PETS Magazine | November/December 2015

WILD ANIMALS

ARE NOT PETS! NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2015 | $4.95 | www.petsmagazine.ca

Guide to SENIOR PET CARE • • • • •

Coping with Behavioural Change Exercise & Games for Older Pets On the Move with Mobility Aids All Smiles for Oral Health …and more!

CHANGE AN ANIMAL’S LIFE THIS HOLIDAY SEASON

PLUS: OVC PET TRUST CELEBRATES 30 YEARS • A FINAL PAWS FOR REFLECTION

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NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2015, VOL.32, NO.6

SIMMONS PUBLISHING LTD. Publisher

John Simmons john.simmons@petsmagazine.ca

Managing Editor

Brad Hussey brad.hussey@petsmagazine.ca

Advertising Sales

Glenn Ward glenn.wardmediapartners@rogers.com

Art Director Billing/Administration Circulation

Mark Tzerelshtein markintoshdesign.com Linda Simmons linda.simmons@petsmagazine.ca

EDITORIAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE Kristina Cooper, RVT, Cooper Kennels, Ancaster, ON Dr. Dieter Kohlmaier, Westoak Animal Hospital, Oakville, ON Dr. Darren Low, Kennedy Animal Hospital, Sydney, NS Kerry Vinson, Animal Behaviour Professional, Roseneath, ON Dr. Christina McRae, King Street Cat Hospital, Whitby, ON Dr. Cliff Redford, Wellington Vet Clinic, Markham, ON PETS Magazine is published six times a year by Simmons Publishing Ltd. ISSN: 0831-2621 To subscribe to PETS, contact Linda Simmons Toll Free: 877-738-7624 or visit us on the Web at:

Wild Animals Are Not Pets They may be cute, but they don’t make good housemates.

Here's why.

18 Change an Animal’s

Life this Holiday Season Check out the OSPCA's iAdopt for the Holidays campaign and help give a pet a new home!

Guide to

SENIOR PET CARE 8 Coping with Behavioural Change

Just like humans, dogs can undergo cognitive and behavioural changes as they age.

Thankfully, some issues can be treated.

10 Extend Your Senior Pet’s Warranty

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Are you doing everything you can to ensure your senior dog or cat is living a truly golden age?

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Making Tracks PETS Marketplace PET Projects Paws for Reflection

Serve up a healthy diet and keep your senior pet as healthy as can be!

13 Kidney Disease in Dogs and Cats In acute kidney disease, signs can occur quickly and can be very severe, while chronic renal issues include non-specific signs and the disease develops slowly. Here’s what to look for.

14 Young at Heart Keeping the senior dog healthy in mind and body with fun exercises and games.

15 On the Move with Mobility Aids Disease and injury don’t have to spell an end to a pet’s ability to get around — mobility assistance for dogs is taking off!

17 Your Pet's Smile Depends on Oral Health A healthy pet is a happy pet, and it all starts with good oral care.

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STUDY HIGHLIGHTS EDUCATIONAL VALUE OF PETS IN THE CLASSROOM >> A class hamster, guinea pig, lizard or even goldfish can be fun and exciting for schoolchildren, but it also has real educational, leadership and character-building value, according to a new study published by American Humane Association in collaboration with the Pet Care Trust.

Phase I of the two-phase Pets in the Classroom study features surveys and interviews of nearly 1,200 teachers and reveals that having a class pet can teach children important values like compassion, empathy, respect and responsibility for other living things, and gives them much-needed leadership skills and stress relief. Certain challenges still remain, according to the study’s findings, such as teaching children to cope with pet loss, the cost of ownership for teachers and responsibility for the animal when school is not in session.

By far, the most common classroom pets adopted by surveyed teachers were fish, at 31%. The next most common type of classroom pet was the guinea pig (13.7%), followed by the hamster (10.5%), the bearded dragon (7.8%) and the leopard gecko (7.3%). Overall, findings indicate that teachers view both the uses and benefits of classroom pets as primarily centring around six objectives: • To teach children responsibility and leadership via animal care.

• To teach children compassion, empathy and respect for all living things, including animals, humans, nature and the world we share.

• To enhance and enrich a variety of traditional academic lessons, from science to language arts.

• To provide an avenue for relaxation when children are stressed or when their behaviour is unstable and/or challenging to manage (for both typically developing children and those with special needs).

• To help students feel comfortable and engaged in the classroom and with their peers, so that the school environment is more conducive to quality learning, growth and social connections.

• To expose students to new experiences and opportunities (particularly for those who do not have pets of their own), which may translate to a decrease in unfounded fears and biases among children.

The study’s objective is to advance the research of Pet Care Trust’s Pets in the Classroom program, which provides grants to Pre-K through eighth grade educators to adopt and provide ongoing care for small animals in their classrooms. The full report is available online at www.americanhumane.org/pets-in-classroom-study.

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NEWS | PRODUCTS | REVIEWS WHICH CANADIAN CITIES PAMPER PETS MOST? >> Last month, Amazon.ca released the third annual list of the top cities in Canada with the most pampered pets. This list was compiled by comparing Amazon.ca pet item sales data from August 2014 to August 2015 on a per capita basis in cities with more than 100,000 residents.

The top 20 most pampered pets cities in Canada are: 1. Regina, Saskatchewan 11. Vancouver, British Columbia 2. Saskatoon, Saskatchewan 12. Hamilton, Ontario 3. Burnaby, British Columbia 13. Calgary, Alberta 4. Windsor, Ontario 14. Surrey, British Columbia 5. Kitchener, Ontario 15. Mississauga, Ontario 6. Richmond, British Columbia 16. Winnipeg, Manitoba 7. Gatineau, Québec 17. Laval, Québec 8. London, Ontario 18. Halifax, Nova Scotia 9. Markham, Ontario 19. Brampton, Ontario 10. Edmonton, Alberta 20. Longueuil, Québec In taking a closer look, the Amazon.ca pet data reveals: Regina is the New Top Dog: Regina has surpassed Windsor, reclaiming the number-one spot overall, rising from number three last year. The city ranked highest for purchasing the most dog products, as well as grooming and toys items for their pets.

Cats vs. Dogs: The great debate of cats versus dogs will live on, but here’s what the data said: Regina, followed by Saskatoon and Windsor, purchased the most products for dogs, while Kitchener, followed by Saskatoon and Regina, purchased the most cat products. Overall, Canadians purchased more items for dogs than they did for cats.

