ProAgri BNZ 29 by ProAgri

ProAgri B otswa n a / N am i b ia/ ia / Zim b ab w e No 29

Botswana

Free

page 25

Namibia page 41

Zimbabwe page 49

The use of helicopters in the agri industry Dairy farmer benefits from Rumax hammer mill

Agri growth forecast for 2022

ADDS VALUE TO YOUR CROPS www.agri4all.com

www.proagri.co.za

Rain brings

e p ho

Cover

to farmers

valid claim made by the Oxford Business Report is that agriculture remains one of the most important sectors in the economies of many countries across Africa. Agriculture accounts for 14% of total GDP in sub-Saharan Africa, and most of the continent’s population is employed by the sector. Agriculture currently finds itself at a pivotal time in history. Not only do farmers have to embrace those production methods and technologies that will help them adapt to a changing climate that is increasing the frequency and intensity of droughts and floods, but they also have to be more responsive to shifting consumer demands. Humanity has always survived by the ability to adapt, but it seems to me that the next decade or two will require it to change more and faster than ever before. Like the agricultural sector, the media is also going through a time of evolution. We have to adapt to the new ways in which people choose to consume information by communicating in different formats on a multitude of platforms. Therefore, ProAgri is very excited with the launch of a brand-new website, ProAgri Media. Keep an eye on our website and social media for more information.

Content

3. 5. 7. 9. 11. 13. 15. 21. 25. 31. 34. 37. 41. 46. 49. 52. 56.

We are very positive about the estimated production figures for the 2022 harvests. This is largely due to the good rains on many farms. But production does not solely depend on rain. It also depends on the quality of the machinery used, and the management practices implemented by the farmer. That is where ProAgri helps every farmer — by providing the latest, most relevant information on the agricultural technology available. In this edition of ProAgri BNZ, we take a look at the Agri Growth Forecast for 2022, as well as advanced irrigation equipment and technology from Valley®. We learn how to grow and harvest sweet potatoes and we kickstart a new series on the use of helicopters in the agricultural industry. Remember that you can also receive our publications in digital form. WhatsApp your name, surname, country, main agricultural activity, and e-mail address to +27 (0) 84-041-1722 to receive the magazine directly on your phone. Farm smartly! bianca@proagri.co.za

Valley Irrigation takes the lead in Zambia Your stock will thank Staalmeester: Improve production with quality silage Advanced Polymer provides advanced solutions: Improve your soil, build roads, and fight fires Rumax hammer mill keeps cows happy ... and contributes to profits ETGL expands and strengthens its presence in Southern Africa AMS Bulk Density Soil Sampling Kit: Measure the bulk density of your soil accurately Poultry farming Part 4.1: Raising chickens in a brooder Effective water harvesting techniques: Part 2 Vegetable planting guide Part 10: Sweet potatoes Introduction to beekeeping Plants perform much better with mulch Crop production in Namibia Part 6: Increasing soil fertility The use of helicopters in the agricultural industry Part 1: Helicopters to the rescue! Erosion control in Malawi Part 2: Erosion control Sheep farming made easy Part 11: Grazing management The operation and application of medium and big square balers Part 7: Operational safety, transport and maintenance Agriculture can provide the growth needed in Africa

ProAgri Botswana / Namibia / Zimbabwe 29

Farmers need a reliable supplier such as Valley® for all their irrigation needs. For reliable, durable, cost-effective pivot irrigation, look no further than Valley®. Read more about the value that Valley® can add to your crops on page 3.

ProAgri B ot s wa n a/ a / N a m i b i a/ a/Zimbabwe

577 Rossouw Street, Die Wilgers, Pretoria +27 (0)79 515 8708 www.proagri.co.za Copyright © 2022. All rights r eserved. No m aterial, text or p hotographs may be r eproduced, copied or in any other way t ransmitted without the written consent of the publisher. O pinions expressed are not n ecessarily those of the publisher or of the e ditor. We recognise all trademarks and logos as the sole property of their r espective o wners. ProAgri shall not be liable for any errors or for any actions in reliance thereon.

