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THE MYTH OF ANESTHETIC-FREE
JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2016 | $4.95 | www.petsmagazine.ca
DENTISTRY
Guide to PUPPY AND KITTEN CARE • • • • •
Top five health tips for your new pet! Preventing the spread of ringworm Positive reinforcement key to training dogs How to pick the right kennel …and more!
PLUS: AVOIDING FROSTBITE THIS WINTER • NEW RESEARCH ON CATS’ ORAL HEALTH
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PETS M A G A Z I N E WWW.PETSMAGAZINE.CA J A N U A R Y/ F E B R U A R Y 2 0 1 6 , V O L . 3 3 , N O . 1
SIMMONS PUBLISHING LTD. Publisher
John Simmons john.simmons@petsmagazine.ca
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Mark Tzerelshtein markintoshdesign.com Linda Simmons linda.simmons@petsmagazine.ca
EDITORIAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE Kristina Cooper, RVT, Cooper Kennels, Ancaster, ON Dr. Dieter Kohlmaier, Westoak Animal Hospital, Oakville, ON Dr. Darren Low, Kennedy Animal Hospital, Sydney, NS Kerry Vinson, Animal Behaviour Professional, Roseneath, ON Dr. Christina McRae, King Street Cat Hospital, Whitby, ON Dr. Cliff Redford, Wellington Vet Clinic, Markham, ON PETS Magazine is published six times a year by Simmons Publishing Ltd. ISSN: 0831-2621 To subscribe to PETS, contact Linda Simmons Toll Free: 877-738-7624 or visit us on the Web at:
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C O N T E N T S
FEATURES
6 Backyard Hazard Series:
The Scoop on Poop Did you know that picking up after your dog isn’t just about keeping your yard or neighbourhood clean?
22 Chewing the Facts
DEPARTMENTS
on Oral Health
4 Making Tracks 21 PETS Marketplace
The myths and dangers of anesthetic-free dentistry.
Guide to PUPPY AND KITTEN CARE 9 The Puppy Starter Kit A list of the top items you can buy your new puppy to ensure you are set up for happiness and training success in the coming months.
10 Baby Steps New puppy or kitten? Here are the top five things you can do to promote healthy living for life! 12 Avoiding the Pack Mentality Despite what some trainers still believe, effective dog training is about positive reinforcement, not punishment. 14 Ringworm in Pets Before you introduce another pet into your home, knowing the facts about ringworm and how to prevent it from spreading is crucial.
Whitby, Ontario L1R 1W1 (905) 665-9669: Fax (905) 665-9249 E-mail: circulation@petsmagazine.ca
Contents of PETS Magazine are copyrighted and may not be reproduced without the written consent of Simmons Publishing Ltd. The publisher shall not be liable for any of the views expressed by the authors of articles or letters published in PETS Magazine, nor shall these opinions necessarily reflect those of the publisher. Printed in Canada.
16 Added Value? Supplementation of your pet’s diet is not necessarily beneficial.
19 Grooming 101 Get off to the right start with your new puppy or kitten by exposing them to regular grooming habits at a young age.
20 A Home Away from Home Choosing the right kennel for your pet when you travel this winter. JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2016
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M A K I N G
T R A C K S
PURRFECT GUIDELINES TO HELP KEEP YOUR KITTY HEALTHY AND HAPPY! >>
NEWS | PRODUCTS | REVIEWS THERAPY DOGS HELP PEOPLE HEAL: RESEARCHERS >> In recognition of National Addictions Awareness Week in November, researchers from the University of Saskatchewan, University of Regina and McMaster University released three fact sheets detailing research that they undertook at addictions and mental health treatment sites in the Saskatoon Health Region. Although the programs differ at each of the three test sites and cannot be easily compared, the data collected clearly showed that clients experienced therapeutic benefits in their healing from the therapy dogs at all sites, they said. “We are confident in sharing that the dogs can have an impact on an individual’s healing journey in a multitude of ways, from providing comfort through to increasing therapeutic alliances with service providers,” said Colleen Dell of the University of Saskatchewan. The research project was funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and is a partnership with the St. John Ambulance Therapy Dog Program, Saskatoon Health Region’s Calder Centre Residential Addictions Treatment Program, Child and Youth Mental Health & Addictions Pet Therapy Program and the Métis Addictions Council of Saskatchewan. “Better understanding about how the dogs impact clients is important information for us to have,” said Crystal Petryk, clinical social worker in Children’s Mental Health Services, Saskatoon Health Region. “From the systematic understanding we gained by being involved in this research, we can now start to explore additional ways to incorporate animals into our programs and evaluate such interventions.” The fact sheets are available at: http://tinyurl.com/AAICalder
STUDIES BOOST ROLE OF DIET IN CATS’ ORAL HEALTH >>
The Cat Healthy initiative was created to help more cats receive the preventive healthcare they need to live longer, healthier lives. Its website showcases a number of preventive healthcare protocols that provide veterinarians practical recommendations to raise the standard of care for cats all across Canada. Cat Healthy also has a section for cat owners. Looking for information about kittens up to a year old or the mature cat? Cat Healthy gives pet owners access to a list of preventive healthcare guidelines developed by Canada’s veterinary feline specialists. Your veterinarian’s recommendations may vary slightly, depending on your cat’s individual risks. Cat Healthy is the only program in Canada that was created by Canada’s six local board-certified feline veterinary specialists. This level of certification requires a degree in veterinary medicine, logging at least six years of full-time practice with cats and passing several rigorous, comprehensive exams. Today, fewer than 100 veterinarians in the world and only six veterinarians in Canada have achieved this distinction. The Canadian Veterinary Medical Association is pleased to support cathealthy.ca and its protocols. Visit cathealthy.ca for more information. Cat Healthy materials are also available in French at soinfelins.ca.