Canada Loves the Tiniest of Paws: Dogs and cats aren’t the only pets being pampered across Canada. Gatineau, Regina and Saskatoon residents purchased the most items for small animals, such as rabbits, ferrets and hamsters, including cages and spinning wheels.

Polly Wants a Cracker…and More: Bird owners in Gatineau, Edmonton and Windsor took the top three spots, purchasing popular items including, bird toys, food and cage accessories.

Treats and Play: The two Saskatchewan cities in the top 20 also make plenty of time for playtime with pets. Regina, followed by Windsor and Burnaby, purchased the most toys for their furry friends, while Saskatoon, followed by Windsor and Regina, purchased the most treats. — www.amazon.ca

NEW DATABASE HELPS PET OWNER FIND VETERINARY SPECIALISTS >> The American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) and the American College of Veterinary Surgeons (ACVS) have together launched VetSpecialists.com as an education and awareness resource for animal owners. The new website is one of the most comprehensive searchable databases of board-certified veterinary specialists worldwide, enabling animal owners to find local specialists for potential consultations, and to bolster the triad of veterinary care to best care for their animals. Canadian veterinary specialists are included in the database. www.vetspecialists.com

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NEWS | PRODUCTS | REVIEWS

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CANADIAN VETERINARIANS HONOURED DURING NATIONAL AWARDS CEREMONY >>

FOUR WAYS TO CELEBRATE GAME DAY WITH YOUR PET >>

Dr. Timothy H. Ogilvie receives a CVMA Life Membership from CVMA President Dr. Nicole Gallant for his distinguished career in the profession.

A few months ago, during the Canadian Veterinary Medical Association (CVMA) Awards Ceremony in Calgary, Alberta, the CVMA continued its tradition of honouring members for exceptional contributions to the profession. Here’s a list of the winners: • Dr. Susan Kilborn (Ontario) received the CVMA Small Animal Practitioner Award for her continuous dedication to the animals in her care.

• The Industry Award was presented to Dr. Yves Tarte (Québec) for his contribution to veterinary medicine throughout 24 years as a Hill’s Professional Service Representative in pet nutrition.

• Well-known swine welfare advocate, Dr. Timothy Blackwell (Ontario), was awarded the CVMA Humane Award.

• The Merck Veterinary Award was given to Dr. Doug MacDougald (Ontario), a key opinion/veterinary leader within the North American pork industry, for his work with Porcine Epidemic Diarrhoea virus in Canada.

• Alberta-based Veterinary Agri-Health Services Ltd. received the Practice of the Year Award for providing exceptional client-focused services within its beef cattle practice.

• Dr. Michelle Lem (Ontario) received the CVMA President’s Award for her work as founder and director of Community Veterinary Outreach, a charity providing free veterinary care to animals of the homeless and marginally housed.

• Dr. Timothy H. Ogilvie (Prince Edward Island) was honoured with a Life Membership for his distinguished career in the profession.

• Ms. Guylene Kheirkhah (Québec) was recognized for her work as president of the Students of the CVMA. The Registered Veterinary Technologists and Technicians of Canada also presented the 2015 Animal Health Technologist/Veterinary Technician of the Year Award to Ms. Nadine Schueller (Saskatchewan). 2016 CVMA Award nominations open November 1, 2015. — www.canadianveterinarians.net

T R A C K S

Football season is here! Obviously, you’ll want your best bud by your side on game day — so here are four ways to make sure you and your pet are both winners.

1. Show off your gear. Dress your pet up in a pet-friendly jersey that doesn’t restrict their movement. If they aren’t comfortable in clothes, look for your favourite team’s collar, leash, toy or bandana.

2. Get your pet in the zone. Hosting a party to watch the game or tailgate? See how they’re feeling about the crowd. Always give your pet a safe, quiet place to go and if they typically don’t enjoy a lot of commotion, it might be best to leave them at home. If they love being the centre of attention and you don’t mind keeping a close eye on them, bring them along for the ride!

3. Play a game of pick-up. There’s nothing like throwing a ball for your pup in the yard. Even a game of keep away can be a great way to keep the whole family involved. While you’re throwing the pigskin, take plenty of breaks for water — especially when the weather is still warm at the start of the season — and try not to push your pup (or yourself)! A football can bounce in any direction, and a quick turn by your pet could result in a torn knee ligament.

4. Watch the game, and your pup. Pets can get into a lot of trouble when you aren’t looking — party favours, finger foods, drinks and even the pigskin itself can become a snack for a curious pet. Don’t believe us? Trupanion covered a claim for a Goldendoodle in Iowa who ingested a rubber football.

For more tips to have a safe pet-friendly fall, visit Trupanion.com/pet-safety/fall-safety-tips.

POST- SURGERY OR INJURY? Custom-made braces & wheel chairs address the need for short and long term treatment of joint and spinal injuries and to improve the quality of life for companion animals.

TRUE CONFESSIONS OF A BADLY MISUNDERSTOOD DOG >> The True Confessions of a Badly Misunderstood Dog (Flanker Press, $19.95) by former Newfoundland and Labrador politician Bill Rowe is the consummate novel for dog and cat lovers alike. Meet Durf, a yellow Lab who thinks he is the boss of the two cats and four humans he lives with. Durf dreams of performing heroic and awe-inspiring feats, but something always seems to go horribly (and hilariously) wrong! www.flankerpress.com

Contact: Molly Barber 1-800-678-9291 WWW.ANIMALREHAB.ON.CA NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2015

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BACKYARD HAZARD SERIES:

WILD ANIMALS ARE NOT PETS The Backyard Hazard series highlights the importance of the relationship between human health, animal health and environmental health. Find out more about these issues via the global One Health Initiative at www.onehealthinitiative.com.

By Kristina Cooper, RVT >> or most people, it is easy to accept that wild animals are meant to live an outdoor life, free from human interference. But when it comes to wildlife in need of care, they can be hard to resist, especially when they are juvenile or appear injured.

It is extremely important to remember that wild animals are not pets and taking one into your home can lead to a host of problems.

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HARBOURING WILDLIFE IS AGAINST THE LAW Strict laws are in place that requires anyone who has found a wild animal in need to turn them over to a licensed wildlife custodian within 24 hours. These rehabilitators have had extensive training and experience and are regulated by your government’s natural resources departments. Even animal shelters and veterinary hospitals must follow this rule unless they have acquired this designation.

Wild animals require specialized care to recover from their situation enough to be released back into the wild. This takes specific knowledge, a great deal of resources, aroundthe-clock care and proper temporary shelter designed to accomplish release.

