building heights for new development areas are 110’ for Parcel 5 & 155’ for Parcel 7. Both Parcel 5 & 7 are zoned for research center uses. Lastly the front and sideyard requirements are not specified in code and shall require B.R.A. variance approval especially for Parcel 5 as it is a unique development condition being located on a drydock. These requirements shall conform with all the International Building Code restrictions. Some environmental factors that need to be considered are that Spaulding Rehab Hospital has already provided soil remediation on Parcel 7, which was previously a brown field site & Parcel 5 the old navy yard drydock is fully inundated by water and the condition of it to be built upon will have to be evaluated. Lastly sea level rise from global warming will have to be addressed conform with a FEMA 100 year storm to raise the height of the ground floor as high as possible with out hindering accessibility, like Spaulding Rehab Hospital did with its design.

Building Code Report International Building Code: 54

According to the International Building Code this Neuroscience Research Center will fall under the following use groups: A-1 Fixed Seats A-2 Food service A-3 General B Business I-2 Outpatient Care/ Healthcare S-1 Moderately Hazardous The proposed construction type will most likely be either IA,IB, IIA, or IIB fully sprinklered with minimum fire separation setbacks where applicable. IIB would be the minimum type construction that the code will allow for this building. Since the building will be fully sprinklered fire separations shall only be in specified locations with a rating of 1 hour. The building shall have a minimum of two means of egress on each floor in case of fire or emergency for the safety of the occupants. Maximum floor area allowances per occupant shall conform with table 1004.1.1 of the IBC, which specifies function of space maximum floor area in square feet per occupant. 161

Existing State

Accessibility Report ADA: 55

The ADA Accessibility Standards governs new construction to facilities covered by the ADA such as Research facilities. The facility must be wheelchair accessible for all disabled individuals to have a safe path of travel in all areas of the facility by providing accessible ramps, elevators, restrooms, drinking fountains, laboratory stations, and patients rooms. Research Facilities must comply with ADA standards requirements in order to function. There must be proper circulation paths to enter, occupy, and exit the building by use of sloped pathways or ramps which can not be greater than 1 on 12 pitch, hallways must allow for proper circulation, restrooms must have grab bars, appropriate turning radius for wheelchairs, and fixtures / appliances at the appropriate height to be accessible by individuals in a wheelchair. All of the laboratories, patient rooms, cafeterias and other public spaces must have furniture to be at the appropriate height to be able to accommodate disabled individuals. Considering environmental factors of sea level rise being located on the waterfront the design of the ground floor elevation height will be raised as high as possible without impacting accessibility to the facility.

Conclusion The most important items impacting the program are the zoning restrictions on the site providing enough open space and the setbacks which will require variance approval and the finished ground floor elevation height in anticipation of sea level rise needs to be addressed. In addition the building must follow ADA Standards to provide ease of accessibility for all disabled individuals that might use the building.

162

Programming Research: Existing State Cultural Context

163

Existing State

Architectural Context 1

8 Parcel 7

1 2

6 5

Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital

The Basilica Condos 164

Parcel 5

Site Map 56

*Photos & diagram by author

Existing State

Architectural Context 3

Pier 7 Condos

Anchorage Apartments

FlagShip Wharf Condos

Tobin Memorial Bridge USS Constitution Museum Bunker Hill Monument

Architecture:

The local architecture near the Charlestown Navy Yard Waterfront consists of a mix of traditional stone masonry, brown brick, and horizontal siding. With a small amount of modern architecture such as the Spaulding Rehab Hospital with a glass and metal facade.

*Photos by author

165

Existing State

Historic Context

Battle of Bunker Hill:

Battle of Bunker Hill was famous battle fought between the newly formed American colonists and British forces on June 17, 1775 in Charlestown.57 The British army eventually won the battle due the their superior training despite the American colonists ability to fend off two major attacks.58 The Bunker Hill site represents the first major battle of the American Revolution and is commemorated by a 221 foot high granite monument completed in 1842.59

Charlestown Navy Yard:

Site Location

Map of Charlestown, Boston, MA 186161

166

Charlestown Navy Yard 68

Bunker Hill Monument 60

Established in 1800 on the Southeastern waterfront of Charlestown, the Charlestown Navy Yard played a major part in the development and success of the US Navy being the location where warships were designed, built, maintained, and supplied.62 The Charlestown Navy Yard built over 200 warships and repaired thousands during wartime.63 The Navy Yard along the Boston Harbor contained dry docks (one of the first in the country), ropewalk, piers, industrial buildings, military buildings and housing.64 The Charlestown Navy Yard served the Navy for over a century until it closed in 1974, after that becoming a National Historical Park in the same year.65 The historical park is 30 acres of the original 129.5 acre navy yard with the rest of the land given to the City of Boston for redevelopment.66 The park contains a museum of the navy yards history, dry dock 1, 3 piers, and 2 historic warships built at this facility the USS Constitution and USS Cassin Young.67

USS Constitution

USS Cassin Young

*Photos by author

Existing State

Historic Context Site Location

Site Location

Map of Charlestown, Boston, Ma 1875 69 Boston Harbor:

Boston Harbor 1870 70

The famous Boston Harbor has played a major role in the political, economic, and cultural growth of New England, but the care of the harbor was neglected for centuries with Bostonians dumping raw sewage into this fragile natural environment.71 As the city of Boston population grew the harbor pollution problems became worse each year.72 In 1952 the first primary wastewater treatment plant was built on Nut Island and Deer Island in 1968 to handle sewage from the Boston area.73 In 1972 the Clean Water Act was approved which required the secondary treatment of wastewater discharges.74 This act was violated by the MDC and led to the transfer of ownership, control, and responsibility to the newly formed Massachusetts Water Resources Authority.75 The MWRA developed multibillion-dollar rehabilitation project to clean up the Boston Harbor, which took place from 1988-2000.76 These state of the art wastewater treatment systems have drastically improved the state of the harbor making it presently one of cleanest waterways around.77

Charlestown 1899 78

167

Existing State

Master Plan Context

Parcel 7

Parcel 5

Waterfront Activation Plan 79 Master Plan: Waterfront Activation Plan for Charlestown Navy Yard: The Waterfront Activation Plan for Charlestown Navy Yard was developed in 2007 as an amendment to the 1990 Harborpark Municipal Harbor Plan.80 As the title suggests the mission is to activate the Navy Yardâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s waterfront and bring visitors into this historic Navy Yard area and generate interest from diverse audiences.81 The BRA and Charlestown community developed this Master Plan for both local residents and visitors.82 Some of the approaches consist of developing a year round public destination, improved accessibility and wayfinding, signage, and more water dependent usages such as water taxis, boating, and marinas.83 The involvement of many partners and funding sources will make this plan be most effectiveness. Having my site situated on the waterfront will further facilitate this activation.84 168

Existing State

Social /Political Issues Facts and Statistics: 86 • 596 inpatient beds. • 217 nursing facility beds. • Over 7,400 inpatients served each year. • Over 25,000 new outpatients a year,with over 300,000 visits annually. • Over 1,500 nursing patients served each year.

Research: 87 • Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital Boston has 36 current research projects.

Spaulding Rehabilitation Network:

Spaulding Rehab Network consists of 4 hospitals, 23 outpatient centers, and 3 nursing facilities which share a mission is to improve the quality of life for people experiencing illness, injury, and disability.88 Patients come to Spaulding’s hospitals from all over the world and Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital in Charlestown Navy Yard is ranked 5th in the country by U.S. News and World Report and 1st in New England.89 Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital in Charlestown is the leader in physical medicine, rehabilitation, and research resulting in many breakthroughs.90 Having the neuroscience research facility be an extension of Spaulding and located near the hospital site would create a strong connection. This would also allow Spaulding to branch out and explore another facet of research in the healthcare industry.

Partners HealthCare:

Founding Members: 95 Brigham and Women’s Hospital A non-profit health care system that focuses • • Massachusetts General Hospital on patient care, research, teaching, 92  Members: 96 and service to the community. Partners • Brigham and Women’s Faulkner Hospital main mission is to collaborate with other 93 • Newton-Wellesley Hospital healthcare institutions and practitioners. • North Shore Medical Center It was founded in 1994 by Brigham and • Martha’s Vineyard Hospital Women’s Hospital and Massachusetts • Nantucket Cottage Hospital General Hospital and consists of a network 94 • Neighborhood Health Plan of community and specialty hospitals. • McLean Hospital Having the neuroscience research facility • Partners HealthCare at Home be apart of this network would be very • Spaulding Rehabilitation Network important step to interact with a larger • Partners Community Healthcare, Inc. network of healthcare providers. • MGH Institute of Health Professions

169

Existing State

Demographic Issues

Demographic Map Charlestown ,Ma 97

Demographic Data Charlestown ,Ma 99

Charlestown ,Ma Age & Sex Demographics 98 170

Existing State

Demographic Issues

Industry of Employed Population Charlestown ,Ma 100 Boston ,MA Unemployment % 102

Educational Attainment Charlestown ,Ma 103 Employment Status by Age Charlestown ,Ma 101

Work Status Past Year Charlestown ,Ma 104

When designing a research facility itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s important to looks the demographics of the region such as income, education, and employment rates to understand how it will fit into the region. The implementation of this facility will increase jobs, income, it is easily accessible by public transit, and advanced education exceeds the state average. 171

Existing State

Conclusion The most important factors within the cultural context is the local architectural context, master plan, demographics, and political issues. The local architecture is an important factor because you want the new building design to blend in with the surrounding neighborhood. Understanding any master plans on the area is helpful to see if the intended project will go against the mission of the plan or support it. The demographics are important to help determine if the surrounding area would benefit or be hindered by a neuroscience research facility. The political issues are important because the neuroscience research center will be apart of Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital on the adjacent site, so having that connection makes for a very strong argument.