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Gum disease is one of the most commonly diagnosed health problems in cats, yet relatively little was understood about the bacteria associated with it — until now. Two collaborative studies have been conducted by researchers from the WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition together with expert veterinary dentists and the Harvard-affiliated Forsyth Institute. The work, published in the journal Veterinary Microbiology in February 2015 and PLOS ONE in November 2015, sheds new light on feline gum disease, identifying the most common bacterial species associated with health and disease in cats for the first time. Using the latest DNA sequencing technologies, researchers identified 267 bacterial species present in feline dental plaque and built a database detailing the differences between bacterial populations in healthy cats and those in cats with gum disease. “This knowledge is a first step in understanding the potential for improving oral health of cats through dietary interventions that target disease-associated bacteria,” said Dr. Ian Davis, oral health researcher at WALTHAM, part of Mars Petcare. The studies also revealed that the bacterial species in feline plaque were more similar to those observed in canine plaque than to those found in humans. This suggests that interventions targeted at bacteria that cause oral disease in humans are unlikely to be effective in cats, and there is more potential to learn from interventions that work well in dogs. Dr. Davis added: “It’s important for pet owners to know that cats are just as susceptible to gum disease as dogs and understand the importance of maintaining a good oral hygiene routine, ideally including tooth brushing and dental treats or a specific dental diet.” For more on oral health, please turn to page 22.
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NEWS | PRODUCTS | REVIEWS
M A K I N G
T R A C K S
FIGHTING FROSTBITE IN PETS >>
From the Calgary Humane Society When the temperature dips outside, we are all very aware of covering up exposed skin to avoid frostbite…but did you know that your pets can develop this painful condition as well? While our pets are covered in fur, there are several areas of their bodies which have less hair and are more likely to develop frostbite. Areas such as the tips of ears, tails and their paws are particularly susceptible.
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Frostbite develops progressively when animals are out in the cold, although in extreme cold temperature with high wind chill, it will develop at a much faster pace. The body undergoes a few changes to try and adjust to the cold. First the fur will begin to stand on end (similar to when we get goose bumps!). This is to try and trap air to insulate the animal. The animal may also begin to shiver in an attempt to generate some heat. Then the animal’s blood flow will restrict itself to the animal’s core where all the important organs are — heart, lungs, abdominal structures — leaving little circulation to the peripheral areas of the body. With the lack of circulation, the tissues begin to die. Frostbite is usually not apparent at first when the animal comes indoors. The affected areas may at first appear red and feel warm to the touch. They will then turn a pale, waxy colour and feel cool. The area may begin to droop as well. Finally, in severe cases, the tissues will turn black and necrotic, and may even fall off. Pets are often in discomfort and may scratch or paw at the area. If you are concerned about frostbite in your pet, seek veterinary care immediately! You may try and warm up your pet using towels from the dryer or wheat bags (wrapped in towels, they should never have direct contact with your pets skin as they can unintentionally cause burns) en route to the vet. Never rub the affected areas as this may further damage tissues. At the Calgary Humane Society, we see cases of frostbite every winter. Thankfully, frostbite is easy to avoid by limiting your pet’s exposure to extreme cold. Only going out for short walks is a great start, but if your pet is very small, has short hair or is sensitive to cold then investing in a pet coat or pet boots can help your pet stay warm. And besides, on very cold days who wouldn’t want to be inside cuddled in a blanket? — www.calgaryhumane.ca
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BACKYARD HAZARD SERIES:
THE SCOOP ON POOP
The global movement called the One Health Initiative (www.onehealthinitiative.com) creates awareness about transmissible zoonotic disease (diseases that can be passed from animal to human or vice versa). The Backyard Hazards series focuses on the more common diseases that you or your pet may be at risk of contracting.
By Kristina Cooper, RVT >>
id you know that picking up after your dog isn’t just about keeping your yard or neighbourhood clean? Poop scooping is also about keeping your environment healthy. The feces that is left behind by both wild and domestic animals can pose a health risk to the people and pets in your life. The following are a list of some of the more common diseases that can be transmitted from animals to people through feces.
D
GIARDIA These protozoa (single-celled organisms) can be transmitted to both pets and people, causing vomiting and diarrhea, gas, stomach cramps and dehydration when ingested. Fecal contamination from an infected animal can occur when lake or stream water is ingested or by the consumption of foods that have been grown in soil contaminated with feces.
PHOTO: DEPOSITPHOTOS.COM
TOXOPLASMOSIS The protozoa Toxoplasa gondii is of special concern to pregnant women who have not had exposure prior to their pregnancy, as well as to people with compromised immune systems. Toxoplasma is most often transmitted to people and animals through the ingestion of undercooked meat, but exposure can also occur through contact with cat feces or things that may have come in contact with cat feces (such as soil, garden vegetables, kitty litter, etc.). While many infected cats show no symptoms of disease, toxoplasmosis can cause flu-like symptoms in people as well as damage to the eyes, brain and other organs.