PHOTO: DEPOSITPHOTOS.COM

DISEASE TRANSMISSION Wild animals can carry a multitude of diseases that can be transmitted to both you and your pet. It may seem cute when the media displays the unlikely friendship of a pet and wild animal playing or sleeping together, but the reality is that this is a serious concern.

Wild animals have the ability to transmit viral, bacterial, fungal and parasitic diseases like rabies, leptospirosis, ringworm and roundworm when being cared for by unsuspecting people and while interacting with

pets. These diseases should not be taken lightly, as some can be fatal or cause permanent tissue damage.

WILD ANIMALS DO BETTER OUTDOORS Wild animals are not meant to live a life indoors. Their innate behaviour is better suited to the wild where they can mark their territory freely, forage for food and mate — all while helping to keep the ecosystem in balance.

Although they may seem docile and easy to handle while young, many wild mammals go through behavioural changes as they mature (and become ready to mate) and lose their bond to humans.

WHAT TO DO IF YOU FIND A WILD ANIMAL IN NEED Understandably, most people will not turn a blind eye to an animal in need — whether domestic or wild. However, there are more effective ways of dealing with the situation then taking them into your home.

First, leave the animal where it is and consider contacting your municipal animal control service, veterinarian or local government natural resources office. It is possible that what appears to be an injured animal is really just a baby learning the ropes of living outdoors. The staff at these facilities may be able to ease your mind by assessing what you are seeing. If the animal truly is in need of care, they can assist you in finding a licensed rehabilitator that can care for them properly.

HOW TO PROTECT YOU AND YOUR PETS Even wild animals that appear healthy can be a health concern while sharing your yard. Here are some tips to keep you and your pet safe:

• Vaccinate your pets, especially against rabies. Indoor pets need this vaccine too!

Wildlife, such as mice, rats and bats, can be carriers and are frequently found in our homes.

• Supervise your pets while outside to ensure they do not have any wild animal encounters.

• Seal off any holes around your decks, sheds and eavestroughs to eliminate the area as a den site for wild animals.

• Clean animal feces wearing proper protective gear.

• Wash your hands after handling any animal, domestic or wild. Better yet — avoid touching wild animals at all!

• Keep garbage, food scraps and recycling bins locked away to prevent attracting wild animals to your property — this includes bird seed.

• Maintain your lawn to prevent grubs, a natural food source for raccoons and skunks.

• If you have been bitten or scratched by an animal, flush the wound with water and soap and then contact your family doctor and local public health unit immediately for a risk assessment.

Kristina Cooper is a Registered Veterinary Technician (RVT) and proud member of the Ontario Association of Veterinary Technicians (OAVT). She has previously worked in both small animal practice and a municipal animal shelter. With a special interest in the relationship between animal and human health, she is currently the Provincial Manager of the OAVT Public Health Rabies Response Program and an active One Health Initiative advocate. She can be reached by email at krizzteena@hotmail.com

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BEHAVIOURAL CHANGES IN YOUR SENIOR DOG

By Rebecca Ledger, BSc (Hons), MSc, PhD, FSB >>

WHAT BEHAVIOURAL CHANGES SHOULD DOG OWNERS WATCH FOR? Veterinarians frequently rely on dog owners to describe the behavioural changes in their dogs that are causing them concern. So, the better owners are at articulating these behavioural changes, the easier it is for the veterinarian to make a diagnosis. Doggy dementia, or canine cognitive dysfunction, comes in different forms; however, the first clue that something is amiss is that the aging dog behaves differently from how it did when younger.

Confusion Dogs suffering from age-related cognitive dysfunction can appear easily confused and disorientated in situations that they should know well. This can manifest as the dog looking blankly at walls or the floor, going to the wrong place to be let out, or getting stuck or lost in places that used to be easy to navigate. Some owners also note that their dogs respond to noises and new objects differently, either by becoming less interested or, conversely, by becoming more reactive and barking more in these situations.

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Changes in social interactions As our dogs age, generally we anticipate that they will sleep more, and hence interact with us less. But, for dogs that are developing cognitive decline, they can appear less interested in us, even when they are awake. Watch for decreased interest in greeting you when you return home, either a marked increase or decrease in being petted, as well as increased irritability (not only toward you but also toward other animals in the home).

Changes in sleep-wake cycles This is one of the most frustrating behavioural changes for owners, for a senior dog that starts to wake up and pace around at night has consequences for the quality of our good night’s sleep, too. To balance out the sleeplessness that the dogs experience at night, they typically also start to sleep much more during the day.

Changes in learning and memory Some dogs become increasingly forgetful as they age, again with troubling consequences for their owners. Dogs that forget the right place to relieve themselves, or that forget how to let their owners know when they need to go outdoors, often start to have accidents inside the home. And, while it is possible to teach old dogs new tricks, dogs suffering from memory problems can be markedly slower at learning anything new, and forgetful of commands that they used to know well.

Changes in activity We expect our aged dogs to become less active simply because their bodies get stiffer.

However, the nature of a senior dog’s activity

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hile some dogs age gracefully, others sometimes show behavioural changes that cause their owners considerable concern. The development of aggression, disorientation or a breakdown in housetraining in a senior dog, for example, can lead to some owners deciding to relinquish or euthanize their aged pets. However, these behavioural changes may also be signs of dementia, and therefore warrant a visit to the veterinarian.

GUIDE TO TO SENIOR PETS

can also change when it is suffering from cognitive decline.

Watch for aimless pacing and wandering around your home, plus a deterioration in appetite, grooming, playfulness and interest in new things.

Changes in mood Anxiety increases in both dogs and people as we age. Look for an increase in how easily your dog startles or becomes afraid, especially in response to anything loud or sudden, how much reassurance they demand from you and how distressed they become when left alone.

MANAGING A DOG WITH AGE-RELATED COGNITIVE DECLINE If you are concerned that your dog may be showing signs of agerelated cognitive dysfunction, it is important to make a note of the severity and onset of the symptoms, and to bring them to the attention of your veterinarian. If your veterinarian rules out any possible medical causes for your dog’s behavioural deterioration and concludes that your dog is suffering from age-related cognitive dysfunction, they may recommend a variety of treatment options that can help to slow down its progression.