172

Programming Research: Existing State Informational Context

173

Existing State

Client Profile Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital Network:

The client will be Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital Network. The Hospital is located on the waterfront of the former Navy Yard in Charlestown, Boston, Ma. The drydock site will be located in Charlestown on an adjacent site to the existing hospital. Spaulding Rehabilitation Network consists of 4 hospitals, 23 outpatient centers, and 3 nursing facilities which share a mission is to improve the quality of life for people experiencing illness, injury, and disability.105 Patients come to Spauldingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s hospitals from all over the world and Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital in Charlestown Navy Yard is ranked 5th in the country by U.S. News and World Report and 1st in New England.106 Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital in Charlestown is the leader in physical medicine, rehabilitation, and research resulting in many breakthroughs.107

108

109

Interview Conclusions Summary of interviews please see interviews in the appendix for the detailed data. David S. Burson, AIA 110 Senior Project Manager, Partners Healthcare 101 Merrimac Street, 8th Floor, Boston, Ma Tour & Interview at Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital Conclusion: This interview was very useful because it gave a full understanding about the entire design process of from the early stages to construction of Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital. It also gave a good understanding of what Spauldingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s mission was all about with recovery, healing, building confidence and so on, which is important as my building will be apart of Spaulding just in the research sector. The hospital could benefit from expanding it research programs as they are smaller right now and really are looking to grow in the future. Since my site will be next to Spaulding on the adjacent drydock site I was able to understand all the local code issues associated with the sites such as setback, open space, and height restrictions. I was able to get first had advise on what design elements were most effective in healthcare facilities and that ones that had issues. Lastly being close to the water we discussed sea level rise and how an extensive study was conducted to raise the ground floor level a high as possible with our compromising accessibility. 174

Existing State

Interview Conclusions Christine Antonellis 111 Local Resident McNulty Court, Charlestown, Ma Conclusion: This interview was useful because it gave great information about the surrounding neighborhood context of Charlestown waterfront near Spaulding Rehab Hospital. The neighborhood is very quiet, safe, and peaceful location. The vehicular traffic near First Avenue is usually only gets busy during the morning when people are commuting to work, then once it reaches early afternoon is it very quiet except for vehicles transporting patients to and from Spaulding. The pedestrian traffic on the streets is moderate and is obviously more congested down by the Charlestown Navy Yard Park with tourists. The waterfront is usually quiet with people out for stroll or walking their dogs in the morning then in the afternoons if the weather is nice the pedestrian traffic can increase with people enjoying the view of the waterfront on the pier or using the marina. Kristin Osnato Tatulli 112 Social Worker at US Dept. of Veteran Affairs and Rutgers University VA Medical Center 385 Tremont Avenue, East Orange, NJ Conclusion: This interview was helpful because it gave a healthcare employee perspective of their likes and dislikes about the facilities they work in which can be improved on. She felt an optimal healing and inspirational environment would be one that is well kept, clean, minimal design yet up to date and comfortable. Lastly design suggestions of the current facility consisted of changing the dreary and institutional look. Also the space is under utilized because of the layout and structure of particular units and wayfinding design of the building is difficult to navigate for both patients and staff. Jennifer Dujets 113 Registered Nurse at St. Josephâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Regional Medical Center 703 Main Street, Paterson, NJ Conclusion: This interview was helpful because it gave a different healthcare employee perspective as nurses communicate with a very long list of individuals on a daily basis. She felt an optimal healing and inspirational environment would be modern, quiet, private patient rooms with up to date technology. The design of my floor is very open which is a good thing with a lot of rooms close to the nurses station to have eyes on patients at all times. Negatives are the way to get from one building to another they were added on through construction in order to expand and it makes wayfinding difficult. Design improvements could include open floor plans with large nurses stations to accommodate the amount of employees. Lastly physical factors that interfere are basically too much noise by patient rooms, hot/cold patients rooms as it disrupts patients comfort.

175

176

Programming Research: Existing State Precedents

177

Existing State

Precedents Neurosciences Institute Building Architect: Tod Williams, Billie Tsien Location: La Jolla, CA Year Built: 1995

Main Building 117

Site Plan

Roof Terrace 118

114

Floor Plans 115

Section 116 178

Plaza 119

Building Model 120

Existing State

Precedents

Plaza Roof Terrace

Exterior Open Space & Circulation Diagram

Bldg. Massing

Massing Diagram

Program Interaction Between Buildings Diagram The manner in which the three buildings arranged creates a central plaza and terraces that brings the three buildings programs together fostering interaction between the disciplines. The building typology is a neuroscience research center, which will help me compare layouts and sizes to my research center. *Diagrams by author

179

Existing State

Precedents Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health Architect: Stantec Location: Vancouver, BC, Canada Year Built: 2014 Birds Eye View 123

Rear Elevation 125

Front Elevation 124 Lobby 126

Laboratory 127

Floor Plans 121 180

Sections 122

Existing State

Precedents

Clarity & Openness of Atrium Space Diagram Laboratory Laboratory Support Clinical Office Meeting Space Public Building Support

Program Massing Diagram 128 The program massing gives a good understand of how to allocate the program elements for a brain research and health center for my proposed building. The open space in the atrium with the walkway overlooking allows individuals to keep in contact with each other, navigate and understand the building design, and facilitate interconnection with other disciplines. *Diagrams by author except where specified

Circulation Diagram

181

Existing State

Precedents Salk Institute Architect: Louis Kahn Location: La Jolla, Ca Year Built: 1965

Site Plan 129 Main Buildings 133

Floor Plan 130

Sections 131 182

Plaza Facing Ocean 132

Water Feature 134

Plaza Facing Entry 135

Water Wall 136

Existing State

Precedents

Circulation Diagram

Natural Light Diagram

Repetition Diagram

Symmetry Diagram

Salk Institute is a research facility for Dr. Jonas Salk the inventor of the polio vaccine designed by Louis Kahn on a site along the West Coastline of California.137 Salk and Kahn wanted the facility to be a monumental inspiring environment for scientific research.138 The open plaza in between the two buildings frames a beautiful view of the ocean and is made of marble with a narrow strip of water running down the center. This case study relates to this my wayfinding thesis as I am designing a research facility that I want to provide inspirational connections between patients, practitioners, and researchers through the communication of architectural design.

*Diagrams by author

183

Existing State

Precedents Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital Architect: Perkins + Will Location: Charlestown, MA Year Built: 2013

Section 141 Site Plan 137

Exploded Axon

Roof Terrace 143

138

Waterfront Elevation 142

Gathering Space 144

1st Floor Plan 139

Typical Patient Floor Plan 140 184

Patient Room 145

Existing State

Precedents

Natural Lighting Controls Scenic Views of the Harbor to Occupants

Gardens

Outdoor Terraces & Roof Gardens

Generating scenic views to the water for the patients in my proposed building is something I want to implement along with have the proper natural lighting controls such a sun fins since the site will get a significant amount of Southern sun exposure. In addition integrating outdoor and indoor places of rest will help facilitate wayfinding and allow individuals to gain their orientation and relax in a scenic environment.

Vegetative Spaces of Rest *Diagrams by author

185

Existing State

Precedents S채yn채tsalo Town Hall Architect: Alvar Aalto Location: S채yn채tsalo, Finland Year Built: 1951

Section 148

Courtyard 150

Floor Plan 146

Elevation 147 186

Front Elevation 149

Circulation Hall 151

Existing State

Precedents

Circulation Private

Public

Massing & Public/ Private

The introduction of natural light into the public spaces and views to the exterior courtyard green space for individuals to orient themselves integrated into the circulation system allowing users to understand where they are in a building when navigating through a space.

