PREVENTING
JULY/AUGUST 2015 | $4.95 | www.petsmagazine.ca
ZOONOTIC DISEASE
Guide to • • • •
CAT CARE Mites: Mighty Pests for Pets Heartworm Disease Litter 101 Recipe for Health: Feeding Your Feline
KEEPING YOUR CAT
HEAD-TO-TAIL HEALTHY PLUS: LIFE SAVERS CROWNED PURINA HEROES • JOLLY ROGER SAILS AGAIN
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EDITORIAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE Kristina Cooper, RVT, Cooper Kennels, Ancaster, ON Dr. Dieter Kohlmaier, Westoak Animal Hospital, Oakville, ON Dr. Darren Low, Kennedy Animal Hospital, Sydney, NS Kerry Vinson, Animal Behaviour Professional, Roseneath, ON Dr. Christina McRae, King Street Cat Hospital, Whitby, ON Dr. Cliff Redford, Wellington Vet Clinic, Markham, ON PETS Magazine is published six times a year by Simmons Publishing Ltd. ISSN: 0831-2621 To subscribe to PETS, contact Linda Simmons Toll Free: 877-738-7624 or visit us on the Web at:
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C O N T E N T S
FEATURE
DEPARTMENTS
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Keeping your Children Free of Zoonotic Disease
Making Tracks
17 PETS Marketplace
With animals playing an integral role in many people’s lives, it is wise to consider the fact that they have the possibility to transmit disease to us. Here’s what you can do about it.
18 Pet Projects 20 Joyful Tails 22 Paws for Reflection
Guide to
CAT CARE 8 Keeping Felix Frisky
Planning regular visits to the veterinary office for your cat a must for cat parents to ensure their fluffy feline family member is in tip-top shape.
10 Need to Know: Feline Heartworm Disease Most dog owners are aware that infected mosquitoes can transmit deadly heartworm disease to dogs, but fewer people know that the disease can affect cats as well.
11 Mites: Mighty Pests for Pets Publications Mail Agreement #41305514
Return undeliverable Canadian addresses to:
Do your pets have an itch they just can’t scratch? One of these tiny arachnids may be to blame.
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Contents of PETS Magazine are copyrighted and may not be reproduced without the written consent of Simmons Publishing Ltd. The publisher shall not be liable for any of the views expressed by the authors of articles or letters published in PETS Magazine, nor shall these opinions necessarily reflect those of the publisher. Printed in Canada.
12 Thinking Inside the Box Which type of litter and litter box are right for you and your cat?
15 Heart Disease Difficult to Detect in Cats Unlike in humans or dogs, feline heart disease is a poorly understood, poorly defined problem about which little is known.
16 A Recipe for Health Grasp the essentials of feline nutrition before you go shopping. JULY/AUGUST 2015
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M A K I N G
T R A C K S
ASPCA SURVEY EXPOSES FELINE BENEFITS AND MISCONCEPTIONS >> A recent American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) survey of American adults shows that, while cat owners themselves have overwhelmingly positive experiences with their cats, non-pet owners lack an understanding of the benefits of having cats as pets. The most common misconceptions held by non-pet owners about cats are that cats do not make great companions and are high maintenance. On both points, cat owners beg to differ. Only 47% of non-pet owners believe cats make great companions, compared to 73% of cat owners. Additionally, fewer than half (46%) of non-pet owners agree that cats are low maintenance, compared to an overwhelming 82% of cat owners. A vast majority of cat owners also believe that cats are intelligent (77%), quiet (77%) and independent (71%).
“This survey further confirms what many of us already know — cats are intelligent animals that make excellent companions,” said Dr. Emily Weiss, vice president of research and development for the ASPCA. “With millions of cats entering shelters each year, we hope that the public learns from the experiences of current cat owners that there are many benefits of welcoming a cat into your home.” “An added benefit to pet adoption is that many shelters are using research-based adoption programs — like our Meet Your Match program — which assess both the adopters and the adoptable pets,” added Weiss. “Our research has shown us that cats’ personalities or ‘felinealities’ as we like to call them, can range from the gregarious to the independent. When shelters can match the needs and expectations of adopters to the right cat, whether they’re looking for a more autonomous ‘Secret Admirer’ or a cuddly ‘Love Bug,’ the chances of a stronger bond and an adoption that sticks are much greater.” www.aspca.org
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NEWS | PRODUCTS | REVIEWS FIVE TIPS TO KEEP YOUR DOG COOL ON HOT DAYS >>
As temperatures rise, it’s important to stay well informed about the dangers of heatstroke in pets. Pet insurance provider Trupanion has received several claims for heatstroke, primarily in dogs, though cats are susceptible too. Certain body types and breeds are more susceptible than others, including overweight pets and those with long hair, thick coats or short faces. According to the Trupanion database, English and French bulldogs are five times more likely to suffer from heatstroke than the average dog. Look for excessive panting and a bright red tongue, a rapid heart rate, gastrointestinal upset — like vomiting — and a lack of coordination. Heatstroke can become very dangerous and can be costly to treat if not caught early — the average heatstroke claim costs US$1,300, ranging from less than $10 to over $10,000 in some cases. To help prevent heatstroke, give your dog access to shade, a fan or air conditioning and plenty of water. Avoid walking your dog on hot pavement and never leave them in the car on a warm day. Look for excessive panting and follow these tips to keep them cool: 1. Keep the water bowl full. Make sure there is always enough water available for your dog. If your pup goes outside, make sure to keep a water bowl in the shade to keep it cool. 2. Keep your dog inside. As temperatures rise, your dog will be much more comfortable at home. It is easy for your short-faced dog to overheat if left outside in the hot weather. If outside, keep on the grass because hot pavement can burn the pads of your dog’s paws. If he does come in the car with you, make sure to turn on the air conditioning. But remember, it is important not leave him in the car alone for even a few minutes. 3. Use cooling devices. There are several products for keeping pets cool, such as cooling mats, fans, kiddie pools and air-conditioning equipment. You can also make your own cooling device by freezing water in a sturdy plastic bag and wrapping it in a heavy towel. You can lay the device in your dog’s bed so he can keep comfortable. 4. Change your pup’s exercise times. It’s easy for some short-faced dogs to become overweight, so make sure to continue normal exercise routines. Try to walk your dog when the sun isn’t very strong, like early morning or in the evening. 5. Take breaks. As you continue normal physical activities for your dog, pay attention to any breathing abnormalities and know when to take a break. If your dog starts to breathe heavily or makes any unusual noises while trying to breathe, it is time to take a break and let your dog cool down. You may have to shorten exercise activities to avoid heat exhaustion.