Diet Antioxidants have been found to not only reduce the onset of agerelated cognitive decline symptoms in dogs, but also to slow down its progression. These, plus other beneficial anti-aging products have been formulated into diets that are specifically designed to help the aging canine brain. Ask your veterinarian about Hills B/D (brain diet for senior dogs) and Purina One Vibrant Maturity diet, both clinically proven to improve the performance of aging dogs on a range of cognitive tasks. Alternatively, many of the active ingredients that have been found to improve the behaviour of aging dogs are available as supplements through your veterinarian.

Behavioural enrichment Mental stimulation is essential to keeping your dog’s cognitive health on track, as well as helping to delay any existing deterioration. This stimulation can come in the form of training, exercise and nose work (such as searching for treats hidden in long grass).

Playing with new toys, people and other dogs is also highly beneficial. Consider feeding your dog his meals in a puzzle toy, walking some new routes or taking up training classes again, to give your dog opportunities to engage in a variety of positive learning experiences.

Medications Your veterinarian may recommend that your dog be given a daily medication that can help to alleviate some of the signs of his agerelated mental deterioration. Approved drugs include products that specifically target anxiety symptoms, some that help to keep agitated dogs calm and others that directly address some of the neurological deterioration and imbalances that lead to cognitive decline. There is evidence that these products have a prophylactic effect, too.

If you are concerned that your dog may be displaying any of these behavioural symptoms, then seek the help of your veterinarian. Above all, it is important to appreciate that brain aging may be the reason why a senior dog’s behaviour has become problematic, and that this is most effectively addressed using a compassionate and clinical approach.

Rebecca Ledger, BSc (Hons), MSc, PhD, FSB, is a clinical animal behaviourist and animal welfare scientist, based in Vancouver, BC. She helps cats and dogs with behavioural problems on veterinary referral across BC. twitter.com/DrRebeccaLedger • www.pet-welfare.com.

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GUIDE TO TO SENIOR PETS

EXTENDED WARRANTIES TOP 10 THINGS YOU CAN DO TO MAXIMIZE YOUR PET’S SENIOR YEARS

By Kristina Cooper, RVT >>

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eaching senior status as a pet doesn’t mean it’s all downhill.

Senior pets can still enjoy a great quality of life with their pet parents. The best way to maximize your pet’s golden years is by following these tips:

1. BUMP UP YOUR VET EXAMS All senior pets will benefit from more frequent trips to the veterinary office as they become seniors. Instead of visiting the vet once a year, you may want to consider going every six months with your senior pet.

During an examination, your vet can look for early signs of age-related disease that you may not notice when you see them on a daily basis. They can assess things like weight and mobility as well, to ensure your pet has the best chance at living comfortably through their golden years.

2. CONTINUE WITH ROUTINE MEDICAL PREVENTIVE TREATMENTS Although your pet may now be a senior, that’s no reason to stop providing them with routine medical preventive treatments. Vaccinations, deworming and anti-flea and heartworm treatments are just as important to a senior pet as they are to a younger pet.

Senior pets are just as susceptible to picking up disease and parasitic infections — if not more at risk — as their immune systems have a greater chance of weakening as they age, making it harder for them to fight off infections and infestations.

3. DO REGULAR BLOOD WORK AND URINALYSIS Having regular blood work and urinalysis performed on your senior pet will keep you one step ahead of developing disease.

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ALL SENIOR PETS WILL BENEFIT FROM MORE FREQUENT TRIPS TO THE VETERINARY OFFICE AS THEY BECOME SENIORS.

mize the chances of this happening and will keep them healthier longer.

5. CONSIDER SWITCHING TO PET FOOD DESIGNED FOR SENIORS As pets age, their metabolism and energy levels will inevitably slow down, and as time goes on they may not have the same level of liver or kidney function they once had.

Switching to a diet designed for seniors can address these issues and provide the proper nutrients your pet requires as they age. Learn more about the senior diet on page 12.

6. KEEP THEM MOVING

Common senior illnesses, like kidney, liver and thyroid disease, as well as diabetes and cancers, can be detected with routine lab work. Knowing early on that these diseases are present gives pet parents the ability to start treating the disease early, providing a better quality of life for their pet.

4. KEEP THEIR TEETH CLEAN A pet’s mouth — in particular their gums — is a direct route into the bloodstream. Gingivitis and periodontal disease can often be seen in senior pets and can be hazardous to their health. The build-up of plaque and tartar contains bacteria that can enter the bloodstream via the gums. Once in the bloodstream, these bacteria can wreak havoc on the heart, lungs and kidneys.

Keeping your pet’s teeth clean will mini-

Although they sleep a little more and may not be as active, it is still important for your senior pet to have daily exercise. This can be as simple as a walk around the block or tossing the tennis ball in the backyard. It is important for your senior pet’s mobility that you keep them moving within their limits. Although exercise is great, overexertion can result in strains and sprains for pets, just like it does us.

Some areas now have pet rehabilitation centres that have pet swimming pools and underwater treadmills available to allow your pet to exercise in water, providing less pressure on the joints. Ask your veterinarian if there is one in your area that could benefit your pet.

7. KEEP THEIR MINDS ACTIVE “If you don’t use it, you’ll lose it.” This holds true for pets, too. Keeping your pet’s mind active can help ward off cognitive dysfunction as well as being a great way to reduce stress and keep them busy. Keep their minds active by introducing foodstuffed toys that challenge them to problem solve, or having them learn a new trick for a treat or toy reward.

8. SIGN UP FOR PET INSURANCE Pet parents can sign up pets of any age for pet insurance. Signing up before your pet starts showing signs of illness will allow you a policy with financial coverage for vet

bills should your pet become sick or injured. It is more common for pets to need more veterinary medical care as they age and what better way to secure the ability to provide that for them then pet insurance? Consider contacting a pet insurance company for a quote on what the monthly premiums may be to protect your pet.

9. KEEP THEM PAIN FREE As pets age they are more likely to encounter stiffness and pain in the joints. Keeping them pain free can help them to enjoy a better quality of life in their golden years. Providing them with a soft, slip-free bed in a warm, dry place is a great first step in keeping their old, tired joints comfy. If your vet finds it necessary, you may also want to consider pet-friendly anti-inflammatory medications, joint supplements, chiropractic care, massage therapy or cold laser therapy treatments, which are all aimed at improving your pets quality of life by limiting and decreasing their levels of pain.

10. SAFEGUARD YOUR PET’S ENVIRONMENT As a pet ages, it is likely that they will encounter decreased vision and/or hearing. Have a look around your house for potential dangers (like stairs that may be harder to navigate) and consider providing more supervision while outside, so they don’t get disoriented and wander off your property.