ProAgri Editor Bianca Henning > +27 82-326-2572 bianca@proagri.co.za Reporters Benine Ackermann > +27 73-105-6938 benine@proagri.co.za Maryna Steyn > +27 82-261-9177 maryna@proagri.co.za Natasha Kruger > +27 81-736-4236 natasha@proagri.co.za Specialist Writer Annemarie Bremner > +27 82-320-3642 annemarie@proagri.co.za Client Relations Manager: Carin Swartz > +27 84-233-0123 carin@proagri.co.za Marketing Manager Diane Grobler > +27 82-555-6866 diane@proagri.co.za Marketing Xander Pieterse > +27 79-524-0934 xander@proagri.co.za Johan Swartz > +27 71-599-9417 johan@proagri.co.za Tiny Smith > +27 82-698-3353 tiny@proagri.co.za Janine Vermaak > +27 71-872-3059 janine@proagri.co.za Lelani Botha > +27 74-424-0055 lelani@proagri.co.za Creative Director Christiaan Joubert > +27 72-419-3990 christiaan@proagri.co.za Design Michelle Kruger & Lizelle Erasmus Enquiries Engela Botha > +27 12-803-0782 engela@proagri.co.za Accounts Ronel Schluter > +27 12-803-0782 accounts@proagri.co.za Business Manager George Grobler

SOLITAIR VERSATILE FOR UNIVERSAL APPLICATIONS

The Solitair series offers farmers a range of tailor-made solutions: with working widths between three and twelve metres, mounted rigid and folding versions and even a semimounted folding range, the Solitair can be used in a very wide range of conditions, either in stand-alone operation or in combination with soil cultivation implements. Benefit from its numerous advantages:  Solitronic for control and monitoring of all major seeding functions  Versatile combinations with compact disc harrows, cultivators, rotary harrows and seedbed combinations  Precise transverse distribution with seed distributors directly above the coulter bar  Seed pipe or distributor monitoring for utmost safety in operation

lemken.com

ProAgri BNZ 29

by Bianca Henning

Valley Irrigation takes the lead in Zambia

ambia has a very short rain season. Therefore, farmers need a reliable supplier such as Valley® for all their irrigation needs. Valley® is an American company with a prominent presence in Africa. From its Head Office in South Africa, an abundance of equipment, knowledge and experience in irrigation and water application techniques is available throughout the African continent. Climate change with more heat units and dry seasons mean irrigation trends in the future need to adapt to less water applied more efficiently. Besides, a growing world population means that production does not dare decrease if farmers want to remain competitive. Charl Marais farms between Livingstone and Kazungula in Zambia. In 2005 Charl purchased his first two Valley pivots and today he is the proud owner of six Valley® pivots. Two of them cover 30 ha each, and the other four 25 ha each. During the winter months he grows wheat, and in summer seed maize and seed groundnuts. He also recently started to grow oranges under a 25 ha pivot. “I have been farming in Zambia for

The mist caused by Victoria Falls 20 km away from Charl Marais’ farm in Zambia.

sixteen years,” Charl explains. “We mainly irrigate our crops from the Zambezi River.” The first centre pivots that I bought, still run every day, seventeen years after I invested in them. Valley® provides a high-quality product, but in the end, everything depends on how the farmer maintains his machines. “We have a very good relationship with Irritech, the local Valley® agent based in Lusaka. Whenever we order parts, they send it by courier to Livingstone. If I call for parts today, I'll be able to pick it up tomorrow,” Charl says. Based in Lusaka, Irritech has been a Valley Irrigation® agent in Zambia for the past 32 years. Valley® clients in Zambia have become accustomed to the excellent service provided by Irritech. Irritech Zambia keeps enough stock in Lusaka to meet the farmers’ needs. They assist with the whole process of installing an irrigation system, from planning to erection and after sales service. Valley Irrigation® has been providing African farmers with excellent service and high-quality irrigation products for the past 48 years. Irritech installs a complete range of Valley® centre pivots of various sizes. They determine the farmer’s needs and design a unique solution for every farmer to ensure that he gets the best from his irrigation system. For farmers in Zambia, some of the biggest challenges are the high price of fertiliser and the low price obtained for their products, so it is of utmost importance that a farmer gets the best yield at the end of the day. “We farm on Kalahari sand, so our timing with irrigation is of critical importance — thus, we cannot afford any interruptions. “In the beginning of the summer months, October and November, our average temperatures are between 40 and 44 °C with an evaporation rate of