CRYPTOSPORIDIUM Another protozoan, cryptosporidium is the cause of watery diarrhea for some people and pets. Transmission occurs with the ingestion of this parasite through feces-contaminated food and water sources.
TOXOCARIASIS (ROUNDWORM) The common cat and dog roundworm known as Toxocara, often seen in puppies and kittens, can be transmitted to other pets and people through the ingestion of infective eggs passed into the environment in feces. In people, the larva may migrate to the eye causing damage and even vision loss. It may also travel to other organ tissues and cause abdominal pain, fever, coughing and wheezing. Roundworm transmitted by raccoons, known as Baylisascaris, is also a concern for people who have these animals inhabiting their property. Infection is acquired when the eggs are ingested after contact with feces or something contaminated by infective feces in the environment. Children are of special concern for transmission as they are known to often put their hands in their mouth. Once infected, this parasite can result in eye and organ disease as well as neurological damage.
HOOKWORM This intestinal parasite known as Ancylostoma can infect both dogs and cats (and people), and is known to cause anemia, dehydration and diarrhea as the worm attaches to the intestinal wall and draws blood. It is passed in feces and transmitted when it attaches to skin and migrates into the body or is ingested. Once infected, the parasite can cause itchy, snake-shaped lesions and abdom-
inal pain in people. Walking barefoot outside in areas that are contaminated by feces is a common way people become infected.
TAPEWORM Of more recent concern is emerging infections from a species on tapeworm know as Echinococcus. This worm is transmitted to dogs when an infected animal is consumed. The eggs are then shed into the environment through feces, and ingested inadvertently by people. Infection can cause cysts in the body that may require drainage or surgery; they may even require prolonged medical treatment.
WHAT CAN YOU DO TO KEEP YOUR FAMILY SAFE? • Take your pets to the vet regularly for routine deworming treatments and fecal examinations. • Scoop poop right away and dispose of it properly. • Eliminate wildlife from your property. • Wash your hands after you handle poop or your pets. • Wash your hands before eating. • Wash fruits and veggies before consuming them. Kristina Cooper is a Registered Veterinary Technician (RVT) and proud member of the Ontario Association of Veterinary Technicians (OAVT). She has previously worked in both small animal practice and a municipal animal shelter. With a special interest in the relationship between animal and human health she is currently the Provincial Manager of the OAVT Public Health Rabies Response Program and an active One Health Initiative advocate. She can be reached by email at krizzteena@hotmail.com
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o t e Guid UPPY AND P E R A C N E T T I K
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GUIDE TO PUPPY AND KITTEN CARE
THE PUPPY STARTER KIT By Kris Crestejo, CDBC >>
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ringing home your new puppy can be exciting and daunting at the same time, and you’ll want to make sure the puppy will be happy, comfortable and have everything he needs to become a well-behaved, happy dog. Below is a list of the top items you can buy your new puppy to ensure you are set up for happiness and training success in the coming months.
DOG BED — Invest in a good bed that supports your puppy’s growing bones; the bigger the dog, the more support he will need to keep pressure points off the floor. This bed will also serve as his comfort zone where he can rest and relax, which is important for a growing puppy that requires a lot of sleep. Recommendation: ORVIS (www.orvis.com ) for amazing dog beds that last. COLLAR & I.D TAG — This is important for dogs to have in case they run away or get lost — a collar should be on your puppy at all times with an address and phone number. You will most likely go through at least two to three collars in your dog’s lifetime as they grow, so be prepared to invest a little bit of money for comfort and security. Consider microchipping and other methods of identification, too.
PHOTO: DEPOSITPHOTOS.COM
LEASHES — Leashes are very important given your local leash laws, but picking an appropriate leash is crucial for a puppy. Make sure it isn’t too heavy for your small pup, and that any metal clips don’t dangle and bounce on his chest or back, causing a distraction or preventing him from walking. You will want a leash that is small and light (even for big puppies) right now, switching to a bigger leash as they grow. The length for a leash/lead should be between six and eight feet. I don’t recommend retractable leashes as they can be dangerous for both you and your dog. Some extend so far that a dog will think it has the freedom to run, and the
sudden stop when it reaches the full length can cause injuries. Also, it can be difficult to control a dog who is beyond eight or so feet from you — as curious puppies tend to get themselves into trouble, you need to stick close to them. They are also a tripping and entanglement hazard. Recommendation: Dogids (www.DOGids.com) for a wide range of collars with built-in plates for engraving your information (no lost tags) and great leashes of all sizes and lengths. You can also head to your local pet store, where they will carry a variety of collars and leashes that you can try on for the right fit.
CHEW TREATS — Healthy chewing treats are very important for your puppy beyond providing something to gnaw on. Treats that last can teach a dog to focus on a task that is calming, and ultimately help teach your dog to calm himself. Give your puppy a suitable item to chew and soothe sore gums and provide enrichment that all dogs need regularly. Make sure the treats you choose aren’t too hard to avoid damaging teeth, and that they don’t break off into pieces that could pose a choking hazard. Recommendation: Beef Chew from Aron Pet Food (www.AronPetFood.com) — all natural bully sticks that are odourless and do not stain. Be weary of other bully chews — some only last a puppy an hour.