Natural Light & Central Green Space

*Diagrams by author

187

Existing State

Precedents Alamillo Health Center Architect: Suarez Corchete Location: Seville, Spain Year Built: 2010

1st Floor Plan 152

Front Elevation 155

Circulation Path 157

Patient Room Floor Plan 153

Lobby Atrium 156

Sections 154 188

Model 158

Existing State

Precedents

Private

Public

Massing & Public/ Private

Circulation

Natural Lighting Light Wells Central Atrium Gathering Space The open triangular circulation atrium in the center makes it easy for individuals to orient themselves inside the building, congregate, and find the appropriate location within the health center. The private program is along the perimeter of building so the implementation of large light wells bring natural light into the atrium and individuals circulate around the atrium perimeter. *Diagrams by author

189

Existing State

Precedent Ideas to Apply 1. A central core gathering space design the fosters interaction between the different disciplines inside or outside the building. 2. A simple formed hierarchy and massing that is functional and can be easily perceived by individuals. 3. Design spaces that can inspirational and reinforce interactions and communications with our disciplines. 4. Provide soothing scenic views to the water for visitors, patients, researchers, and practitioners to promote the idea of healing. 5. Introduce a generous amount of natural light into the building but design proper natural lighting controls such a light shelves since the site will get a significant amount of southern sun exposure. 6. Design outdoor and indoor places of rest to help facilitate wayfinding and allows individuals to gain their orientation and relax in a scenic environment. 7. Use different materiality is an interesting way to differentiate spaces and function for wayfinding to individuals. 8. The introduction of natural light into the public spaces and views to the exterior spaces for individuals to orient themselves.

190

Programming Research: Future State Mission & Goals

191

Future State

Issues

Circulation

- Material: Use different materiality that can help facilitate circulation. - Parking: Provide adequate amount of parking spaces for visitors, patients, and staff. - Occupants: Wayfinding circulation for occupants within the building is very important and needs to be very legible to make them feel comfortable in the surroundings.

Comfort

- Physical: Provide places of rest within the building for the comfort of the occupants and to orient themselves. - Psychological: Provide scenic views to the waterfront, natural light, and vegetation for the occupants to keep calm and comfortable.

Durability

- Materials: Using sustainable environmentally safe materials to ensure longevity of the building and benefiting the occupantâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s health.

Environmental Impact

- LEED Green Building Program: Saves energy, saves future costs in the long run, less costly to construct, less maintenance.

Image

- Identity: Making the building easily visually identifiable. - Message: This building should send the message that it is a place of healing for the mind. - Ordering/ Proportion: Building scale should not overpower or undermine adjacent properties. - Status/ Hierarchy: The spatial hierarchy of the building design should be easily legible to facilitate wayfinding.

Interaction

- Social/ Group Participation: This facility should create positive communicative connections between patients, practitioners, and researchers, which could potentially lead to advancements in research inspired by interactions with other disciplines. 192

Future State

Issues

Legibility

- Orientation: Having a legible building design, natural light, and views to the exterior can allow occupants to maintain their orientation and facilitate wayfinding. - Plan recognition: Having an easily identified layout can prevent patients from the stress of feeling lost and disoriented.

Mood/ Ambience

- Emotional Response: The building design should evoke positive emotional connection to all the occupants that enter and leave it as a place of healing, work, reflection, inspiration, & interaction. - Spirit of Place: A facility for healing of the mind.

Privacy

- Group/ Individual: There needs to be a degree of privacy for the research laboratory areas and patients private examination rooms.

Mission Statement Mission Statement: To design a Neuroscience Research Center for Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital to accommodate and support individuals with brain and nervous system disorders. I want to create a building for healing of the mind and the architecture can help facilitate this through wayfinding design to communicate and improve how individuals navigate a given space creating a healthier environment. I found the neurons and synapses cells of the human brain to be an inspirational image for wayfinding. Wayfinding at the smallest scale occurs in the human brain by means of neurons and synapses providing a communication network of connections that the brain makes through firing positive electrical signals allowing information to coordinate with all parts of the brain and body. I want this facility to function under similar constraints creating positive communicative connections between patients, practitioners, and researchers, which could potentially lead to advancements in research inspired by interactions and communications with other disciplines. 193

Future State

Goals and Performance Requirements Goals

1. The facility design should incorporate the elements of wayfinding architecture creating spaces and circulations systems that are legible, easy to navigate, and spatially exciting for the visitors, patients, practitioners and researchers. The facility should act as a communication network similar to neurons and synapses in the brain fostering social 2. interactions, connections, and discussion between patients, practitioners, and researchers. 3. The facility design should address the human senses used in wayfinding and evoke positive emotional connections to all the occupants as a facility for healing of the mind.

Goal: The facility design should incorporate the elements of wayfinding architecture creating spaces and circulations systems that are legible, easy to navigate, and spatially exciting for the visitors, patients, practitioners and researchers. PR: The circulation system should be highly legible and spatially interesting.

Circulation System

PR: The design of the interior should incorporate Kevin Lynchâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s wayfinding elements consisting of paths, edges, districts, nodes, and landmarks.

PR: The spatial hierarchy of the spaces should be simple and give a clear understanding of layout to the occupants.

*Diagrams by author

194

Lynch Wayfinding Elements

Spatial Hierarchy

Future State

Goals and Performance Requirements Goal: The facility should act as a communication network similar to neurons and synapses in the brain fostering social interactions, connections, and discussion between patients, practitioners, and researchers. PR: Grand circulation stairs or ramps that foster social Interaction.

Grand Circulation Systems PR: Skip-stop elevators to encourage individuals to use the vertical circulation systems to create opportunities for social interaction.

PR: Create node spaces than can generate social situations such as a central plaza, atrium, and places of rest for informal meetings.

Skip-Stop Elevators

Social Interaction Architecture

PR: Design outdoor gathering space where public, patients, practitioners, and researchers can interact.

Outdoor Gathering Space

*Diagrams by author

195

Future State

Goals and Performance Requirements Goal: The facility design should address the human senses used in wayfinding and evoke positive emotional connections to all the occupants as a facility for healing of the mind. PR: Provide scenic healing views to the waterfront or vegetation for each patient room.

Scenic Healing Views

PR: Natural lighting should account for minimum 50% of lighting

Natural Lighting

PR: The materiality of the building should be soothing to evoke positive emotions and healing.

Materiality

196

*Diagrams by author

Programming Research: Future State Cost Evaluation

197

Future State

Building Footprint 58.49’

247.37

89.14’

71.5’

9.5

8’

’

37.14’

’

0’

Parcel 7 12 5’

2’

8 50

’

Parcel 5 ’

1 +-

Menino Park

’

9’ ’

29 4’

9’ +

2 -1

Proposed Building Footprint on Site 159 Scale: 1” = 150’ 198

Boston Harbor

Future State

Massing Study Parcel 5

90’

’

60’

Massing Study Parcel 5

35’

60’

North

90’

South

90’ 35’

35’

West *Massing Study by author

199

Future State

Spatial Components & Building Efficiency Proposed Program Spaudling Neuroscience Research Center 4 Stories, 60â&#x20AC;&#x2122;

Total sf. Research Laboratories 10,000 Laboratory Support 6,000 Outpatient/ Exam Rooms 2,000 Lobby / Public 5,000 Offices 2,000 Cafeteria 1,500 Library 1,500 Conference Center 2,000 Restrooms 2,000 Stairs, Ramps, 3,000 Elevators 5,000 Storage, Hallways, Mechanical Net Usable Area: 30,000 sf. Gross Building Square Footage: 40,000 sf.

Overall Building Efficiency Ratio (Net/Gross): 0.75

200

Future State

Total Construction Budget Unit Construction Cost Per Sq.ft. W/ Location Factor (Superb): $409.97 160

A. Building Construction Costs: B.

40,000 Sq.ft. X $409.97 = $16,399,000.00

Fixed Equipment (medium):

10% of A

$ 1,639,900.00

10% of A $ 1,639,900.00 C. Site Development (medium): _____________________________________________________________________________ D. Total Construction Cost: Sum of A+B+C $19,678,800.00 ___________________________________________________________________________ Vacant Site N/A $ 00.00 E. Site Acquisition / Demolition*: F.

