PETS Magazine | November/December 2014 by MarkintoshDesign

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Guide to SENIOR PET CARE

10 REASONS WHY BONES AREN’T SAFE

• Canine Cognitive Syndrome • Controlling Aches & Pains • Small Breeds & Aging • Healthy Mouth, Healthy Pet …and more!

ADDRESSING DOG OVERPOPULATION IN THE NORTH

PLUS: FAMILY HERO MAKES A SPLASH • KNOW WHEN IT’S TIME TO CALL THE VET

PETS M A G A Z I N E WWW.PETSMAGAZINE.CA NOVEMBER/DECEMBER

2014, VOL.31, NO.6

C O N T E N T S

FEATURES 7

SIMMONS PUBLISHING LTD. Publisher

John Simmons john.simmons@petsmagazine.ca

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Advertising Sales

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Art Director Billing/Administration Circulation

Mark Tzerelshtein markintoshdesign.com Linda Simmons linda.simmons@petsmagazine.ca

EDITORIAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE Kristina Cooper, RVT, Cooper Kennels, Ancaster, ON Dr. Dieter Kohlmaier, Westoak Animal Hospital, Oakville, ON Dr. Darren Low, Kennedy Animal Hospital, Sydney, NS Kerry Vinson, Animal Behaviour Professional, Roseneath, ON Dr. Christina McRae, King Street Cat Hospital, Whitby, ON Dr. Cliff Redford, Wellington Vet Clinic, Markham, ON PETS Magazine is published six times a year by Simmons Publishing Ltd. ISSN: 0831-2621 To subscribe to PETS, contact Linda Simmons Toll Free: 877-738-7624 or visit us on the Web at:

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DEPARTMENTS

Chew on This: 10 Reasons Why Bones Aren’t Safe

Making Tracks

PETS Marketplace

Pet Projects

When to Take Your Pet to the Vet's Clinic

Joyful Tails

The Healthy Bond

Paws for Reflection

Guide to

SENIOR PET CARE 10

Oral Care for the Senior Pet

Providing your beloved senior pet with optimum oral health is as simple as 1-2-3 — with help from the pros.

The Senior Pet Wellness Exam

Just because you pet is getting older doesn’t mean they need less medical care — in many cases, they may require professional care more often.

The Low-Down on Senior Health

Small dogs tend to live longer, and it is especially important to look after their health so they can enjoy their golden years.

Cushing’s Disease: A Threat to Older Dogs

Early identification and treatment can extend an afflicted dog’s life.

The Senior Diet

One of the most important ways we can ensure our pet’s optimal body condition and overall health is to make sure we are feeding them an age-appropriate diet.

Seniors Need Exercise Too!

Staying active is a necessary part of keeping your senior pet in their best shape, physically and mentally.

Older Pets Make for Happy Homes, Too

If you’re looking for a less energetic, more relaxed and laidback pet, why not consider adopting a senior dog or cat?

Old Age is Not a Disease

Canine Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome (CDS) is often compared to dementia, senility and even Alzheimer’s disease in humans. Here’s what to look for — and how it can be managed.

Seniors in Motion

Don’t let the stiffness and aches of old age get your older pet out of joint — help is out there! NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2014

PETS

M A K I N G

T R A C K S

NEWS | PRODUCTS | REVIEWS

RAISING AWARENESS OF HOW PETS CONTRIBUTE TO HEALTHY AGING >>

ROYAL CANIN FUNDRAISE FOR FARLEY MONTH HELPS THOUSANDS OF PETS >>

The health impact of pets on older people is explored in a new report published by the International Federation on A g i n g , t h ro u g h a n educational sponsorship from Bayer HealthCare. Companion Animals and the Health of Older Persons provides a comprehensive literature review into the ways pets contribute to the physical and mental health of individuals and the well-being of society. “This field of research has important implications across generations and also for the future of our broader societies,” says Dr. Jane Barratt, International Federation on Aging. “Many studies have broadly discussed how pets, such as dogs and cats, contribute to health by reducing anxiety, loneliness and depression, but until today have not yet been published in a single resource. This new report advances our understanding of the value of companion animals in the framework of human health and the broader society.” With advances in global public health, people around the world are living longer than ever before. In response to the aging population, healthcare systems and governments are actively working to manage the expected healthcare costs associated with the aging process and chronic conditions of older people. The therapeutic benefit of companion animals is an area of study attracting increasing interest among health and social science professionals. The new report is a review of the research literature on companion animals and older people from 1980 to 2013, with two goals: to summarize the health, social and economic benefits of companion animals, animal-assisted activities and interventions in the care of older adults as determined through evidence-based research; and to use this unique data to inform future research in the fields of rehabilitation, active aging and aged care policy and programs at local and national levels. “The interaction between humans and animals is powerful. Animals can educate, motivate and enhance the quality of life for people around the world,” says Michael Devoy, chief medical officer, Bayer HealthCare. “Given the scope of this report, we are excited that this research has the ability to reach human healthcare practitioners, veterinarians, doctors, nurses, gerontologists and social workers.” Find the full report at www.ifa-fiv.org.

Nearly 350 veterinary practices across Ontario participated in the 2014 Royal Canin Fundraise for Farley Month in October. The campaign is the largest fundraiser for the Farley Foundation and assists pet owners in need with veterinary medical care of their sick and injured pets. The campaign hopes to see an increase over its 2013 fundraising total of $243,000. “We know that there are enormous emotional and physiological benefits to having a pet,” says Dr. Mark Gemmill, president of the Farley Foundation. “The Farley Foundation aims to assist those who most benefit from pet ownership by subsidizing their pets’ veterinary care so that they can enjoy the companionship of their pets for as long as humanely possible.” Since 2002, the Farley Foundation has disbursed over $2.2 million to assist more than 5,500 sick and injured pets in need. The Foundation’s success is due in part to partnerships with companies like Royal Canin that share the Foundation’s passion for pets and supporting the people who care for them. The Farley Foundation is proud to partner this year with its platinum and title sponsor, Royal Canin Canada, and its gold sponsor Petsecure Pet Health Insurance. “Royal Canin is proud to support people and pets in need through its partnership with the Farley Foundation,” says Dr. Johanne Pelletier, director of scientific and corporate affairs at Royal Canin. “Like the Farley Foundation, Royal Canin is committed to working with the veterinary profession to promote the health and well-being of pets.” One hundred percent of receipt-able donations made to the Farley Foundation goes directly to subsidizing the non-elective veterinary care of sick or injured pets belonging to pet owners in need. Donations can be made throughout the year. www.farleyfoundation.org.

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NEW STUDY LOOKS AT HYPERTHYROIDISM IN CATS >> A new study conducted at Douglas College in New Westminster, BC, will investigate the veterinary care and health of cats that have been treated for hyperthyroidism, a common disease of the neck glands. The study will focus exclusively on pet cats in the Lower Mainland that have been treated for hyperthyroidism using radioactive iodine, a treatment often recommend by veterinarians. Investigators will evaluate the reliability of various tests used to assess the health of cats after they have received such treatment and track longer-term health outcomes. Hyperthyroidism is a disorder that involves overactive thyroid glands. Left untreated in cats, it can lead to weight loss, increased appetite, irritability and, potentially, serious complications, such as organ damage or heart failure. Researchers estimate around 100,000 cats over eight years old are diagnosed with or treated for the disease in Canada each year. The study will involve collecting data on over 100 cats and research will take place at the Douglas College Coquitlam Campus and local veterinary clinics. The researchers will start collecting data in the summer of 2015. www.douglascollege.ca.