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NEWS | PRODUCTS | REVIEWS ‘TIS THE SEASON FOR ALLERGIES IN DOGS >> If you have seasonal allergies, spring brings itchy, watery eyes and lots of sneezing. But if your dog has seasonal allergies, it’s not “Gesundheit” you’ll be saying. Royal Canin has launched a public awareness campaign to help educate Canadians about seasonal allergies in their dogs. Research has shown the majority of Canadian dog owners are unaware that the signs of seasonal allergies in humans are different than in dogs — something the Canadian Academy of Veterinary Dermatology (CAVD) wants to see change. “Dogs can be allergic to many of the same allergens as humans, including mould, house dust mites, saliva from biting insects and tree, grass and weed pollens,” says Dr. Vincent Defalque, president of the CAVD. “However, the reality is these allergies present themselves quite differently in dogs than in humans. That’s why it’s so important pet owners know the signs.” One of the most telling signs of seasonal allergies in dogs is itching and scratching. Dogs with seasonal allergies will be reluctant to have their ears handled, may scratch a lot, have itchy, red skin or excessively chew on their paws. An easy way to remember the signs is to think ESP: Ears, Skin, Paws. Dogs displaying any of these signs should be attended to by a veterinarian for a thorough exam and diagnosis. “In dogs, allergens are mostly absorbed through the skin, not their respiratory system, so it’s veterinary dermatologists who are actually the allergists of the pet world,” says Dr. Alison Turcotte, a veterinarian with Royal Canin Canada. “In fact, skin issues are among the most common reasons dog owners seek support from their veterinarian.” Veterinarians have a number of treatment options to both alleviate discomfort of the symptoms as well as address the underlying issue of seasonal allergies. These options can include: topical therapies, oral medications, soothing shampoos and desensitization (immunotherapy or allergy shots/drops), as well as veterinary exclusive pet food specifically designed to address environmental allergies. www.cavd.ca, www.royalcanin.ca/itchypetseeyourvet
THE TRUTH LETS THE CAT OUT OF THE BAG >> Health is undoubtedly at the top of the list when it comes to caring for your animals. Trying to decipher your pet’s behavioural cues can be tricky however. To make sure you have all of the facts for keeping them in top shape, the Ontario Veterinary Medical Association (OVMA) debunks some common misconceptions about caring for a pet: Myth: If my pet acts and looks healthy, there is no need to take them to the veterinarian. Reality: Pets can’t talk, so veterinarians have to be their voices. While it can appear that your pet is well — eating, drinking and active as usual — it is possible they could be dealing with a health issue that’s not apparent. Cats, for example, are very clever at hiding their illnesses, so it’s important to schedule regular checkups to catch symptoms early, or to simply prevent health concerns. Myth: Regular trips to the veterinarian do not fit within my budget. Reality: Pet care is about being proactive and prepared. It’s important to have an open, honest discussion with your veterinarian to discuss what is manageable for your household. An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. Regular, preventative care is an integral part of preventing illness and catching problems early. In many cases, identifying and managing problems before they become serious can save pet owners from significant costs later on. Myth: I can find all the pet care information I need online. Reality: While diagnosing illnesses based on home research can appear convenient, it can also be very unreliable — and misleading. When in doubt, taking your pet for regular, proactive checkups with your veterinarian will provide you with peace of mind — and a happy, healthy pet. Other than you, your veterinarian should know your pet best. More information is available at www.ovma.org. — From News Canada
T R A C K S
TOP TIPS TO HELP YOUR PET IN AN EMERGENCY >>
Accidents happen — sometimes pets get injured, eat the wrong foods, get bitten, cut or even have seizures. However, there are ways you can help on the way to the vet. As Dr. Doug Aspros, former president of the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) says, “You can’t be overprepared. Do your thinking and planning when you’re calm — you’ll make better decisions when the emergency happens.” Here are a few lifesaving tips from the AVMA to help stabilize your pet: • If you think your pet has a broken bone, gently lay him or her on a flat surface, or use a blanket as a sling to gently transport your pet on the way to the veterinarian. • With cuts, press a clean, thick gauze pad over the wound and press on it until the bleeding stops. If bleeding is severe and on the legs, apply a tourniquet (using a rubber band and gauze) between the wound and the body to slow down the blood flow and get your animal to the vet ASAP. • For burns, flush immediately with lots of water. If the burn is more severe, quickly apply an ice compress. • If your pet has been exposed to a toxin, check the label for immediate instructions, such as washing its skin with soap and water, or flushing eyes with water. • If your pet is having seizures, keep them away from any objects, blanket your pet to keep them warm and call your vet or an emergency vet clinic. • For choking, if your pet can still breathe, get them to the vet immediately. Look in their mouth with a flashlight and quickly try to get the object out with a tweezer. If that doesn’t work, place both hands on the side of his or her ribcage and strike the rib cage firmly with the palm of your hand three to four times while getting to the vet. For more life-saving tips from the American Veterinarian Medical Association, log onto www.avma.org
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BACKYARD HAZARD SERIES
KEEPING YOUR CHILDREN FREE OF
ZOONOTIC DISEASE By Kristina Cooper, RVT >>
The One Health Initiative (www.onehealthinitiative.com) is a global health movement that emphasizes the importance of the relationship between human health, animal health and environmental health. Its goal is to increase public awareness of transmissible zoonotic disease (diseases that can be passed from animal to human or vice versa.)The “Backyard Hazards” series of articles will focus on the diseases that you and/or your pet may be at risk of contracting. ur children’s animal interactions may include a trip to the farm, petting zoo or a pet store, or meeting a friend’s new pet. In our own backyards we often cherish moments of observing nature, including wild animals, while our pets frolic with us as full-fledged family members. With animals playing an integral role in many people’s lives, it is wise to consider the fact that they have the possibility to transmit disease to us. According to the Center for Disease Control (CDC), children under the age of five have an increased risk of zoonosis.