Kristina Cooper is a Registered Veterinary Technician (RVT) and proud member of the Ontario Association of Veterinary Technicians (OAVT). She has previously worked in both a small animal practice and a municipal animal shelter.

With a special interest in the relationship between animal and human health, she is currently the Provincial Manager of the OAVT Public Health Rabies Response Program and an active One Health Initiative advocate. She can be reached by email at krizzteena@hotmail.com

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GUIDE TO TO SENIOR PETS

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A RECIPE FOR LONGEVITY W

ith so many commercial diets to choose from it can be hard to know which to select for your aging pet. Your veterinarian is a great resource that can help you navigate through the options and recommend a diet that is right for your furry family member.

Some points to consider include:

DENTAL CARE At this stage of life, your pet’s dental health may play a factor in the food you choose.

Although there are great diets available to help maintain your pet’s oral health, it is important to determine whether certain foods may cause your pet pain while eating if dental disease already exists. Consulting your veterinarian and having regular dental exams performed will give you a better idea of your pets overall oral health status and guide you in selecting the appropriate type of food. See page 17 for more on oral health.

PALATABILITY As with humans, as pets age they may encounter a decline in their sense of taste.

Food palatability is an important consid-

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SERVE UP A HEALTHY DIET AND KEEP YOUR SENIOR PET AS HEALTHY AS CAN BE! eration for pet owners. Nutrition is crucial at all stages of your pet’s life, and it is important that your senior pet receives the proper nutrients they need. This can only be achieved when food is consumed, and a major factor in that is whether it is palatable. This can sometimes take trying a few different diets with aging pets to determine what they like best.

DISEASE TREATMENT As pets age they may develop disease conditions that can be affected by diet. It is important to discuss with your veterinarian the role nutrition can play in the management of your pet’s disease. Specially formulated diets have been created to complement the treatment of many common diseases in pets and can contribute to your pet living a longer and more comfortable life.

ACTIVITY LEVEL The energy provided in the food your senior pet eats is important when it comes to allowing them to maintain a healthy body condition. As pets age, their metabolism can slow down along with the amount

of energy they expend. The once-active Frisbee-catching dog that would play for an hour before taking a break may now be the furry family member that can only manage a short walk, limiting their overall activity and energy expenditure. It is important to consider how these adjustments to your pet’s daily activity should also be reflected in your pet food choice. ‘ Your veterinarian can guide you on the best food choices in these cases and offer advice on what ingredients or supplements may help to ease these types of symptoms.

Kristina Cooper is a Registered Veterinary Technician (RVT) and proud member of the Ontario Association of Veterinary Technicians (OAVT). She has previously worked in both small animal practice and a municipal animal shelter.

With a special interest in the relationship between animal and human health she is currently the Provincial Manager of the OAVT Public Health Rabies Response Program and an active One Health Initiative advocate. She can be reached by email at krizzteena@hotmail.com

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By Kristina Cooper, RVT >>

GUIDE TO TO SENIOR PETS

KIDNEY DISEASE IN DOGS AND CATS H

ave you ever watched your pet eat its meal and thought, “Wow, did they even taste it?” Though some pets require more energy than others, it is important to know your pet’s normal eating and drinking habits so you are more likely to detect any dietary abnormalities.

Being familiar with your pet’s standard schedule of urination and defecation is also important, as any continuous irregular activity could be a sign of an illness.

One of the most common ailments in dogs and cats is kidney (renal) disease, a broad term that applies to any disease process that leaves the kidneys unable to effectively filter toxins out of the blood and maintain water balance in the body. In acute kidney disease, signs can occur quickly and can be very severe, while chronic renal issues include non-specific signs and the disease develops slowly.

Dr. Johanna Heseltine, clinical assistant professor at the College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, explains how being familiar with your pet’s normal diet can come in handy. “In the early stages of kidney disease there are often no clinical signs. The earliest clinical signs of kidney disease are non-specific and often include increased thirst and urination, decreased appetite and decreased energy levels,” she said. “As the kidneys begin to fail and toxins build up in the bloodstream, other signs can develop, such as vomiting and loss of appetite.”

So what exactly causes kidney disease?

According to Heseltine, there are many sources of renal issues. “Causes of acute (sudden onset) kidney injury include toxins (like lilies in cats and grapes in dogs), certain infections (such as bacterial urinary tract infections that spread to the kidneys or leptospirosis) and underlying health problems (like high blood calcium levels or shock),” Heseltine said. “In many patients with chronic (long-standing) kidney disease, the underlying cause cannot be determined.”

Although older pets are especially affected by kidney disease, dogs and cats at any age are susceptible to renal issues.

Blood and urine tests are used by veterinarians to determine if there is a kidney infection present and what the primary cause might be. “When possible, we treat the underlying cause,” explained Heseltine.

“For example, if there is a kidney infection, an appropriate antibiotic is administered.

It is important that patients with kidney disease stay well-hydrated, so some patients require IV fluids. If needed, we give medications to control nausea and vomiting,” she continued. “Some patients with chronic kidney disease benefit from being fed a prescription diet designed for pets with kidney disease. Other therapies are tailored to the individual patient’s needs.”

So without treatment for kidney disease, can a dog or cat suffer from complete kidney failure? According to Heseltine, the answer is yes. Kidney failure can occur in both acute and chronic kidney disease, depending on the severity of the case. Heseltine emphasizes the importance of the kidneys in the body and explains that a lack of filtration can lead to deadly consequences. “The kidneys have many important roles, including filtering toxins from the body. When the kidneys cannot

filter adequately, the toxins build up in the bloodstream and make the pet sick,” she said. “We assess this by measuring urea and creatinine concentrations in their blood. These increased lab values do not occur until approximately 75% of kidney function has been lost. Patient outcome depends on how high the lab values are, how sick the pet is, whether the underlying kidney disease can be treated and how quickly the kidney damage is progressing,” she continued. “Some patients with chronic kidney disease live for many years, while for other patients, decisions about quality of life have to be made.”

Though kidney disease is fairly common in dogs and cats, there are ways pet owners can help prevent renal issues.

Since many acute kidney disease cases are caused by toxic substances, be sure to keep poisons and pesticides away from your furry friends, as well as any specific foods or plants that can cause harm. Feeding a balanced diet is always important, but consider looking into specialized pet food that aids in preventing kidney disease. Lastly, remember to take note of your pet’s normal behaviour so you are more likely to notice even the slightest change in diet, urination or defecation. Make an appointment with your local veterinarian if you notice a change in behaviour that lasts several days.