Moveable Equipment (medium):

G. Professional Fees Including Consultants:

10% of A

$ 1,639,900.00

8% of D

$ 1,574,304.00

H. Contingencies (medium): 10% of D $ 1,967,880.00 J. Administrative Costs: 1% of D $ 196,788.00 _____________________________________________________________________________ K. Total Budget: Sum of D+E+F+G+H+J $25,057,772.00

201

202

Case Studies & Analysis

203

Case Study Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum Architect: Frank Lloyd Wright Location: New York, Ny Year Built: 1959

Ramps 164 Front Elevation 163

Ground Floor Plan 161

Dome 165

Section 162 204

Case Study

Ramp Circulation Diagram 167 Atrium 168

Floor Plans 166

Thinking in forms of monumentality for the design Wright designed a spiral form inspired by the Tower of Babel an ancient Mesopotamian ziggurat located in the middle east one of the first examples of monumental building in architectural history, however Wrightâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s design concept of the ziggurat was inverted.169 Wright felt that this inverted design would redefine the circulation with a ramp system in the museum implying a symbol of continuous renewal.170 What makes the Guggenheim Museum such a successful work of wayfinding architecture is it completely redefines the clarity of circulation in a museum. The spiraling ramp circulation system allows users to easily identify how the circulation system of the building functions having visual contact with the center. The main interior space of the museum is the rotunda and atrium, which is the main gallery space. This is the most striking aspect of the building when moving through the space as it is completely open to above with the spiral rotunda that progressively grows wider with each floor level creating a remarkable visual clarity to the open space, while letting large amount of natural light in through the dome. The spiraling ramp provides a path of travel that is clearly defined pulling users up the ramp to view the artwork and allows visual connection to the central atrium and other users within the space providing excellent line of sight. The atrium acts as a marker and node within the museum being a key-identifier to users.

205

Case Study Analysis Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum Architect: Frank Lloyd Wright Location: New York, Ny Year Built: 1959

Ground Floor Plan 173

Site Plan 171

North West Elevation 172 206

Second Floor Plan 174

Section A 175

Section B 176

Case Study Analysis

Structure

Circulation of Use

This building analysis informs my wayfinding thesis by its use of legible circulation ramp system creating significant visual clarity to users path of travel, the use of the natural light in the atrium through the dome, and having the circular rotunda gallery space represent this central celebrated node that users can reference when navigating the museum.

Natural Light

Plan to Section

Repetitive/Unique

Massing

Unit of Whole

Additive/ Subtractive

Geometry

Symmetry

Hierarchy

*Diagrams by author

207

Case Study Cooper Union Academic Building Architect: Morphosis Architects Location: New York, Ny Year Built: 2009 Model 177

Front Elevation 179

208

Floors Plans Levels 0-8 178

Section A 180

Section B 181

Case Study

Staircase 182

Skip-Stop & Staircase Circulation Diagram 186

Sky bridge 183

Atrium 184

Meeting Area 185

Atrium Grand Staircase Diagram 189 Social Spaces Diagram 187

Circulation Diagram 188

The building concept design was to be a vessel to foster of social interaction with visitors, students, and faculty of all departments.190 This was accomplished by creating social spaces to interact such as the vertical piazza and 20 foot wide grand staircase in the center of the building that climbs 4 stories in height.191 Sky bridge staircases span through the atrium the rest of the way up creating connection between informal meeting spaces.192 Lastly the design implemented a skip-stop elevator in order to force individuals to use the stair to foster social interaction.193 The implementation of this grand staircase design used to access all floors acts as landmark and node and provides clear circulation, legible pathways, open line of sight, and introduces natural light through he atrium. These are all elements that support successful wayfinding & architecture used to foster communication between different disciplines. 209

Case Study Carpenter Center Architect: Le Corbusier Location: Cambridge, Ma Year Built: 1963

2nd Floor Plan 194

Section 196

West Side Entry Ramp 198

3rd Floor Plan 195 East Side Entry Ramp 197

210

Ramp Through Building 199

Case Study

Ramp Procession Circulation Diagrams

The Carpenter Center has open studio spaces for students to work and showcase their art.200 Corbusier wanted the Carpenter Center to be the synthesis of all the arts where architecture would join and interact with the rest.201 Corbusier designed a procession that runs through the center of the building and connects the interior studios, galleries, and screening rooms to the public spaces within the building and campus.202 The ramp has a slow ascent through the buildings levels that has a degree of reveal allowing the passerby to look into the spaces. The processional ramp provides a clear path of travel for wayfinding whether entering the building or just passing through to see the works of art and relates to my sketch problem ramp design. *Diagrams by author

211

Case Study Walker Art Center Architect: Edward L. Barnes Location: Minneapolis, Mn Year Built: 1971

Section 206

North Elevation 204

Floor Plans 203

212

North Elevation 205

Case Study

Elevations 207

Barnes design of the Walker Art Center wanted to create a design that does not compete with art but prioritizes in order to remember the paintings in the space.209 The sequences of spaces are meant to flow like a river, which sparked the development of a helical circulation system design resembling the Guggenheim Museum in some ways due to the progression and procession.210 This provides a sequential flow whether starting from the lobby or the roof, but direct access is also provided in the building core with elevators and stairs.211 This is a useful wayfinding circulation system study because each gallery has its own identity with the subtle progression of levels or lofts and it provides orientation to daylight.

Circulation Diagram 208

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Case Study Danish Maritime Museum Architect: BIG Architects Location: Helsingor, Denmark Year Built: 2013

Base of Drydock 216 Drydock During Daylight 214

Drydock at Night 212 Drydock Bridges 217

Drydock Profile 215

Drydock Bridge & Stair 213 214

Drydock Base at Night 218

Case Study

Drydock Diagram 219

Floor Plan 220

Section 221 The Danish Maritime Museum is a subterranean museum that incorporated a historic 60 year old dry dock in the design.222 My proposed site is an existing dry dock and this provides an interesting challenge and innovative design ideas. The dry dock walls were left relatively untouched, the galleries are placed below ground and arranged in a continuous loop around the dry dock walls making the dock the centerpiece of the exhibition.223 215

Case Study The Image of the City Author: Kevin Lynch Year: 1960 Kevin Lynch was an American writer, architect, urban planner who published multiple works during the mid-twentieth century.225 In his book The Image of the City Lynch analyzes what the form of the city means to people who occupy it and explores what can planners and architects can go to make the cities image more legible to people living in the city.226 In these writings Lynch argues that people in urban situations orient themselves by means of legibility using mental maps, the term legibility is also called imageability which means the extent objects in the city can not only be seen but are sharply and intensely presented to the senses.227 Lynch uses the cities of Boston, Massachusetts; Jersey City, New Jersey; and Los Angeles, California as examples in his study.228 Lynch describes wayfinding as the intentional connection in the image of a certain environment, which provides a mental image or map to the individual of the physical context of an environment.229 These mental images or maps are connected to previous experiences in the userâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s memory and instant perception of a space that helps the user to understand the physical context and to make decisions.230 Lynch proposes that these mental maps of wayfinding consist of five elements paths, edges, districts, nodes, and landmarks.231 Each of these elements will be examined in relation to wayfinding and how they can be used in order to facilitate proper wayfinding techniques not just in city planning, but also be applied in architectural design.

Lynch Elements 224

Paths are the first element Lynch describes they the routes along which individualâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s moves such as streets, walkways, canals, transit lines, and railroads.233 For many individuals paths are the most predominate elements due to their functionality to permit people to travel from one place to another while making observations of the surrounding environment.234 Paths allow directional attributes and provide a person a sense of scale in terms of distance covered.235 An example of a path at the city scale can be seen in Commonwealth Avenue in Boston, MA, with the addition of landscaping helps define the path very vividly. The element that helps define paths is clear edges.

Commonwealth Ave Boston, Ma Path Example 232 Lynch describes edges, as linear elements not used as paths by the user.236 Edges generate boundaries between two areas and act as lateral references; some examples of edges are shorelines, railroad tracks, edges of development and walls.237 Such edges may be barriers, more or less penetrable, which close one region off from another or they may be seams, lines along which two regions are related and joined together.238 While edge elements are not nearly as strong as paths they are significant orientation element in the role of joining areas together areas such as a shoreline of wall of a city.239 An example of an edge at the city scale can be seen in the lakefront of Chicago, IL, the shoreline clearly defines the edge between water and land joining the two areas together. The element that separates specifically defined edges in an environment is districts.

216

Lakefront of Chicago,Il Edge Example 240

Case Study Lynch describes districts as medium to large portions of the city that have a two dimensional range and the user can mentally enter and the environment has some type of recognizable mutual identifying character.241 Districts are easily perceptible from the inside but are also used a viable reference from the exterior.242 Many cities contain this type of structure of districts they are a miniature city within the city to an degree and this is the way users can differentiate certain locations or use as reference points within a city and can be dominant wayfinding element.243 The experience and feel of districts can vary depending on the city. An example of a district at the city scale can be seen in Bostonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Back Bay, the definition and character of the district can be clearly identified from the building configurations, density, materiality, and context. Districts contain specific important points of focus that can be generated from paths intersecting with each other, which are called nodes.