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HOW CAN ZOONOTIC DISEASE BE TRANSMITTED TO MY CHILD FROM AN ANIMAL? Zoonotic disease can take the form of bacteria, viruses, fungi and internal and external parasites and, depending on the disease, can be transmitted by direct contact with an animal, its bodily fluids (urine, feces and saliva) or food source. Some common examples include: • Many animals are fastidious selfgroomers; certain zoonotic agents may be left behind on an animal’s coat. Kids love interacting with animals by petting them. • Animals accept treats, often licking our hands at the same time.
• Our pets go out into the yard to relieve themselves (wild and stray animals often uses these areas for the same purpose), where they may also transmit disease or pick one up. Our children spend hours playing in these same areas. • Puppy kisses seem innocent enough, but these sweet gestures can also pose a risk. • Unexpected animal bites can transmit disease. • Some animals, such as certain reptiles and amphibians, carry zoonotic bacteria normally on their body. • Food sources offered to some pets (raw food diets, feeder mice, etc.) can also carry bacteria. WHAT CAN I DO TO PREVENT MY CHILD FROM GETTING A ZOONOTIC DISEASE? The great news is that you can help prevent the transmission of zoonotic disease between the animals and children in your life. Here’s how: • Make sure children wash their hands after handling animals. To achieve effective hand washing it should last the length of time it takes to sing the Happy Birthday song, twice. • Pick up after your pets right away in the yard, and always be on the lookout for droppings from other critters that need to be disposed of, too.
• Make sure sand boxes are covered when not in use. • Ensure your pet is on regular preventive anti-parasite treatment for both internal and external parasites. • Teach your children bite prevention techniques to minimize the chance being bitten. • If they are bitten by an animal, report it to your local public health department. • Make sure your pets are current on rabies vaccinations. • Avoid feeding pets raw foods when possible. When necessary, feed your pet in a dish designated only for them, handle raw food with gloves and wash dishes immediately after food is consumed. Kristina Cooper is a Registered Veterinary Technician (RVT) and proud member of the Ontario Association of Veterinary Technicians (OAVT). She has previously worked in both small animal practice and a municipal animal shelter. With a special interest in the relationship between animal and human health she is currently the Provincial Manager of the OAVT Public Health Rabies Response Program and an active One Health Initiative advocate. She can be reached by email at krizzteena@hotmail.com
MARCH/APRIL 2015
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GUIDE TO CAT CARE
KEEPING FELIX FRISKY By Kristina Cooper, RVT >>
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ccording to Cat Healthy (www.cathealthy.ca), an initiative created by Canadian feline specialists to promote preventive wellness in cats, “More than most other species, cats need consistent preventive healthcare because they are masters of disguise and their signs of sickness are subtle. There is a general misconception that cats are independent and self-sufficient. In addition, because many are kept as indoor pets, it is falsely believed that they are free from risk of disease. The solitary nature of cats leads them to be naturally self-defensive, making them a challenging species for veterinary healthcare teams and owners.�
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GUIDE TO CAT CARE
Planning a visit to the veterinary office for your cat (on an annual basis for adults, and every six months for seniors) is a must for cat parents to ensure their fluffy feline family member is in tip-top shape. There is no replacement for the skilled examination and preventive treatments your veterinarian can provide. When diseases are detected early through regular examinations, treatments can be initiated to prolong life and increase the comfort of your cat. Preventive medicine recommendations by your veterinarian, such as vaccinations and anti-parasite treatments, are easy ways to help your pet avoid common diseases that could end in catastrophe. Benjamin Franklin’s quote still holds true: “An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.”
SO JUST WHAT DOES A HEAD-TO-TAIL EXAMINATION REALLY COVER?
Skin and Coat Having a close look at your cat’s skin and coat can help to detect lumps and bumps that should be further investigated, as well wounds, external parasites and allergic skin conditions. Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems Having an in-depth listen to your cat’s chest can allow your veterinarian to assess the overall health of their heart and lungs. This gives the vet the chance to monitor heart rate and respiration and listen for anything abnormal. Eyes and Ears It is important to have a proper assessment of your cat’s eyes done to look for changes that could indicate internal disease as well as to detect early vision loss, infections and painful ulcers. Urogenital and Digestive Systems Making sure your cat is urinating and defecating properly and that everything looks
well under the tail is important. Changes in either urination or defecation patterns should be discussed with your veterinarian, as these can be a sign that something is not right. In unaltered animals, veterinarians can also look for early signs of cancerous tumours and reproductive infections that can be life threatening. Abdominal Palpation Although it may look like your veterinarian is just squeezing your cat’s tummy, they are actually having a good feel of their internal organs. This allows them to make sure everything feels as it should and that no obvious signs of disease are apparent that would indicate further testing. Some things they may be looking for include changes in the shape and size of organs, growths, constipation and bladder stones.
