PETS Magazine

November/December 2011 | $4.95

www.petsmagazine.ca

GUIDE TO SENIOR PET CARE RODENT TALES COPING WITH PAIN

PLUS: William Thomas testifies • Living with osteoporosis

Contents NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 201 1

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EXPLORING THE HUMAN-ANIMAL BOND SINCE 1983

VOL. 28 NO.5

Features

Departments

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4 6 24 25 28 30

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KEEPING YOUR PETS SAFE DURING THE HOLIDAYS The holidays are a time to gather with family and friends and celebrate. But did you know they pose a number of threats to your pets? Follow these simple guidelines for a stress-free season.

OSTEOPOROSIS CAN IMPEDE HUMAN-ANIMAL BOND Proper nutrition including adequate amounts of calcium and Vitamin D, weight bearing exercises and proper bone assessment are all critical to developing and maintaining good bone health.

Guide to

Publisher’s Message Making Tracks Paws for Reflection PETS Marketplace The Healthy Bond The Last Word

Senior Pet Care 12

EXTENDING YOUR SENIOR PET’S WARRANTY

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Reaching senior status as a pet doesn’t mean it’s all downhill. Senior pets can still enjoy a great quality of life with their pet parents. Follow these tips to maximize your pet’s golden years.

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PET FOOD DECISIONS SIMPLIFIED

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NO PAIN, A LOT TO GAIN Identifying pain in pets challenging, and too often it is overlooked. Thankfully, once it is identified, it can be managed with medication, diet and other approaches.

HYPERTHYROIDISM IN SENIOR CATS If your older feline has suddenly been playing and eating more and has lost weight, she may be suffering from hyperothyroidism.

Here’s what to look for, and what you can do.

Label me able: A simple set of guidelines to follow when selecting pet food.

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BRAIN EXERCISE KEEPS OLDER DOGS SHARP Early diagnosis of cognitive dysfunction — and proper treatment — key to good outcomes in this common condition.

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INCREASING YOUR SENIOR DOG’S MOBILITY WITH BRACES Maintaining mobility is important for pets of any age, but it is especially critical for senior dogs. As dogs age, orthopedic issues can inhibit their ability to get around. Thankfully, there are solutions designed to help your pet get a leg up.

ON THE COVER Photo: Daxus/iStockphoto.com November/December 2011 • PETS 3

PUBLISHER’S MESSAGE

PETS M A G A Z I N E

Aging is a state of mind his issue — featuring the Guide to Senior Pet Care — has a special significance for me, since my buddy Bailey is well into his senior years.

Bailey is blind, deaf, arthritic and has a skin condition. With the exception of his loss of vision, none of his health issues are unusual for his breed or age. His blindness was caused by a condition he developed when he was a puppy. With proper medication and detailed attention to his treatment regime, we managed to prolong the onset of blindness until he was nearly 10. Most importantly, he is happy, well adjusted and relatively independent, despite his health challenges.

I’m convinced his excellent health is the result of always feeding him high quality food and treats, providing adequate exercise and stimulation and following the advice and protocol outlined by our veterinary team. We have, of course, cared for him and treated him as an important part of our family. Finally, even though I have no scientific fact to back my claim, I believe a positive relationship created by a strong human-animal bond is a very positive factor in his longevity, as well as mine. I certainly don’t feel any stress or tension when I am around him.

I am quite fond of my constant companion, and I know the feeling is mutual. We enjoy spending time together. He seeks me out and plops himself down nearby. I am also very proud of how adaptable and resilient he has been in the face of his challenges. When we visit other people, he quickly learns the lay of the land and always finds his water, food and blanket and makes himself comfortable. He only bumps into things in our own home when we leave them out of place.

He sleeps a lot more, which is normal for his age, but he is far from overweight despite the fact that he gets much less exercise these days. He may be lacking in vision, but he makes up for it in enthusiasm. He always accepts the offer of a walk with a wag of his tail, excitedly prancing about. He is quite content to walk a few hundred meters and return home.

He always greets us with a happy wag of his tail. I miss him when I am out, and even when he is not in the same room. He makes us smile when we see him perform one of his silly little rituals, even having witnessed them hundreds of times before. I am sad when I think he won’t be around forever to make me smile.

My Bailey is living proof that even in their senior years our companions can live long happy lives that greatly enhance our own, regardless of any limitations they may have. We should all be so lucky.

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John Simmons Publisher PETS Magazine john.simmons@petsmagazine.ca

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WWW.PETSMAGAZINE.CA NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2011 VOL.28, NO.6

SIMMONS PUBLISHING LTD. Publisher

John Simmons john.simmons@petsmagazine.ca

Managing Editor

Brad Hussey brad.hussey@petsmagazine.ca

Designer

Billing/Administration Circulation

Mark Tzerelshtein markintoshdesign.com Linda Simmons linda.simmons@petsmagazine.ca

EDITORIAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE Dr. Mike Bondar, Westside Animal Hospital, Toronto, ON Kristina Cooper, RVT, Cooper Kennels, Ancaster, ON Dr. Dieter Kohlmaier, Westoak Animal Hospital, Oakville, ON Dr. Darren Low, Kennedy Animal Hospital, Sydney, NS Kerry Vinson, Animal Behavior Professional, Roseneath, ON Dr. Christina McRae, King Street Cat Hospital, Whitby, ON Dr. Cliff Redford, Wellington Vet Clinic, Markham, ON PETS Magazine is published six times a year by Simmons Publishing Ltd. ISSN: 0831-2621 To subscribe to PETS, contact Linda Simmons Toll Free: 877-738-7624 or visit us on the Web at:

www.petsmagazine.ca Subscription Rates: Canadian 1 year: $23.00 (plus applicable taxes) 1 year U.S.: $30.00 (U.S.); Single Copy: $4.95 GST#857545362

Publications Mail Agreement #41305514 Return undeliverable Canadian addresses to: Simmons Publishing Ltd. 32 Foster Crescent Whitby, Ontario L1R 1W1 (905) 665-9669: Fax (905) 665-9249 E-mail: circulation@petsmagazine.ca Contents of PETS Magazine are copyrighted and may not be reproduced without the written consent of Simmons Publishing Ltd. The publisher shall not be liable for any of the views expressed by the authors of articles or letters published in PETS Magazine, nor shall these opinions necessarily reflect those of the publisher.

PETS Magazine acknowledge the financial support of the Government of Canada through the Canada Periodical Fund (CPF) for our publishing activities.

Printed in Canada.

Available at

Nutro® Natural Choice® Grain Free Formula is the natural way to help reduce the likelihood of skin irritation caused by pet food. Using just a single unique animal protein, one vegetable carbohydrate, and zero grain and gluten, we created a food sensitive formula that provides unsurpassed skin and coat performance. Guess 80 years of making natural pet food counts. nutro.com

®/™ Trademarks © The Nutro Company 2011 *Natural ingredients with added vitamins, minerals and taurine.

The PETSMART logo is a registered trademark of PetSmart, Inc.

Nature knows best™

T R A C K S

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Putting the best paw forward

Not only is protecting your pet against the harsh weather conditions important, but there also may be a need for orthopedic footwear as dog’s age. Neo-Paws shoes to the rescue! These shoes are orthopedic and recommended daily by veterinarians worldwide for paw injuries and to comfort hip dysplasia, dragging paws caused by degenerative myelopathy and arthritis.

They are also ideal for indoor use to protect floors and furniture from the dog’s nails and to prevent the dog from slipping on tile, ceramic and hardwood surfaces. The shoes will also prevent your dog from over-licking or gnawing its paws, while saving pool liners and car/boat seats from rips and tears. With of a breathable and durable nylon-mesh for summertime use or neoprene for winter use, Neo-Paws are made with strong, non-marking injected-molded rubber soles and extra reinforcement around the toe, sides and heel. www.neopaws.com

Milk-Bone adds to healthy snack line

Milk-Bone has expanded its Essentials PLUS+ product line expanded with the introduction of Milk-Bone Essentials PLUS+ Long Lasting Chews and Milk-Bone Essentials PLUS+ Crunchy Bites.

Essentials PLUS+ Crunchy Bites are available in two varieties. Oral Care Crunchy Bites contain real parsley and spearmint to help freshen your dog’s breath. Their dual-action formula not only cleans teeth, but also fights against tartar. The Hip and Joint formula has calcium and glucosamine to help support healthy joints and bones.