Back Bay Boston, Ma District Example 244

Copley Square Boston, Ma Node Example 245

Lynch describes nodes as points that are strategically located in a city that users can enter and occupy in the environment.246 Examples of nodes can be main intersections, places of rest in transportation, a crossing of paths, moments of shift from one building to another, a street corner hangout, or an enclosed square.247 Some nodes can be a heart or essence of a district that makes them stand out as an important symbol.248 Nodes are related to paths since they are the convergence of paths as the user moves thought the environment.249 Nodes are also related to districts in a similar sense because nodes are typically the intensive emphasis of a district.250 Nodes seem to engage with Lynchâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s other elements and are found in all environments. Decisions must be made at these junctions and users interest levels are generally more heightened at these points due to the emphasis.251 An example of a node at the city scale is Copley Square in Boston, MA, which is a square of historical significance to the city where many people gather as a point of rest, meeting, and hold special events making this a spot of emphasis in the city. Nodes act as important markers in a given environment, which are very similar to landmarks as they both provide a legible point of reference.

The final element is landmarks, Lynch describes landmarks as a reference point that the user does not enter within but are external objects of markers.252 Landmarks are apparent and simply defined physical object that stand out to the user some examples are buildings, towers, signs, stores, or hills.253 Some landmarks can be seen from a distance and from many angles over smaller elements such a buildings or hills and may of may not be within a city, which help to provide individuals with a outspread reference points in navigating.254 The sun can even act as a mobile landmark with its regular and slow motion can be engaged in wayfinding.255 Local landmarks are external reference points being restricted locally and from certain line of sight.256 Local landmarks can be numerous depending on the individual and can vary from building storefronts, landscape, signs, doorknobs and details of the city context.257 Landmarks are often used as helpful hints to locate the user or a destination and are a major tool in wayfinding to make settings familiar and to counter the always-looming fear of disorientation.258 An example of a landmark at the city scale is the Massachusetts State House in Boston, MA, which is the state house of Massachusetts that is a historical landmark on top of a hill that visually exposes itself to the city with a unique and noticeable shape with a golden dome on top making it a icon of central Boston. Lynchâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s elements of wayfinding can be directly related to my thesis as it provides solid criteria for what and how users create mental mappings of a space. The elements of paths, edges, districts, nodes and landmarks can be applied on a smaller scale to architectural design as well as city planning.

Massachusetts State House Boston, Ma Landmark Example 259

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Case Study The Human Brain: Neurons and Synapses The human brain tissue contains billions of electrically excitable cells called neurons and each neuron is connected to other neurons through thousands of synapses forming a network that processes information.260 Neurons intersect at many locations in a very complex network pattern that is not fully understood yet by scientists.261 The basic components of a neuron consist of dendrite, cell body, and axon.262 The neuron receives input through the dendrites from other neurons and when the impulse reaches a sufficient strength releases an electrical messengers called neurotransmitters.263 These synapses can be firing in different directions between neurons so this isnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t one direct path taken. In the synaptic cleft neurons communicate with other neurons by issuing certain commands.264 As the brain ages it loses neurons but still have a the power to form new connections.265 The human brain learns based upon experience in the real world, these experiences change connections between neurons and adds or removes connections this is referred to as plasticity.266 In relation to wayfinding, neurons and synapses generate these electrical responses that process everything that we perceive in our environment through experience. Wayfinding at the smallest scale occurs in the human brain by means of neurons & synapses providing a communication network of connections that the brain makes through firing electrical signals allowing information to coordinate with all parts of the brain and body. Our human senses are linked to our brains and nervous system and are used to navigate space. Although neurons and synapses are currently too complex of a network pattern to map they navigate their way through the body through a vast network of connections to their target and signaling a response. Each neuron depends on each other for communication to sustain each other. Neurons and synapses in the brain could be used in my wayfinding concept by means circulation and connections of a space.

Human Brain 267

Neuron 268 218

Case Study Human Senses Used in Wayfinding The human senses work in different ways to inform us about our surroundings when we move through space sending messages to our nervous system and to the brain. There are four major human senses associated with wayfinding sight, hearing, smell, and touch. The human eyes are the organs used for sight and used to visually determine the layout in our surroundings. The eye analyzes light according to its direction, which forms images that can be used to navigation and pattern recognition processed by the brain.269 The human ears are the organs used for hearing sound in the environment, which allows us to establish the direction it comes from and its origin. Sound that enters the ear stimulates different regions depending on frequency by small hair cells, which is processed by the brain.270 The human nose is the organ used for smelling different airborne scents or odors in the environment at a very close distance that is processed by the brain. Scents have very strong ties to human memories.271 The human skin is an organ that facilitates touching or feeling of different materials at a very close distance and is processed by the brain. The skin has six touch receptors that consist of nerve endings, hair follicles receptors, Meissner corpuscles, Merkel endings, Ruffini endings, and Pacinian corpuscles.272 All these senses are processed in the brain by neurons and synapses that allow us to use and experience these senses in the environment. Studying the limitations of these senses will help understand their usefulness in architecture wayfinding design. Sight and sound can be used over longer distance while smell and touch is only effective at close range distances.

Eye 273

Skin 274

Ear 275

Nose 276 219

Case Study Wayfinding Architecture Author: Romedi Passini Year: 1978 Romedi Passini found Lynch’s elements of wayfinding at the city scale very intriguing and sought to further his studies to explore how wayfinding elements can apply to architecture at the building scale. Romedi Passini is an architect, environmental psychologist, and author based in Canada. Passini has written books on wayfinding and the psychology behind it specifically his book Wayfinding in Architecture. Passini decided to conduct a study in 1978 as he noticed researchers were only focused on the city scale to study Lynch’s five elements of wayfinding and barely any research was conducted on Lynch’s five elements and how users would respond to them at the building scale.277 So Passini conducted a study in downtown Montreal to see if Lynch’s five elements for wayfinding could also apply to buildings using subjects to complete wayfinding tasks in different buildings types.278 This was a two-step study where each person had to form their image of the space mentally then the second step was to draw images of the layout and in each step the subjects were asked to describe verbally every part of the building they could remember.279 In Passini’s study of paths at the building scale were considered to be corridors, promenades, and atrium in terms of horizontal movement and in terms of vertical movement are staircases, elevators, and escalators.280 This demonstrates elements at the building scale that architects need to pay close attention to during the design process and why paths are an important element in wayfinding. The manner in which these interior pathways both vertical and horizontal are designed can have a major impact on individuals depending on their legibility to the user. If interior pathways lack legibility, are too narrow, look too similar, and lack natural light this will disorient users and this building will have significant wayfinding problems. In Passini’s study of edges at the building scale were perceived as less evident than paths and were generally considered to be walls, handrails, guardrails, or other elements that serve as barriers in an interior space.281 Edges are important in wayfinding because it provides a boundary that people can use to orient themselves. Having clearly defined edges in a space can help users guide themselves and since paths and edges are interconnected to can be very it can be helpful to users since strong edges are significantly easily to perceive and retain than weak edges.282 Materiality and textures can also play a role in edges if the materials used on an edge are too similar of the same it can be difficult to perceive edges causing lack of legibility and potential danger to the user.283 Edges act as a visual and psychological guide, but are also for users safety by means of half walls, handrails, and guardrails to prevent physical harm to the users at different changes in level of material. If interior edges lack legibility or are too weak for individuals to interpret it can cause confusion and make it difficult to move through an undefined space creating wayfinding problems. Wayfinding problems can produce disorientation, stress, anxiety, and significantly amplify problems with individual with physical and mental impairments. In Passini’s study of districts at the building scale were perceived as zones or uses such as public shopping, office, residential.284 The term district at the building scale is not an appropriate description to use and perhaps zone or floor might be more applicable.285 Districts or zones are important in wayfinding because it helps users identify a specific region of a city or a building complex that can be used to properly orient them. Creating separate zones within a large building or compound can allow clarity and legibility of the spaces to the users rather than having one large open space that can be disorienting.286 Buildings with distinguishable architectural elements within each district can help users identify different zones within a building creating a stronger connection making it easier to remember rather than having repetitive design elements that are too uniform making different zones difficult to distinguish. Districts or zones play an important role in wayfinding to help the user grasp their location and be able to navigate with ease. 220