ProAgri Botswana / Namibia / Zimbabwe 29

15 mm per day. Should we fail to irrigate our summer crops for two or three days, the results can be devastating,” claims Charl. “Most of the farmers in our area prefer Valley® pivots. “We are four farmers down the road here who decided to follow the Valley® route together. Should you urgently need something, you can quickly drive to your neighbour, and so we help each other out. “We intend to set up a few more Valley® centre pivots in the future as our farming setup expands,” Charl says. “The newer pivots have so many amazing features built in to increase efficiency and to make the farmer’s life easier; the most important thing is to keep up with everything!” Charl says: “Valley's® prices have always been pretty fair compared to other brands, and you get real value for your money. Valley® provides excellent pivots with a proven design. I would definitely recommend Valley® to other farmers.” Valley® remains dedicated to each of their clients and strives to assist more farmers in growing their businesses. Valley Irrigation® is situated in Nigel, but their agents are located throughout South Africa, as well as Southern and East Africa. Over the past 50 years, Valley® farmers have become accustomed to the excellent service that Valley® and its agents provide across the region.

One of the six Valley pivots on Charl Marais' farm between Livingstone and Kazungula in Zambia, with the mighty Zambezi River in the background. This was also the winning photo of week five in the Show me your Valley contest. For more information, contact Francois Griesel on +27(0)10350-0055 or e-mail francois. griesel@valmont.com, or André van Wyk from Irritech Zambia on +26(0)97-877-2550 or send an e-mail to andre@ irritechzm.co.zm. 3

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ll livestock farmers are aware of the importance of maize and sorghum silage in providing quality nutrition to cattle throughout the year. With changing rainfall patterns and severe droughts in some regions, producing quality silage has become more important than ever before. It is important to take precautions when preparing silage, so that the end product is of a high-quality, and to prevent the necessity of discarding any

spoiled or unpalatable feed. It is especially important to have a closer look at certain finer details of silage production. Use the correct harvester A good quality precision harvester must be used to ensure a good cutting quality of the desired size. Staalmeester’s JF 1300, JF C120, JF Double C240 Evolution, and JF 1600 AT models are good examples of this. All of these models are available with a wide range of cutting lengths and offer precise control and precision. Silage storage Another very important aspect of making silage is its storage. Good ensilaging means better nutrition for cattle and cost savings for producers. Silage is mostly stored in bunkers. However, newer technology promotes improved ensilaging and greater efficiency. The storage of silage in silo bags is becoming increasingly popular and can mean better quality silage. Losses due to poor compaction and oxygen

The Staalmeester JF 1300 AT rowindependent silage harvester.

exposure are also eliminated with the use of silo bags. Optimum utilisation The JF Silomaster quickly places freshly cut silage crops into bags, without the need for extra tractors to compact the silage on the silage heap or in the bunker. This means that the feed is exposed to oxygen for a shorter period, and there are ultimately fewer dry matter losses. Each bag can store 60 to 90 tonnes of silage for as long as 18 months, depending on its quality. The bags also greatly eliminate spoilage of silage when removing portions for daily feeding. Nowadays, more and more farmers produce better silage with less losses by making silage in bags. This way they can feed more cattle with the same quantity of crops, or they can reduce the area on which they plant and still have the same amount of feed available for their cattle. For more information, contact 018-431-0300 or send an e-mail to info@staalmeester.co.za

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Natural soil ecosystems have been destroyed by conventional high intensity farming practices. Zytonic-M Biological Booster is a proprietary, water-soluble soil activating technology that increases soil porosity and water holding capacity, thereby encouraging natural biodiversity. This leads to increased nutrient uptake, reduced reliance on chemical input, and improved crop growth and yields. How it works Zytonic-M softens the soil and improves its porosity to increase the soil's water holding capacity. As a result, there is increased plant survival in drought conditions and root zone formation is significantly larger and denser. Under these conditions, the soil microbial population grows at an exponential rate, exhibiting all the characteristics of a more active and healthier rhizosphere. As more biomass returns to the soil, increasing the amount of organic matter in the soil, there is also an improved, consistent, and optimal uptake of macro and micronutrients by crops. Plants with increased nutritional value and vigour will be healthier and more disease resistant. Following the application of ZytonicM to soil samples collected from three different locations, it was discovered that the fungal population increased by as much as 300 times. The increase in

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ProAgri Botswana / Namibia / Zimbabwe 29