Similar to the Crunchy Bites, Milk-Bone Essentials PLUS+ Long Lasting Chew is available in two varieties: Oral Care and Joint and Bone.

These treats offer the same functional benefits as the Crunchy Bites, in a long-lasting formula designed to keep your dog busy. Available at major grocery and mass retailers in Canada. www.milkbone-canada.com

6 PETS • November/December 2011

Survey: Rabies an ongoing threat to Canadian pets and people

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M A K I N G

Annual survey results released by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) in September highlight the persistence of rabies in Canada over the past decade.

The disease, which attacks the central nervous system of mammals — including humans — has now reached a 10-year total of 3,243 wild and domestic animals with confirmed infections. The good news is that we have seen a decline in the number of cases reported annually due to disease control measures such as pet vaccination and rabies baiting programs.

From a geographic perspective, Ontario had the greatest number of rabies cases with 40.42% of the Canadian total. Manitoba had the second highest prevalence of the disease (23.58%), followed by Saskatchewan (13.72%) and Quebec (8.54%). The Yukon Territories did not have a single confirmed case of rabies over the past 10 years, while Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island had only six cases and two cases, respectively.

Skunks topped the list of virus-carrying species, with 39.65% of confirmed cases since the year 2000. Bats were a close second at 28.0%, followed by foxes (9.47%) and raccoons (8.54%). Cats and dogs accounted for only five percent of the rabies infections in this country, but according to the Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, they are responsible for about 60% of the transmissions to humans. The rabies virus is transferred by saliva in a bite or lick from an infected animal — or through contact with moist tissues of the mouth, nose or eyes.

According to veterinarian Dr. Norm Machell of Merial Canada (www.merial.ca), the more common rabies-carrying species are frequently seen in urban and suburban settings. “Skunks, foxes, bats and raccoons are commonplace in many populated areas — so there is an ongoing risk of a dog or cat having a chance encounter with one,” says Machell. “And, of course, if the family pet hasn’t been vaccinated against rabies, that raises the potential of them bringing this lifethreatening disease into the home.”

Relative to other regions, Canada’s numbers are quite low. Internationally, it’s estimated that rabies kills approximately 50,000 people each year — one person every ten minutes — despite it being preventable through prompt medical care. In Canada, there have been three reported fatalities since 2000. However, it is estimated that over 1,500 Canadians receive post-exposure treatment each year. To raise awareness about the disease, World Rabies Day has been organized as an annual global event. This year, it took place on September 28, 2011.

In terms of prevention, Dr. Machell says vaccinating pets is key. “Of the Canadian zoonotic diseases that can be transferred by dogs or cats to humans, rabies has the potential to be fatal. The best way to protect your family from exposure is an annual visit to a veterinarian to ensure your pet receives its vaccinations.”

Other ways to help prevent the spread of rabies include: • Don’t let your pets roam. Keep them under your direct supervision to minimize the potential of them coming in contact with wild animals.

• If your pet is bitten, seek veterinary assistance immediately.

• If you notice an animal behaving abnormally, call your local health unit or animal control agency.

• If you or a family member is bitten by any suspect animal (wild or domestic), wash the wound thoroughly with soap and water, remove any clothing that may have been contaminated, and seek medical attention as quickly as possible.

Get involved in or donate to World Rabies Day initiatives. For more information, go to: www.worldrabiesday.org

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ASPCA: Study shows gap in pet ID use

A study written by two ASPCA (American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals) experts published in the September, 2011 issue of Preventative Veterinary Medicine found that, while 80 percent of pet owners report that they believe it is either very or extremely important for animals to wear ID tags, only 33 percent of that population report always having ID tags on their pets.

The objective of the study was to evaluate if providing and putting a free collar and ID tag on the pet during an owner’s visit to a veterinary hospital or spay/neuter facility increased the likelihood that the pet owner would actually keep the ID tag on their pet after at least six to eight weeks. A second population of dogs and cats that were adopted from animal control and humane society shelters were also studied to assess retention of a collar and personalized ID tag.

At around eight weeks after the ID tag was applied, a telephone follow-up was conducted. For the group of pet owners that obtained the ID tag during a visit to a veterinary hospital or spay/neuter facility, use of an ID tag significantly increased – 84.3 percent reported their pets were wearing an ID tag in the post-intervention survey, compared to only 13.8 percent pre-intervention. For the group of pet owners that obtained the ID tag at the point of adoption, 94 percent of owners reported their pets were wearing an ID tag at the time of follow-up.

“While statistics vary from community to community and state to state, stray animals could account for 40 to 60 percent of the total animal intake in animal shelters that take in strays,” said Dr. Emily Weiss, vice president of shelter research and development for the ASPCA. “Combined with the fact that the return-to-owner (RTO) rate in most communities hovers between 10 and 30 percent for dogs and less than five percent for cats, we know that these lost pets are not finding their way home. But personalized ID tags that contain contact information for the dog or cat owner can help assure lost animals are quickly reunited with their owners.”

It was discovered in the post-intervention survey that approximately five percent of those who participated later lost – and subsequently recovered – their pet thanks to the ID tag. This suggests that ID tagging is an effective method to potentially decrease stray intake into shelters and return pets home. The results of the study also support animal welfare and veterinary professionals placing ID tags and collars directly on pets as a method to retain those ID tags and collars on the animals, increasing the likelihood they will be returned home if lost or during a disaster. www.aspca.org

T R A C K S

Raising the bar on luxury pet travel

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M A K I N G

Blue Star Jets, a private jet brokerage company, Chien Bleu, specialists in dog-friendly accommodations and Sit ‘n Stay Global, a provider of in-flight service for pets aboard private jets, have announced a strategic alliance that brings new meaning to luxury pet travel. Blue Star Jets, in as little as four hours, can arrange access to the ideal private jet for any given charter flight to any destination in the world. Once on board, Sit ‘n Stay flight attendants provide exquisite service, offered by trained professionals who are certified by the American Red Cross’ Pet First Aid and CPR programs. Chien Bleau represents high-quality hotels and resorts that are welcoming to dogs. “[Our focus] is to provide a supremely safe and satisfying experience for clients traveling with pets and to make your pet feel like an important guest, too, including our newest offering: FURst Class Service,” says Carol Martin of Sit ‘n Stay Global. “We not only stay current on all safety and culinary training to make your flight superb, Sit ‘n Stay flight attendants are true pet lovers. We developed the first standardized Pet Safety Protocols for pets flying on private jets. These safety protocols cover everything from turbulence to decompression and bracing positions, as well as evacuation procedures on land or in water.”

For more information about pet-friendly private flights, call Martha Duke, Blue Star Jets Account Executive at 212-810-4842. http://chienbleu-dog-pet-friendly-hotels-accommodation.com, www.bluestarjets.com; www.sitnstayglobal.com.

VISIT US www.petsmagazine.ca November/December 2011 • PETS

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T R A C K S Wearable microfiber towels mean happy dogs and dry carpets

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Nearly 300 veterinary practices across Ontario were set to hold individual fundraising and awareness campaigns throughout in honour of the Farley Foundation, a charitable organization which assists low-income seniors, disabled individuals, and women at risk of abuse by subsidizing the non-elective/emergency veterinary care of the pets that mean the world to them.

Events included opportunities to be a veterinarian for a day and shave-your-vet bald, as well as petting zoos, animal fairs, marathons, pet beauty contests, Santa photos, antique car shows, comedy nights at local bars, bake sales and more. To help with the campaigns, the Foundation provided veterinarians with gifts for donors.

The 2010 campaign raised close to $175,000. This year’s campaign hopes to raise more than $200,000. To date, the Farley Foundation has disbursed over $1,200,000 to assist 3,100 people and pets across Ontario. Read about the people and pets they have helped to date, find more details about the Farley Foundation or make a donation at www.farleyfoundation.org

FUR Dry Wearable Dog Towels by FURminator Inc. provide an effortless way for dog owners to dry their canine companions while calming them and keeping carpets, furniture and cars protected from a wet, smelly pet.