CHEW TOYS — Not all chew toys are suitable for all puppies, and so you must supervise play to make sure your puppy engages the toy appropriately. Generally, a chew toy is an item that the dog can play with for mental enrichment and chew safely on to soothe sore gums. Recommendation: Rope toys are great for puppies because the rope is soft enough to sink their teeth into but floppy enough to throw around, and they make a great tug toy. Road Kill Toys are super fun for pups because they’re easy to grab and carry around, and have small corners for the pup to chew on. JW Pet Company makes amazing soft rubber toys and treat dispensing toys (mental enrichment) for dogs, available at most pet stores or online. Make sure to have a wide variety of chew toys for your puppy to deter any inappropriate chewing! With these basic products on hand, you’re all set for introducing your puppy to his new home Kristin Crestejo, CDBC, is head trainer and behaviour consultant at Modern Canine Training in Langley, BC. www.moderncaninetraining.com
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GUIDE TO PUPPY AND KITTEN CARE
BABY STEPS
NEW PUPPY OR KITTEN? HERE ARE THE TOP FIVE THINGS YOU CAN DO TO PROMOTE HEALTHY LIVING FOR LIFE
By Andrea Smith >>
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etting a new puppy or kitten can be a very exciting and memorable time. Along with the joys of adding a new member to the family comes a responsibility to ensure a healthy life for your pet, for which your veterinarian is a key resource. The first appointment with your veterinarian can be very overwhelming, but there are some key topics to consider prior to your first checkup. Here are the five most important things you can do for your new pet’s health.
1. VACCINES Just like babies, puppies and kittens are born with a naïve immune system and are unable to fight many common infectious diseases on their own. Vaccines help prime the immune system to ensure protection from these potentially deadly diseases. According to the American Animal Hospital Association (AAHA) guidelines, all puppies and kittens should be vaccinated for their core vaccines every three to four weeks between the ages of six and 16
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2. DEWORMING It is very common for young puppies and kittens to contract internal parasites. They may become infected with parasites at birth (passed from their mother through the placenta or milk) or become infected through contact with infected feces or other infected animals. Some common internal parasites include roundworms, hookworms, coccidia and giardia. The Companion Animal Parasite Council (CAPC) recommends fecal examinations and/or prophylactic deworming at least four times during the first year of life. Left untreated, internal parasites can cause a variety of gastrointestinal issues and can potentially be passed to humans. Speak with your veterinarian to determine the best deworming protocol for your new pet.
3. FLEAS, TICKS & HEARTWORM PROTECTION
weeks. The core vaccine for puppies is called DHPP, a combination vaccine that protects against four common infectious diseases (distemper, hepatitis, parvo and parainfluenza virus). The core vaccine for kittens is called FVRCP, which protects against three common infectious diseases (feline viral rhinotracheitis, calcivirus and panleukopenia). In addition to these core vaccines, all pets should receive their rabies vaccination at approximately 16 weeks of age.
Choosing a monthly flea, tick and heartworm preventative is an essential part to caring for your new puppy or kitten. Fleas and ticks are skin parasites that feed on the blood of their hosts. These parasites can cause skin irritation at the site of the bite; however, they can also transmit various diseases. Fleas can transmit tapeworm, whereas ticks can transmit a variety of potentially life-threatening diseases, including Lyme disease and Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Heartworm is a blood parasite that is transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitos. Once infected, heartworms can grow up to 14 inches long and will reside in the heart. Left untreated, heartworm infection can lead to heart failure and even death. According to CAPC, recent
prevalence data suggests that dogs and cats are susceptible to heartworm in all 50 states (which means they are likely so in all of Canada, too). Based on your geographical location and lifestyle, your veterinarian can help determine the best combination preventative to help protect your pet from these potentially deadly critters.
4. NUTRITION Puppies and kittens require a very specific diet to help them grow and stay healthy. According to AAHA, a goodquality puppy or kitten diet should be high in fat, calories and good-quality protein to support growth. The diet should also have correct calcium to phosphorous ratios to aid bone growth and skeletal development. Your veterinarian — and not the product claims on food labels in the pet aisle of your grocery store — is one of your best resources to help you choose the best diet and an appropriate feeding guide for your new pet.
5. SPAYING AND NEUTERING Spaying and neutering is the best method to prevent unwanted pregnancies and keep your pet healthy throughout his or her life. Spaying your female puppy or kitten can prevent various medical conditions, including mammary (breast) cancer and pyometra, a potentially life-threatening infection of the uterus. Neutering your male puppy or kitten can prevent unwanted sexual behaviours, as well as medical conditions such as prostate and testicular cancer. AAHA supports neutering cats and dogs as young as eight weeks of age. Consult with your veterinarian to make the best recommendations for preventive care based on a detailed assessment of your pet and regular checkups. Working together for your pet’s health will ensure your new puppy or kitten will be a happy part of your family for years to come. Andrea Smith BSc, DVM, CCRP (candidate) is associate veterinarian at Don Mills Veterinary Practice in Toronto, ON. drsmith@donmillsvet.com
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PHOTO: DEPOSITPHOTOS.COM
Outside of these core vaccines, there are a variety of non-core options that may be recommended based on your new pet’s location and lifestyle. These include leptospirosis and bordetella vaccines for dogs and feline leukemia vaccine for cats. There is a lot of information available out there regarding vaccines (and a lot of misinformation, too) — make your veterinarian your top source for vaccination advice.