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ProAgri BNZ 29

Rumax hammer mill keeps cows happy …

… and contributes to profits

by Maryna Steyn

arming smartly means that a wise farmer constantly needs to look at the maths behind his business. This goes beyond revenue received and expenses incurred. He should calculate the profitability of every farm activity to ensure a contribution towards a productive, profitable farm that grows from strength to strength. The maths behind what a Rumax hammer mill has to offer was exactly what convinced a wise dairy farmer in the Western Cape to invest in one. By looking at the benefits the Rumax round bale hammer mill had over the past year and a half since its installation, it has proved to be indispensable. Dairy cows need feed cut to a specific length for optimum production, and the hammer mill delivers precisely that! “I can now feed more cows at a time than before,” this farmer explains, and he has the maths to prove it! To feed all the cows on this above average-sized dairy farm, the feed that went through the hammer mill over the course of one year amounted to approximately 2 400 tonnes. The feed consisted of: • ± 300 round bales of barley,

approximately 90 tonnes; • ± 4 000 round bales lucerne, approximately 1 200 tonnes; • 4 000 big pack bales of oats, approximately 160 tonnes; • 500 round bales of oats, approximately 125 tonnes; • 800 tonnes of straw bales. “From the hammer mill, the feed is moved to different sections where we stockpile it in separate rooms. We use trailers and tractors to move the feed from storage to where we feed the cows,” the farmer explained. “Moving over to the hammer mill halved our diesel usage. The tractors also work fewer hours per day, making their service intervals longer and extending their lifespan.” The farm is equipped with solar power that is used to run the mill, but there is an emergency generator at hand. “When it comes to power usage, the hammer mill uses approximately 4 000 kW/month. At full capacity, it uses 20 to 25 kW/hour. We use a variable speed drive (VSD) to lower the energy usage and to protect the motor,” he added.

The Rumax round bale hammer mill helps to make a farm profitable. ProAgri Botswana / Namibia / Zimbabwe 29

Because of the hammer mill’s efficiency, labour costs were also reduced. Where longer hours (and thus a bigger wage) were the order of the day, feeding the hungry animals is now an easier, quicker task. As with any hard-working machine, general maintenance on the hammer mill is vital. On this dairy farm, it is procedure to inspect the hammers and blades weekly, ensuring that they are in good working condition. This also ensures that the machine mills effectively, faster and uses less energy. “The machine’s productivity is good,” the farmer explains, “especially when it is properly looked after.” Instead of waiting for the machine to break down, general maintenance means that the downtime is shorter and less severe. “It is important to feed matter that is free from foreign materials such as rocks or sticks if you want to prolong the life of the blades and prevent the mill from breaking down,” the farmer notes. Because this may happen by accident sometimes, the dairy farm in the Western Cape makes sure it keeps enough stock available to feed the cows for two days. “The moisture in the lucerne and oats also makes it harder to cut, wearing down the blades and deteriorating the hammer. That’s why the moisture in the bales should be kept as low as possible before being placed into the hammer mill,” the dairy farmer said. As an added benefit, the Rumax factory is close to the dairy farm which was an additional reason to choose a Rumax hammer mill. When talking about the service he receives from Rumax, the farmer elaborates that they receive assistance when they need it, and the machine is continuously improved. “We had an issue with too much dust on the hammer mill. Jaco enlarged the chamber of the mill and that reduced the dust. He makes small improvements like that,” he said. If you want to find out how a Rumax hammer mill can help your farm to be more profitable, contact Jaco Pieters on +27(0)-82-3353970 or +27(0)-23-342-6070. You may also send an e-mail to jaco@rumax.co.za or visit their website at www.rumax.co.za. 9

ProAgri BNZ 29

ETGL expands and strengthens its presence in Southern Africa E

TGL operates an established automotive and farm equipment distribution business in South Africa, Namibia, Zimbabwe, Swaziland, Lesotho, Botswana, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zambia and Kenya, with plans to increase their footprint in East and Southern Africa, amongst other regions. The VST Tillers Tractors range recently launched by ETGL, cover compact tractors from 13.7 kW 4WD to 37.28 kW and small farm mechanisation implements like power weeders, power reapers and power tillers ranging from 3.7 kW to 11.8 kW. This range is ideally suited for small and emerging farmers where affordable mechanisation is a key requirement. VST SHAKTI is India's number one brand in power tillers (or walk-behind tractors). For larger, commercial farmers, ETGL will also be offering the Belarus tractor range with engine outputs in the 42 kW to 333 kW range, with an open station and cab configurations. ETGL will be distributing this tractor range in a joint venture with AFTRADE DMCC, which represents most of the agricultural machinery manufacturers in Belarus. Also available from the ETGL stable is the Deutz Fahr range of tractors from