The FUR Dry can be easily slipped over the dog’s head and tail, cinching around the dog to fit comfortably. FUR Dry will stay in place on even the most active dog. FUR Dry is made with special microfiber fabric that rapidly draws water away from a dog’s coat and into the material’s absorbent fibers. It is secure and prevents water from dripping onto the pet’s feet. Pets can wear the product around the house immediately after bathing, swimming or a rain shower. Because the towel’s fabric allows the dog’s fur to dry faster, the wet, sour dog smell is reduced, offering an additional benefit for the pet owner interested in keeping the home looking and smelling its best.

Available in five adjustable sizes, from extra small to extra large, for dogs of all breeds and ages. Find it at pet specialty outlets, or online at www.FURminator.com.

Annual drive for the best gift ever: a loving home via Iams Home 4 the Holidays

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dogs and cats are euthanized due to shelter overcrowding - that is approximately one pet every eight seconds,” said Mike Arms, founder of the adoption drive and president of Helen Woodward Animal Center.

“We’ve been a part of the adoption drive for 13 years now and have really seen the benefit of what this program can do for animals, our employees and the families who adopt.”

Canadians can participate in the program in more ways than one. Lend a hand by simply: • Visiting the Iams Facebook page (www.facebook.com/iams) and clicking to “Like” the page or various messages, photos, videos, etc. For each “Like” comment, photo posted, etc., Iams will donate meals to participating animal shelters.

• Becoming a fan of the Iams Facebook page and creating a custom adoption announcement or holiday card to share the news of their new four legged family member or just send a season’s greeting to their family and friends. For each card created and shared, Iams will donate meals to participating animal shelters Photos: CNW Group/IAMS HOME 4 THE HOLIDAYS

Iams Home 4 the Holidays, one of the world’s largest pet adoption programs, has kicked off its annual adoption drive with the goal of finding homes for 1.5 million orphaned pets across North America. Now in its 13th year, the program, which runs through January 3, 2012, has helped 5.8 million pets find loving homes across the globe.

This year, Iams will again work in conjunction with founding partner Helen Woodward Animal Center, the Canadian Federation of Humane Societies and more than 3,500 animal organizations worldwide to encourage pet adoption. In addition, Iams will also donate five million meals to animals in need at adoption and rescue centers through its Bags 4 Bowls program.

“Only 45 percent of dogs and cats admitted into shelter care are adopted out, leaving many perfectly-fit family companions without a home,” said Barbara Cartwright, Chief Executive Officer for the Canadian Federation of Humane Societies. “Iams Home 4 the Holidays celebrates the experience of adoption and the love and companionship found through bringing home an animal in need.”

While finding loving homes for orphaned pets is critical and the core of the program, the campaign is also designed to provide shelters and rescue centers with much needed food donations. With the help of consumers, the Iams Bags 4 Bowls program aims to donate 5 million meals to animals housed in participating organizations.

“Each year, as many as four million orphaned

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Veterinary clinics unite for Farley in October

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M A K I N G

• Purchasing specially-marked packages of Iams dog or cat food during the duration of the campaign. For every specially-marked package sold, Iams will donate one bowl of food to a participating Iams Home 4 The Holidays animal organization.

Iams Home 4 the Holidays strives to educate about the importance of adoption so that every pet adopted goes to a permanent, loving home. Those who adopt through the program will receive an Iams adoption kit loaded with important information about nutrition, training and proper care to ensure their relationship with the new animal starts off on the right paw.

“Since its inception, Iams Home 4 the Holidays has seen 5.8 million pets find loving, forever homes and that truly is a gift that keeps on giving,” said Maria Beatriz Rodriguez, Iams general manager. “We recognize that not everyone is in the position to welcome a pet into their home.

However, we still want to empower consumers to get involved and our Bags 4 Bowls program enables people to do just that.”

To learn more about how to get involved in Iams Home 4 the Holidays and the Bags 4 Bowls program, including details about pets available for adoption, fun ways to donate meals and quick access to informative content and tips, visit www.facebook.com/iams.

Pictured: Mike Arms with a puppy from Helen Woodward Animal Center.

DECK THE HALLS WITH BOUGHS OF HOLLY?

THINK AGAIN.

Keeping your pets safe during the holidays

By Carol Kuzdek he holidays are a time to gather with family and friends and celebrate. But did you know the holidays pose a number of threats to your pets? As you enjoy the holiday season, keep your pets safe by following these simple guidelines.

also mildly poisonous to pets, so don’t add any dips, gravy or stuffing to their meals without checking the ingredients first.

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HOLIDAY GUESTS

Holiday decorations can be especially hazardous to pets. Dogs and cats are both allergic to holly, mistletoe, poinsettia and lilies, so make sure to keep these plants well out of your pets’ reach or avoid them altogether.

Tinsel, ribbons and wrapping paper are shiny, attractive toys to cats, but can cause serious intestinal blockages if ingested.

Lighted candles and menorahs can be easily knocked over by wagging tails and rambunctious pets, so place these on high tables or mantels where pets can’t reach them. Dogs and cats also tend to chew on electrical cords for lights and displays, putting them at risk for dangerous shocks or electrocution. Make sure these cords are kept away from pets, or taped securely to a wall or floor.

Dried pine needles from wreaths or Christmas trees can actually puncture your pet’s stomach, so sweep up any dropped needles daily, and consider putting a fence or other barrier in place to keep your dog away. If you don’t put up a barrier, anchor the tree well so that it’s not easily knocked over by your pets.

Keep tree ornaments that might be tempting to your dog and cat off the lower branches, and avoid any edible ornaments, such as cranberry or popcorn strings, that might cause your pet to climb the tree and possibly knock it over.

Photo: Dreamstime.com

DECORATIONS

A skirt covering your tree’s water basin is an easy way to keep your pet from drinking stagnant tree water and subsequently getting sick.

LEFTOVERS Your holiday guests may not know that certain foods can be very hazardous to your pet. Turkey or ham bones may seem like a nice treat for Fido, but they splinter when chewed and can cause serious damage to your dog’s intestinal tract. Raisins, grapes and chocolate are especially poisonous to dogs, and can cause death in very small amounts; so keep any cookies, candies or breads containing them away from pets. Onions, garlic and avocados are

The holidays are often when families and friends gather, and a little planning can help make your pet safer around your house guests.

During parties, not all of your guests may be pet-friendly, so you may want to consider keeping your pets crated or in a separate room, away from the festivities, with plenty of toys and water to keep them occupied.

Pets are easily agitated by loud music and noises like New Year’s Eve poppers, so they are often more content in a quieter area.

Make sure to keep all foods and alcoholic beverages up and away from your pet while you’re busy with your guests, and sweep up any confetti or streamers after they leave. Using food and garbage containers with lids and cleaning up leftovers right away are safe precautions. And if you have people visiting from out of town, ask that they keep any medications in tightly closed containers and out of reach of curious pets.

Now that you’ve learned all that you need to know about holiday pet safety, I hope you have a wonderful holiday season with your family, including your furry four-legged family members.

Carol Kuzdek owns and operates Whole Pets in Boulder, CO, USA: www.wholepets.com November/December 2011 • PETS

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BAILEE, ME AND OSTEOPOROSIS MAKE THREE

y name is Arlene. My favourite activity is walking Bailee, my 73pound Goldendoodle. Working at home allows me the luxury of walking Bailee midday, usually sometime after lunch. Bailee knows our routine and anxiously awaits our hour of outdoor tranquility.

Just the act of getting ready for our walk puts me in a good mood. I feel young, strong and carefree. After lacing my running shoes, I am ready to conquer

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10 PETS • November/December 2011

the world, just Bailee and me. Well, with one slight problem.

I am 52 years old, 105 pounds and suffer from extreme osteoporosis. I have already endured two fractures and several other injuries. Bailee, on the other hand, is a six-year-old, energetic dog. She is always ready to play with people, dogs, squirrels or just about anything that moves. This is a major dilemma when we walk. What if Bailee sees a squirrel? She will want to run after him. What if another dog walks by? Bailee will want to play with him. Or worse, what if someone across the street calls her name? Bailee will want to run to see that person. At that point an immediate decision has to be made, is it Bailee or me?

If I hold on to Bailee, I will likely fall and possibly suffer a fracture. Or if I let her go…I don’t even want to think of the consequences.