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GUIDE TO PUPPY AND KITTEN CARE
AVOIDING THE PACK MENTALITY DESPITE WHAT SOME TRAINERS STILL BELIEVE, EFFECTIVE DOG TRAINING IS ABOUT POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT, NOT PUNISHMENT
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By Kerry Vinson >>
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f you have a new puppy, or for that matter any new dog of any age, you will want to start off on the right foot in terms of teaching your new best friend good behaviour. I recently came across a couple of interesting studies that can help steer you in the right direction, but before discussing them, let’s first look at some background on the history of dog training. For several decades after the Second World War the accepted methods used to train dogs were patterned after those developed during the time of that conflict, and were based on the premise that correcting unwanted behaviour would eliminate it and result in good behaviour. A common strategy that was employed was the choke chain correction, and
things like the alpha roll (flipping a dog on its back to demonstrate your status as pack leader) were popular. At some point in the latter part of the 20th century, different ideas began to surface. These ideas were based on scientifically validated concepts from the field of human psychology. While these concepts did meet resistance from practitioners who had used the correction approach for decades, they have been increasing in popularity over the last 15 years. However, it’s important to note that many dog trainers still utilize the correction philosophy and are convinced that it works quite well for them. With this in mind, let’s look at those studies I mentioned earlier. Two separate studies published in 2010 and 2011 in the
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AN ADDED BENEFIT IS THAT POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT TRAINING METHODS HELP TO STRENGTHEN THE HUMANANIMAL BOND BETWEEN A PERSON AND HIS/HER DOG.
journal Applied Animal Behavioural Science showed that some types of training methods used on dogs can actually increase undesirable behaviours, like aggression, specifically punishmentbased training methods. When bona fide research supports the validity of a theory it becomes factual, as opposed to a subjective opinion. Therefore, I have to strongly support the concept of positive reinforcement-based training as opposed to negative training based on corrections or punishment. It’s a better strategy to teach a dog how you want it to behave by getting it to associate positive things with good behaviour. On a personal level, I would much rather my dogs obey me because they want to, as opposed to obeying because they are afraid of what will happen to them if they don’t! An added benefit is that positive reinforcement training methods help to strengthen the human-animal bond between a person and his/her dog.
Speaking of my own dogs, the newest addition to the group is pictured below. She’s a rescue obtained through the Canadian Mastiff Club. When we first got her a year ago she was still a puppy, albeit a very large one. Although she can still be a little rambunctious at times, during the last year she has learned to be extremely well behaved and obedient. This has been achieved by rewarding desirable behaviour and not using any physical punishment. Good thing, since she now weighs around 140 pounds, and I can’t imagine trying to do the things still advocated by some trainers like an alpha roll. Certainly most women or children wouldn’t be able to use physical force on a dog that big and strong. I think there’s a lesson to be learned here, and I hope that readers of PETS Magazine will be able to benefit from this piece of advice: If you need the help of a dog trainer for your new puppy, or older dog, find one who doesn’t use methods that were popular during the last century, but who is aware of the current, research-backed, effective strategies.
Kerry Vinson, founder of Animal Behaviour Consultants, has a BA in Psychology and has extensively studied animal learning and behaviour modification. In addition to conducting seminars on canine behaviour and assessing dogs with behavioural problems, he has been designated by the Province of Ontario as an Expert Witness in the area of canine aggression and re-training, and has testified in a Provincial Inquest and numerous other dog related court cases between 1999 and 2015. For more information, contact him at (705) 295-3920 or (905) 352-3353, or visit: www.animal. behaviourconsultants.com
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RINGWORM IN PETS FUNGAL INFECTION IS CONTAGIOUS FOR HUMANS, TOO
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PHOTOS: DEPOSITPHOTOS.COM
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lthough the name often misleads pet owners into thinking a worm has invaded their pet’s bodies, ringworm is actually a fungus that can affect the hair, skin and nails. Common in cats, this fungus can lead to circular patterns of hair loss and red, scabby bumps. Before you introduce another pet into your home, knowing the facts about ringworm and how to prevent the skin condition from spreading is crucial. Dermatophytes, fungi that feeds on protein in the skin, hair and claws, is the agent of ringworm. Infections are transmitted by contact with infected hairs from another infected pet in the environment, or through bedding, grooming tools and even fleas. The fungus can be passed between animals and humans, but young and elderly people are more susceptible to developing the infection. Those with weak immune systems are also more prone to ringworm. Dr. Adam Patterson, clinical assistant professor and chief of dermatology at the Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, explains the signs of ringworm. “Clinical signs of ringworm may include excessive shedding, broken hairs, patchy or circular areas of hair loss, dander, scabs, red bumps and occasionally deep-seated nodules,” he said. “Some animals, especially cats, may be carriers of ringworm with no clinical signs. Diagnosis is based on history, clinical signs, fungal culture and possibly skin biopsy. Fungal culture is the gold standard in making a diagnosis, but it may take up to three weeks for fungal growth to appear.” Treatment for infected animals includes limiting their exposure to other animals and people. Since it is common for some pets to be asymptomatic, all animals in an infected household should be treated and tested for the skin condition. “Therapy is directed at killing fungus on the animal(s) and decontaminating the environment. Unfortunately, dermatophyte-infected hairs can remain infective for up to several months, necessitating environmental clean-up of shed hairs,” Patterson explained. “If people in the household have ringworm-suspicious lesions, then consultation with a physician is recommended.” Limiting the infected pet to other animals and people can be effective in preventing the spread of ringworm, but anti-ringworm treatments are required to eliminate the infection at its source. Shampoos, lotions, sprays, dips and systematic therapy can all be prescribed to a ringworm-infected pet. If the animal is long-haired, clipping the coat can allow better contact with topical medicine and will remove infected hairs before they shed into the environment. Besides treating your pet for ringworm, decontamination of the environment is essential to prevent further spreading of the fungus. Isolating your pet in an easily cleaned room (no carpet) is the first step in decontaminating your home. Wash all clothing that has touched the animal, as well as destroy or thoroughly disinfect all collars, bedding, blankets, scratching posts, cat trees and grooming aids, if possible. Disposable dusting sheets and lint rollers can be effective in capturing loose hairs in the environment, and it is also recommended to launder exposed fabrics and pet bedding by washing twice in cold water with detergent.