SDF with outputs ranging from 40 kW to 120 kW. This range will be distributed in Tanzania and Southern African countries except for South Africa. In the medium segment, ETGL also distributes Mahindra tractors in Tanzania. As a part of farming solutions, ETGL offers the Shaktiman range of farming implements in Southern Africa and the Almeks range of implements in Tanzania. The feature-packed Taiwan Golden Bee (TGB) Blade 600 range of allterrain vehicles (ATVs - or quad bikes) was recently introduced to the Southern African market, offering models

for work and recreational applications at very competitive prices. Initially, two models are available, namely the TGB Blade 600 SE.X EPS 4x4 aimed primarily at recreational users and the TGB Blade 600 AR EPS 4x4 which is expected to appeal to the agricultural segment supporting farm management activities and other commercial users like the mining industry.

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AMS Bulk Density Soil Sampling Kit: Measure the bulk density of your soil accurately

ulk density is an indicator of soil compaction and soil health. It is the weight of soil for a given volume. In general, the greater the density, the less pore space for water movement, root growth and penetration, and seedling germination. If your soil is too compacted, it will also affect plant nutrient availability and soil microorganism activity, which influence key soil processes and productivity. Bulk density is usually expressed in megagrams per cubic metre (Mg/m3) or grams per centimetre (g/cm3). Bulk density (g/cm3) = Dry soil weight (g) / Soil volume (cm3) An accurate determination of bulk density starts with a proper sampling technique to ensure that the sample collected represents the soil’s natural condition. The AMS Bulk Density Soil Sampling kit comes with everything necessary to take accurate interval specific core samples to a depth of 0,9 m (3 ft). The kit is ideal for sampling the soil surface, in auger holes or in profile pits. The Soil Sample Rings found in this kit are made from .062 w stainless steel tubing (SST). These SST sample rings are ideal for laboratory studies and for undisturbed core samples. The volume of each SST ring is 90,59 cubic centimetres. From this known volume and the weight of the sample liner, you will be able to calculate the bulk density of the soil sample. Exclusive features of the kit Standard AMS Core samplers have a 2,54+ cm (1 inch+) gap between the tip of the core sampler and where the sample liner internal shelf begins. The sampler included in this kit has a much shorter (0,9 cm) gap which provides a more representative core and reduces compaction as the soil enters the sampler. The Core Sampler Cap has a built-in waste barrel which provides a full 5 cm (2 inches) of relief. This helps eliminate compaction from overdriving the sampler. It also eliminates the need to load multiple rings inside the sampler, which can cause sample blow-by and skew sample calculations. Operation and sample procedure: • Unscrew the cap of the sampler, load a sample ring inside the sampler, and screw on the top cap with built-in waste barrel. • Avoid spots that have rocks. • Attach the 61 cm extension rod for ergonomic purposes.

• Attach either your hammerable cross handle or your compact slide hammer, depending on which kit you have. • If you are taking a surface sample; drive the sampler approximately 10 cm into the soil. There is no need to worry about compaction with the built-in waste barrel cap. If you are sampling at the bottom of a pre-augered hole, always use the provided planer auger in the kit to remove loose soil and slough from the bottom of the augered hole. The flat, slotted design of the planer auger will pick up the excess soil and provide a flat sample surface. • Always attempt to pull the sampler out of the soil gently to avoid agitation to the soil core. If the core sampler cannot be removed from the soil using your own strength, use the AMS Mini-Removal Jack to extract the sampler smoothly and easily. • After pulling the sampler from the ground, scrape the soil cleanly off the bottom of the core tip with a knife or spatula. • Carefully unscrew and remove the top cap of the sampler. • Use a wooden dowel to gingerly slide