On one occasion a friend shouted Bailee’s name from other side of a busy boulevard and I had to release her leash. I was lucky that she made it safely to across the street. Another time Bailee was taunted by a Labrador Retriever and I found her a block away. What do I do? Do I stay in the house to avoid these risks, or lace up my running shoes and enjoy the beautiful summer day?

I immediately put these thoughts behind me, grab a few poopy bags and zip up my sweatshirt. I look forward to my walks with Bailee too much to miss them. As we start our journey down the street, we are greeted by the regular onlookers: the elderly woman standing outside the senior residence, the mother rocking her new born infant and the Standard Poodle confided to his balcony. As usual, I do my best to avoid all distraction; dogs, busy streets and pedestrians. However, I can’t avoid

everything and everyone. I am constantly thinking, “What if?” I look down at my beautiful Bailee and quickly forget this nagging feeling. I grip her leash tighter to my body and look up into the brilliant summer sky. It is a beautiful day and this is our special hour, just Bailee and me.

At least one in four women and one in eight men over 50 live with osteoporosis; that’s almost two million Canadians. Osteoporosis is not a benign disease. It is not a normal part of aging.

It is a disease that can be treated.

Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue. This leads to increased bone fragility and risk of fracture (broken bones), particularly of the hip, spine and wrist. Osteoporosis is often known as “the silent thief” because bone loss occurs without symptoms. But how does osteoporosis affect one’s quality of life?

And would you ever imagine that this “silent thief” could impact your ability to take care for your dog?

Arlene’s story exemplifies the importance of taking care of your bones.

Good bone health is a lifelong endeavour. Proper nutrition — including adequate amounts of calcium and vitamin D — weight bearing exercises and proper bone assessment are critical to developing and maintaining good bone health. For those who require additional assistance, there are effective medications that can be prescribed by your physician.

— From Osteoporosis Canada: www.osteoporosis.ca.

Senior Pet Care

EXTENDED WARRANTIES

By Kristina Cooper, RVT

Top 10 things you can do to maximize your pet’s senior years

eaching senior status as a pet doesn’t mean it’s all downhill. Senior pets can still enjoy a great quality of life with their pet parents. The best way to maximize your pet’s golden years is by following these tips:

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1. BUMP UP YOUR VET EXAMS All senior pets will benefit from more frequent trips to the veterinary office as they become seniors. Instead of visiting the vet once a year, you may want to consider going every six months with your senior pet. During an examination, your vet can look for early signs of age-related disease that you may not notice when you see them on a daily basis. They can assess things like weight and mobility as well, to ensure your pet has the best chance at living comfortably through their golden years.

2. CONTINUE WITH ROUTINE MEDICAL PREVENTIVE TREATMENTS Although your pet may now be a senior, 12 PETS • November/December 2011

that’s no reason to stop providing them with routine medical preventive treatments.

Vaccinations, deworming and anti-flea and heartworm treatments are just as important to a senior pet as they are to a younger pet.

Senior pets are just a susceptible to picking up disease and parasitic infections — if not more at risk — as their immune systems have a greater chance of weakening as they age, making it harder for them to fight of infections and infestations.

3. DO REGULAR BLOOD WORK AND URINALYSIS Having regular blood work and urinalysis performed on your senior pet will keep you one step ahead of developing disease.

Common senior illnesses, like kidney, liver and thyroid disease, as well as diabetes and cancers, can be detected with routine lab work. Knowing early on that these diseases are present gives pet parents the ability to start treating the disease early, providing a better quality of life for their pet.

Photos: Dreamstime.com

Guide to

Guide to 4. KEEP THEIR TEETH CLEAN

Senior Pet Care

A pet’s mouth — in particular their gums — is a direct route into the bloodstream.

Gingivitis and periodontal disease can often be seen in senior pets and can be hazardous to their health. The build-up of plaque and tartar contains bacteria that can enter the bloodstream via the gums. Once in the bloodstream, these bacteria can wreak havoc on the heart, lungs and kidneys. Keeping your pet’s teeth clean will minimize the chances of this happening and will keep them healthier longer.

5. CONSIDER SWITCHING TO PET FOOD DESIGNED FOR SENIORS As pets age, their metabolism and energy levels will inevitably slow down, and as time goes on they may not have the same level of liver or kidney function they once had. Switching to a diet designed for seniors can address these issues and provide the proper nutrients your pet requires as they age.

6. KEEP THEM MOVING Although they sleep a little more and may not be as active, it is still important for your senior pet to have daily exercise. This can be as simple as a walk around the block or tossing the tennis ball in the backyard. It is important for your senior pet’s mobility that you keep them moving within their limits. Although exercise is great, overexertion can result in strains and sprains for pets, just like it does us.

Some areas now have pet rehabilitation centres that have pet swimming pools and underwater treadmills available to allow your pet to exercise in water providing less pressure on the joints. Ask your veterinarian if there is one in your area that could benefit your pet.

8. SIGN UP FOR PET INSURANCE Pet parents can sign up pets of any age for pet insurance. Signing up before your pet starts showing signs of illness will allow you a policy with financial coverage for vet bills should your pet become sick or injured. It is more common for pets to need more veterinary medical care as they age and what better way to secure the ability to provide that for them then pet insurance?

Consider contacting a pet insurance company for a quote on what the monthly premiums may be to protect your pet.

medications, joint supplements, chiropractic care, massage therapy or cold laser therapy treatments, which are all aimed at improving your pets quality of life by limiting and decreasing their levels of pain.

10. SAFEGUARD YOUR PET’S ENVIRONMENT

7. KEEP THEIR MINDS ACTIVE

9. KEEP THEM PAIN FREE

As a pet ages, it is likely that they will encounter decreased vision and/or hearing.

Have a look around your house for potential dangers (like stairs that may be harder to navigate) and consider providing more supervision while outside, so they don’t get disoriented and wander off your property.

“If you don’t use it, you’ll lose it.” This holds true for pets, too. Keeping your pet’s mind active can help ward off cognitive dysfunction as well as being a great way to reduce stress and keep them busy. Keep their minds active by introducing foodstuffed toys that challenge them to problem solve, or having them learn a new trick for a treat or toy reward.

As pets age they are more likely to encounter stiffness and pain in the joints. Keeping them pain free can help them to enjoy a better quality of life in their golden years. Providing them with a soft, slip-free bed in a warm, dry place is a great first step in keeping their old, tired joints comfy. If your vet finds it necessary, you may also want to consider pet-friendly anti-inflammatory

Kristina Cooper is a Registered Veterinary Technician (RVT) and a member of the Ontario Association of Veterinary Technicians (OAVT). She works in a municipal animal shelter and in her family’s dog and cat boarding facility, Cooper Kennels, in Ancaster, ON. (www.cooperkennels.ca). She can be reached by e-mail at krizzteena@hotmail.com.

November/December 2011 • PETS

13

Guide to Senior Pet Care

BRAIN EXERCISE KEEPS OLDER DOGS SHARP

By Kim Marie Labak

s dogs age, they may experience loss of mental sharpness, a condition known as geriatric cognitive dysfunction, similar to geriatric dementia in humans. According to Dr. Thomas Graves, an internist at the University of Illinois Veterinary Teaching Hospital in Urbana, signs of cognitive dysfunction include altered interactions with people, decreased activity, “accidents” in the house, disorientation, change in sleep patterns and loss of learned behaviours.

Geriatric cognitive disorder shares its many signs with other conditions; for example, an alteration in the sleep-wake cycle and increased urination may instead be related to a urinary disorder, and lethargy may simply mean that the dog isn’t feeling well. Since there is no gold

Photo: Dreamstime.com

A

CANINE COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTION SYNDROME

By Kristina Cooper, RVT WHAT IS CANINE COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTION? Canine Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome (CCDS) is a disease seen in older dogs affecting their thinking, reasoning or remembering abilities. There are a couple of reasons why CCDS occurs, including: • Beta-amyloidal (a protein) plaques are deposited on neurons (nerve cells found in the brain) causing damage, and • Dopamine (a neurotransmitter that carries messages from neuron to neuron) levels are altered.

Both reasons prevent the brain from processing a thought and turning it into an action.