Thoroughly vacuuming rugs and draperies every one to two days will also prevent the buildup of infected hair. Disinfectants like Lysol and a Clorox mixture can be sprayed on tile floors, windowsills, vehicles the infected pet rode in, countertops and any other non-porous surface. “The goal of therapy is to achieve two to three negative consecutive fungal cultures one to two weeks apart. Unfortunately, this usually requires at least several weeks of therapy,” said Patterson. “The risk of re-infection for a single pet is relatively low if they live indoors and the environment is cleaned thoroughly. When adding a new pet to the household (especially cats), one should have the animal examined by a veterinarian and consider having a ringworm culture performed before bringing the pet into the family’s living quarters.” Ringworm is contagious to both owners and pets, but the fungus can be treated through multiple methods. If you think your pet may be infected with ringworm, have your veterinarian examine him/her since several other skin diseases can mimic ringworm. Pet Talk is a service of the College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M: vetmed.tamu.edu/pet-talk.
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GUIDE TO PUPPY AND KITTEN CARE
ADDED VALUE?
SUPPLEMENTATION OF YOUR PET’S DIET IS NOT NECESSARILY BENEFICIAL
D
ietary supplementation is as common for pets as it is for humans, but when it comes to deciding what’s best for our dogs and cats it can be hard to sort the facts from fiction. Here’s what our friends at the Canadian Veterinary Medical Association have to serve up on the issue. Routine supplementation is not recommended. In fact, certain supplements and feeding practices can be harmful to your pet. Nutritional supplements should not be given unless a specific condition needs to be treated. Your veterinarian is most knowledgeable in determining whether or not your dog or cat requires supplementation.
which destroys the vitamin biotin. Note: egg yolks offset this due to their high biotin content.
FISH: Bones should be removed prior to feeding to prevent choking. Cook fish to avoid parasites and to destroy thiaminase, an enzyme found in some fish (carp, smelt, catfish and herring) that destroys thiamin (vitamin B1). Cooking destroys thiaminase. Cats fed tuna exclusively can have serious health problems so avoid feeding canned fish as a major portion of the diet.
LIVER: Excess liver may cause calcium deficiency, vitamin A toxicity and/or diarrhea.
MEAT: Avoid feeding raw meat because of the danger of transmitting parasites and bacteria, such as E.coli, Campylobacter and Salmonella. Excess supplementation with meat can lead to an imbalance of calcium/phosphorous and may provide excess protein that can be harmful to pets with impaired kidney function. In the wild, cats and dogs do not just eat muscle tissue, they mix it up! They eat whole animals with hair, bones and gut contents and so get a more varied input. So, an owner is not balancing the diet by just providing meat, that is not natural, in fact it’s unhealthy if the muscle meat becomes a primary or solo diet. MILK: There is no harm in feeding milk, but it is unnecessary. In some lactoseintolerant pets, milk may cause diarrhea. Some pets may be allergic to milk. EGGS: If fed, eggs should be cooked and not raw. Raw egg white contains avidin, 16
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FATS/OILS: Fats are a good source of energy. However, over-supplementation can cause obesity. Supplementing the diet with extra fat may result in a decreased food intake, which in turn can lead to a nutritional deficiency.
onion ingestion can cause haemolytic anemia (fever, dark urine, death).
CHOCOLATE: Contains theobromine, which is toxic to pets.
CANDY: Due to the high caloric density, feeding candy may keep pets from eating properly. They can also cause obesity and dental caries. As well, hard candies may cause choking.
CALCIUM: Some people add calcium to the diet of fast-growing animals. This is not a good idea since growth formulations already have balanced the bone-producing compounds such as calcium, phosphorus and magnesium. HERBS: Some herbs have side effects and can cause problems. Some, for example, affect blood clotting and would need to be stopped if a routine surgery is planned.
BONES: Bones should not be fed. Small
HUMAN MEDICINES: Giving a Tylenol or
bones can splinter and become lodged in the mouth, throat or digestive tract. Bones also lead to diarrhea, constipation, vomiting and intestinal obstructions and punctures.
Aspirin to your cat may be lethal. Animals do not process many human medications the same way as people do, so avoid giving human medications unless a veterinarian prescribes them. Remember that your pet is not a human and many supplemental feeding practices can be of real concern. We do not want to “kill the pet with kindness” so remember that their diet should reflect their needs rather than people’s ideas of treats.