your liner out the top of the sample core barrel. • Cleanly cut your sample, top and bottom, with a knife or spatula to separate the excess soil from your sample ring. • If you intend to bake the sample inside the ring, firmly press on end caps on both ends of the sampler for easy transport back to the lab. Otherwise simply discard the soil from inside the ring into your sample bag. The samples can be used for testing moisture content, water permeability, weight by volume, density, soil profiling or chemical analysis. The soil core sampler cup cap in this kit is equipped with a 1,6 cm (5/8”) NC male threaded connection, so it can be connected to extension rods, the hammer head cross handle, or the compact slide hammer attachment. The kit includes a core sampler cup, core sampler cap, hammer head cross handle or compact slide hammer attachment, an open face auger, a regular soil bucket auger, a planer auger, extension rod, rubber coated cross handle, 25 stainless steel rings with their own aluminium carrying case with foam inserts, 50 plastic end caps for the rings, two adjustable wrenches, an auger cleanout tool, nylon cleaning brush, impact absorbing hammer, and a sturdy AMS deluxe carrying case with handles and wheels for added portability.

Everything you need to take a proper soil sample for measuring the density or your soil is in the AMS Bulk Density Soil Sampling Kit; all in handy, sturdy carrying cases.

It is always better to take a few samples to get an overview of the condition of your soil.

ProAgri Botswana / Namibia / Zimbabwe 29

Order your AMS Bulk Density Soil Sampling Kit online at www.ams-samplers.com or e-mail ams@ams-samplers.com.

ProAgri BNZ 29

The young chickens grow fast and soon develop feathers. (Source: Daniel Tuttle, unsplash.com)

Poultry farming Part 4.1:

Raising chickens in a brooder

by Tisha Steyn

Special breeds These breeds have been selected for egg production. They include the White Leghorn, which has a small body (1,5 kg) and lays many white eggs. The Black Australorp weighs 2,2 kg and eats a lot of feed. It lays light brown eggs. If you want freerange layers, which means you want them to walk around outdoors, this is a good choice as they are docile and quiet and won’t venture outside your fences.

on’t count your chickens before they are hatched. There is much truth in this saying which means that you should not count on anything before it actually happens. But with good planning, you can achieve your goals, also with poultry farming. In the previous issues, we discussed the advantages and challenges of poultry farming, how you should plan for it and what expenses to consider when deciding whether it will be a viable and sustainable business. This planning indicates what you need to do to be successful. In this chapter we discuss how you go about raising chickens from one day old to broilers for meat, or layers to produce eggs. Different poultry breeds Each chicken breed has its own advantages and disadvantages. Dual-purpose breeds These chickens are suitable for meat and eggs. They include traditional breeds, such as Rhode Island Reds and Plymouth Rock. The disadvantages of these breeds are that they eat a lot, but do not efficiently convert feed into eggs, because they do not lay enough eggs, or provide enough meat, as they grow too slowly. Yet, if they are all you can get, or if the quality of feed is not very good, you can use them for your poultry farm. Remember, chickens and feed cost money, and the longer you need to feed them, the more money you will need to spend before you start getting an income. ProAgri Botswana / Namibia / Zimbabwe 29

Hybrid breeds Hybrid breeds, which means a crossbreed of more than one type of chicken, are most often used. These hybrids are selected for either meat or egg production and not both. They lay large, brown or white eggs. They are more economical, as they eat less feed per kilogram of weight they gain for meat, or the number of eggs they produce. Hybrids grow faster than other breeds, and they produce more meat, especially breast meat, which consumers prefer. Mike Bosch of Boschveld Chickens Put some feed on cardboard for very young chicks to pick up. (Source: Prince Abid, unsplash.com)

Weak chickens may need extra care. (Source: Ramiro Martinez, unsplash.com)

breeds a special hybrid of chicken on Mantsole Ranch near Radium in Limpopo Province in South Africa. Mike used indigenous Venda, Ovambo and Matabele chickens as parent stock to breed what he calls a synthetic hybrid cross called Boschveld chickens. These chickens are light brown and white, and they blend into the landscape. In addition, they are alert, which is necessary when there are numerous predators prowling around on the ground or flying overhead. They are also hardy to survive in free-range conditions and can withstand poultry diseases. Hybrid breeds are only available through a company, such as Boschveld Chickens. These companies may be far away, even in another country, and it may be expensive to transport them to your farm. So, even though hybrids are the best option, they may not be easily obtainable. Natural brooding If you only want to keep a few chickens, like eight hens to one rooster, you can allow them to brood naturally, but this will remain a very small-scale operation. The hen lays the eggs and hatches them. Her body heat provides