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M A K I N G

T R A C K S

TOOLKIT SEEKS TO INCREASE SPAYING, NEUTERING >> The Canadian Federation of Humane Societies (CFHS) launched its Accessible Spay/Neuter Toolkit this fall. The new succinct suite of invaluable resources facilitates the creation of accessible spay/neuter programs in every community, in every province, across Canada. “Spaying and neutering is the simplest, most effective way to save companion animal lives,” says Toolika Rastogi, policy and research manager of the CFHS. “Currently, barriers still exist prohibiting spay/neuter from being as widely accessible as possible.” Earlier in 2014 the CFHS released an innovative report, The Case for Accessible Spay/Neuter in Canada, that illuminated the lack of accessible spay/neuter options in many communities. The newly minted Accessible Spay/Neuter Toolkit provides practical guidance and support for those seeking to increase spay/neuter rates in their communities. “The toolkit is a series of real-world, hands-on materials that will help make the dream of accessible spay/neuter for all a reality,” says Dr. Rastogi. The toolkit includes: · Tips and recommendations to create a better understanding of the unique needs within a particular community; · Educational and e-learning resources to develop and enhance operational capacity; · Funding resources available in Canada for spay/neuter initiatives so that plans can be put into action; · Budget guidance and sample budgets that share learnings from different service models (such as high-volume stationary spay/neuter clinics, MASH-style clinics, subsidized services offered through existing veterinary clinics and mobile clinics); and · Marketing guidance and materials for promoting accessible spay/neuter initiatives to help effectively promote projects. Millions of owned animals are not sterilized. Just one unsterilized female cat can result in 25 kittens born in one year and one unsterilized female dog can result in 21 puppies born in one year. Not sterilizing companion animals contributes to the overpopulation crisis that sees Canadian shelters bursting at the seams with un-homed animals. Funding for the Accessible Spay/Neuter Toolkit was provided by PetSmart Charities of Canada. To download the new toolkit resources in English and French, visit www.cfhs.ca.

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NEWS | PRODUCTS | REVIEWS

STUDY TO QUANTIFY CURRENT PET OBESITY PREVALENCE >>

The Association for Pet Obesity Prevention (APOP) collaborated with veterinarians across the United States to conduct its eighth annual National Pet Obesity Awareness Day study that aims to quantify the extent of obesity prevalence in dogs and cats throughout the country. The study consists of participating veterinary practices evaluating and assessing all dog and cat patients seen on October 8, 2014, by recording basic body conditioning scores. “Our historical research shows a clear epidemic of pet obesity in our country,” said Dr. Ernie Ward, founder and president of APOP. “The annual veterinarianconducted study is vital to measuring the longitudinal trend so our industry is informed. Armed with this knowledge, APOP, the veterinary community and entire pet industry can set forth common strategies to fight and prevent overweight pets, because we all want to give them longer, healthier and happier lives.” The 2013 study found that 52.6% of dogs and 57.6% of cats were overweight, as determined by the veterinary assessments, together equalling nearly 80 million pets. But, alarmingly, the study found that among those pets assessed as obese by veterinarians, nearly 90% of their owners assessed their pets’ weight as being normal. These findings point to what is considered by APOP as the “fat pet gap.” “A host of preventable diseases are directly linked to obesity in pets. APOP calls upon our fellow veterinarians to become an active voice in quantifying and fighting pet obesity in our country,” Dr. Ward said. www.petobesityprevention.org

WARM UP TO NEW ECOFLEX DOG HOUSES >> These recently introduced dog houses are available in both the Canine Cottage style with traditional A-frame roof, and the Canine Cabin style with a flat roof. Both provide extreme protection from hot and cold elements for a safe and comfortable outdoor environment for pets. The walls are filled with ThermoCore insulation, making these ecoFLEX houses 40% more insulated than wood houses. Check out more unique features at www.newagepet.com.

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NO BONES ABOUT IT: BONES ARE UNSAFE FOR YOUR DOG he idea that it’s natural for dogs to chew on bones is a popular one. However, it’s a dangerous practice and can cause serious injury to your pet. “Some people think it’s safe to give dogs large bones, like those from a ham or a roast,” says Carmela Stamper, DVM, a veterinarian in the Center for Veterinary Medicine at the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. “Bones are unsafe no matter what their size. Giving your dog a bone may make your pet a candidate for a trip to your veterinarian’s office later, possible emergency surgery or even death.” “Make sure you throw out bones from your own meals in a way that your dog can’t get to them,” adds Stamper, who suggests taking the trash out right away or putting the bones up high and out of your dog’s reach until you have a chance to dispose of them. “And pay attention to where your dog’s nose is when you walk him around the neighbourhood — steer him away from any objects lying in the grass.” Here are 10 reasons why it’s a bad idea to give your dog a bone: • Broken teeth. This may call for expensive veterinary dentistry. • Mouth or tongue injuries. These can be very bloody and messy and may require a trip to see your veterinarian. • Bone gets looped around your dog’s lower jaw. This can be frightening or painful for your dog and potentially costly to you, as it usually means a trip to see your veterinarian. • Bone gets stuck in esophagus, the tube that food travels through to reach the stomach. Your dog may gag, trying to bring the bone back up, and will need to see your veterinarian.

PHOTO: DEPOSITPHOTOS.COM

• Bone gets stuck in windpipe. This may happen if your dog accidentally inhales a small enough piece of bone. This is an emergency because your dog will have trouble breathing. Get your pet to your veterinarian immediately! • Bone gets stuck in stomach. It went down just fine, but the bone may be too big to pass out of the stomach and into the intestines. Depending on the bone’s size, your dog may need surgery or upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, a procedure in which your veterinarian uses a long tube with a built-in camera and grabbing tools to try to remove the stuck bone from the stomach. • Bone gets stuck in intestines and causes a blockage. It may be time for surgery. • Constipation due to bone fragments. Your dog may have a hard time passing the bone fragments because they’re very sharp and they scrape the inside of the large intestine or rectum as they move along. This causes severe pain

and may require a visit to your veterinarian. • Severe bleeding from the rectum. This is very messy and can be dangerous. It’s time for a trip to see your veterinarian. • Peritonitis. This nasty, difficultto-treat bacterial infection of the abdomen is caused when bone fragments poke holes in your dog’s stomach or intestines. Your dog needs an emergency visit to your veterinarian because peritonitis can kill your dog. “Talk with your veterinarian about alternatives to giving bones to your dog,” says Stamper. “There are many bone-like products made with materials that are safe for dogs to chew on.” “Always supervise your dog with any chew product, especially one your dog hasn’t had before,” adds Stamper. “And always, if your dog ‘just isn’t acting right,’ call your veterinarian right away!” Reprinted from the FDA’s Consumer Updates page at www.fda.gov/ForConsumers, which features the latest on all FDA-regulated products.

NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2014

PETS

JUDGMENT CALL When to Take Your Pet to the Vet’s Clinic hough our pets may dread the veterinarian, there are many instances when a trip to the local animal hospital or clinic is essential to their health. Since Fido can’t express to you in words when he isn’t feeling himself, there are many symptoms you can look out for to help determine if it’s time for a vet visit. “It is most important to remember that everything should be taken within the context of the other signs,” said Dr. Jean Rubanick, veterinary resident instructor at the Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences (CVM). “Basically, if there are multiple signs, then taking a pet to the vet is indicated.” Some common signs of irregularity may include extreme lethargy, increased respiratory rate, profuse vomiting or diarrhea, anorexia or increased drinking and urinating. While these are most widely recognized as indicators for veterinary attention, some symptoms may be more unique and less recognizable. “Abnormal circling (not to be confused with the occasional circling of an excited dog), head pressing, seizures, inability to rise, weakness, respiratory distress, changes in the gum colour and bubbles coming from the nose are some other signs to look out for,” said Dr. Rubanick. If your pet ingests something that poses toxic to animals, whether it is a plant or food, consultation with your veterinarian is vital to the animal’s health and safety. “Eating sago palm, chocolate, lilies, people medication or anything else unusual should also prompt a call to the veterinarian,” said Dr. Rubanick. Although stomach abnormalities such as vomiting and diarrhea

PHOTO: DEPOSITPHOTOS.COM

may be signs of sickness or ingestion of toxins, it is also possible that Fido merely scarfed down his dinner too quickly. Depending on the pet and their usual behaviour, a brief upset stomach may not be much cause for concern. “Vomiting once or one bout of diarrhea is probably nothing to worry about, as long as the pet is otherwise acting normally,” said Dr. Rubanick. “Likewise, a pet that eats too quickly or drinks a lot of water and then vomits but continues to act normally afterwards is probably fine.”