TABLE SCRAPS: Table scraps are usually high in fat and carbohydrates, and low in calcium and protein. This leads to an imbalanced diet. Table scraps can cause vomiting, diarrhea, pancreatitis, fussy appetite, begging at the table and obesity.
ONIONS/GARLIC: Onions and garlic have no effect on worms or fleas. Excessive
From the Canadian Veterinary Medical Association: www.canadianveterinarians.net/ resources/animal-owners
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GUIDE TO PUPPY AND KITTEN CARE
GROOMING 101 By Kristina Cooper, RVT >>
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rooming dogs and cats is necessary for all breeds throughout their lifetime to keep them healthy and comfortable. Some breeds have more demanding grooming needs than others. You can get off to the right start with your new puppy or kitten by exposing them to regular grooming habits at a young age.
EYES Due to excess hair or the shape of your pet’s face, special attention should be paid to the eyes. Some pets will naturally tear, causing staining or a build-up of material (exudates) that should be regularly cleaned to prevent bacterial infection. Some pets may also require the hair on their faces to be trimmed to prevent it from sticking into their eyes and causing irritation.
EARS Your pet’s ears may accumulate dirt and wax that can be seen with a quick peek at the external portion of the inner ear. This excess can be gently wiped away with a cloth. Sometimes, pets develop ear infections that may also cause debris to be released. This is often accompanied by pain, redness and a foul odour. These cases should be handled by your veterinarian.
TEETH Prevent dog and kitty bad breath by training your pets to enjoy tooth brushing at a young age. Pet-friendly toothpaste (which comes in appealing flavours) is great for this, along with guidance from your veterinary team. An ounce of prevention goes a long way and preventing dental disease with this daily habit will make a big difference to your pet’s health down the road.
NAILS Nails require trimming based on how quickly they grow. Starting young will get them used to this routine procedure. Some pets naturally wear down their nails from walking on hard surfaces, while others do not. Ensuring your pet’s nails are trimmed regularly allows for a more comfortable walk. Nail trimming can be tricky — ask your veterinarian for guidance.
HAIR Depending on the breed of pet you have they may require bathing, brushing and clipping. These all help to keep your pet’s coat clean, tangle free and healthy. Regular grooming can be done at home or through a grooming service. Before deciding on a new puppy and kitten to bring home, consult your veterinary team about what requirements your selected breed may require. This will allow you to be better prepared for the time and costs involved in keeping your new pet well groomed. Kristina Cooper is a Registered Veterinary Technician (RVT) and proud member of the Ontario Association of Veterinary Technicians (OAVT). She has previously worked in both small animal practice and a municipal animal shelter. With a special interest in the relationship between animal and human health she is currently the Provincial Manager of the OAVT Public Health Rabies Response Program and an active One Health Initiative advocate. She can be reached by email at krizzteena@hotmail.com
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GUIDE TO PUPPY AND KITTEN CARE
A HOME AWAY FROM HOME
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our pet depends on you to take good care of her — even when you have to be out of town. Friends and neighbours may not have the experience or time to properly look after your pet, particularly for longer trips. A reputable boarding kennel can give your pet quality of care — and you peace of mind. Before leaving your pet behind consider:
A FACILITY SPECIALIZING IN CARE AND OVERNIGHT BOARDING ALLOWS YOUR PET TO: • Avoid the stress of a long car or airplane ride to your destination. • Stay where he’s welcome. • Receive more attention and supervision than he would if home alone most of the day. • Be monitored by staff trained to spot health problems. • Be secure in a kennel designed to foil canine and feline escape artists.
POTENTIAL DRAWBACKS TO USING A BOARDING KENNEL INCLUDE THE: • Stress related to staying in an unfamiliar environment. • Proximity to other pets, who may expose your pet to health problems. • Difficulty of finding a kennel that accepts pets other than dogs and cats. • Inconvenience of the drive over, which can be especially hard on a pet easily stressed by car travel.
HOW DO I FIND A GOOD KENNEL? Ask a friend, neighbour, veterinarian or dog trainer for a recommendation. You can also check the Yellow Pages under “Kennels & Pet Boarding.” Once you have names — even ones you got from reliable sources — it’s important to do a little background check. First, find out whether your municipality or province requires boarding
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CHOOSING THE RIGHT KENNEL WHEN YOU TRAVEL THIS WINTER
kennel inspections. If it does, make sure the kennel you are considering displays a license or certificate showing that the kennel meets mandated standards. Also ask whether the prospective kennel belongs to any trade associations founded by kennel operators to promote professional standards of pet care. Besides requiring members to subscribe to a code of ethics, these associations offer voluntary facility accreditation that indicates the facility has been inspected and meets their standards of professionalism, safety and quality of care. Check, too, with your Better Business Bureau to see whether any complaints have been lodged against a kennel you are considering. After selecting a few kennels, confirm that they can accommodate your pet for specific dates and can address your pet’s special needs (if any). If you’re satisfied, schedule a visit.
WHAT SHOULD I LOOK FOR? On your visit, ask to see all the places your pet may be taken. Pay particular attention to the following: • Does the facility look and smell clean? • Is there sufficient ventilation and light? • Is a comfortable temperature maintained? • Does the staff seem knowledgeable and caring? • Are pets required to be current on their vaccinations, including the vaccine for canine kennel cough (Bordetella)? Such a requirement helps protect your animal and others. • Does each dog have his own adequately sized indoor-outdoor run or an indoor run and a schedule for exercise? • Are outdoor runs and exercise areas protected from wind, rain, and snow? • Are resting boards and bedding provided to allow dogs to rest off the concrete floor?