BEYOND THE PHYSICAL EXAM Nutrition Consultation While visiting your clinic you also have the opportunity to get the best nutritional counselling there is. Nutrition plays an important role in keeping your cat at peak health performance. Cats have different dietary needs
at varying life stages and your veterinary team is your best source of advice. Behavioural Consultation Your vet visit is also a great time to ask any behavioural questions you may have about your cat. Behavioural changes like eliminating in inappropriate areas in the house, being confused between night and day and sleeping more than normal can all be indicators of change in your cat’s health status. Remember, your cat deserves a wellness plan — with regular veterinary care and some TLC at home, they will give you years of joy. Kristina Cooper is a Registered Veterinary Technician (RVT) and proud member of the Ontario Association of Veterinary Technicians (OAVT). She has previously worked in both small animal practice and a municipal animal shelter. With a special interest in the relationship between animal and human health she is currently the Provincial Manager of the OAVT Public Health Rabies Response Program and an active One Health Initiative advocate. She can be reached by email at krizzteena@hotmail.com
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PHOTOS: INGIMAGES.COM
Weight and Body Condition An assessment of your cat’s weight and overall body condition will be made to help guide you on whether they are too heavy, too lean or just right. Aiming for an ideal body condition and weight will help your cat reach their peak functionality.
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NEED TO KNOW: FELINE HEARTWORM DISEASE M
ost dog owners are aware that infected mosquitoes can transmit deadly heartworm disease to dogs, but fewer people know that the disease can affect cats as well. According to Dr. Allan Paul, a veterinary parasitologist at the University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine in Urbana, “Cats are susceptible to heartworm disease, but are more resistant to infection than dogs are, and cats have a lower prevalence of heartworm disease.” As in dogs, cats acquire heartworm disease through the bite of a mosquito infected with heartworm in an immature life stage. The dog is the definitive host for heartworms, which are only partially adapted to the cat host. In dogs, these parasites live in the heart, lungs and blood vessels. In cats, heartworms frequently migrate to other places in the body, which makes heartworm disease more deadly in the cat than in the dog. While infected dogs may host as many as 250 heartworms at a time, infected cats rarely host more than six heartworms. Although six worms may seem like a comparatively small parasitic load, even a few worms can have a very negative health impact given the small size of cats. Heartworms live an average of two to three years in the cat, and although this is considerably shorter than their lifespan in the dog (up to seven years), this is plenty of time for severe disease to result.
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According to Dr. Paul, some cats never show clinical signs of heartworm disease, but when signs are present, they usually develop during two stages of disease. “The first stage of disease coincides with the immature adult worms reaching the pulmonary arteries three to four months after infection,” says Dr. Paul. “When these worms reach the lungs, they will be attacked by the cat’s immune system and die. The cat then acquires what is known as heartworm-associated respiratory disease.” This initial phase is often misdiagnosed as asthma or allergic bronchitis. As the worms mature, the signs of the acute phase will subside. “Worms that are degenerating in the lungs can cause the lungs to be inflamed and thromboembolism — an obstruction of a blood vessel by a blood clot that has become dislodged from elsewhere in circulation — can often result in fatal, acute lung injury. This is the second stage of the disease,” explains Dr. Paul. “This can occur even if there is only one worm in the lung.” Owners may find it difficult to tell if their cat is showing signs of heartworm disease. Many cats can tolerate a moderate infection without showing any signs of illness, while other cats may show clinical signs for a brief time and then appear to be normal. Clinical signs of heartworm disease in cats may present as a vague illness or can be predominantly respiratory, gastrointestinal and
By Sarah Netherton >>
occasionally manifests neurologically. The most common signs seen — rapid breathing, coughing and increased respiratory effort — are consistent with chronic respiratory disease. Vomiting with an increased frequency, which is not related to eating, is also a common sign of heartworm disease. It is not known why these parasites induce vomiting. Anorexia and weight loss are reported in some cats, and a combination of these signs in addition to sudden death may also occur. To diagnose heartworm disease, a veterinarian may have to test the animal repeatedly (on different occasions) for this disease since diagnosis is more elusive in the cat than in the dog. Heartworm serology, X-rays of the cat’s chest and echocardiography to access the size and shape of the heart will help the veterinarian make a diagnosis of heartworm disease. There is no treatment for feline heartworms. The amount of medication required to treat the infection can be lethal to cats. Veterinarians often give steroids to cats that appear to have lung disease on X-rays to help with the inflammation, whether or not they show clinical signs of the disease. Once heartworm disease has been diagnosed, a veterinarian will want to monitor with serologic testing. “Since there is no treatment, prevention of this disease is extremely important,” advises Dr. Paul. “Veterinarians can prescribe monthly preventive medications for a cat just as they do for dogs. Indoor cats are also at risk, so it is important to give preventive medication to both indoor and outdoor cats.” For more information about feline heartworm disease, speak with your veterinarian. From the University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine: www.vetmed.illinois.edu
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SOME CATS NEVER SHOW CLINICAL SIGNS OF INFECTION
GUIDE TO CAT CARE
MITES: MIGHTY PESTS FOR PETS
DO YOUR PETS HAVE AN ITCH THEY JUST CAN’T SCRATCH? ONE OF THESE TINY ARACHNIDS MAY BE TO BLAME.