In general, you should always contact your veterinarian if you notice any symptoms or behaviour abnormal for Fido. From there, your vet will be able tell you if something does not need to be urgently addressed or if you should make an appointment right away. Whether Fido is just having an off day or he ingested something poisonous, it is always better to be safe than sorry. College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University: vetmed.tamu.edu/pet-talk

NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2014

PETS

GUIDE TO SENIOR PET CARE

ORAL CARE FOR THE SENIOR PET By Fraser Hale, DVM, FAVD, DiplAVDC >>

Dogs and cats are masters at masking oral pain and behaving normally. Owners often believe that, if their pet is eating, all is well. But consider this — what is the alternative to eating? The answer — starvation. Oral pain has to be very severe before an animal will choose to starve itself. And in the wild, complaining of any infirmity marks you for weakness, so dogs and cats evolved to hide their pain and carry on. Dental disease takes place within the confines of the mouth, a dark, slobbery place that few owners want to explore, and so it’s a case of out of sight, out of mind. To make matters worse, most dental disease takes place below the gum line,

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completely hidden from view even to a well-trained examiner. In light of the above two points, the only way to accurately evaluate a pet’s oral and

dental health is with the aid of general anesthesia to allow for a tooth-by-tooth examination, as well as whole-mouth intra-oral dental radiographs (X-rays).

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PHOTO: DEPOSITPHOTOS.COM

he saying goes that there is no friend like an old friend, and this is as true for our four-legged friends as it is for people. The senior pet has been a beloved member of the human family for many years, with the bond growing everstronger. Sadly, senior pets are inclined to accumulate health issues that can have a serious negative impact on quality (and possibly quantity) of life, and this is certainly the case with oral health. While young dogs and cats can have significant dental issues, older pets are more likely to have significant oral disease. This may include periodontal disease, fracture/worn teeth with endodontic (pulp) disease, tooth resorption, oral growths and more. Of these, periodontal disease is by far the most common in small breed dogs, while tooth resorption is seen more commonly in cats while dogs who like to chew are more likely to have worn and broken teeth. These conditions are so common that, unless your senior pet has been receiving annual professional dental care (under anesthetic and by a veterinarian with a strong interest in dentistry), you can be virtually assured that he has significant dental disease somewhere in his mouth. Why is dental disease so common in senior pets? Here are just a few reasons:

GUIDE TO SENIOR PET CARE

Many owners have concerns about anesthetizing their pet. Since most dental disease is hidden and the pet is masking the dental pain, owners may perceive no clear and obvious reason to proceed, and so often nothing is done until the situation is so bad it can no longer be ignored. By the time the problem is obvious, you can be assured your pet has been suffering in silence for some time. Fortunately, modern anesthetic science allows virtually any patient to be safely anesthetized for proper dental evaluation and treatment. To help our senior pets enjoy good oral health (a mouth free of pain and infection) to the end of their days, pet owners and veterinarians need to work together on a three-phase oral health plan. Diagnosis: Visit your veterinarian for a preliminary oral examination, a complete physical examination along with appropriate pre-anesthetic diagnostic testing. Once the test results are in, your veterinarian can devise an appropriate plan to get your pet under general anesthetic for a far more detailed dental examination, including whole-mouth intra-oral dental radiographs. This is essential: if your veterinarian is not able to obtain and evaluate diagnostic intra-oral dental radiographs, ask for a referral to a professional who can provide this service. Treatment: Once the detailed examination is complete, you and your veterinarian should discuss the findings and agree on an appropriate treatment plan to provide your pet with a mouth free of pain and infection. The plan may involve a cleaning above and below the gum line, periodontal surgery, extractions, root canal treatment and other procedures depending on the situation. Typically the diagnosis and treatment are completed in one anesthetic episode. Maintenance: Once the mouth is free of pain and infection, we need a plan to keep it that way. This may involve altering chewing behaviours to prevent further damage to the structure of the teeth. For animals with periodontal disease, maintenance must involve a safe, effective daily

home plaque control program. The cornerstone of plaque control is daily tooth brushing, and once an animal’s mouth has been made healthy and comfortable, many are quite open to the idea, as long as the training process is done gradually and with lots of positive reinforcement. Go at it too soon or too fast, and failure is virtually assured. As well as brushing, there are some products that can be helpful in maintaining good oral hygiene. Then, plan on annual professional maintenance therapy. The first dental procedure is likely to be the longest, biggest procedure to find and treat all of the accumulated disease. Follow-up visits are likely to be much shorter and simpler. While there are many products on the market that claim to offer some benefit to oral health, for most of these products there is a lack of credible evidence that they do anything of value. To make matters worse, some actually claim to be reasonable alternatives to proper professional veterinary care. There is no product that treats established dental disease and no product that will prevent dental disease when used all by itself. Even the very best products are only aids in the effort to maintain good oral hygiene between regular professional care visits. But how do you determine which products have any value? The simplest way is to visit www.vohc.org and look for products that have acceptance by the Veterinary Oral Health Council for helping to control plaque (which is far more important than controlling tartar). One serious warning: There are some veterinarians and others who believe that they can provide dental care without anesthetic. At first, this sounds like a very appealing option, especially for

the senior pet. However, such procedures are at best worthless, and they may even cause serious harm. In many jurisdictions, such anesthesia-free dentistry is actually illegal or considered malpractice depending on who is doing it. Regardless of local regulations, do not pursue anesthesia-free dentistry. It simply is not possible to accurately assess or properly treat dental disease without general anesthetic. In the end, providing your beloved senior pet with optimum oral health is as simple as 1-2-3 (accurate diagnosis, appropriate treatment and effective maintenance). For more information on how to keep your pet’s mouth in good health, check out the resources available on my website at www.toothvet.ca, particularly the Old CUSP Articles page. Dr. Fraser Hale is a Diplomate of the American Veterinary Dental College (AVDC). He has served as chair of the examination committee and the Review and Assessment Examination of the AVDC. In 2003, he opened Canada’s first dental-only veterinary facility in Guelph, ON. For more information, visit www.toothvet.ca.

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GUIDE TO SENIOR PET CARE

THE SENIOR PET

WELLNESS EXAM

By Kristina Cooper, RVT >>

ust because you pet is getting older doesn’t mean they need less medical care — in many cases, they may require professional care more often. Biannual exams should replace yearly trips to the veterinary hospital when pets reach senior status. These more frequent visits can help keep on top of medical changes and your pet’s evolving needs. The following is an overview of what your veterinarian is checking for when completing a senior pet exam.

A quick look in the ears to look for any signs of infection is usually done in any age of pet. In senior pets, hearing may also be assessed during an exam as the senior years often bring about some degree of hearing loss. Vision is also examined during a senior pet exam, as this sense can also fail with age. The development of cataracts in older animals can diminish sight and make it harder for older pets to get around.

SKIN/COAT/BODY CONDITION Signs of underlying diseases (thyroid disease, endocrine disease, cancer etc.) may become apparent through changes in the skin, coat and body condition of your pet. A thorough exam looking at coat quality, hair loss, skin redness or itching and lumps and bumps will be given. Your vet will look at your pet’s body condition for signs of weight gain/loss, and decrease in muscle mass.

PHOTOS: DEPOSITPHOTOS.COM

EARS AND EYES

JOINTS Range of motion, gate assessment and palpation of limbs and joints can provide information to let your vet know whether your senior pet may be developing early signs of degenerative joint disease.

PALPATION Your vet will also feel around (palpate) the abdomen for any abnormalities, paying special attention to the liver and kidneys (both of which can become dysfunctional in later years). Lymph nodes will also be assessed for change, and in cats the thyroid gland will be evaluated.

TEETH

TEMPERATURE, PULSE AND RESPIRATION

As pets age they can develop dental disease. Assessing the mouth for foul odours, inflamed gums, tooth loss, tooth fractures, plaque and tartar buildup and infection will help to identify any dental problems that may be troubling your senior pal. Dr. Fraser Hale discusses thorough dental care for senior pets on page 10.