Although pets of all ages are susceptible to kidney disease, older pets are at an even higher risk. By monitoring your pet’s behaviour and attending regular veterinary check-ups, you can help prevent kidney disease and preserve your pet’s quality of life.

Pet Talk is a service of the College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University. vetmed.tamu.edu/pet-talk

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From the College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University >>

GUIDE TO TO SENIOR PETS

YOUNG AT HEART

By Kris Crestejo, CDBC >>

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ging isn’t necessarily fun, and as we watch our beloved dog’s face turn white as her body slows down, we want to help them live and be happy and healthy for as long as possible.

Keeping the mind and body active in the golden years is an important way that we can prolong their vitality. The key to keep your dog healthy in his or her senior years is to feed the brain and exercise the body in ways that are beneficial and avoid wear and tear.

Make sure you are feeding your dog a healthy quality diet that is suitable for their age and condition. Ask your veterinarian for dietary advice, and check out the article on page 12 for more background. As for energy and motivation, just because your dog may not want to get out and about for as long as he used to doesn’t mean that his brain is slowing down. Your dog’s cognitive abilities are still there — use them! Here are my top tips to energizing your senior dog.

SHAPING Shaping is an incredibly fun training tool that you can do with your dog. It involves rewarding extremely small increments of behaviour without using any luring or promoting. It’s best to use a clicker when employing this technique as it makes a very distinctive sound that is easily recognizable by your dog; but you can also use a verbal marker such as “yes” to let your dog know he’s on the right path.

In this example of shaping, we want the dog to touch a yogurt lid on the floor: • Start with your dog close to you.

• Click any movement toward that lid (eyes looking there, head turn in that direction, paw movement toward it).

• Keep clicking every time your dog offers the same behaviour.

• Soon, your dog will offer that behaviour and possibly more.

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KEEPING THE SENIOR DOG HEALTHY IN MIND AND BODY WITH FUN EXERCISES AND GAMES. • Keep clicking for every movement toward that target.

• Ignore all other behaviours (do not do anything if your dog tries to do anything else).

The beauty of this training approach is that it forces your dog to think, a lot! If you are struggling with the technique, just use the Internet or YouTube to find videos demonstrating how to do it.

TREAT UNDER THE TOWEL This game is really great for dogs who have difficulties moving as you can lay the towel right in front of the dog (by his paws) and he can play.

• Take a kitchen tea towel (use a bigger towel if you like) and lay it on the ground.

• Ask your dog to “leave it.”

• Place as many treats as you want underneath the towel in plain view of your dog, so he sees what you have done.

• Once all treats are discretely placed, invite your dog to “get ‘em!”

• You’ll see your dog frantically nosing the towel around and trying to nibble through it. The overall goal is to teach your dog problem solving, i.e., how he can get the treats under the towel.

LOW-IMPACT PHYSICAL EXERCISE IDEAS Instead of doing one or two long outings, try to split them into very short walks or play dates. Instead of doing one 30minute walk once a day, do three 10-minute walks. Remember that walks are not only for the body — they keep your dog’s mind healthy, too!

Dogs are quite buoyant in water so it’s a low-stress exercise that burns a lot of calories and keeps your dog healthy.

TRAIL WALKS Compared with your regular sidewalk or road walks, trail surfaces are much softer for your dog. That makes for easier walking and can extend the length of your outing.

TRICKS You would be surprised at how tired your dog can get from doing tricks (balancing things on their head, lifting each leg on cue, backing up, etc.). Learning and performing tricks is low-impact exercise that focuses on certain body parts. Even when you’re using treats, your dog can still lose weight and build small amount of muscle (if you choose healthy treat options and include them when calculating their daily food intake).

FIT PAWS Various commercially available products can help condition our dog’s body.

Many agility and other dog sport competitors use Fit Paws to keep their dog in shape with low stress on the dog’s joints, focusing on conditioning muscles. Some of the lower-key exercises, such as balancing on the Balance and Paw Pods, are good for dogs with joint issues. You can check out these products at www.fitpawsusa.com.

Remember, it doesn’t take much to keep your senior dog in good mental and physical shape — and as you work these approaches into your day, you stand to benefit, as well!

SWIMMING Not all dogs enjoy swimming, and some are even deathly terrified of the water — but if you can coax your friend into water it takes pressure off of their joints (this is especially good for dogs with arthritis).

Kris Crestejo, CDBC, ABCDT is a certified dog behaviour consultant and certified dog trainer. She’s the owner and head trainer at Modern Canine Training in British Columbia. www.moderncaninetraining.com

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GUIDE TO TO SENIOR PETS

STAYING MOBILE

By Molly Barber >>

PHOTOS COURTECY OF CANADIAN ANIMAL REHAB SERVICES

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he field of animal health is always evolving, with more options now available to help companion pets cope with injuries and disabilities. Services such as physiotherapy, hydrotherapy, acupuncture, chiropractic care and massage therapy have become more widely accepted as a means of helping pets through their challenges. One specialized service that can be added to the list is Canadian Animal Rehab Services, which offers custom-made braces and supports for many joint injuries and mobility issues that pets can face.

The most common injury seen is the cruciate ligament in the stifle joint (in humans, the equivalent is an ACL injury).There are certain situations when surgical correction is not always an option for the pet, the most common considerations being their age or the presence of other health issues. For the pet owner, this can present a financial hardship, and it’s in these cases that a supportive brace should be considered. Our philosophy is to brace both legs; we are not only taking the strain off the good limb, but offering a form of rehab to the affected limb. This also aids in reducing the incidence of the healthy leg incurring the same injury.

Lower-limb injuries (carpus, hock) can also benefit from braces whether they are used in conjunction with surgery, or if surgery is not feasible.

Whether pets are aging, recovering from surgery or dealing with some form of neurological disorder that makes their mobility difficult, there are assistive slings available to help manage their day-to-day activities.

Abdominal support is ideal for situations when the pet only requires light assistance i.e., post-surgical recovery by minimizing weight bearing or strain on the repaired limb. Pelvic support is required when the rear-end has instability/balance issues. If a pet’s condition is so advanced that it challenges his or her mobility or strength, consideration should be given to the use of

a wheelchair. This mobility device greatly enhances a pet’s quality of life and restores independence. Conditions that would warrant the use of a chair include spinal compression, degenerative myelopathy and disk herniation, which impair the nerve signals controlling the function of the rear legs making the pet’s mobility difficult or even impossible.