By Dieter Kohlmaier, DVM >>
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ites are common parasites found in domestic animals, and are the usual suspects that are considered any time pets suffer from itching, scratching or hair loss. Mites are members of the arachnid family, and are therefore related to spiders and scorpions. While many juveniles may possess six legs, all adults have eight. Unlike their cousins, the majority of mites are microscopic in size and cannot be identified without a magnifying lens. Most mites are passed from animal to animal though direct contact, but some can live in the environment and be picked up by your pet. Mites have adapted well and infest most animal species, including dogs, cats, rabbits, birds, rodents and humans. Fortunately, they are typically species-specific and as such (but with some exceptions) mites that affect your pet should not affect you. Ear mites (Otodectes) are a common source of itching and scratching in dogs and cats. These large, white parasites live on the skin surface, feeding on skin and debris within the ear. They cause intense irritation, which often leads to head shaking and ear scratching, and will produce a dark brown to black discharge. Cheyletiella is a mite that breaks the rules, crossing species with ease relative to other kinds of mites. It is commonly referred to as “walking dandruff ,” as it produces profuse scaling; as well, these relatively large mites can often be seen as moving white specks. While the mite cannot reproduce on humans, it feeds on us, causing red, raised lesions on the arms, legs and abdomen. Once the affected animals are treated, the skin lesions will disappear in both the pets and owners. Mange mites represent some of the more common species afflicting pets in North America. Sarcoptic mange is an
important skin parasite that usually appears in relatively hairless areas of the body (elbows, ears) and spreads from there. These mites burrow underneath the skin, resulting in oozing, scabbing, hair loss and redness, and they cause intense itching and scratching in the affected individuals. Many animals will also develop secondary skin infections as a result of the mites’ activity. These mites can proliferate to such a degree that in many wild canines, such as foxes and coyotes, a severe infestation can be fatal. Notoedres, a similar parasite to sarcoptes, is more likely to affect your cat. It often begins on the inside of the ears and then spreads to the face, paws and then the hindquarters. Demodex is an unusual mite for several reasons. First, it has a unique cigar shape with short, stubby legs as opposed to the
typical round body and longer legs that most other mites possess. Second, it lives quite happily in the hair follicles and sebaceous glands of many mammals without causing any problems. In fact, several species of Demodex mites live in the facial skin of most humans. Puppies acquire the mites from their mothers during the nursing period, and most clinical infections are seen between three and six months of age. In these cases it is believed that an immunodeficiency results in the mites multiplying uncontrollably, which results localized hair loss. This occurs most often around the eyes and face, but it can appear anywhere on the body. These infestations are, however, not itchy. Most cases are mild and self-limiting, but some can persist and become generalized and, ultimately, fatal. Another outlier, the nasal mite (Pneumonyssoides caninum), affects the nasal passages of dogs and can result in sneezing, bleeding and itching on the face. It can be difficult to diagnose without the help of a small magnifying camera (rhinoscope). Most skin mites are diagnosed by collecting samples and examining them under the microscope. For the burrowing mange mites, the samples are deep in the skin, which needs to be scraped to the point where it will bleed. Fortunately, most of these mites can be treated, and some can even prevented with topical medications. In the case of Demodex, patients can be given a medicated bath every two weeks for three to six treatments. Alternately, an oral medication can be given daily until the patient is clear of the infestation. Dieter Kohlmaier, DVM, owns and operates Westoak Animal Hospital in Oakville, ON.
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GUIDE TO CAT CARE
THINKING INSIDE THE BOX By Kristina Cooper, RVT >>
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C
ats tend to have a strong instinctual drive to bury their feces, and find litter boxes an attractive place in which to do this. Most cats are trained at three to four weeks of age by their mothers to properly eliminate in a litter box. Soon, they follow her lead and begin to eliminate in the litter box on their own. Some pet owners find litter with additives that attract the cat helpful in piquing their interest in using the box.
This is useful for new kittens and cats that have mainly been used to eliminating outdoors. Outdoor cats can also be gradually trained to use a box in the house; start off using potting soil or sand in the box, and then slowly introduce a commercial litter product.
PICKING THE RIGHT BOX There are many available options for litter boxes, including the traditional rectangular
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SIFTING THROUGH THE FACTS ON KITTY LITTER
GUIDE TO CAT CARE box, the covered box and self-cleaning variations. Most boxes are constructed of plastics that can be easily cleaned with soap and warm water, but may over time absorb odours and need to be replaced. The least expensive and most accepted style tends to be the traditional plastic, rectangular box. Select one with enough room for your cat to move around without touching the sides too easily. Because these boxes are not covered, they are less confining and provide more air circulation. Their downside is that litter may be pushed out of the box if your cat is an aggressive digger. If the box isn’t large enough for your cat, or your cat has bad aim, they may also inadvertently eliminate outside the side of the box. The covered boxes are moderately priced, and are especially fancied by those who have inquisitive dogs or whose cats may have bad aim. These boxes greatly reduce the amount of litter that is spilled outside of the box during digging. Some downfalls of this design include less air circulation, potentially resulting in odour buildup. They can also be too confining for larger cats. The automatic self-cleaning boxes are the priciest option. These products automatically rake or sift the litter and remove and clumps of urine and feces, depositing them into a reservoir that the owner can later empty. Although these boxes can cut down on cleaning time for busy cat guardians, the rakes can sometimes become stuck. Some versions tend to be a little noisy, as well.
LITTER BOX LOCATION Cats are very selective creatures when it comes to eliminating, and do not enjoy an audience. The location of your litter box should be inviting, where there is both privacy and a low traffic flow. Keep in mind the location should be easily accessible to your cat, and the area should generally be quiet. Inadvertent noises (such as a furnace motor or clothes dryer buzzer) may startle your cat while in its box, which can result in an aversion to its use.
LITTER TYPES Clumping litter products are most commonly used. These litters clump around
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MOST CATS ARE VERY PARTICULAR ABOUT THE CLEANLINESS OF THEIR LITTER BOXES. SOME CATS EVEN PREFER TO URINATE IN ONE BOX AND DEFECATE IN ANOTHER, AND SO YOU MAY BE WELL OFF TO PROVIDE TWO BOXES.
feces and urine, sealing it off from the fresh litter and allowing for easy scooping and removal. Although clay clumping litter appears to provide the strongest clumping action and is most widely used, some people prefer to use the newer pine-, corn- or wheat-based products. These litters tend to be lighter, and because they can be flushed or composted are more environmentally friendly. The downside of corn and wheat litters is that they may strike your cats fancy as a food source. And, although humans tend to associate the smell of pine with cleanliness, pine litters may be too strongly scented for cats and can lead to litter box aversion. There is a certain amount of dust to be expected with any clumping product, but some brands are less dusty than others. Also available in pets stores are crystalline products containing indicators that alert you when its time to change the litter. These crystals, often made of silica, absorb urine and eliminate odours. They also have low dust levels. Feces must be scooped daily when using these products, and the crystals must be mixed to prevent any pooling of urine at the bottom of the box. Note that these litters can often be expensive, and that some cats find the sensation of standing in them unpleasant. There are also litters that are made of recycled newspaper formed into pellets. These products are often used after surgery and declawing procedures to avoid contamination and infection. These litters do not clump, nor do they provide much odour control — meaning the litter box must be cleaned more frequently.