Checking the temperature, pulse and respiration rate of your pet allows your veterinary team to assess their vital signs. Increases in temperature can signify an infection somewhere in the body that needs to be identified. Pulse and respiration rates can give clues as to the cardiovascular and respiratory health of your pet.

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A history will also be compiled of your pet’s recent experience with appetite, urination and defecation to address any abnormalities that may be a sign of disease. If, during your pet’s examination, your vet finds something abnormal, they may recommend further investigations utilizing diagnostic tools, such as blood work, fecal and urinary sample testing, X-rays and ultrasound. How long has it been since your senior pet has made a trip to the vet? Early detection of disease can allow for prompt treatment, which can help to extend your pet’s life and make him more comfortable — and happy! Kristina Cooper is a Registered Veterinary Technician (RVT) and a member of the Ontario Association of Veterinary Technicians (OAVT). She works in a Municipal Animal Shelter and in her family’s dog and cat boarding facility, Cooper Kennels, in Ancaster, ON. (www.cooperkennels.ca). S h e ca n b e rea c h ed b y e - m a i l a t krizzteena@hotmail.com.

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GUIDE TO SENIOR PET CARE

THE LOW-DOWN ON SENIOR HEALTH SMALLER DOGS HAVE UNIQUE NEEDS By Dr. Heather Weese and Laura Western >>

rom Chihuahuas to Great Danes, no other mammalian species has variation in size like the dog. With so much variation, different sized dogs are prone to unique medical conditions, and many of these conditions become even more prevalent as dogs get older. Small dogs tend to live longer than larger dogs, so it is especially important to look after their health so they can enjoy their golden years. Here are some key facts about small breeds: Small dogs (weighing <10 kg) are more prone to dental disease: Small breed dogs develop plaque and tartar at an earlier age and more severely than medium or large dogs. As dogs age, dental disease, also known as periodontal disease, can become more severe, leading to bad breath, tooth loss and pain and discomfort for your dog. Periodontal disease can also be a risk factor for other diseases, including kidney disease and heart disease. Providing regular home care, including brushing and/or the use of oral rinses, chews or specialized diets, can help maintain your dog’s healthy mouth. It is important to start dental care

early so that your small dog can have a healthy mouth throughout their life. See page 10 for more on proper oral healthcare for your senior pet. Small dogs are more likely to develop bladder stones: Sixty percent of all dogs that form bladder stones weigh less than 10 kg. The prevalence of stone formation increases with age. The risk of some common types of stones can be greatly reduced with proper dietary management. Feeding a canned formula or using other tricks to encourage water intake can also help reduce the risk. Ask your veterinary team for advice on preventing urinary stone formation in your senior small breed dog. Excess weight and obesity can lead to other serious diseases and a shorter lifespan: Even little dogs need to keep fit! Maintaining a healthy weight is important for your small dog’s heart and joint health and for decreasing the risk of many health conditions, such as diabetes and urinary tract disease. Senior dogs can benefit from appropriate exercise. Speak to your veterinary team for ideas on how to keep your aging pet active.

Many of the medical conditions common in older small breed dogs can be addressed in part by appropriate nutrition: Some diets are designed to meet the unique needs of the older, smallbreed dog, with features such as urinary health support, dental disease prevention and smaller kibble size. A specific size and shape of kibble can be designed to accommodate the size of mouth and strength of jaw of the small breed dog. Your healthcare team can help you choose the right diet. Small dogs are special, so remember to treat them that way. Healthy small dogs can continue to be a part of your family for 20 years, or even longer. Being proactive about your small dog’s health as he or she ages can help to ensure they enjoy a long and healthy life. Dr. Heather Weese is a veterinarian providing scientific support and clinical research at Royal Canin Canada. Laura Western is a nutritionist and Associate Marketing Manager for Royal Canin Canada. For more information, visit www.royalcanin.ca

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CUSHING’S DISEASE IN DOGS AND CATS:

THE GREAT IMITATOR By Christina Miller, CAHT/RVT, BSc >>

t is important to consult with your veterinarian to ensure that your pet lives his or her golden years in comfort. Weight loss or gain, lethargy and exercise intolerance, increased respiratory rate (including panting constantly in dogs, or any panting in cats), increased thirst, increased urine production, changes in bowel movements, hair loss and changes in appetite are all potentially early signs of illness in an aging pet. Your veterinarian will need to perform diagnostics to determine the cause, as many disease processes in older pets have similar clinical signs. Some signs of aging are normal, but some are hints of treatable disease processes. Cushing’s disease, or hyperadrenocorticism, is one of these treatable conditions. Unfortunately, Cushing’s is well known as the great imitator because signs vary from patient to patient, and it can mimic other diseases. It is far more common in dogs than in cats.

UNDERSTANDING STRESS AND HORMONES Cushing’s disease is so variable because various bodily systems are affected differently in afflicted pets. This condition is an endocrine disease, meaning that it involves hormone-producing organs. Hormones are signalling chemicals important in regulating many bodily processes; examples of other endocrine diseases include hypo- and hyperthyroidism and diabetes mellitus (involving the hormone insulin). Cushing’s involves steroid hormones and their varied effects on the entire body. The body naturally produces steroid hormones for various uses. They are not the same as the substances used by athletes to build muscle; steroids are actually a large group of organic compounds found in both plants and animals with many pur-

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GUIDE TO SENIOR PET CARE

poses and effects on the body. Sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone are steroids, and so is vitamin D3 that is needed to use calcium in our diets. Cushing’s disease specifically involves cortisol, a steroid that is produced by the adrenal glands. The adrenal glands are located just above the kidneys in mammals, and despite their small size they are quite important and produce several hormones that keep our bodies working properly. Cortisol, often called the “stress hormone,” is produced by the adrenal glands to serve many functions. If the body needs quick energy or needs an antiinflammatory response, then cortisol is involved: protein, fat and carbohydrate metabolism, blood pressure, bone formation, immune system function, nervous system function and the stress response are all affected by cortisol. It is okay in small doses, but over the long term it will cause chronic changes in the body. What stimulates cortisol production? The pituitary gland (located in the brain) receives signals from the elsewhere body in response to stress. Stress may be caused by anything perceived as stressful by an animal, such as a fearful situation or physical pain, and will cause the pituitary gland to produce a hormone called adrenocorticotropic hormone (often abbreviated as ACTH). ACTH will communicate to the adrenal glands to produce cortisol to help cope with stress. Note that ACTH does not last very long in the body — it will decline in concentration in the blood by half every 10 to 20 minutes until it is depleted. This makes the stress response caused by cortisol release from the adrenals relatively short, except in exceptional situations of chronic stress or excessive hormone production.

WHEN HORMONES GO WRONG Animals will suffer long-lasting effects of cortisol in exceptional situations. Chronic stress from environmental stressors (e.g., having another pet bullying them) or pain (such as any chronic injury that is untreated) can cause serious changes, but they are not typically associated with Cushing’s disease. We tend to see problems with the pituitary and adrenal glands themselves.

In pituitary-dependant Cushing’s, the gland is producing too much ACTH. This overstimulates the adrenal glands and they produce large amounts of cortisol in response to the ACTH. This overproduction of ACTH is caused by a tumour of the pituitary, most commonly a microadenoma. This is considered a benign tumour, meaning it does not spread to other organs. Pituitary-dependant Cushing’s is the most common form of the disease. Adrenal-dependent Cushing’s involves tumours of the adrenal glands. The cells overgrow but retain their hormone-producing ability, causing an increase in cortisol production. These tumours may be benign or malignant. A third category of this disease is called iatrogenic Cushing’s (iatrogenic means caused by a doctor), which is generally caused by long-term steroid use. This tends to be associated with lifelong conditions such as allergies, inflammatory bowel disorder and many others that can be managed with steroid use to make your pet comfortable. Veterinarians know that there are risks with using steroids long term, so they use them with discretion and need to make sure that everything is going well with your pet with follow-up examinations. Small changes that you may not notice because you see your pet every day may be much more obvious to your pet’s veterinarian. Veterinarians try to use other groups of drugs for various conditions in place of steroids or in combination with steroids to reduce the chances of negative effects. But, it is a delicate balancing act. If your pet has a chronic condition, maintaining a good relationship with your veterinarian is very important so that secondary effects of drugs or other therapy can be caught early. With iatrogenic Cushing’s, because the patient has been receiving steroids as a supplement, the adrenal glands atrophy and lose the ability to produce cortisol. Because of this, steroids can never be stopped immediately, as this can cause a life-threatening condition called hypoa-drenocorticism. This is why whenever your pet is on a short course of steroids,

the doctor will advise you to slowly wean your pet off the drug.