WHAT ARE THE SIGNS OF CCDS? Dogs with CCDS may show the following signs: • Confusion in familiar surroundings (appears lost in his own environment); • Altered wake/sleep cycles (awake in the middle of the night); • Pacing and panting, showing signs of anxiety for no apparent reason; • Failure to recognize family members; • Elimination confusion (urinating/defecat-

14 PETS • November/December 2011

ing in the house); • Change in eating patterns (forgets to eat or begs for food after already eating); • Loss of skills (forgets simple commands or tricks he used to perform); • Barking for no reason or in the middle of the night; and • Change in behaviour (normally cantankerous dog becomes docile or vice versa).

• Dogs with CCDS may show only one sign of impairment to start, and later develop further loss of normal behaviour as time goes on.

WHAT SHOULD I DO IF I SUSPECT MY DOG HAS CCDS? Make an appointment with your veterinarian if your dog is displaying signs of cognitive dysfunction. Once your vet examines your dog and assesses his symptoms, he can rule out any other potential causes for your dog’s behaviour.

HOW IS CCDS TREATED? When a diagnosis of CCDS is made, your veterinarian may prescribe medications that

help to normalize dopamine levels in the brain, thereby helping the neurons to transmit messages properly. Special diets and supplements may also be beneficial in addressing the effects of CCDS. Pet parents should also consider setting up safeguards to protect pets that are showing signs of confusion. Making sure they are in a secure area when outside will prevent them from wandering off. Baby gates on stairs will prevent them from falling.

Keeping them in a routine will help keep them on track also. A constantly changing routine can cause confusion on its own, but structure should lessen this for a dog already confused due to CCDS. Kristina Cooper is a Registered Veterinary Technician (RVT) and a member of the Ontario Association of Veterinary Technicians (OAVT).

She works in a municipal animal shelter and in her family’s dog and cat boarding facility, Cooper Kennels, in Ancaster, ON (www.cooperkennels.ca). She can be reached by e-mail at krizzteena@hotmail.com.

standard for diagnosis of geriatric cognitive disorder, veterinarians perform a thorough exam and run laboratory tests to rule out other problems.

The physiology behind geriatric cognitive disorder is not fully understood, but dietary supplements, medications and intellectual stimulation have all been shown to help maintain a healthy brain. In most cases, combining these approaches yields better results. Increasing dietary intake of antioxidants, such as vitamins E and C and L-carnitine, may help protect the brain and the rest of the nervous system from free-radicals, the reactive by-products of normal body processes. (Free-radical damage is the primary suspect in the aging process of humans as well as dogs.)

Dietary studies indicate that puppies learn new tasks better when given antioxidant supplements, so antioxidant supplements may benefit the young as well as the more mature.

Dr. Graves cites studies on human aging that demonstrate that intellectual activities, new leisure activities or hobbies can delay onset of dementia in older people. “We believe the same is true for dogs,” he says. “Behavioural enrichment in the form of new experiences helps keep the brain active.”

He explains that intellectual challenges for pets of all ages can be simple changes in routine. “If you always take your dog for the same walk, try a new route to a new park, even if the dog is resistant. New experiences are good.”

Dr. Graves also suggests replacing old toys with new ones regularly and trying different games and activities with a pet.

Laboratory studies of dog behaviour have shown that introducing different games and different toys improved dogs’ ability to learn new tasks.

Keeping an aging dog socially active also keeps the brain sharp. If a dog is friendly, it can benefit from meeting new people and dogs on regular basis. Dr. Graves also notes that introducing a new puppy into the household can help keep an older dog more active, both physically and mentally.

According to Dr. Graves, both the brain and the body work on the “use it or lose it” principle: “If a dog, or a human being for that matter, just sits around all day — of course, it’s going to get older faster.”

Dr. Graves suggests that older dogs visit a veterinarian at least once every six months. “A geriatric dog seeing a veterinarian once a year is like a geriatric person seeing a doctor once every four or five years.” Since dogs experience more health problems as they age, it makes sense that they see a veterinarian more often. In addition, any change in a geriatric pet’s behaviour warrants a

visit to the veterinarian.

For more information about geriatric cognitive disorder or general care for your geriatric pet, contact your veterinarian.

Guide to Senior Pet Care

From Pet Columns at the University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine http://vetmed.illinois.edu/petcolumns/.

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November/December 2011 • PETS 15

Guide to

PET FOOD DECISIONS SIMPLIFIED

Senior Pet Care

By Dr. Cliff Redford

A

common question I am asked at my practice is what someone should look for when selecting a pet store or grocery store brand of pet food. Proper nutrition enhances a pet’s quality and length of life, and knowing what to look for can help someone navigate through the endless aisles of pet food available.

Here are a simple set of guidelines I recommend my clients follow when selecting pet food:

4. Be absolutely sure the food is made for your pet’s age. In dogs, “all-life stages” foods are essentially puppy food that has been marketed for any dog of any age. These foods are too high in calories and protein for adult or senior dogs. If you have a large breed dog, while it is a puppy be sure to feed him a large breed puppy food. Once he is an adult, feeding him a size specific (or breed specific) food is not necessary.

1. Does it have an Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) statement? This is usually found near the ingredients list. An AAFCO statement will indicate that the food has been formulated to meet the nutritional levels established for the life stage of the pet and that animal feeding trials have been utilized to insure the food provides a complete and balanced diet, not just in the laboratory but in actual home use.

5. Finally, understand how labelling and marketing of products work. If it is an AAFCO-approved food, by-products do not mean skin and beaks and feet, but instead indicate organ meats, which are high in nutrition. Corn has an excellent digestive rate and contains some of the highest levels of omega fatty acids and protein seen in vegetables. There are no official guidelines to indicate what “organic” or “natural” mean. Don’t be fooled by common trends in pet nutrition, some of the information out there is incorrect.

2. If it is an adult food, does it have a Veterinary Oral Health Council (VOHC) seal? The VOHC seal indicates that the food is proven to reduce dental tartar and plaque. Dental disease is by far the most common disorder affecting pets.

3. The label should include a guaranteed nutritional analysis, an ingredients list, the AAFCO statement and the manufacturer’s contact info. This means that many “fresh-made” foods or vitamin mixtures that are combined with food you prepare are not recommended.

You can never be sure that these types of foods are balanced and complete.

16 PETS • November/December 2011

What you select to feed your pet can shorten or lengthen their lives, so making an informed decision is paramount.

As always, should you have any additional questions, be sure to drop by your local clinic and ask your veterinary healthcare team. That is what we are here for.

Dr. Cliff Redford is a host of PetTalk 360 (www.pettalk360.com) and hospital director, owner and veterinarian at Wellington Veterinary Hospital in Markham, ON (www.wellington905.com).

HOW TO TELL IF YOUR PET HAS A WEIGHT PROBLEM Is your pet carrying extra fat?

Many pet owners can’t tell. In a recent study conducted by the Canadian Veterinary Medical Association and Hill’s Pet Nutrition, veterinarians said that pet owners are frequently surprised when their pets are diagnosed as being overweight.

Here are some of the more obvious signs that your cat or dog may not be at an ideal weight: • Difficult to feel ribs or spine • Difficult to see waist • Abdomen is sagging • Face looks rounder with larger cheeks • Appears tired and lazy • Resists playing games • Hesitates when jumping onto furniture • Difficult to groom properly • Lags behind on walks or pants constantly • Barks without getting up If you think your pet may have weight issues, speak with your veterinarian.

You can also visit Hillspet.ca or facebook.com/ScienceDietCanada for more information about pet nutrition that can help maintain a healthy weight for your pet.

— From www.newscanada.com

INCREASING YOUR SENIOR DOG’S MOBILITY

Guide to Senior Pet Care

By Janice Olynich

Photos courtesy PawsAbility

M

aintaining mobility is important for pets of any age, but it is especially critical for senior dogs. The ability to move with ease benefits weight control, joint health and maintenance of muscle mass. But as dogs age, orthopedic issues can inhibit their ability to get around.

While many orthopedic conditions and injuries are managed with surgical correction, the senior pet population may benefit from more conservative management. Orthopedic bracing offers an alternative for dogs of a very advanced age or for those who have co-existing medical conditions, making surgery a significant risk.

Hyperextension of the carpal joint is seen with some older dogs.

Visually, this presents as a bending backward of the foreleg joint below the elbow. When viewed from the side, this joint generally has a small angle of extension that can vary between breeds and between individual dogs. In a normal, healthy joint, the ligaments and tendons along the posterior (back) of the joint keep it from extending past a functional range.