CLEANING THE BOX Most cats are very particular about the cleanliness of their litter boxes. Some cats even prefer to urinate in one box and
defecate in another, and so you may be well off to provide two boxes. In multi-cat households, some cats will not eliminate in a box used by another cat. Multi-cat households should have at least one box per cat, plus one extra, to meet their needs. It is paramount that your cat’s box be kept as clean as possible — remember that cats have a much stronger sense of smell than we do! When using clumping litter, the box should be scooped daily and new litter added to top it up. Depending on the use of the box, it should be completely emptied, washed and refilled with fresh litter every few weeks. In the case of traditional claytype litters that don’t clump, it is best to completely empty, wash and refill with fresh litter on a daily basis. Silica crystal litters that don’t have a change indicator should be disposed of after one month. The box should then be thoroughly cleaned and refilled with fresh litter. Although scented litters and deodorizers are appealing to people, use them with caution. They can be extremely strong and offensive to a cat, causing them to eliminate elsewhere. Unscented litters will retain their freshness as long as they are frequently cleaned. Kristina Cooper is a Registered Veterinary Technician (RVT) and proud member of the Ontario Association of Veterinary Technicians (OAVT). She has previously worked in both small animal practice and a municipal animal shelter. With a special interest in the relationship between animal and human health she is currently the Provincial Manager of the OAVT Public Health Rabies Response Program and an active One Health Initiative advocate. She can be reached by email at krizzteena@hotmail.com
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GUIDE TO CAT CARE
HEART DISEASE DIFFICULT TO DETECT IN CATS From the Canadian Veterinary Medical Association >>
H
eart disease has often been described as a silent killer and this is especially true in cats. Unlike in human or dogs, feline heart disease is a poorly understood, poorly defined problem about which little is known. Early signs of heart disease in cats are very easy to miss. This is because early symptoms are either non-existent or so subtle and non-specific as to be rarely noticed by owners. To further complicate matters, cats seem to know their own capabilities and limitations and tend to restrict their level of activity, which can further mask clinical signs. Therefore, it is easy to miss the early signs of feline heart disease. Heart disease in cats often presents a confusing clinical picture to both owners and veterinarians. Usually, a cat with heart disease is presented to the veterinarian because of a sudden onset of breathing difficulty. There can also be a variety of other signs: • Swollen abdomen • Unsteadiness in the hind legs • Lethargy • Poor appetite • Collapse • Coughing is rarely a complaint, even though it is commonly seen in other animals and humans. Feline heart disease can be easily confused with other diseases, such as cancer, a hernia, air or fluid in the chest, asthma, pneumonia and many others. It is only through laboratory tests, ECG, chest X-rays, ultrasounds, and other tests that these other diseases can be ruled out. Treatment of heart disease involves giving drugs that can make the heart work more efficiently, clear fluid from the lungs and/or modulate blood pressure. Rest and confinement is also required, along with a salt-restricted diet. If you suspect that your cat may have heart disease, your veterinarian should be consulted immediately.
GUIDE TO CAT CARE
A RECIPE FOR HEALTH
GRASP THE ESSENTIALS OF FELINE NUTRITION BEFORE YOU GO SHOPPING By Dr. Christina McRae >>
WET OR DRY FOOD?
C
at owners want to take good care of their cat, and a healthy diet is very important for health and longevity. Nutrition, however, is not a simple matter — there is more to it than merely reading a label or list of ingredients. When it comes to pet nutrition, the best advice I can give you is to ask your veterinarian. Veterinarians have spent six or more years in university studying science and medicine, including physiology, chemistry and nutrition, and see hundreds or even thousands of pets each year. Vets are probably the best resource to help you weed through all the information and misinformation available from advertising, pet food stores and the Internet. Your vet can advise you on what to look for in a pet food, and how to avoid becoming a victim of pet food marketing, gimmicks or fads. Don’t be afraid to ask — our patients sometimes bite, but we don’t! The following are essential requirements for your young cat’s food: • High energy • High protein • High biological value • High digestibility • High palatability • Appropriate fibre content • Adequate vitamin and mineral content Aside from these general requirements, remember that cats and dogs have different nutritional needs, so never feed food formulated for one to the other. Dogs,
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for instance, can thrive with a large percentage of vegetables in their diet. However, cats are strictly carnivores and must eat animal tissue because they are unable to synthesize a number of key vitamins such as niacin and vitamin A. Your cat needs specific nutrients to remain healthy and active throughout its lifetime. Cats need large amounts of protein, which is essential for building and maintaining muscles, hormones, enzymes and their immune systems, but also as a significant source of energy, which makes them different from dogs. Carbohydrates are also needed for the production of energy, while fats are necessary for the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins. Fats provide a concentrated source of energy and essential fatty acids and can help improve taste and digest food. In order for a cat’s regulatory body functions to perform properly, they need to consume minerals, such as calcium, phosphorous, potassium and magnesium, as well as iron, zinc, copper and others. Vitamins A and C, as well as thiamin, riboflavin and niacin in the right amounts are also important. Cats also require taurine in their diet, as they cannot produce it themselves (unlike dogs and humans). Taurine is an amino acid important for the heart, eyes and reproductive system. Remember that obesity contributes to significant health problems. You can prevent unhealthy weight gain by weighing
As obligate carnivores, cats are not designed to process carbohydrates in large quantities. So, which is the best food for your cat, wet or dry (the latter of which tends to contain more carbs)? Your veterinarian will be able to make a definitive recommendation, but both dry and wet foods have their advantages: • Wet food is lower carb and tends to have high protein and higher water content. This latter aspect is especially appealing, since cats aren’t great at hydration and often suffer from diseases (e.g., those of the urinary tract) that can benefit from proper water intake. • Canned food has fewer calories per cup of food than dry food, because the water takes up so much space in the food. • Some dry foods are designed to prevent tartar buildup on teeth (but most do not have dental cleaning properties, contrary to popular belief). • High-quality wet brands are well tolerated by most cats, and do not cause gastrointestinal issues if (like any food) they are introduced properly and given in the requisite amounts. • Some cats prefer the crunch of dry foods, and biting into it can exercise ligaments in the mouth that hold teeth in place. • Dry food can be more convenient for owners to manage. your pet every week, checked against the target weight range provided by your veterinarian, and adjusting food intake accordingly. You should also avoid unhealthy snacks, and take healthy snacks into consideration when calculating how much regular food is given each day. Dr. Christina McRae is a feline practitioner in Durham Region of southern Ontario.