A pet’s situation must first be assessed and diagnosed by their attending veterinarian before being referred for these products. Once on site, the pet will be further evaluated to ensure the correct product is matched to their needs and to identify other possible complicating health difficulties they may be experiencing. When one section of the body is affected, pets will compensate and overuse their stronger, more capable side, which results in over-use injuries on these muscles and joints. A properly fitted assistive device will take the strain off these areas and make the pet feel more relaxed to enjoy some activity.

All products are custom measured, manufactured and fit to each individual pet, thus allowing us to assist just about any companion animal with their difficulties and return them to an active life (while improving their quality of life). This concept evolved to provide veterinarians with additional choices for their client’s companions. All products are also covered under the various pet insurance plans.

Ask your veterinary team today whether or not any of these assistive devices might be of use for your pets.

Molly Barber AHT, RMLAT, is the owner of Canadian Animal Rehab Services, and has been providing rehab assistance and custom-made products for companion pets since 1998. www.animalrehab.on.ca /1-800-678-9291.

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GUIDE TO TO SENIOR PETS

YOUR PET’S SMILE DEPENDS

ON ORAL HEALTH From the Canadian Veterinary Medical Association >>

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f course pets do not smile because of their oral health, but it illustrates the point that a healthy pet is a happy pet! Periodontal disease is caused by harmful bacteria in the mouth.

Whether or not your pet gets periodontal disease depends on many factors including: • Genetic or breed predisposition (Yorkie, Miniature Schnauzer, etc.).

• Anatomy (malocclusion, crowding, dental deformities).

• Level of dental care provided.

• Chewing activity.

• Diet.

• Concurrent diseases that can affect the immune system (diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, feline immunodeficiency virus).

Oral conditions are many, and periodontitis (inflammation or infection of the tissues surrounding the teeth), endodontic disease (disease of the dental pulp inside the teeth), chronic gingivostomatitis in cats and cancer may also be present. Oral health may also be compromised by exposure to irritants or foreign material.

SIGNS OF ORAL HEALTH PROBLEMS Signs of oral health problems include bad breath (halitosis), trouble chewing, increased saliva (drooling), swelling or redness of gums, abnormal tooth colour, missing or broken teeth, lumps or swellings around the teeth, inflamed or sore lips, oral cavity, tongue, palate or tonsils; if an abscess, there may be a pus discharge evident from mouth or nostril, or via a tract in the skin of the face. Even diseases of the eye may be related to diseases of the upper molar teeth.

SIGNS OF A HEALTHY MOUTH A healthy dog or cat mouth should be odour-free and contain healthy, white, evenly spaced teeth with pink, glistening

gums that are tightly adherent to the teeth. Remember you are an important part of your pet’s healthcare team so take time to look in the mouth regularly to make sure nothing is changing; daily tooth cleaning helps with this habit!

EARLY STAGES OF PERIODONTAL DISEASE In the early stages of periodontal disease, the gums become inflamed and red, and there may be a slight accumulation of yellowish tartar to the teeth. If left untreated, this eventually progresses to plaque accumulation gum recession, loosened teeth, bad breath, inflammation and bleeding of the gums and eventually loss of teeth, oral infections and even poor overall systemwide health.

It is known that dogs and cats with periodontal disease release a significant “shower” of bacteria into their blood stream whenever they chew, resulting in a bacteraemia. It is thought that ongoing bacteraemia may result in a potentially life-threatening disease of the heart valves called bacterial endocarditis. Bacteremia can also adversely affect the organs with the highest blood flow, such as the lungs (pulmonary fibrosis and bronchitis), kidneys (interstitial nephritis), liver (hepatopathy) and nervous system (meningitis).

According to Dr. Fraser Hale, board-certified veterinary dentist, prevention of periodontal disease can be easily accomplished through proactive oral surgery to deal with developmental and anatomic problems, regular brushing of the teeth, proper diet, chewing exercises, the use of VOHC-accepted plaque control products (visit www.vohc.org) and annual professional dental evaluations and maintenance therapy.

Your veterinarian can discuss these various methods of prevention and treatment with you.

CHANGE AN ANIMAL’S LIFE

THIS HOLIDAY SEASON AND LEARN ABOUT WINTER SAFETY TIPS FOR YOUR PET, TOO!

WINTER SAFETY TIPS If you’re a current or future pet owner, you may find these winter safety tips helpful as you prepare for the colder weather with your furry friend!

Keep your pets warm If you feel it’s too cold for you, chances are it’s too cold for your pet too. Although some breeds can withstand colder temperatures, you need to provide your pet with adequate shelter. Also make sure they have access to fresh water at all times.

When your pets are inside, give them a comfy place to sleep with a thick blanket or pet bed that’s elevated and away from any drafts.

Pet Grooming Wipe your pet’s paws and underside after they’ve been outside. This is important because salt and ice melt can irritate and burn, and also be fatal if ingested.

Don’t think that means more baths, though! Too many of these can dry out your pet’s skin and create irritation and itchiness.

he holiday season is the perfect time to introduce a new furry member into your family! Each year from November 1 to December 31, the Ontario SPCA runs their iAdopt for the Holidays campaign, with the goal of getting as many animals into new homes over the holiday season as possible.

With people having time off from work and being home together as a family, the holidays are a great time to welcome a new furry companion into your home. Visit your local Ontario SPCA Animal Centre to take part and change an animal’s life!

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DO YOU HAVE AN ADOPTED PET? ENTER THE IADOPT FOR THE HOLIDAYS CONTEST: Step 1 – Enter the grand prize contest on iAdopt.ca for your chance to win pet food for a year!

Step 2 – Post a pic of your adopted pet on social media using #iAdopt for your chance to win weekly prizes!

Step 3 – Repeat steps 1&2 daily from Nov 1 – Dec 31, 2015, then go hug your pet!

To learn more about iAdopt for the Holidays or to enter the contest, visit iadopt.ca.

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Beware the H2O Puddles pose a danger to your pets because they may contain ethylene glycol found in antifreeze, which can be fatal if ingested. Larger bodies of water are good to steer clear of too, with melting ice and rising water levels creating a dangerous environment for your pet.

On the flip-side, protect other pets in your area by using pet-friendly de-icers that stay away from dangerous antifreeze.

Be Prepared You never know when a storm might hit and keep you from leaving your house.

Having an emergency pet survival kit can save your pet’s life in these circumstances.

For more pet safety tips, visit our blog at ontariospca.ca/blog.