HOW CUSHING’S IS DIAGNOSED Obtaining an accurate diagnosis of what kind of Cushing’s your pet may have (or ruling it out as a possibility) can be complicated. When we have a history of chronic steroid use, then this absolutely helps create a diagnosis — but ruling out other concurrent disease is also important. A general blood biochemistry panel and urine analysis that surveys organ function (such as kidneys and liver) and provides a complete blood cell count is a standard starting point. Your doctor wants to rule out other possible diseases that can contribute to the common clinical signs seen in older animals. For example, excessive thirst and urination can be caused by not only Cushing’s, but also kidney disease and diabetes. Weight gain may not only be related to an older pet eating too much while being less active, but can also be caused by thyroid disease. Radiography (X-rays) is a useful tool to survey your pet’s heart and lungs, as well as abdominal organs. Sometimes ultrasound is needed to have a better resolution of specific organs. Further blood tests that evaluate the hormone-producing glands will help your veterinarian determine whether your pet may have pituitary- or adrenal-dependent Cushing’s. Tests such as the ACTH stimulation and dexamethasone suppression tests will challenge your pet’s hormone-producing organs to see how they respond to help pinpoint where the problem is.

TREATING CUSHING’S Properly diagnosing Cushing’s is critical to make certain that your pet receives appropriate treatment. Ensuring that your pet has appropriate nutrition — and following your doctor’s recommendations — will help your pet age gracefully and peacefully. Christina Miller CAHT/RVT, BSc practices at the Companion Animal Hospital, in Dartmouth, NS, and is a regular contributor to PETS Magazine. www.companionanimal.vetstreet.com

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THE SENIOR DIET

By Michelle Evason, DVM, Dipl. ACVIM (SAIM) and Heather Parsons, VMG, MBA >>

et lovers strive to provide everything their companions need to thrive, and a healthy diet is a cornerstone of good care. Each stage of life has unique requirements when it comes to food; here are some key things to consider about your senior pet’s diet. Energy calories: Based on your veterinary team’s evaluation of your pet’s body and muscle condition, they will make a recommendation for a higher or lower level of energy (calories).

Antioxidants: Several studies suggest that antioxidants in a diet can improve cognitive (brain) function. The best source of antioxidants is whole food ingredients, rather than supplements. Should you senior pet eat a diet labelled for senior or mature pets? There are many diets marketed for senior or mature dogs and cats. These diets are formulated to address common physiologic changes pets experience as they age. The risks of diseases that increase in senior pets may include kidney disease, cardiac disease, cancer, arthritis and periodontal (dental) disease. If your dog or cat is diagnosed with one or more of these specific medical conditions, individualized nutrition will play a significant role in the medical management of their health. Normal aging changes may also be responsive to nutritional intervention. Although there are natural physiologic changes that happen as your pet ages, in the absence of a medical condition, your pet may not benefit from a senior diet. Many senior diets restrict protein, but the protein requirements of senior dogs actually increase with age because of an increase in what is called protein turnover, or the

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Protein: Not all protein sources are created equal. Your senior pet needs a diet with high-quality, highly digestible protein sources to help build and maintain muscle mass and body condition. Your veterinarian will assess your pet’s muscle mass and help guide this recommendation. Check out the World Small Animal Veterinary Association (www.wsava.org) for a great muscle condition scoring chart! Unless your dog or cat is diagnosed with a disease that requires specific protein reduction for management, your senior pet requires an increase in protein. Cats between the age of 10 and 14 have more difficulty digesting protein. Many senior cats experience muscle waste (sarcopenia). Feeding optimal protein can reduce muscle loss and help maintain appropriate healthy body condition.

Omega-3 fatty acids: Important throughout all life stages, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids may slow down the progression of aging.

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continual breakdown and synthesis of pro teins in the body. Older cats require higher amounts of protein than younger cats. As they age, they absorb and metabolize protein less efficiently. How do you know what is best for your senior pet? Your veterinary team’s knowledge of the fundamentals of nutrition, of the needs of dogs and cats and the needs of your specific pet makes them the best source for a nutritional recommendation. The ideal nutritional approach is based on a detailed assessment of the needs of each individual pet. The first step to determining the proper diet for your senior pet is a thorough physical exam by your veterinary team. Two critical factors are body condition score (BCS) and muscle condition score (MCS). Although senior pets tend to be less active and so have lower energy requirements, they are also more likely to be underweight and have lower muscle mass. A senior pet with an ideal body condition score can still have muscle loss. Combining BCS and MCS evaluation will present a more accurate picture of your pet’s health and condition and also help target your pet’s specific nutritional needs. For your senior cat, increasing water intake may be important, as many older cats are prone to conditions that increase their risk of dehydration. One way to increase water intake is to feed wet food that contains higher water/moisture levels. The most important factor in providing the best care for your unique dog or cat is a thorough nutritional assessment by your veterinary team. This way you and your unique senior pet get the best diet recommendation that fits their specific needs. Dr. Michelle Evason is head of Rayne Clinical Nutrition’s nutritional consult team, providing case consults and support to veterinary practices in Canada. Heather Parsons is sales and marketing director for Rayne Clinical Nutrition.info@raynecanada.ca

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SENIORS NEED EXERCISE TOO! By Kristina Cooper, RVT >>

ust because your dog may be slowing down, getting a little grey in the muzzle, or can’t hear as well as they once could doesn’t mean they won’t enjoy some regular exercise as a senior. In fact, exercise is a necessary part of keeping your senior pet in his or her best shape, both physically and mentally. Similar to aging humans, our pet counterparts can benefit from regular exercise because it prevents obesity (which can lead to joint pain), helps to maintain the smooth movement in joints like the hips, knees and shoulders and can also provide cardiovascular benefits by promoting a strong healthy heart. Exercise provides positive mental stimulation for pets, which helps to decrease stress, anxiety and boredom, too. When considering what type of exercise to incorporate into your senior dog’s routine it is important to remember that although they can still enjoy physical activity, they may not tolerate the same level of exercise they tolerated as a young pup. You may want to consider some of these lower impact exercises that may be more suitable for your aging canine companion.

SENIOR-FRIENDLY ACTIVITIES Before initiating an exercise regime for your dog, you should have your veterinarian examine your dog to make sure they are healthy and to determine if there are any

exercise restrictions that should be considered. The following exercises are commonly recommended for seniors. Swimming is a low-impact exercise that is great for weight-bearing joints. The buoyancy of the water prevents excessive pressure on the joints while allowing your pet to work their muscles and get their cardiovascular system pumping. Controlled walks, as opposed to full bounding runs, are a safer alternative for your senior dog. As pets age, arthritic change can set in, as well as weakened ligaments and tendons. Uncontrolled walks and runs can result in injuries that could be avoided with a controlled leash walk. Leash-free parks are also a great idea to add some exercise and socialization into your senior dog’s life. Leash-free areas, which are fenced in, provide the security of an enclosed area where your dog will not be able to wander away if their sense of sight or hearing is not as sharp as it once was. Leashfree parks also offer the ability to socialize your dog with other people and dogs, which can be great for them mentally, too.

SENIOR EXERCISE TIPS If your dog hasn’t had much physical activity for a while, slowly increase the amount of exercise you incorporate into their daily routine. Just like us, it may take them a while to get used to adding some activity back into their life.