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P E T
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HEROIC TAILS
FOUR VALIANT DOGS INDUCTED INTO THE 47TH ANNUAL PURINA ANIMAL HALL OF FAME
If you have ever doubted an animal’s ability to sense urgency and provide live-saving protection, the 2015 Purina Animal Hall of Fame will make you a believer. In May, Purina honoured tremendous acts of animal heroism and devotion at the 47th Annual Purina Animal Hall of Fame. Since its inception in 1968, 168 animals have been inducted, including 140 dogs, 27 cats — and even a horse. Here are this year’s inductees.
BADGER (ELGIN, ON)
PHOTOS: CNW GROUP/PURINA ANIMAL HALL OF FAME
It was a frigid February afternoon when Derik Hodgson left his cabin with his dog Badger. He had rushed out without his cell phone and winter jacket to photograph eagles flying above a nearby lake. The lake was frozen at this time of year, and Derik quickly walked onto the ice. In his haste, Derik slipped and fell down with extreme force, breaking his leg in two places and rupturing a tendon — essentially crippling him on the ice with no one in sight. Fading in and out of consciousness due to the severe pain and freezing temperatures, Derik recalled the pair’s former skijoring days and grabbed onto Badger’s collar firmly, yelling “Mush, Badger, mush!” Badger pulled Derik 400 metres back to his cabin, where Derik was able to reach for his phone and call for help. By the time the ambulance arrived, paramedics reported that Derik was already on the verge of being severely hypothermic. If not for Badger’s quick thinking and determination, Derik is certain he wouldn’t be alive today.
SAKO (KANAKA BAR, BC) It was a sunny day on June 10, 2014, when 16-year-old Joseph PhillipsGarcia set out on a road trip with his aunt, cousin, friend and family dog, Sako. Later that evening, their vehicle lost control, rolling down a steep embankment of more than 100 metres into the woods. Joseph and Sako were thrown from the vehicle. Tragically, they were the only survivors. Joseph was severely injured and immobilized. He remained in the woods — in and out of consciousness, cold, in pain and without food — for two days. Sako protectively stayed by Joseph’s side to help keep him warm and safe from predatory animals that were circling the crash site. More than 40 hours later, Joseph was finally located by his cousin who was out searching for him. Search and rescue crews were immediately called to the scene. Joseph was rushed to a local hospital where he underwent multiple surgeries and months of recuperation from his injuries. Without Sako’s devotion and protective instincts, he would not have survived the ordeal.
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BELLA (WINDSOR, ON) On a quiet Sunday afternoon, Rob Sheardown entered his apartment building after his daily walk with his dog Bella. The duo prepared to enter the ground-floor elevator together as they typically did, but Bella, who is normally extremely obedient, refused to get into the elevator. Ignoring Rob’s commands, Bella instead pulled him back into the apartment lobby. Confused by Bella’s odd behaviour, Rob followed her behind one of the lobby couches and, to his shock, discovered an elderly man lying on the ground. He was pale, sweating profusely and complaining of severe chest pains. Rob immediately called an ambulance, and as they waited for it to arrive, Bella sat beside the man with her paw on his arm. Bella did not leave his side until paramedics arrived. Rob, who has hearing difficulties in one ear is convinced no one would have discovered the man in time had it not been for Bella’s keen intuition.