With some older dogs, physiological and structural changes contribute to a decline in the integrity of the joint, with ligaments becoming stretched. Arthritic changes often present as well.

Dogs naturally carry more body weight in their front end. Hind-end issues (weakness, arthritis, etc.) may cause older dogs to transfer even more of their weight forward. This shifting of weight can put significant strain on the carpal joints, and progression into hyperextension can seem

to happen quite rapidly.

The surgical correction for a severely hyperextended carpal joint is typically an arthrodesis, or fusion, of the joint. If an orthosis, or brace, is used to manage the condition, the functional outcome is similar — blocking motion at the joint — but it does so via external support rather than an internal plate.

The design of the brace that is used depends on a number of factors, including the severity of the hyperextension, whether there is instability within the joint, whether both carpal joints are affected and whether there are co-existing varus or valgus angulations present.

(Varus is an angulation away from the midline and valgus is an angulation towards the midline, when the forelegs are viewed from the front.)

In the case of a mild hyperextension that only involves one leg, the brace may be able to include hinges that allow flexion (bending) at the carpal joint, but block excessive extension. This type of brace may also end above the foot, leaving the paw free to contact the ground.

Contrast that with a more severe case, where the brace needs to be a rigid support that extends along the posterior aspect of the leg and all the way under the foot. This type of extended support is often the only way to properly immobilize the joint and spread out the forces so there are no pressure areas in the brace.

The design of the orthosis and the physical condition of the dog are both factors in how easily a brace is accepted into use. Devices that leave the foot in contact with the ground are often more easily accepted, but in many cases it is not possible to have that freedom. Additionally, if a dog is accustomed to moving with extended carpal joints, they will need to adapt to moving with their braces, and this will involve some compensating with the elbow and shoulder joints. Finally, their overall physical condition (musculoskeletal as well as cardiovascular) will have a significant impact on how well they move with their braces, and it is important to keep this in mind when evaluating the outcome.

A veterinary assessment is the first step to any treatment plan, and if a conservative management option is chosen, carpal braces can offer senior dogs a way to support their joints and to effectively maintain their mobility.

Janice Olynich is the owner of PawsAbility in Toronto, ON, which specializes in providing custom prosthetic and orthotic devices for dogs. www.pawsability.ca November/December 2011 • PETS

17

Guide to Senior Pet Care

, NO PAIN A LOT TO GAIN

By Dr. Cliff Redford

18 PETS • November/December 2011

Photo: Dreamstime.com

O

ne of the most common questions I am asked by my friends is whether or not their dogs are in pain. Concerns for their senior dogs’ quality of life, happiness and longevity are constantly on their minds, and as an advocate for the well being of all animals, the answer is of the utmost importance. Pain not only lessens a pet’s happiness, but chronic pain — even when localized to a single joint — can affect organ function. Laboratory indications of pain include raised blood glucose, elevated serum cortisol and elevated white blood cells. Pain can burn out the immune system, make a pet more susceptible to infections, slow healing and shorten a pet’s life.

Pain can come in many forms. The fast approaching acute pain of surgical trauma, accidental injury or illness can be better managed than the slow developing chronic pain seen with cancer or osteoarthritis, for example. Do not accept your aging pet’s decline in energy or perceived happiness as normal. Too often, veterinarians hear the words, “He is just getting old,” when what we wish to hear is, “I know he is getting old, but I want to make sure he is happy and pain free for as long as possible.” So, be an advocate for your pet’s happiness and quality of life. Observe them, interact with them and speak with your veterinarian should you notice any behaviour that has slowly changed over time or was not present years before.

Common signs of pain include the following: • Crying out, whimpering, moaning.

This can often occur when the pet attempts to exert itself, stand up, lie down or even when you pet him.

• A decrease in appetite. Abdominal pain and colic can affect dogs for various reasons, and sometimes appetite is the only change we will be able to perceive.

• Exercise intolerance or a loss of energy. This is the most common comment I hear from people when they discuss their aging dog. We will all feel pain associated with senior health concerns as we age, but wouldn’t you wish to be pain free if it was possible?

I would.

• Slow to rise, quickly dropping when attempting to lie down, a hesitance or difficulty climbing stairs. These signs are the most common ones associated with arthritis and joint pain in dogs, especially as they age.

• Standing with the back arched. This is a good indication of abdominal pain, whether it is from the stomach, intestines, liver, kidneys, spleen, pancreas, bladder or musculature. There are many reasons for abdominal pain and it should be taken seriously.

• Subtle signs, such as a dog being less social, not coming to the door as readily as he used to, avoiding his family or snarling and nipping. Often I discover there is hidden pain along the spine, in the mouth or emanating from the abdomen.

Guide to

Veterinarians feel there is significant pain in less serious conditions once considSenior Pet ered not painful enough to treat, such as ear infections, Care bladder infections (those people who have suffered from this will attest how much it hurts), early dental disease and even skin rashes.

Simple surgical procedures, such as a small lump removal or a cat or dog neuter/spay (think about this surgery for a minute and everyone will agree that postoperative pain ought to be a concern) and hormonal conditions, such as Cushing’s disease or chronic low thyroid, can result in deep-seated generalized pain.

Photo: Dreamstime.com

your concerns should you feel your pet is still in pain. Every pet is different and proper pain management requires constant monitoring to assess the efficacy of the treatment plan.

The only good thing about discovering your pet is in pain is that your veterinarian will be able to find ways of managing that pain. Acute sources of pain simply involve a course of analgesics (pain killers) while the cause of the pain resolves through treatment and/or healing.

Chronic pain takes more to manage and is as much an art as a science. Success requires a team effort between the animal hospital and the owner, and lines of communication must always be kept open. Be wary of the veterinarian who prescribes a course of medication but does not address 20 PETS • November/December 2011

The following are a few guidelines I follow to help best manage a pet in pain: • Treat early. Reducing a pet’s pain early on during the course of the disease is crucial. As pain increases, there is a “wind-up effect” where the pain receptors become inundated with stimulation. Turning down, or turning off, these pain receptors is much more difficult once they have reached a certain threshold.

• Utilize complementary prescriptions or treatments. Often, for intense chronic pain (such as advanced hip dysplasia and degenerative joint disease in large breed dogs), relying on one medication is not effective or safe.

Using two different medications usually results in a smaller amount of total medication the body has to process.

• Start strong and taper down to the minimum effective dosage. Once the pain has been controlled and time has been given for other slower-acting treatments to take effect, the initial medication dosage(s) can possibly be reduced. This results in a reduced risk of side effects and an easier invoice for the pet owner in the long run.

• Monitor side effects. The medications prescribed by your veterinarian are safe, but side effects are always possible. Vomiting and diarrhea are common, but occasionally side effects are less noticeable. Regularly scheduled rechecks and base blood profiles help the veterinarian determine the effect of the drug on the pet’s organs, especially the liver and kidneys. Adjustments can then be made accordingly.

Treatment is most successful when an accurate diagnosis is made, the level of pain and condition is staged and treatments are based on science-based evidence. Pain is a serious side effect to disease or degeneration, and should not be treated on anecdotal reports about the possible benefits of a new treatment modality.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the mainstay for the treatment of chronic pain seen in aging dogs, especially for conditions involving the joints, such as osteoarthritis. Pain is perceived due to many factors within a condition, but inflammation (swelling) is a main component. NSAIDs are anti-inflammatories and significantly reduce this source of pain. Acetylsalicylic acid and ibuprofen are common over-the-counter human NSAIDs and should not be given to your dog. These over-the-counter medications reduce the production of inflammatory chemicals and also thin the blood.

However, it is this function that greatly increases the risk for stomach ulcers and kidney damage in dogs and cats. Veterinarians instead rely on prescription NSAIDs that almost exclusively reduce inflammation. This allows us to better reduce the pain associated with inflammation while also reducing the risk of harmful side effects.

Other pain medications include analgesics, such as tramadol; narcotics (reserved for the most intense forms of pain), such as codeine; neuropathic pain blockers, such as gabapentin and, very rarely, corticosteroids. These medications are often used in conjunction with NSAIDs (except corticosteroids, which are contraindicated) to help control more serious forms of chronic pain.