Day-old chicks must be placed on fresh, clean litter in the brooder. (Source: Jason Leung, unsplash.com)

Hens will naturally hatch and raise their chickens. (Source: Andrea Lightfoot, unsplash.com)

ProAgri BNZ 29

enough warmth for the eggs to hatch, and she takes care of the chickens herself, providing heat and protection, and teaching them by example how and what to eat and to drink water. But if you would like to develop a small business starting with about fifty chickens to raise hens for meat or egg production, you will have to make use of a brooder. This can be a heated brooder that provides warmth and light for the chickens by means of electricity, gas or paraffin, or a heatless brooder constructed of materials that will provide sufficient protection from the elements. Raising chicks in a brooder Day-old chicks need extra special care from the day they arrive on your farm until they are about three to four weeks old, depending on the outside temperature. This period is called the brooding period. When they have enough feathers to keep them warm, they are ready to be raised as broilers for meat, or layers to produce eggs. The chicks arrive in a delivery box, from which they must be moved to the brooder. We shall focus on a heated brooder, but in the next issue also discuss the building of suitable heatless brooders. Getting the brooder ready You must prepare the brooder before your day-old chicks arrive. This brooder, whether a room or a specially built structure, must stand empty for at least two weeks before the chicks are placed inside. The ceiling, walls, and floor must be dusted and then cleaned with detergent. An hour after washing it out, the detergent must be rinsed off with clean water and left to dry completely. Get rid of mosquitoes and flies that may carry diseases, and make sure they cannot re-enter the brooder.

Containers for food and water must be bought or made in advance. If existing containers are used, they must also be disinfected. Ensure you have a suitable source for heat and light, such as infrared lights. These lights must hang over the brooder’s floor space and you must be able to adapt the height to ensure the chickens do not get cold or too hot. Final countdown A few days before the chicks arrive, you must get everything ready. Buy fresh feed suitable for day-old chicks. Make sure it is the correct mixture and store it in an area that you can lock up and where no moisture, insects, rodents, or thieves can get to it. The day before the chicks arrive Set up a heater or infrared lights. Cover the floor with litter, such as chopped straw, shredded paper, or wood shavings, which will absorb moisture, such as water from the feeders and chicken poop. This layer must be at least 50 to 100 mm deep. Surround the area where the dayold chicks will be kept with a border of cardboard or metal sheeting at least 450 mm high to protect the chickens from draughts and to keep them together under the lamps. These borders can later be moved outwards to enlarge the area as the chickens grow older and bigger. Collection day Before you set out to collect your day-old chicks, fill the drinking troughs with fresh, clean water and fill the food trays with starter mash. Also sprinkle some food on cardboard or newspaper around the brooder, because in the beginning they will peck at anything that is put before them. Chances are good that you will have to collect your day-old chicks, either from the hatchery where they were bred, or from a delivery point.

Chickens need clean, dry litter underfoot in the brooder. (Source: Philippe Oursel, unsplash.com) Check you tiny chicks to see if they are healthy. After hatching, they can last 24 hours without food or water. If you must travel a long way home, it is best to give them some water at the collection point. While travelling, make sure they don’t get too hot or too cold, as they may get sick and die. At home Once you get home, immediately transfer the chickens to the brooder. Carefully pick them up one by one and put them near the feed and water troughs. Dip each chick’s beak into the water so that it can have a sip. If they look weak, put them close to the drinking and feeding troughs so they don’t stumble around and die. Heating Make sure the floor temperature of the brooder is between 30 and 32 degrees Celsius on the first day. Put the chicks under the source of heat.