NETTLE (CAMBRIDGE, ON) Nettle, one of Canada’s first diabetic alert dogs, joined the Bordman family in late 2013 to help care for their 12-year-old twin daughters, Brooke and Jade, who suffer from Type 1 Diabetes. Before Nettle joined the household, and ever since Brooke and Jade were diagnosed at age three, Terry and Beata worked tirelessly to track their daughters’ blood sugar levels day and night, making sure they didn’t drop too low or rise too high. But this would all change once the family met Nettle at the Lions Foundation of Canada Dog Guides. Within the first few days of joining their home, Nettle alerted Terry and Beata that Jade was suffering a serious diabetic low in the middle of the night. This severe low would have otherwise gone unnoticed, as it occurred between their regular nighttime checks. This would be only the first of many lifesaving alerts. Nettle is considered a trailblazer in this service animal category, especially because she is responsible for protecting the lives of not just one, but two young girls. www.purinahalloffame.ca. MARCH/APRIL 2015
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J O Y F U L
T A I L S
with Jennifer Skiff
INSPIRING STORIES OF THE PROFOUND IMPACT DOGS CAN HAVE ON OUR LIVES
Jennifer Skiff is an awardwinning television producer, journalist and author of The Divinity of Dogs. She lives in Australia and the U.S. Jennifer is an animal advocate and a trustee of the Dogs’ Refuge Home in Australia. www.jenniferskiff.com
A DOG’S EYE VIEW
OF TRUE CHARACTER he older I get, the more time I want to spend with my dogs. I truly prefer their company to anyone else’s. There’s a reason for this — they’re funny, comforting, happy and they love me without conditions. I think most of us who have pets, whether they’re cats, dogs, horses, mice, guinea pigs, rabbits or even snakes, have a special bond with them. And that bond extends beyond barriers often created by others. We know that they’re sentient beings and that their connection with us often transcends logic. Sharon Murray had this connection with her dog, Little Bit. This is their story. “Little Bit was a blue-and gold-coloured, nine-pound Yorkshire Terrier who taught me more about people than I learned in the 28 years of life before him. Little Bit adored me and was always by my side. He was so devoted that when he knew I was about to have an epileptic seizure he would bark to warn me. If there weren’t any people around, he’d mimic what he’d seen others do for me during a seizure. He would
T
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wrap his little body around my neck, buffering my head and protecting it as it thrashed. He would sometimes limp for days after one of my seizures, obviously bruised. Yet, it didn’t prevent him from doing the same thing during the next episode. Little Bit also protected me from people. He never bonded with my fiancée, and I never understood why until I married him. He was extremely abusive. The abuse was verbal and physical and extended to Little Bit, who was once thrown against a wall when he tried to defend me. Eventually I divorced the man and immediately went into another bad relationship. This time I took my lead from Little Bit, who made his thoughts very clear. When the man spent the night, Little Bit would donate a poop inside his shoes as a nice surprise for the mornings. If I left the bedroom door open, he would pee on the man’s pillow and then curl up and go to sleep on mine. I got the message and ended the relationship. When I met Donnie, I told him that if he wanted to win my heart, he would have to
win the hearts of all four of my Yorkies. I explained that Little Bit would be the toughest. Donnie and I only saw each other every other Friday for a few months and when he came over, Little Bit would greet him at the door with his tail wagging and his favourite ball in his mouth. Donnie played a lot of ball with him. And when Donnie moved in, Little Bit gave up his pillow and moved to the foot of the bed, on Donnie’s side. Little Bit fell for Donnie — paws, claws and fur. Donnie had won him over just by being himself. Little Bit lived with Donnie and I for another five years until he died, when he was nearly 20. He died knowing I was in good hands. I am thankful he helped me choose the right man to marry and spend the rest of my life with. I learned from Little Bit that even though I thought I was a good judge of character, I was not. I learned to trust my animals, especially Little Bit, because I found they are able to sense the true nature of a person. To this day, I trust my dogs before I trust myself when it comes to people. Instead of ‘Love me, love my dog,’ it’s ‘If my dog loves you, I love you.’”
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STORIES FROM THE FRONT LINES OF VETERINARY CARE
with Darren Low, DVM Darren Low, DVM, practices companion animal medicine and surgery in Sydney, NS, where he lives with his wife, son and 10 four-footed family members. He writes a weekly column for the Cape Breton Post.
KEEPING THE WIND IN JOLLY ROGER’S SAILS olly Roger’s troubles began when I saw him to address a breathing problem. He appeared his usual bright and playful self upon examination — a rascally nine-year-old, black-andwhite cat with a prominent patch over one eye — but he had a slight increase in his respiratory rate. I also noted lung sounds: not the “crackles” that indicated fluid buildup, but rather what seemed like a hoarse, bronchial wheeze. Just like humans, cats can develop allergic airway disease, similar to asthma. Based on his physical exam and the history his person, Ken, provided, something clicked: Ken had just started using a new kitty litter, which may have triggered an allergic reaction. I sent Roger home with a short course of oral anti-inflammatory medication and a recommendation to go back to using their old litter product. Ken called me a week later and reported an improvement. We all figured the case of the wheezy pirate was behind us, until a few months later when Ken returned home from work one Monday evening. Roger didn’t meet him at the back door as usual, demanding cookies. Ken found Roger behind the couch, breathing open-mouthed and struggling for every breath, his abdomen squeezing while trying to get some air. I just started my evening shift when the pair rushed into the hospital. Right away, I knew we didn’t have another kitty litter dust episode. I grabbed my stethoscope and confirmed Roger’s wet lungs. The poor pirate was experiencing congestive heart failure. I needed to act fast, cognizant that these cases are delicate, to say the least.
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PHOTO: DEPOSITPHOTOS.COM
J
Any excessive stress from handing, even for just an X-ray or blood test, can push a patient over the edge and kill them. The first thing I did was squirt some nitroglycerin into Roger’s mouth. This works by relaxing blood vessels to allow blood to flow more easily. This reduces the heart’s workload and the amount of oxygen it requires. I then carefully placed the big
guy into an oxygen chamber. It took several minutes, but Roger’s breathing settled down and his gums transitioned from greyishblue back to their healthy pink state. After a few hours of oxygen, careful monitoring and some delicately administered intravenous diuretic to draw the fluid from his lungs, I did manage to get a quick X-ray of Roger’s chest. His heart appeared huge on the radiograph, about twice the size of a normal organ and residual edema, or fluid, remained present in his lungs. This confirmed a diagnosis of cardiomyopathy (a diseased heart) and congestive heart failure, so I got to work customizing Roger’s treatment plan. I’ve found over the years that there’s no cookie-cutter approach to heart disease in cats. Each feline patient requires an individual plan that works for them, the person responsible for giving the medication and caring for them and whatever other health issues the patient may have. For Roger, treatment included a combination of a sodiumrestricted diet, along with daily blood pressure medication to help his heart work more easily and a diuretic to keep fluid from his lungs. And for good measure, I started him on lowdose Aspirin to help prevent fatal blood clots down the road. There may not be any looting or pillaging in this pirate’s future, but I do hope to keep Roger jolly for a while yet. Editor’s note: Learn more about heart disease in cats on page 15.
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