From the Ontario SPCA >> (with information from the Humane Society of the United States) • Are cats housed away from dogs? • Is there enough space for cats to move around comfortably? Is there enough space between the litter box and food bowls? • How often are pets fed? • Can the owner bring a pet’s special food? • Can the owner bring a pet’s special bedding? • What veterinary services are available? • Are other services available such as grooming, training, bathing? • How are rates calculated?
HOW DO I PREPARE MY PET? Be sure your pet knows basic commands and is well socialized around other people and pets; if your pet has an aggression problem or is otherwise unruly, he may not be a good candidate for boarding. Before taking your animal to the kennel, make sure she is current on vaccinations. It’s also a good idea to accustom your pet to longer kennel stays by first boarding her during a short trip, such as a weekend excursion. This allows you to work out any problems before boarding your pet for an extended period. Before you head for the kennel, doublecheck that you have your pet’s medications and special food (if any), your veterinarian’s phone number and contact information for you and a local backup. When you arrive with your pet at the boarding facility, remind the staff about any medical or behaviour problems your pet has, such as a history of epilepsy or fear of thunder. After the check-in process, hand your pet to a staff member, say goodbye and leave. Avoid long, emotional partings, which may upset your pet. Finally, have a good trip, knowing that your pet is in good hands and will be happy to see you when you return. www.ontariospca.ca
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CHEWING THE FACTS ON
ORAL HEALTH THE MYTHS AND DANGERS OF ANESTHETIC-FREE DENTISTRY By Nina Watai, RAHT >> application, and cannot be swallowed by the animal. Unless an animal is under anesthesia, these procedures would be difficult and dangerous to complete.
I
X-rays: When an animal is awake, we cannot take an X-ray because the probes most veterinary clinics use are connected to a computer via USB. A dental probe itself costs over $2,000, and they can be destroyed with a single chomp. Some people think an X-ray is an unnecessary procedure, but this is untrue. Think of a tooth as an iceberg — what is visible to your eye is not the whole story. X-rays allow us to see below the gum line to the roots of the teeth and assess if there are any problems. Probing: Just like when you are at the dentist, your pet’s teeth have to be probed for any pockets that are present due to periodontal disease. Pockets form when tissue and bone around a tooth deteriorate, allowing bacteria to grow and infections to occur. If your pet was awake for this procedure, it would surely experience discomfort and pain, and he may bite down on the probe and break the delicate ends, which is not good for his teeth, or for the probe! Scaling: Scaling is important for the removal of plaque and tartar buildup, which can cause inflammation (gingivitis)
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and other problems if left untreated. The tooth is a three-dimensional structure, and so your veterinary team must keep your pet’s mouth open for an extended period of time while we clean every surface of the teeth — something they just won’t do while awake. Scaling takes time and is a detailed job requiring attention to all four sides of the tooth, not just the outside where we can easily reach. Scalers are pointy and sharp, and even minor movement from an animal could cause the hygienist’s hand to slip and hurt its gums or tongue. Extraction: Extraction simply cannot be done without anesthesia — that approach would be extremely painful, traumatizing and dangerous to all animals (including humans). Polish: Polish is highly recommended after each cleaning. The process of scaling creates uneven ridges in the enamel, which is the outer layer of the tooth. The ridges make the teeth more prone to buildup of plaque and tartar if not covered with polish afterward. In addition, the polish must be rinsed off the tooth after
Cost: One of the most concerning factors for pet owners is the cost associated with any procedure that uses anesthesia. I tell our clients that in Canada most medical procedures under anesthetic are paid for by provincial Medicare, so we don’t realize the true cost of medical procedures. Surgery requires the use and monitoring of fluids, medications, freezing for the mouth, catheter insertion, scaling, polishing, fluoride and monitoring equipment for the patient (which includes heart rate, respiratory rate, temperature, oxygen level, CO2 level) and much more. However, the costs of proper dental care must be factored into the value it provides in terms of a pet’s health, happiness and longevity. Good oral health promotes the overall health of an animal, allowing it to eat properly and live pain-free (which reduces unwanted behaviour) while reducing the chances of infections that can affect the whole body. Regular brushing of your pet’s teeth will significantly reduce the amount of work required under anesthesia and associated costs. All dental procedures require the use of some pressure on the teeth and gums, and can cause some minor temporary pain. In the human world, we understand that our dentist is acting in our best interest. It is impossible to teach animals that the pain caused by dental operations is good for them. Anesthesia is therefore essential for providing pets with the best possible dental care and a trauma-free experience. Nina Watai, RAHT, is a registered animal technologist at Nolan Hill Veterinary Hospital in Calgary, AB. www.nhvh.ca
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often hear from clients who assume that their pets’ dental cleanings can be done without anesthetic. This is a very common but false belief, and when I tell them that our clinic does not perform cleanings without the use of anesthesia, they sometimes ask if it possible to refer them to a clinic that does. Certainly, some claim to — but here’s why that’s a bad idea. When we talk about cleaning a pet’s teeth under anesthetic, we are doing much more than most people think. The following is an explanation of each step in a thorough dental cleaning.
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