Case Study In Passiniâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s study of nodes at the building scale were perceived as important circulation intersections, hall, indoor squares, atriums and lobbies.287 Aside from the adjustment of scale nodes on the city scale and building scale are very similar. Nodes are important in wayfinding because it acts as a major point of reference when paths converge for users allowing them to easily identify their location and to properly orient themselves traveling through a space. An overwhelming amount of nodes in a building can cause disorientation and difficulty for a user to navigate to their destination such as too many hallways or corridors that all look similar. It is important in the design of a building with many nodes to put focus on creating unique architectural features to differentiate spaces clearly in addition to using other information indicators.288 When designing a major node large in scale such as an atrium it is important that the space is not too overpowering in scale to the user as this can be very discouraging to first time users causing disconnect and finding their intended destination. Nodes are a very important part of wayfinding to navigate a space, but significant care must be taken in the architectural design to make it successful for user to navigate. In Passiniâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s study of landmarks at the building scale they found that the information that fit the landmark definition of Lynch as being a clearly remembered element and resulted in a high number of indoor reference points in the study due to lack of major landmarks.289 Some examples of landmarks at buildings scale in the study were specific shops, restaurants, bars, cinemas, artwork, landscaping arrangements, and structural and decorative building elements.290 Landmarks are important in wayfinding because they are unique memorable features that stand out from the normal architectural context and users can associate with important locations in a building to help orient themselves. Landmarks within a building can vary significantly, but typically are some in the form of artwork or architectural features such as materiality, double height space, water or landscaping, lighting, or the use of a multisensory design, which involves all the human senses.291 Landmarks are usually located at nodes since they are a main point of significance, usually located in a large open space, and can be perceived from many different distances for the users.292 If a building has too many landmarks the significance is lost and become an ineffective wayfinding element for users.293 Landmarks are similar to nodes as they are a very important indicator of a users location in a building and can commonly occur within nodes. Wayfinding in terms of architecture is to design in a way that allows users to consistently understand their orientation in a space at all times this is accomplished by the architectural design elements of a building communicating information to the user to assist them in finding their destination as they move thought a space. These architectural design elements must convey a significant degree of visual clarity to the users, but in the same respect should not be about creating simplistic building designs. Instead there must be a balance that creates architectural design that is both efficient to wayfind for users and design architecturally interesting spaces to occupy. Wayfinding should not be seen as a design constraint such as a building or zoning code, but a challenge to create interesting innovative architecture. This is critical to my thesis design because users want to feel comfortable when visiting a building and if it is difficult to navigate it can impact the individuals health and users are much less likely to visit the building again if the design is too confusing to properly orient hemselves.

221

Case Study Wayfinding: People, Signs, and Architecture Author: Romedi Passini & Paul Arthur Year: 1992 Case Study: Legible Circulation Typologies Legibility of circulation in wayfinding is designing the circulation system in a manner, which users can easily perceive how the vertical and horizontal systems function in order to travel to different locations and levels in a building to reach their destination. Circulation types can be broken down into four systems: linear circulation, centralized circulation,composite circulation, and network circulation.294 The clarity in which these systems are implemented in the building architecture makes it a successful design. Linear circulation consists of moving through a single path in a linear manner, but there are different fundamental organizational patterns.295 These organizational patterns consist of ordered paths, random paths, cores, and axes.296 Ordered paths are simplistic geometric forms, which are easy to understand and process.297 Random paths are complicated and not essentially random but the manner in which users perceive these path types makes it appear random and complicated.298 Cores are a type of single path that has a more uniting role with the architecture and acts not only as a circulation path but signifies a place by itself.299 Axis is a symmetrical circulation system that contains a central axis; this path acts a governing spatial system.300

Ordered Circulation 301

Random Circulation 302

Core Circulation 303

Axis Circulation 304

Centralized circulation systems can be broken down into three fundamental organizational patterns squares, concentric, and spiral.305 Square circulation patterns are the central location that a building is city is organized.306 Concentric circulation patterns are designed to circulate around a given space in a circular manner.307 Spiral circulation paths are rotating circulation paths that are progressively increasing wider and wider.308 Composite circulation systems consist of a combination of different circulation system integrated together, but can be confusing if not done properly.309

Square Circulation 310

222

Concentric Circulation 311

Case Study

Spiral Circulation 312

Composite Circulation 313

The last system, network circulation are a repetitious pattern spread out over a sizeable complex, with three organizational pattern scatter-point, grid, and hierarchical.314 Scatter-point network circulation is scattered random looking points that are connected together by a network of paths.315 Grid network circulation is usually a basic orthogonal or angular gridded network.316 Hierarchical network circulation consists of space of different significance networked from the high to low organization.317 There are many different types of circulation and a legible means of circulation reduces confusion, stress, and frustration for the users and reduces time wasting.318 This promotes emotional satisfaction for the users and decreases isolation for individual with disabilities.319

Scatter-Point Circulation 320

Grid Circulation 321

Hierarchical Circulation 322

When designing circulation systems for a building one of these systems should be used to be clear and legible, but also needs to be apart of the architecture not just a link between spaces but a main expression of the architecture itself.323 Designing spaces in terms of legible spatial hierarchy are important for users to navigate properly. Understanding all the types of legible circulation systems is very informative to my wayfinding thesis and gives a design criterion to explore.

223

Sketch Problem

Entry Concept Diagram

Entry Plan

Entry Section

The sketch problem consisted of designing a conceptual entrance into the proposed thesis project. The design uses my thesis concept of wayfinding creating two processional paths that connect and merge together into a central node that directs individuals up the central ramp path into the Neuroscience Research Center. Wayfinding at its simplest form occurs in the brain through neurons and synapses that connect to each other and allow users to perceive things clearly and this design reinforces that. The design takes into account the water of the drydock making a calming environment for patients ,researchers and practitioners as they enter an exit. The elevated ramp takes into account barrier free access and the site conditions creating a higher ground floor elevation for future sea level rise that will occur on the Boston Harbor waterfront.

224

*Diagrams & sketches by author

Sketch Problem

Entry Perspective

Entry Concept Model

*Sketches & models by author

225

Health and Wellness: Cultural Contribution My wayfinding thesis through its design and development will improve the health, wellness, and culture of individuals in the community and neighborhood in a number of ways. My wayfinding thesis responds to health and wellness by providing a facility that clarifies how individuals connect, experience, and navigates space. This building will facilitate closer connections for individuals with the architecture and prevent feelings of being disconnected; disoriented, and overwhelmed that can be seen in some contemporary architectural designs we see today. In additional the facility is specializing in neuroscience research and treatment of the human brain improving mental health. In terms of local feasibility my thesis will fit in appropriately as it will be apart Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital on the adjacent site contributing to the healthcare in the area and growing Spauldingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s research department. It will also help develop the waterfront of the Charlestown Navy Yard activating this vacant land on the waterfront. In terms of global responsibilities since the site is located near the waterfront of the Boston Harbor sea-level rise due to global warming should be addressed situating the building at an elevation height to prevent flooding. Culturally I feel a neuroscience research center would fit well in Charlestown/Boston area since it is apart of Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital fitting nicely in the healthcare fabric cluster in Charlestown. My thesis can engage interior design, landscape and sustainable design disciplines by using design elements from each discipline that can facilitate wayfinding. That could consist of different types of materiality, landscaping techniques, and creating a building that is highly efficient and durable. All these issues that have been discussed are usually addressed in different ways in professional practice. In my experience the cost of construction and technology seems to be the driving factor whether these technologies are implemented. It comes down to convincing the client that the building technology will be worth the investment in the long term whether itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s an aesthetic, structural, or sustainable issue. It also is about being able to understand what the clients needs and giving them the best choices and guidance. In addition firms like to use engineering consultants they can trust and have a good relationship with. Some of these consultants such as structural engineers like to use materials they are comfortable with so some structural engineers might only design in concrete while other only design in steel. These are generally how these decisions have been determined by the principals or project leaders in the firms I have worked in. Any health or quality of life issues that are not being addressed with my wayfinding thesis designing a Neuroscience Research Center should be revisited and adjusted until it meets those particular needs. This will make the overall experience better for the individuals using the space and the culture in the neighborhood.

226

Thesis Client Advisor / Representative Experience Profile David S. Burson, AIA, NCARB