Non-medicinal treatments should also be considered. They are used in conjunction with NSAIDs to help the pet live longer and in more comfort, and also to reduce the long-term costs associated with medication for the owner. These options include herbal supplements or nutritional management, physiotherapy or acupuncture.

If you have any concerns that your pet is in pain, contact your veterinarian and ask for their advice. We all should be granted the luxury of aging gracefully and in as much comfort as possible. Your pet has given you many years of loyal companionship and he deserves just as much comfort and happiness in his golden years as you do.

Dr. Cliff Redford is a host of PetTalk 360 (www.pettalk360.com) and hospital director, owner and veterinarian at Wellington Veterinary Hospital in Markham, ON (www.wellington905.com).

Guide to Senior Pet Care

HYPERTHYROIDISM

IN SENIOR CATS Y

our 12-year-old cat has been slowing down a little over the years but, for some reason, she is having a second kittenhood — playing more, eating more and that extra weight she had gained has disappeared. Great news, right? Not necessarily. These are the clinical signs of hyperthyroidism, and they are often overlooked until the disease is very advanced.

WHAT IS HYPERTHYROIDISM? The thyroid glands are small nodules of tissue located on each side of the neck that secrete thyroid hormone. Simplified, thyroid hormone is responsible for the rate at which the cells of the body function.

Older dogs often get hyp-O-thyroidism, or too little thyroid hormone. This causes them to be sluggish, gain weight and have poor skin and hair coats. However, in cats hy-PER-thyroidism means they have too much thyroid hormone. Their appetites increase, yet they lose weight. They are

more active, often to the point of being restless. Their hearts beat faster, and their blood pressure goes up. Wear and tear on the organs increases and, over time, the organs simply wear out.

Hyperthyroidism is the most common hormonal disease of cats. It is mostly seen in middle aged to senior cats (seven years and older). Diagnosis is made based on a complete and thorough history and physical examination of the pet, and confirmed by measuring the thyroid hormone (T4) in a blood sample. It is also important to look for signs of other problems — like high blood pressure, kidney disease or heart disease — which can be caused or aggravated by hyperthyroidism.

SO MY CAT HAS HYPERTHYROIDISM — NOW WHAT? Traditionally, medication or surgery has been used to control or cure hyperthyroidism. Oral medication with a drug

called methimazole (brand name Tapazole) has been used to prevent the production of thyroid hormone in the thyroid gland. This medication is relatively inexpensive, fairly easy to give and has few side effects; however, some cats will vomit when given this medication and, rarely, the side effects can be more severe. It also must be given once or twice a day for the rest of the life of your cat.

Blood testing must be performed periodically to monitor the efficacy of treatment and to adjust the dose.

Surgical removal of the thyroid glands is another treatment option. While removing the thyroid glands can be curative, there are risks associated with surgery and anesthesia, as well as the risks of damage to important tissue near the thyroid glands, such as the parathyroid gland, the carotid arteries and the vagal nerve. There is also a very small chance that ectopic thyroid tissue (not in the neck, but sometimes found in November/December 2011 • PETS

21

Photo: Dreamstime.com

By Dr. Christina McRae

Guide to

the chest) would continue to produce too much thyroid hormone, thus continuing to Senior Pet cause disease. Surgery is more expensive than medicaCare tion, but over the life of the cat, it may well be cheaper than long-term medication and testing.

In recent years, radioactive iodine has been used to treat hyperthyroidism. Iodine is mostly used in the body in the thyroid gland, so when radioactive iodine is administered via injection, it is concentrated in the thyroid tissue, selectively destroying it. The advantage of this is that it is a single injection that rarely needs to be repeated, and it will cure hyperthyroidism. It will also work on thyroid tissue wherever it may be located.

Disadvantages are the cost, which can be the same as, or higher than, surgery, and the fact that the cat must be kept isolated for eight to 10 days in a special medical facility designed for handling radioactive chemicals and waste material. There are a few of these facilities in Southern On-

tario, where I practice, but pets still may need to travel a significant distance to be treated. Despite its drawbacks, radioactive iodine treatment is still considered to be the ideal treatment for hyperthyroidism, and is the treatment of choice for humans with hyperthyroidism.

IS THERE ANYTHING NEW? Researchers at Hill’s Pet Nutrition have come up with a novel approach to treating hyperthyroidism by restricting dietary iodine. Because thyroid hormone needs iodine to work, the idea is that cutting back the iodine levels in the food will prevent the thyroid gland from making too much thyroid hormone. Initial studies showed that cats fed only Prescription Diet y/d developed normal thyroid levels without medication. This is exciting news, but we have to understand that these studies were done on a very small numbers of cats, and these diets must be fed exclusively. Hyperthyroid cats on Prescription Diet y/d must have no other dietary source of iodine. That means no

treats, no human food, no stealing other pets’ food and no mice, birds or other active snacks. There are also no studies of the effect of low iodine on healthy cats, which could be an issue in multi-cat households. Nor have there been any studies on hyperthyroid cats with other concurrent diseases like kidney disease, heart disease or intestinal disease, all of which are common in older cats. There have been other concerns raised by veterinarians, researchers and nutritionists, many of which have yet to be answered.

In summary, Prescription y/d offers an alternative treatment for hyperthyroid cats for which medication, surgery or radioactive iodine treatment are not an option.

Whether this diet will be the best option long term is yet to be determined.

As always, your cat’s veterinarian is best qualified to make recommendations for his or her treatment.

You can find Dr. Christina McRae at the King Street Cat Hospital in Whitby, ON. wwwkingstcathospital.com

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PAW S F O R R E F L ECT I O N

With Darren Low, DVM

STORIES THAT REMIND US OF HOW MUCH WE LOVE THE FOUR-FOOTED MEMBERS OF OUR FAMILIES

All Creatures Great and Small Darren Low, DVM practices companion animal medicine and surgery in Sydney, Nova Scotia, where he lives with his wife, son and 10 four-footed family members. He writes a weekly column for the Cape Breton Post.

itan was the biggest puppy I had ever seen.

Last year around Christmas time, he came in to see me for the last of his puppy vaccines.

He was four months old and already weighed close to 100 pounds. Apparently, Titan’s St. Bernard parents weighed in at 200 pounds for dad and 165 for mom.

There is a good rule of thumb for dogs, in that their adult weight will be about double their weight at four months of age. That put Titan right on track to take after his daddy. Randy and Beth had always had giant-breed dogs, from Mastiffs to Danes, but this was their first St. Bernard.

They knew, sadly, that these giants had a shorter life span than their smaller canine counterparts, but as Beth says, “Someone’s gotta love ‘em.”

I felt in awe of Titan as I watched him leaving the clinic, walking back to the parking lot through falling snow with that giant red ribbon around his neck, but it was already time for my next appointment. I grabbed the file and looked at the presenting problem of my next patient, Milo. It read, “Not eating well and swollen cheek.”

My first thoughts went to tooth root infection. The very large, upper fourth premolar tooth often gets chipped or fractured from the intense chewing behaviour dogs often display. This can expose the pulp cavity, and lead to infection of one of the three large roots. But as I surveyed my new patient’s file a little closer, I realized it wasn’t “canine” listed after species, but “hamster.”

T

24 PETS • November/December 2011

I shifted mental gears mid-stride as I met eight-year-old Sara and her mom. Sara held a small box in her hands, and by the look of her reddened eyes and runny nose, I figured she’d been crying. A fuzzy little snowman blanket and some wood chips seemed to fill the box. I couldn’t even see Milo at first. Scared, he had buried himself in the chips and sat with his face pushed into the corner of the box. He squeaked and wiggled as I picked him up, which distressed Sara, but I assured her I wouldn’t hurt him.

I held Milo up to have a look at the problem. On one side of his face I found a somewhat tender swelling.

Hamsters have a long pouch on the side of their head that can extend back to their shoulders. They stuff these cheek pouches full of food to be stored and eaten later or, in the wild, to be brought back to the colony. But this swelling wasn’t stored food — Milo had an abscess, a pocket of infection filled with pus. With Sara admonishing me to be careful, I carried Milo out back to lance the abscess and expel the infection.