Try adding small amounts of exercise on a daily basis instead of leaving it to one big burst of activity with long gaps of time in between. Your pet will appreciate the routine. Consider exercises that take into account the fact that their eyesight and hearing may not be as sharp as they once were. This may mean that they aren’t as accurate with catching a Frisbee or may not respond to verbal commands when trying to recall them in an open space, should they be hard of hearing. Look for signs your senior pet will show you to indicate that they are at their limit. If they lie down and refuse to go any further, drag their feet on the ground or seem to be panting heavier than they normally do, you should stop the exercise and give them some time to catch their breath and regain some strength. If you notice after exercise that your pet seems stiff, uncomfortable or in pain you should re-evaluate the exercise routine and modify it to prevent these unpleasant effects. Kristina Cooper is a Registered Veterinary Technician (RVT) and a member of the Ontario Association of Veterinary Technicians (OAVT). She works in a Municipal Animal Shelter and in her family's dog and cat boarding facility, Cooper Kennels, in Ancaster, ON (www.cooperkennels.ca). S h e ca n b e rea c h ed b y e - m a i l a t krizzteena@hotmail.com.

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GUIDE TO SENIOR PET CARE

WHAT’S IN A NUMBER? OLDER PETS MAKE FOR HAPPY HOMES, TOO

SO WHO ARE SENIOR PETS THE BEST MATCH FOR? Senior pets are the perfect match for someone who is looking to have a pet that won’t need that special care and attention puppies and kittens require. If you love to

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uppies and kittens make great pets, but these youngsters are not for everyone. If you’re looking for a less energetic, more relaxed and laidback pet, why not consider adopting a senior dog or cat? Sometimes senior pets get overlooked at shelters simply because of their age, but the truth is they are every bit as great as younger pets. Here’s why: When adopting a senior pet, your potential new furry best friend will already have developed their full personality. This means you’ll already have all the information you need on the animal’s personality, which will make finding your perfect match that much easier. Senior pets hold no surprises. What you see tends to be what you get with a senior pet. You’ll already know the colour of their adult coat, and what their particular medical conditions may be. Senior pets come with their own history, which makes predicting future conditions and concerns that much easier. This can also help you make the decision as to whether or not this pet will fit in with your lifestyle. Also, those who choose to adopt a senior dog, for example, have more of a chance of getting an animal that is already potty trained, who knows how to sit and stay and does not beg for table scraps. It will only take a day or two to get your new pet used to your home, as opposed to months with a younger pet. Another great benefit of adopting a senior pet is that they are past the chewing phase of puppyhood and you most likely won’t come home to a chewed up shoe or table leg!

relax and are looking for some company while hanging out on the couch or reading in bed, a senior pet is a great R&R companion! Our more senior companions make great pets for elderly adopters since they are much calmer than their younger counterparts. You won’t have to worry about taking your pet on long walks and play dates at the dog park to help burn off all that puppy energy. If you’re worried about that age-old myth which states “you can’t teach an old dog new tricks,” have no fear. This is just a

myth. Your senior pet will be more eager to please and will be much more attentive than a puppy when learning new tricks. Try it yourself and see! At the end of the day, senior pets are cute, cuddly and make great pets. They will be so grateful if given the chance to join your family. With their many years of experience, senior pets know the way to a human’s heart — so consider adopting your new forever friend today! From the OSPCA: www.ontariospca.ca

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OLD AGE IS NOT A DISEASE

UNDERSTANDING CANINE COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTION – AND WHAT CAN BE DONE TO MANAGE IT

anine Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome (CDS) is a brain disorder found in senior dogs that is often compared to dementia, senility and even Alzheimer’s disease in humans. Over time, CDS impacts cognition, or the mental abilities and processes involved in knowledge, memory, judgment and problem solving. Dogs experiencing cognitive decline may display behavioural changes in one or more of the following ways: • Disorientation in the home or yard, • Changes in interactions with family members, • Disruption of sleep patterns, • Loss of housetraining, or • Decreased levels of activity.

The progression of these signs tends to be very gradual, which leads a lot of owners to dismiss any changes as merely a part old age. To demonstrate how common CDS is in the general dog population, a recent study in the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association estimates that 28% of dogs aged 11 to 12 years old showed impairments in one or more of the categories listed above, and that 10% had impairments in two or more areas. Even more startling, the study found that 68% of dogs aged 15 to 16 years old had impairments in one or more categories, and 35% had impairments in two more. Aging has numerous effects on the brain and general nervous function, which

can contribute to the behavioural changes that occur in CDS. Some of these changes include the following: Brain atrophy — As a dog ages, the total weight and size of the brain will decrease. The decrease in the number of brain cells will cause a decrease in brain function and ability. Brain plaques — Beta amyloid is a protein that will accumulate and destroy brain cells. Dogs, like humans, will develop beta amyloid plaques in the brain. The larger the accumulation of this protein, the greater the negative effects on brain function. In dogs, studies have linked beta amyloid plaques to errors in learning tests.

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Chemical changes in the brain — In older dogs, it has been found that natural levels of a chemical called Monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) tend to increase with age. MAO-B breaks down the neurotransmitter dopamine, which ultimately decreases dopamine levels. Dopamine controls the brain’s pleasure centre, and so it is no surprise that increased MAO-B is thought to play a role in depression and other health issues affected by low dopamine levels in the brain.

DIAGNOSIS A diagnosis of CDS is generally made by exclusion, meaning all other potential causes of a particular problem are first ruled out. Once routine tests are performed, which can include a neurological exam, blood work and imaging, CDS is usually suspected based on the patient’s history and age.

WATCH FOR SIGNS OF CDS IN YOUR SENIOR DOG: • • • • • • • • • • • •

•

Going to the wrong side of a door, Decreased awareness, House soiling, Depression or apathy, Vocalizing at night, Altered sleep/wake cycle, Not responding to previously learned commands, Looking for increased/decreased affection from owner, Increasing irritability, No interest in play, Pacing/restlessness, Compulsive behaviours (e.g. increased licking), and Altered relationships with people and other pets.

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TREATMENT The general goals of treatment for CDS are to slow down the rate of cognitive decline, and to relieve any pain or distress associated with changes in physical and/or mental status. CDS may be treated with medication, supplements and/or behavioural modification therapy. Medication — Selegiline (L-Deprenyl) is an anti-depressant medication that is currently the only veterinary drug licensed to treat CDS in North America. Selegiline prolongs the activity of dopamine in the brain, which helps improve cognitive function. In addition, it has been found that selegiline will decrease the levels of damaging free radicals in the brain that can help slow the rate of cognitive impairment. Selegiline is an oral medication that is given daily. Most patients will see some form of improvement within one month of starting treatment. Supplements — S-adenosylmethionine (SAM-e) is a supplement formulated specifically for dogs and cats. It helps protect brain cells, demonstrates antioxidant

activities and participates in the renewal of certain neurotransmitters in the body. SAM-e has been found to be effective in improving clinical signs associate with CDS in a double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. SAM-e is a daily supplement that has very few adverse effects. Diet — There are a variety of veterinary prescription diets that are formulated to be rich in antioxidants and omega-3 fatty acids. These properties have been found to decrease the rate of cognitive dysfunction progression while improving behavioural function, and they may even have a protective effect. Some diets will also include medium chain triglycerides (MCTs), which serve as an alternative energy source for brain cells to help improve cognitive function. Cognitive improvements have been seen as early as two to eight weeks after therapy begins. Environmental enrichment — Mental and physical activity is essential in preventing the advancement of CDS, and may play a bigger role than previously thought. Mental stimulation can lead to a better quality of life for many older dogs. For dogs, olfactory stimulation (sense of smell) is likely coupled with cognition. Mental stimulation can involve work for food, food puzzles, food games or any other mental exercise that involves their sense of smell. Ultimately there should be absolutely no punishment for any undesirable behaviour that occurs as a result of CDS. Negative actions will leave the patient more anxious. If you have any concerns regarding behavioural changes in your older dogs, be sure to bring them to your regular veterinarian for proper assessment and diagnosis. With many advances over the past 10 years, we are able to give our beloved companions longer and happier lives in spite of the effects of CDS. Andrea Smith BSc, DVM, CCRP (candidate) is an associate veterinarian at the Don Mills Veterinary Practice in Toronto. drsmith@donmillsvet.com

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Decreased blood flow in the brain — Blood flow in the brain can be impeded by small bleeds and areas where blood flow is disrupted or has stopped. Decreased blood flow can deprive brain cells of oxygen, and ultimately lead to permanent damage or death of the cells.