Mr. Burson is an architect with over 35 years of planning, design and project management experience in both private and public sector practice. His work has focused primarily in the areas of institutional facilities programming, design and campus planning, and urban transportation and infrastructure project planning, design and joint development. He currently serves as a Senior Project Manager with Partners HealthCare Real Estate and Facilities, for whom he provided design, permitting and construction oversight of the recently completed Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, a 132- bed inpatient and outpatient rehabilitation facility in the Charlestown Navy Yard. The new Spaulding facility opened in April 2013, and is the recipient of LEED Gold Certification from the US Green Building Alliance; a Healthcare Environment Award from the Center for Health Design; and a Preservation Achievement Award from the Boston Preservation Alliance. He was previously Partnersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; project lead for the Mass General North Shore Center for Outpatient Care in Danvers, MA, a regional ambulatory care center and medical office complex. Mr. Burson also recently served as campus development advisor to the Asian University for Women, working with Moshe Safdie Associates on planning and design of a new university campus currently under construction on a 100-acre site in Chittagong, Bangladesh. He worked as a project management consultant and then Senior Project Director with the Massachusetts State College Building Authority, from 2002-2006. His project management and oversight responsibilities included the planning and phased delivery of a new 800-bed undergraduate housing project and the renovation of two existing 35-year old residence halls at Bridgewater State College; the renovation and expansion of cadet housing at Massachusetts Maritime Academy; and a new 460-bed new student residence hall, and concurrent phased renovation and addition of two 40-year old residence halls, at Salem State College. He also worked with the state college system on planning studies for new faculty/staff housing development; on residence hall student lounge and common space use assessments; and on development of comprehensive energy management and sustainable design standards for the state college system. Prior to that he was associated with the Wallace Floyd Design Group in Boston, which he joined in 1990 and with whom he practiced as Principal 1994-2002. His project work with Wallace Floyd included the new Berkshire Regional Transit Authority downtown bus and rail transit center in Pittsfield, MA; Kashmiri Gate and Tis Hazari Stations for the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation in New Delhi, India; Boltwood Walk Garage and Pedestrian Plaza in Amherst, MA, recognized with a Merit Award for Urban Design from the Boston Society of Landscape Architects; WBUR and WRNI Offices and Studios, Boston University, Boston, MA and Providence, RI; the Robert C. Byrd Intermodal Transportation Center in Wheeling, WV; Middlebury College Masterplan and Campus Development Guidelines; and Brown University Design and Construction Standards. In his initial engagement with Wallace Floyd he served asDirector, Projectwide Design Group, and then as Chief Architect for the Central Artery/Tunnel Project. This work was recognized with an AIA Honor Award, a BSA Honor Award, and the Harleston Parker Award for Vent Building 7 at Logan Airport. He served as Deputy Director, Corrections Special Unit and Board of Regents Planning Group, 1986-1990 for the Office of Programming, Division of Capital Planning and Operations, Commonwealth of Massachusetts. From 1982-1986 he practiced as Vice-President/Principal with TAG Architects, Charleston, WV, where is work received Honor Awards from the West Virginia Society of Architects for the WV Public Service Commission Headquarters; the Blennerhassett Mansion Reconstruction; and the Norfolk and Southern Railroad Townhouses project. Mr. Burson has been an invited guest critic at the MIT, Carnegie Mellon University and Massachusetts College of Art and Design Schools of Architecture, and currently sits on the Environment Committee of NAIOP Boston. He has served as a development advisor to Partners in Health at Mirebalais Hospital in Haiti; the Capital Health Surgical Center in Abuja, Nigeria; and the Appalachian Mountain Club, the Dorchester Arts Collaborative, the All Newton Music School, and the Church of the Covenant in Mattapan. He is currently a registered architect in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, licensed to practice in Pennsylvania, 1976; West Virginia, 1978; Massachusetts, 1987; Maine, 1997; Vermont, 1999; Rhode Island, 2000; New York, 2001. He received a Bachelor of Architecture from Carnegie-Mellon University in 1972.

227

Schedule of Requirements Thesis 1 Reviews: Introductory Review: Middle of September 2014 An introductory review to introduce my thesis concept, site, and program. Preliminary Review: End of October 2014 Present the full scope of the thesis investigation to gain feedback on the work to date and to seek direction for further exploration. - Thesis Concept: Concept illustrations, research, case studies, terms of criticism, and methods of inquiry. - Site: Context plan, illustrative site information, site research, site model, site analysis, and site interpretation. - Program: Program concepts, written program, program diagrams, and program research. - Conceptual Schemes (3): Concept models, diagrams, vignettes. Schematic Review: Beginning of December 2014 Present a scheme for the project that addresses the thesis concept and resolves basic site and program relationships. The emphasize concept development from the previous review and demonstrate how the review should concept will be realized architecturally. - Thesis Concept: Concept development - Site: Site plan, site model, diagrams, and illustrations. - Building Organization: Plans, sections, models, 3D studies, organizational diagrams. - Architectural Character: Elevations, models, sketches. - Building Systems: Structural systems, environmental systems, materials, other technical issues. Thesis 2 Reviews: Beginning of March 2015 Design Development Review: Focus on integrating disparate areas of inquiry into a holistic architectural response. Conceptual ideas should be expressed directly in the architecture. - Thesis Concept - Site Design: Site plan, site model, diagrams, and illustrations. - Architectural Design: Plans, sections, elevations, models, and perspectives. - Building Systems: Structural diagram, structural details, environmental systems diagram, and materials. - Other Technical Issues: Wall sections. Final Review: Middle/End of April 2015 The Final Review is a demonstration of the entire project. The presentation must be able to stand on its own. Conceptual clarity and formal spatial presentation is of utmost importance. - Synopsis and reductions of materials from the Design Development Review. - Site plan, floor plans, building sections, elevations. - Building sections which delineate structural and environmental control systems. - Major materials - Wall sections showing the relationship between structural and enclosure systems. - Systems concept plans for structural and environmental control systems. - Finished perspectives - Finished model(s) at larger scale. 228

Final Book Due (signed): Beginning of May 2015

Thesis Candidate Resume Mark D’Urso

153 Vreeland Ave., Nutley, NJ 07110 Mobile: 973.951.6146 Website: http://mdurso.com Email: durso.mark7@gmail.com

EDUCATION

PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE

Boston Architectural College 2010 – Present

Mikesell & Associates Architects - Planners, Newark, NJ June 2014 – January 2015

Boston, MA Thesis Candidate Master of Architecture GPA 3.5

Position: Architectural Intern

Seton Hall University

College of Arts & Sciences South Orange, NJ Bachelor of Arts in Liberal Studies, Minor: Art History, GPA 2.9

Software:

AutoCAD Revit SketchUp Rhinoceros Microstation ResCheck ComCheck

Position: Draftsmen/ Architectural Designer

May 2007 – August 2010 Position: Architectural Designer / Project Manager

Adobe Creative Suite/Cloud:

Microsoft Office:

Mileto – Godsall Associates LLC., Nutley, NJ & Long Valley, NJ January 2011 – December 2012 Held full time during the summer and remote work from Boston during academic year. - Designed preliminary plans for owner’s approval. - Prepared final construction plans and details for code approval and bidding.

SKILLS

Photoshop Illustrator InDesign Dreamweaver Lightroom

2002 – 2007

- Designed preliminary plans for owner’s approval. - Developed measured drawings from visiting project sites. - Construction Administration & Project Management

- Excelled in a variety of design types and scale projects, ranging from 500- 2,000 square foot commercial projects to 5003,000 square foot residential projects. - Developed measured drawings from visiting project sites. - Provided building code analysis for clients. - Designed preliminary plans for owner’s approval and met with clients to discuss plans. - Prepared final construction plans and details for code approval and bidding. - Provided owners with construction management and project coordination.

Word Excel PowerPoint

William A. Godsall Associates P.A., Nutley, NJ July 1998 – May 2007 Position: Architectural Intern

Operating Systems:

Held a part-time position during the academic year & full time during the summers. - Assisted in measuring existing conditions of project sites. - Developed CAD drawings of existing project conditions & generated details library. - Generated photocopied drawing sets for clients & managed firm project files.

Microsoft Windows Mac OS X

Miscellaneous: Drawing Drafting Modelmaking Photography

Website: http://mdurso.com Email: durso.mark7@gmail.com Portfolio available upon request or at http://issuu.com/markdurso

229

230

Footnotes

231

Footnotes Footnotes Include texts, images, diagrams, interviews, online articles, journals, and other research sources. 1

Kevin Lynch: The Image of the City.(Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1960.), 4.

Lynch, 4-5.

Paul Arthur; Romedi Passini: Wayfinding: People, Signs, Architecture.(Texas: McGraw-Hill, 1992.) 55.

Michael S. Sweeney; Richard Restak, M.D.: Brain: The Complete Mind.(Washington, DC: National Geographic Society 2009.) 13-14.

Neil Levine: The Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright. (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press,1996.), 302.

Morphopedia.com. “Cooper Union Academic Building.” Last Modified June 24, 2013. Accessed February 15, 2014.

http://morphopedia.com/projects/cooper-union

Morphopedia.com. “Cooper Union Academic Building.” Last Modified June 24, 2013. Accessed February 15, 2014.

http://morphopedia.com/projects/cooper-union 8

“Building Skin.” arcspace.com. April 2014. http://www.arcspace.com/CropUp/-/media/81372/cooper_union_3.jpg

“Rainscreen” colorcoat-online.com. April 2014.

http://www.colorcoat-online.com/file_source/StaticFiles/Prisma%20Relaunch/rainscreen-cassette.jpg

“Double Skin Facade.” progressivetimes.files.wordpress.com. April 2014.

http://progressivetimes.files.wordpress.com/2010/05/wra-double-skin-walls.jpg

“Photovoltaic Panels” redren.in. April 2014. http://www.redren.in/images/solar-pv-residetntial-solar_OK.jpg

“Foundation Piles.” dutchfoundation.com. April 2014. http://www.dutchfoundation.com/images/visual-driven.jpg

“Map of Massachusetts.” en.wikipedia.org. April 2014.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Massachusetts_highlighting_Suffolk_County.svg 14

“City Map.” cityofboston.gov. April 2014. http://familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/images/3/32/MA_Suffolk_Co_Chelsea_map.png