Afterward, I calculated a careful concoction of a hamster-safe antibiotic and returned a refreshed Milo to a smiling Sara. I saw this trio to the door, as I had with the family of the giant, Titan. To my pleasure, I found it still snowing. It felt like another Norman Rockwell moment as Sara turned and waved. I never know what will come through my doors — creatures big or small — but it doesn’t matter to me... I’ll treat them all.

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November/December 2011 • PETS

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November/December 2011 • PETS 27

T H E H E A LT H Y B O N D

With Dieter Kohlmaier, DVM

An Introduction to Rodents as Pets I Dieter Kohlmaier, DVM, owns and operates Westoak Animal Hospital in Oakville, ON. He can be reached at westoakanimalhospital @gmail.com

n this issue I’d like to explore rodents, an oftenoverlooked group of pets, yet one of the most popular first pets in many households. They are inexpensive to purchase and care for. They also don’t require as much time as a cat or dog, but can be very affectionate and endearing. There is so much that could be written on any of these pets, but the scope is beyond what I could cover in one article. Therefore, I will only be able to focus on some basic and interesting facts, as well as some common health concerns.

Hamsters & gerbils originate from Central Asia and Africa and can live up to three years. Both are crepuscular (more active during dusk and dawn).

Hamsters possess large cheek pouches used for transporting food, bedding material or their young. Both hamsters and gerbils rarely exceed a few hundred grams in weight. Hamsters have short furry tails, while the tail of the gerbil is often half the length of its body and has an additional tuft of fur on the end. Both groups are prone to bacterial intestinal diseases, especially when they are young (less than three months of age) and these infections are often fatal. Hamsters are prone to skin tumours when they are older.

Guinea pigs & chinchillas originate from the Andean highlands in South America and are well adapted to cold and dry environments. Both are very social animals, and living in family groups is not uncommon. They tend to be more active during dusk and dawn. While guinea pigs live four to eight years on average, chinchillas can live from 12 to 20 years! Guinea pigs are prone to a number of tumours, especially those involving the mammary gland, interestingly, most often in males aged three to five years. Guinea pigs are quite unique as they among a small group of mammals (humans included) that cannot synthesize their own vitamin C. A diet with insufficient levels of vitamin C will lead to scurvy; an illness that results in weakness and weakened bones.

Rats and mice being kept as pets originated from laboratory animals. They both tend to live between two to three and a half years. Rats are very curious, highly intelligent and it is possible to form a very close bond with them. Both possess mostly hairless tails, with rats’ tails being much longer and rasp-like. Like other rodent species, their incisors are continually growing and they are excellent chewers. Rats commonly acquire 28 PETS • November/December 2011

tumours, most commonly involving the mammary glands. Mice are more prone to bacterial infections, often brought about by underlying parasitic diseases.

Rodents are social animals and, with the exception of hamsters, should not be kept solitary. If males and females are kept together, then birth control will need to be addressed. All rodents are prey species and, as such, tend to hide during the day and be more active at night. It is very important to keep this in mind when considering their housing, as they should always have a hiding box.

The most common cages have metal tops and sides with plastic bottoms; avoid wire floors. They should be bedded with wood chips, sawdust shavings, paper or straw. They should have exercise materials, such as tubes, ramps, shelves and wheels. Their cage should be raised off the floor to avoid heavy vibrations, which can be stressful.

Also a quiet room at room temperature without drafts is preferable. Ensure they have chewing material to keep their continually growing incisors worn down.

Fortunately, for most pet rodents, there are readily available commercial pelleted diets. The general diet consists of seeds, cereals, dried fruits and vegetables, vitamins and minerals. Guinea pigs’ need for vitamin C can be supplemented with dark greens, herbs (such as parsley), dandy lion leaves, bell peppers, oranges, mandarins and kiwis. Mice and rats are omnivorous and can be fed dry dog food, cheese and yogurt in addition to a pelleted ration.

As with any animal, there are diseases they possess that can potentially be passed onto humans. We refer to these as zoonotic diseases.

While they are relatively uncommon, we must be aware of them and practise excellent hygiene to minimize the risk of exposure. Zoonotic agents can be transmitted by contact with fecal material, urine, saliva and through bites or scratches. For this reason, it is generally not recommended to have small rodents as pets for children under five years of age. Also, each new pet should undergo a 30-day quarantine period before being introduced to an existing group. It is paramount that everyone washes their hands each time after handling the pets.

Rodents can make tremendous pets, and with a little education and work they can live long, healthy lives and you may be surprised how bonded you become.

THE LAST WORD

with William J. Thomas

How Cute Is That Dog In The Witness Stand?

William J. Thomas is the author of seven books of humour, incuding The Dog Rules (Damn Near Everything! and The Cat Rules (Everything, Including The Dog!).

Visit William at www.williamthomas.ca.

o animal gets itself into more embarrassing predicaments than the dog. And it’s never the dog’s fault, of course. The dog is always innocent, except maybe in a court of law.

At this moment, Rosie, a Golden Retriever, is clogging up the justice system of the United States.

Rosie is a therapy dog who specializes in comforting witnesses who experience great stress when they are required to testify in court.

After appearing as a witness supporter in several cases, both prosecutors and defense lawyers agree that Rosie is adorable, though she does slobber a lot.

At a recent trial in Poughkeepsie, New York, Rosie sat at the feet of a 15-year-old girl who was testifying against her father in a sexual assault case. During particularly horrible moments of testimony, the dog leaned into the girl and nuzzled her for comfort. Once, when the traumatized teenager could not speak, Rosie got up and pushed the girl gently with her nose.

Oh yeah, they know when you’re hurting. The night I grieved for the death of my cat Wedgie, I had two sympathetic Border Collies turn me into a consolation sandwich.

The trial ended with the father’s conviction and all agreed that the young girl probably could not have delivered her testimony without Rosie’s unconditional support. However, in a surprise turn of events — which offers up yet another reason why the world hates lawyers — the father’s defense team has filed an appeal placing Rosie at the centre of the controversy. The defense lawyers contend that Rosie is “too cute” for a court of law.

No, I’m not kidding. They maintain that Rosie may have unfairly swayed the jurors’ judgement with her cuteness and natural empathy. Only a lawyer could try to make a case that a dog is too cute to look at.

Clearly, it never occurred to Rosie to scowl or frown in order to show a balanced approach to her in-court therapy. She just sat there smiling, slobbering and nuzzling the 15-year-old witness when she needed it most.

If the appeal is successful, Rosie and many other therapy dogs that help calm emotional witnesses in at least six other American states may be banned from court. For eight years therapy dogs

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have been allowed to comfort anxious witnesses in U.S. courts and many prosecutors believe that without them many guilty offenders would go free.

Maybe the New York defense lawyers who claimed “prosecutorial misconduct” against the district attorney who brought Rosie into court have a point; maybe Rosie is just too impossibly cute for their client to get a fair trial.

Perhaps less attractive dogs like Pugs and Bulldogs should be allowed to help witnesses testify in court. Maybe less intelligent dogs like Afghans should be used as support witnesses so jurors would not be swayed by clever courtroom theatrics. And, of course, all support dogs — whether they’re cute as a Jack Russell or as brooding as a Bloodhound — should be fitted with muzzles in the courtroom. That way they cannot be accused of leading the witness.

And certainly a vicious dog that might bite the defense lawyer in the bum — giving us all something to cheer about — they should be definitely banned from courtrooms.

I suggest courts use only Beagles in court because they could also help verify the evidence. A little crotch sniffing, some gunpowder smelling and pretty soon you have a therapy dog that can also demonstrate DNA testing to the jury. That’s a “two-fur” dog — part comfort, part CSI. And if you allow seeing-eye dogs to come to court but ban therapy dogs, isn’t that canine discrimination of the worst kind?

The outcome of the appeal against Rosie’s court behavior could have vast implications on U.S. jurisprudence, not to mention the peeling paint on the fire hydrant at the front of the courthouse.

The defense team is all too willing to take this to the Supreme Court. The lead attorney said, “There was no way for me to cross-examine the dog.” There was also no reason for you to cross-examine the dog, sir. With all due respect, dogs do not lie. If you owned one, you would know that.

In life, a dog exemplifies man’s best friend. In court, a dog represents a lawyer’s worst enemy — truth.

EDITOR’S NOTE: William Thomas’ opinions as to the relative attractiveness and/or intelligence of specific breeds remain 100% the property of William Thomas.