GUIDE TO SENIOR PET CARE

SENIORS

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IN MOTION DON’T LET THE STIFFNESS AND ACHES OF OLD AGE GET YOUR OLDER PET OUT OF JOINT – HELP IS OUT THERE!

ith the medical and nutritional advances that have occurred in veterinary medicine, our pets are living longer and healthier lives. However, living longer means more pets are now experiencing problems related to the aging process. A common age-related problem is arthritis and it is a condition of great concern to pet owners because of the discomfort it may cause. The good news is that many medications have been developed to safely deal with chronic pain in both dogs and cats. These range from nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications (or NSAIDs for short), hyaluronic acid or nutraceuticals and other naturally occurring remedies. The goal is to try and limit the need for medications by ensuring that the joints are not overworked by being forced to carry too much weight or engaging in excessive exercise. Ensure that your pet is in the optimal weight range for a dog of its body size and conformation and while continued exercise is good, be cautious of taking a dog on forced runs or playing a very long game of fetch. Many dogs are so eager to please their masters, they will literally play fetch until they drop. Bursts of excessive exercise can put an arthritis-prone and out-ofshape dog into super-sore mode so it is best to take it easy and work up gradually in the intensity of exercise. Swimming is an ideal exercise since it allows the mus-

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cles to get a work-out without the strain of putting full body weight on the joints. NSAIDs are products we are all familiar with and they can be found in virtually everyone’s medicine cabinet. Examples include acetylsalicylic acid (ASA or Aspirin), acetaminophen (Tylenol) and ibuprofen (Motrin). For instance, Aspirin in dogs can have tremendous benefits if used properly under veterinary supervision. These medications can also be harmful, especially in cats if used without consulting your veterinarian first; so a word of caution, always discuss the use of any medication with your veterinarian before you administer it to your pet. Good intentions may lead to patient harm. There are also many newer NSAIDs specifically designed for animals that can be used to treat chronic pain. Examples include meloxicam (Metacam) and carprofen (Rimadyl). Like any NSAIDs, there are potential side-effects and every pet should be thoroughly assessed by physical examination and blood tests before these medications are prescribed. There has been a link discovered between Rimadyl and liver disease in certain lines of Labrador Retrievers, so these medications may not be suitable for every pet. However, for those pets able to tolerate the newer NSAIDs the results can be very good, with many bedbound pets responding to the control of pain with significantly increased mobility. Nutraceuticals are naturally occurring products. Some have been shown to assist

in the control of pain and inflammation associated with arthritis. One example is refined fish oils, especially those high in omega-3 fatty acids, which can act as natural anti-inflammatory compounds. Another group of nutraceuticals employs either glucosamine, chondroitin sulphate or both. Both of these active ingredients may support the joint, making movement less painful. There is also a version available for use by injection by your veterinarian. Many different trade names exist and while they may not be as potent as the NSAIDs, symptoms of pain often subside within four to six weeks and these medications can be given in conjunction with NSAIDs, often reducing the amounts of NSAID needed. Other compounds, such as unsaponifiable extracts of soybeans, avocado and MSM, are often combined in the pet arthritis medications. As for other natural remedies, caution should be exercised as many designed for use in arthritis contain ingredients with NSAID-class compounds and they may create toxicities when used in conjunction with other arthritis-relief medications. Many different products and solutions exist to provide relief for older pets that suffer from the often debilitating effects of arthritis. Talk to your veterinarian about designing a pain-relief protocol that best suits your pet’s needs. From the Canadian Veterinary Medical Association: www.canadianveterinarians.net

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ADDRESSING DOG OVERPOPULATION IN THE NORTH

By Melissa Cavanagh

PHOTO: CHRISTINA WEESE

A clinical team treats local pets during a remote animal clinic in west-central Saskatchewan.

lthough dogs still play a vital role in their lives, many First Nations people are dealing with overpopulation and aggressive interactions between humans and dogs in their communities. Jasmine Dhillon, a graduate student at the Western College of Veterinary Medicine (WCVM), has been working with some First Nations people in Saskatchewan to talk about methods of dog population control and dog bite prevention in their communities. Dhillon’s role is to talk about the range of available methods, help communities through the decision-making process and provide access to resources. “I’m not making any decisions for the community,” says Dhillon. “All decisions are actually made by the community — I’m just the broker in the middle.” She’s building on the work of WCVM associate professor Dr. Tasha Epp who has worked to establish a relationship with First Nations and to better understand what veterinarians can do to help. Dhillon’s first step is to meet with the local elders. They talk about the community’s dogs and their significance to First

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Nations people as protectors and companions, as well as a mode of transportation. “I then have a discussion with the band council and chiefs — asking what problems do you see, what solutions have you tried?” says Dhillon. The next step is a community discussion where everyone gives input into the problem. As Dhillon explains, many families have a smaller, indoor dog for companionship and a larger outdoor dog that protects their home. But many of these outdoor animals are not spayed or neutered, so dog populations can quickly become unmanageable. On average, there are one to two fatal dog attacks in Canada’s First Nations communities each year. Since most communities don’t have access to veterinary services, residents often feel that there’s no choice but to cull dogs. But culls are happening less often than in the past, and this is why several communities have recently experienced dog population explosions. Some communities have established

close relationships with canine rescue groups. In these situations, a designated person collects any free-roaming dogs and holds them for some time. If no one claims the dogs, a rescue group re-homes them in other communities or provinces. However, many communities are too far away from rescue groups or the organizations don’t have the capacity to take all of the dogs. Several communities are working toward creating other effective solutions. Legislation regarding licensing laws and a maximum number of dogs per household are already in place on some reserves. Other communities participate in spay and neuter programs that are organized by Team North, Canine Action Project and other Saskatchewan groups. Another option is chemical sterilization: it requires less people, less resources and it’s cheaper than other alternatives. But since the drugs aren’t fully approved for use in Canada, they can only be brought into the country through an emergency drug release. Another large part of the WCVM research program is education: Dhillon helps residents better understand canine behaviours. She’s also collecting demographic information on dog populations that will help communities eventually determine whether population-control methods are working. Dhillon’s project is supported by the WCVM’s Companion Animal Research Fund and through the college’s Interprovincial Graduate Student Fellowship. Melissa Cavanagh of Winnipeg, MB, was the WCVM’s research communications intern for the summer of 2013. Reprinted with permission from the WCVM Companion Animal Health Fund. Visit www.cahf.usask.ca for more information.

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INSPIRING STORIES OF THE PROFOUND IMPACT DOGS CAN HAVE ON OUR LIVES

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Jennifer Skiff is an award-winning television producer, journalist and author of The Divinity of Dogs. She lives in Australia and the U.S. Jennifer is an animal advocate and a trustee of the Dogs’ Refuge Home in Australia. www.jenniferskiff.com

BOOMER MAKES A SPLASH

AS THE FAMILY HERO ave you ever had one of those “aha” moments when you realized your pet was smarter than you had thought? My favourite moments come when I watch one of my dogs offer a kindness to another. This year, a beaten, bruised and sick Maltese came into our lives. I named her Happy because, despite it all, she’s happy. Happy amazed me one morning when I told her it was time to go for a walk. She smiled, wagged her tail and then ran over to our deaf dog Honey, who was in a coma-like sleep, and nudged Honey with her nose. Honey popped up enthusiastically and followed Happy to the door. And that’s been happening every day since. Sometimes what we witness is simple and other times dramatic. But it’s always enlightening to be reminded that other animals have feelings and reactions similar to our own. A friend of mine, Susan Lilly, was hiking with her dogs when a frightening event led to an epiphany. Here’s her story:

My dog Boomer, a Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever mix (pictured on the left), is a pleaser. He always wants to do his family right. His big sister Riley is a mix of breeds and looks like a small German Shepherd. Both are rescue dogs and are a big part of our family. We live in Telluride, Colorado, and hike together nearly every day. In June 2004, we were walking on our river trail, as we often do. The river was flowing incredibly hard, as the snow from the mountains was melting. As usual, Riley stepped over the side of the riverbank to take a drink of water. But this time, she slipped off a rock and into the madflowing rapids. Immediately, her body went vertical, disabling her from being able to swim her way to safety. She spun around and around, paws aimlessly splashing in the rapids, with a look of helpless horror in her eyes. After a quick, terrifying assessment, I ran as fast as I could in my flip-flops down the

river trail, with the intention of jumping into the shallow river to intercept her from a certain drowning. I ran, looking back frequently to be sure to go far enough to catch her. The third time I looked back, I saw something that took my breath away. Boomer, our tenmonth-old puppy, had made his way to a rock on the river’s edge and had Riley’s neck in his mouth. After securing his grip, he tugged her with a sort of gentle but ferocious sense of urgency out of the river, through the bushes and onto the river trail. And then, without releasing her, he shook her back and forth, almost as a reprimand. She was safe, and Boomer was our hero for life. From this experience, I realized there is almost a sixth sense that dogs and perhaps other animals have that clues them into danger and other intangible stimuli. I’m comforted in knowing the extraordinary things that dogs, and in this case Boomer, can do in a largely human world.