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call 1-905-666-0258 to advertise

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P L A C E

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P R O J E C T S

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P E T

FRIENDS TOGETHER

FOR LONGER THE ONTARIO VETERINARY COLLEGE’S PET TRUST CELEBRATES 30 YEARS OF IMPROVING THE LIVES OF COMPANION ANIMALS AND THE PEOPLE WHO LOVE THEM. 20

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By Kim Robinson >> elping our pets live longer, healthier lives is the hope of every pet owner and goal for every veterinary caregiver.

The Ontario Veterinary College (OVC) at the University of Guelph is home to Canada’s first charitable fund solely dedicated to improving the health of companion animals — OVC Pet Trust (www.pettrust.ca).

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In 2016, OVC Pet Trust proudly celebrates 30 years of giving back to our four-legged friends and the special bond between people and their pets. Through the tremendous dedication of our volunteers and generosity of pet owners, their veterinary caregivers, friends and other supporters, we have raised over $20 million to advance pet care options, and improve the quality of their lives.

OVC is part of a top comprehensive university that has a long history of solving complex health problems in animals and ranks fourth in the world, and best in Canada, for veterinary science. Pet Trust donors have helped fund innovative discoveries this ranking is based upon discoveries that have led to major improvements in veterinary medicine such as: anesthesia and pain control, heart treatment and monitoring techniques, infection control, advancing cancer diagnosis and treatment, understanding the human-animal bond, and current work in the area of translational medicine that

investigates naturally occurring diseases found in both animals and people.

Thanks to our donors, we opened the first comprehensive animal cancer centre in Canada — the Mona Campbell Centre for Animal Cancer — which includes a linear accelerator for precise, high-energy radiation therapy of cancers. We built a diagnostic imaging suite complete with a CT scanner. We have renovated patient spaces to create a low-stress environment for pets and their families.

These are just a few initiatives that our donors have helped bring to life.

Our latest endeavour is to help create a new world-class facility to remain at the forefront of veterinary medicine, raise the standard of care and provide the most advanced surgical options, pain control, diagnoses and treatment in Canada. A place where pets receive life-saving procedures and are able to recover faster, with fewer complications at home with you.

The new facilities will include leadingedge technology with specialized areas for

surgery, anesthesia and recovery.

Offering the best pet care means offering the best veterinary medicine education.

The impact will be far reaching as we equip the specialists of the future with the latest knowledge and techniques in veterinary care.

Our companion animals are like family members. We enjoy their affection and friendship every day. They enrich our lives beyond measure. And because the pets in our lives mean so much to us — whether we live with them, care for them professionally or simply love them — we want them to have the best care possible.

Our pets give us so much. They deserve the best in return.

Kim Robinson is the Managing Director of OVC Pet Trust, a charitable fund dedicated to ensuring our pets live longer, healthier lives through learning, healthcare and discovery. Her canine companion is a very energetic, two-year-old mixed-breed puppy named Juno.

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PAWS

FOR

R E F LEC TION

with Darren Low, DVM

STORIES FROM THE FRONT LINES OF VETERINARY CARE After 50 columns over eight years, Dr. Darren Low is taking a well-deserved break from writing. The PETS Magazine team and our readers will miss his insightful, touching and eye-opening take on being a veterinarian. Few people can capture the human element of what veterinary pros do, along with the science and the ups and downs of letting pets into our lives, the way Darren can. Here is one of our favourite columns, from 2013. Wishing him the best of luck in the future. – Ed.

Darren Low, DVM, practices companion animal medicine and surgery in Sydney, NS, where he lives with his wife, son and 10 four-footed family members. He writes a weekly column for the Cape Breton Post.

LEARNING TO THINK WITH

YOUR HEART ohn looked anywhere but directly at me — his hands constantly jingling the keys in his pockets, his focus alternating between the X-ray screen and the floor — as I brought into play a hard lesson I learned early in my career. It’s a lesson I can thank Wendy and Sama for.

Wendy first brought the yellow Lab to see me many years ago, shortly after I first started practicing. Sama was having a lot of trouble getting up in the mornings, and was slowing greatly on their daily walks. Although Wendy had been giving Sama the nutritional supplements that had been recommended for arthritis over the previous few years, Sama’s discomfort grew.

It was a bright, cheery June morning as the pair walked into the office. I’ll never forget that. I took a thorough history and performed a comprehensive physical exam and found Sama in good condition for her 12 years, but I still had some concerns. Sama had lost a few pounds since her previous visit, and I was worried about the recent changes in her mobility. I thought it best to perform a blood chemistry panel and complete blood count to further evaluate her health.

My technician drew the blood, and I explained to Wendy that we wouldn’t have the results until later that day. I told her I’d give her a call as she gathered Sama’s lead to leave. That’s when Wendy remembered she wanted to pick up Sama’s flea medication for the year. I’m not sure what I was thinking — perhaps I wasn’t — because I replied that she should wait until we had the results of Sama’s blood tests. The expression that crossed Wendy’s face sug-

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gested I’d just blotted that bright, cheery June sun from the sky.

It was a valid precaution on my part. If Sama’s kidney or liver tests came back abnormal, I might have suggested a different flea product. However, had I read Wendy’s body language, the fact that Sama never left her side and Wendy’s hand never left Sama’s head, I might have recognized that Sama was her one and only.

Her baby. And, I just suggested her baby might not need another year of flea prevention. As the tears welled up in Wendy’s eyes I realized my mistake and scrambled to correct it. I’ve tried to never make that mistake again.

I think I’ve improved a lot over the years, watching my clients ever so closely for the subtle signs of their emotional state. Are their arms folded, suggesting they are putting up a barrier? Perhaps they’re just cold, or perhaps they’re just thinking deeply about what’s being dis-

cussed. Is their head tilted to one side with an unfocused stare telling me they’re bored, or is their neck just sore? Reading these clues correctly helps ease sometimes stressful situations.

With John, I recognized he was tense, perhaps having a hard time accepting the diagnosis that his little Tippy, just a young poodle, had severe and painful degenerative bony changes in her hip joints. I altered my tone accordingly, remembering Tippy, after all, was John’s baby. John needed to know I felt his concern for Tippy by showing him I was concerned, too.

Midway through the session, John’s keys stopped jingling and he looked at me.

He started asking questions, and at the end of our visit he shook my hand with a smile. I have Wendy and Sama to thank for that smile, and every one I’ve earned over the years.

I wonder if Wendy knew, if she’d think her tears had been worth it?

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