“Neighborhood District Map.” cityofboston.gov. April 2014. https://www.cityofboston.gov/dnd/organization.asp

“Satellite Aerial Image Charlestown, Boston, Ma.” Google Maps. March 2014.

https://www.google.com/maps/place/Charlestown/@42.3793231,-71.0588522,15z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x89e370ee594a051b:0x6af 8b9 17

4df41bbe72

“Site Plan, Whole City of Boston 2D.” Boston Redevelopment Authority. March 2014.

http://www.bostonredevelopmentauthority.org/document-center 18

“Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital Logo.” Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital Network. March 2014. http://www.spauldingrehab.org

“Map of Massachusetts.” en.wikipedia.org. April 2014.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Massachusetts_highlighting_Suffolk_County.svg

“City Map.” cityofboston.gov. April 2014. http://familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/images/3/32/MA_Suffolk_Co_Chelsea_map.png

“Neighborhood District Map.” cityofboston.gov. April 2014.

https://www.cityofboston.gov/dnd/organization.asp 22

“Satellite Aerial Image Charlestown, Boston, Ma.” Google Maps. March 2014.

https://www.google.com/maps/place/Charlestown/@42.3793231,-71.0588522,15z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x89e370ee594a051b:0x6af8b 94df41bbe72

232

Footnotes 23

“Neighborhood of Charlestown Map.” Boston Redevelopment Authority. March 2014.

http://www.bostonredevelopmentauthority.org/getattachment/a9117a43-c64a-4ecf-8667-0f2512f2de6b/ 24

“Site Plan, Whole City of Boston 2D.” Boston Redevelopment Authority. March 2014.

http://www.bostonredevelopmentauthority.org/document-center 25

“Zoning Ordinance Charlestown Navy Yard Subdistrict New Development Area.” Boston Redevelopment Authority. March 2014.

http://www.bostonredevelopmentauthority.org/getattachment/abd93630-4967-4193-af26-64d9f4b516f9 26 Lynch, “Lynch Diagram Legend

& Example.” 145-146. 27

Lynch, 47.

Anna Charisse Farr; Tristan Kleinschmidt; Prasad Yarlagadda; Kerrie Mengersen: Wayfinding: A simple concept, a complex process. Transport

Reviews: A Transnational Transdisciplinary Journal; (2012 Nov, Vol. 32, No.6, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2012.712555) 723.

Lynch, 47.

Farr; Kleinschmidt; Yarlagadda; Mengersen, 723.

Lynch, 47.

Lynch, 48.

“Nolli Plan Site Spaulding Hospital/ Perkins+Will.” Archdaily. March 2014.http://www.archdaily.com/443408/spaulding-hospita-perkins-

will/526d6304e8e44ee8e10005b5_spaulding-hospita-perkins-will_graphics_spaulding-vector-site-context-png/ 41

“Boston Topography” Boston Redevelopment Authority & BWSC. March 2014.

http://www.bostonredevelopmentauthority.org/document-center 42

“Photo Orientation Map,Satellite Aerial Image Charlestown, Boston, Ma.” Google Maps. March 2014.

https://www.google.com/maps/place/Charlestown/@42.3793231,-71.0588522,15z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x89e370ee594a051b:0x6af8b 94df41bbe72 43

“Adjacent Land Use Map, Neighborhood of Charlestown.” Boston Redevelopment Authority.

March 2014. http://www.bostonredevelopmentauthority.org/getattachment/a9117a43-c64a-4ecf-8667-0f2512f2de6b/

“Proximity to Parking, Transit Nodes, & Pedestrian Travel Radius 5 & 10 Minutes, Satellite Aerial Image Charlestown, Boston, Ma.” Google

Maps.

March 2014.https://www.google.com/maps/place/Charlestown/@42.3793231,-71.0588522,15z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x89e370ee594a0

51b:0x6af8b94df41bbe72 45

“Birds Eye View, Charlestown, Boston, Ma.” Bing Maps. March 2014.

http://www.bing.com/maps/#Y3A9cjF3cTM2OTJjODZ0Jmx2bD0xNyZzdHk9byZxPWZpcnN0JTIwYXZlbnVlJT IwYW5kJTIwMTZ0aCUyMHN0c-

mVldCUyMENoYXJsZXN0b3duJTJDJTIwQm9zdG9uJTJDJTIwTWFzc2FjaHVzZXR0cyUyQyUyMFVuaXRlZCUyMFN0YXRlcw==

233

Footnotes 46

“Aerial Photo of Charlestown Navy Yard Waterfront.” Boston Redevelopment Authority. March 2014

http://www.bostonredevelopmentauthority.org/planning/waterfront-planning/charlestown-navy-yard 47

“Wayfinding Diagram,Satellite Aerial Image Charlestown, Boston, Ma.” Google Maps. March 2014.

https://www.google.com/maps/place/Charlestown/@42.3793231,-71.0588522,15z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x89e370ee594a051b:0x6af8b 94df41bbe72 48

Climate Consultant v5.2 Program.Temperature Range Boston, MA. UCLA Energy Design Tools Group.

http://www.energy-design-tools.aud.ucla.edu 49

“Precipitation.” City-data Boston, MA. March 2014. http://www.city-data.com/city/Boston-Massachusetts.html

“Snowfall.” City-data Boston, MA. March 2014. http://www.city-data.com/city/Boston-Massachusetts.html

Climate Consultant v5.2 Program. Wind Rose Plots Boston, MA. UCLA Energy Design Tools Group.

http://www.energy-design-tools.aud.ucla.edu 52

“Zoning Map Charlestown Navy Yard Subdistrict New Development Area.” Boston Redevelopment Authority. March 2014.

http://www.bostonredevelopmentauthority.org/getattachment/70c218db-a5e6-4177-bb2b-18184984a891 53

“Zoning Ordinance Charlestown Navy Yard Subdistrict New Development Area.” Boston Redevelopment Authority. March 2014.

http://www.bostonredevelopmentauthority.org/getattachment/abd93630-4967-4193-af26-64d9f4b516f 54

“Chapters 3,4,5,6,7,10,11.” 2009 International Building Code. International Code Council. 2009.

“2010 Standards for Accessible Design.” Americans with Disabilities Act. March 2014.

http://www.ada.gov/regs2010/2010ADAStandards/2010ADAStandards_prt.pdf 56

“Site Map Architectural Context,Satellite Aerial Image Charlestown, Boston, Ma.” Google Maps.

March 2014.https://www.google.com/maps/place/Charlestown/@42.3793231,-71.0588522,15z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x89e370ee594a0

51b:0x6af8b94df41bbe72 57

“Battle of Bunker Hill.” National Park Service. March 2014. http://www.nps.gov/bost/historyculture/bhm.htm

“Bunker Hill Monument.” National Park Service. March 2014. http://www.nps.gov/bost/historyculture/bhm.htm

“Historic Map of Charlestown, Boston 1861.” Old-Maps. March 2014.

http://www.old-maps.com/ma/ma_bostonmaps/Boston_1861_Walling_web.jpg 62

“Charlestown Navy Yard.” National Park Service. March 2014. http://www.nps.gov/bost/historyculture/cny.htm

“Boston Naval Shipyard.” National Park Service. March 2014. http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/maritime/bns.htm

“Drawing of Charlestown Navy Yard.” National Park Service. March 2014. http://www.nps.gov/bost/historyculture/cny.htm

“Historic Map of Charlestown, Boston 1875.” Old-Maps. March 2014.

http://www.old-maps.com/ma/ma_bostonmaps/Boston_1875Beers_web.jpg

234

Footnotes 70

“Birds Eye View of Charlestown, Boston 1870.” Old-Maps. March 2014. http://www.old-maps.com/ma/BostonBirds/Boston_187x_PRINT-150.jpg

“The History of the Boston Harbor .” mtholyoke. March 2014. http://www.mtholyoke.edu/~aasyed/ES100/history.html

“Sewer History of Boston.” Boston Water & Sewage Commission. March 2014.

http://www.bwsc.org/ABOUT_BWSC/systems/sewer/Sewer_history.asp 76

“Sewer History of Boston.” Boston Water & Sewage Commission. March 2014.

http://www.bwsc.org/ABOUT_BWSC/systems/sewer/Sewer_history.asp 77

“Sewer History of Boston.” Boston Water & Sewage Commission. March 2014.

http://www.bwsc.org/ABOUT_BWSC/systems/sewer/Sewer_history.asp 78

“Birds Eye View of Charlestown, Boston 1899.” Old-Maps. March 2014.

http://www.old-maps.com/ma/BostonBirds/boston_1899_PRINT-200.jpg 79

“Waterfront Activation Plan Map” Boston Redevelopment Authority. March 2014.

http://www.bostonredevelopmentauthority.org/planning/planning-initiatives/waterfront-activation-plan-for-the-charlestown 80