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with Dieter Kohlmaier, DVM Dieter Kohlmaier, DVM, owns and operates Westoak Animal Hospital in Oakville, ON. He can be reached at westoakvet@gmail.com

CANINE HYPOTHYROIDISM n the last issue, I examined feline thyroid disorders, which are almost always an overactive thyroid gland referred to as hyperthyoidism. In this issue, I would like to discuss canine thyroid disease, which turns out to be the exact opposite, namely hypothyroidism. The thyroid gland is a butterfly shaped hormone that consists of two lobes that are situated on either side of the trachea. The gland typically measures 50 mm long and 15 mm wide, and has very important functions; it is involved in the regulation of many processes that occur in the body. The hypothalamus and the pituitary gland in the brain are involved in regulating thyroid hormone levels by secreting hormones of their own to stimulate the thyroid gland. If the thyroid gland is prevented from receiving signals or the signals are blocked, the result will be low levels of thyroid hormones produced by the thyroid gland. The resultant disease is hypothyroidism. Approximately 95% of cases are caused by destruction of the thyroid gland itself, which in turn causes a decrease in the production of thyroid hormones from the source. The remaining cases are due to pituitary gland diseases that decrease the level of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Certain breeds are at greater risk for hypothyroidism, including Golden Retrievers, Doberman Pinscher, Irish Setter, Great Dane, Old English Sheepdog, Airedale Terrier, Miniature Schnauzer, Cocker Spaniel, Poodle and Boxer. Hypothyroidism is distributed equally between male and

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female dogs, affecting dogs as young as six months and as old as 15 years, with an average age of 7.2 years. Spayed females and neutered males appear to be at a higher risk of the disease. As with any disease, there are clues or signs that may alert the owner or the veterinarian that the dog may be hypothyroid. As the thyroid hormone regulates all body systems, an underactive gland will produce a wide array of signs that reflect this change. Common signs include unexplained weight gain, mental dullness and lethargy. Many hypothyroid dogs will have trouble regulating their body temperature and may seek out warm areas to sleep. Many hypothyroid dogs will exhibit a slower than normal heart rate. Sometimes facial nerves are affected, causing what is termed a “tragic expression.” One of the more common signs involves the skin and coat of the dog. Changes in hair quality, loss of hair, flaky or greasy skin, increased pigmentation and chronic infection are some of the more common findings. These dogs may also have excessive wax accumulation in their ear canals. Some of the less common signs are head tilt, uncoordination, seizures, lipid deposits in the corneas and infertility. Regardless of the signs, they develop slowly but are progressive. Obtaining a diagnosis can be straightforward but often is not. If the patient is exhibiting clinical signs, blood testing is usually performed. Up to 80% of cases demonstrate elevated levels of cholesterol and up to 50% are

mildly anaemic. Hormone analyses are required to provide the definitive diagnosis of hypothyroidism. Ideally, the thyroid hormones will test low and the TSH will test high. This occurs because the thyroid gland is unable to produce sufficient amounts of hormones and the brain, sensing the low levels of thyroid hormones in the blood, will produce more of the stimulating hormones in an effort to increase production. If the testing is inconclusive, additional tests may be performed. There is a condition that can be confusing to many doctors in which thyroid hormone levels may be deficient but the patient does not have any thyroid disease. It is called sick euthyroid (means normal thyroid) syndrome. This condition often appears in dogs that are exhibiting other diseases or dysfunction of one or more organs. For this reason, the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism cannot be based solely on blood test results, but rather a large range of findings. These patients must have their underlying diseases dealt with and then their thyroid hormone levels retested before instituting treatment. Treatment of hypothyroidism is very straightforward. The drug of choice is a synthetic hormone replacement called levothyroxine. The starting dose is dependent on the patient’s weight and it is given twice daily. After an adjustment period of six to eight weeks, patients are retested to determine whether or not the dose should be lowered or increased. Once a maintenance dose is determined testing is performed twice yearly. Because canine hypothyroidism is the most common hormone disease in dogs, it is something pet owners should be aware of as their pets enter middle age, especially if they belong to one of the breeds mentioned.

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with Darren Low, DVM

STORIES FROM THE FRONT LINES OF VETERINARY CARE

Darren Low, DVM, practices companion animal medicine and surgery in Sydney, NS, where he lives with his wife, son and 10 four-footed family members. He writes a weekly column for the Cape Breton Post.

LUCKY IN LOVE, IF NOT HEALTH he name the MacDonald family chose for their new puppy nearly 10 years ago didn’t surprise me at all. With Scottish blood running deep in their veins, it seemed only fitting they choose a Gaelic moniker for their new adoptee. They weren’t sure if the little puppy had any Scottish blood — she looked more like some mixture of Chinese pug and poodle — but she was extremely cute and awfully sweet, and in need of rescue. So, Ceilidh she became, and headed home with her new family. The word ceilidh typically refers to a traditional Gaelic social gathering, usually involving the playing of Gaelic folk music and dancing. Although little Ceilidh has been a perfect family dog, her health has left her family feeling anything but festive. As a young adult, she began having trouble with her bowels, and it took a rather long investigation to find a solution to her intermittent diarrhea and weight loss. After multiple fecal tests, bloodwork, Xrays and finally an intestinal biopsy, we diagnosed Ceilidh with inflammatory bowel disease, or IBD. Eventually, we controlled Ceilidh’s IBD with the strictest of diets, and she only needed periodic medication. She fared well for a few years, until glaucoma struck. With a painful increase of pressure in both her eyes, I was initially unsure if I could medically control such high pressures. It took a combination of both systemic and topical medications, and many follow-up visits, but thankfully we saved her eyes and her vision — for a while, anyway. Down the road I had to surgically remove one of her eyes due to increased pressure and a bad corneal ulcer. There was no use trying to be aggressive with medical management to save the extremely painful eye now, as the corneal injury compounded the glaucoma so severely. But even with one eye removed, her other eye’s glaucoma controlled with

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eye drops and her IBD managed with diet, Ceilidh continued to find and spread joy. Just a few months ago, however, a few new symptoms arose. Ceilidh’s water bowl needed constant refilling from increased thirst, and her fur started falling out in clumps, leaving bald patches on her sides and most of her tail. She wasn’t itchy or showing any signs of pain or discomfort, although she was panting more than usual. It took another barrage of tests, but we got to the root of Ceilidh’s newest malady. I started with the usual blood and urine tests, then added some special endocrine, or hormone, tests. Ceilidh’s

thyroid function proved normal, but her adrenal function tests helped diagnose Ceilidh’s Cushing’s disease, or over-active adrenal glands. It seems wrong for such a sweet and lovely little dog to be so unlucky in health. But perhaps things do happen for a reason. The MacDonald family made sure Ceilidh only had the best of care. There was no second-tier medicine for a member of their family. We now have Ceilidh stabilized well with regard to all of her current ailments, and although she most certainly doesn’t seem to be lucky in health, thankfully, for her sake, she proved lucky in love.