Chickens that are cold will huddle together for warmth. (Source: Daniel Tuttle, unsplash.com) ProAgri Botswana / Namibia / Zimbabwe 29

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Chickens must be able to reach the food in the bowl. (Source: Tony Pham, unsplash.com)

As the chickens grow older, they grow more feathers. (Source: Max Welt, unsplash.com) One infrared lamp provides enough heat for fifty chickens. The lamp must be securely suspended 450 to 500 mm above the litter. These lights do not heat the atmosphere, but only the bodies of the chickens, who absorb it and transfer it into energy, which they need to grow. Measure the temperature with a thermometer that is placed on the litter. Make sure that you have a spare globe, as the chickens will suffer if the globe fails. During the next three or four weeks, the temperature can gradually be lowered to about 20 or 22 degrees. Fewer than fifty chickens can be heated with a normal incandescent 100 W spotlight globe. When no

Although the young chickens can't fly yet, they can get onto a low perch. (Source: Alice Feigel. unsplash.com)

electricity is available, use infra-red gas heaters. For additional heat, a paraffin lamp with a protective wire netting frame can also be used, but be careful because these lamps can cause a fire. The way the chickens behave will show you whether it is too hot or too cold in the brooder. If they huddle under the light and make a lot of noise, it is too cold, and when they move away from the heat, it is too hot. If they are happily and quietly pecking away at the feed under their feet, the temperature is just right. In the next issue, more information about raising healthy chickens in a brooder will be provided.

ProAgri Botswana / Namibia / Zimbabwe 29

References Family poultry training course trainee’s manual http://www.sapoultry. co.za/pdf-training/trainers-manualpoultry-course.pdf Cilliers, P.F. (July 2000) Small-scale poultry housing in South Africa. ARC-Institute for Agricultural Engineering Boschveld Free-range Chickens. (n.d.) Boschveld.co.za http://boschveld.co.za/

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ProAgri BNZ 29

Effective water harvesting techniques: Part 2 D

on’t let rainwater run away; use these techniques to effectively collect water from your own roof. Usually, large roof surfaces are equipped with gutters and down-pipes. These features only require the construction of a simple storage structure to collect the rainwater that would normally go to waste if not caught for later use. If small roof surfaces are not equipped with gutters, the following cheap and easy solution can be implemented to collect rainwater (see Figure 1 for an example). A 50 mm diameter polythene pipe or something similar can be used. A slit should be cut lengthwise into the pipe to split it in half. Measure it to have the cut part as long as the roof. Wire can then be used to secure the pipe in place on the roof plates or rafters so that it can successfully collect the water running down from the roof. The same pipe can be used

as a down-pipe into the water collecting container, by making the end of the pipe that is not tied and cut in half as long as possible (see Figure 1).

You can also use a 90-degree fitting to let the pipe run down straight at the corner.

Tin roof Ǿ 50 mm polythene pipe, slit, fitted over the edge of the roof and tied with wire

Down-pipe Storage tank Figure 1: Gutter of polythene pipe for small tin roofs.

ProAgri Botswana / Namibia / Zimbabwe 29

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Harvesting water from thatched roofs Collecting water from a thatched roof will require the use of small pieces of corrugated iron sheets. It should be well secured under the edge of the thatched roof so that it protrudes out by approximately 300 mm and in such a way that the water running down from the roof can be collected on the metal roof sheets. The entire roof’s edge should be equipped with these corrugated sheets. This process is nearly identical to the tin roof and polythene pipes, because it uses similar installation steps (see Figure 2 for an example). Harvesting water from ground surface or stone slabs Ground surfaces that have been properly prepared with a reasonable slope will ensure the rapid run-off of surface rainwater. To improve the run-off if the soil is not compact enough or does not have a hard texture, you can do the following: • Remove unnecessary vegetation, level the surface, and compact the soil with a roller. • Use the soil and cement combination method for firmly compacted soil. • Prevent the growth of vegetation and build weirs to guide the water to the storage reservoir.

Thatched roof Used corrugated iron sheets Polythene pipe (Ǿ 50 mm slit) Down-pipe

Figure 2: Method of water harvesting from thatched roofs.

It is possible to collect water from big granite boulders or stone slabs. Water can be transported to a reservoir via a pipe because of the high run-off produced by these features. If natural run-off patterns occur on rocks, a weir can be built to collect the water and store it for later use. (See Figure 3 for an example).

Using a proper lining will make it easier to store water in earth dams.

The information provided in this article is credited to the Institute of the Agricultural Research Council (ARC). For more information, visit their website at www.arc.agric. za, contact them on +27-12-8424000 or send an e-mail to iae@ ing1.agric.za. Figure 3: Dams on rock slabs. ProAgri Botswana / Namibia / Zimbabwe 29

Botswana

ProAgri BNZ 29

Vegetable planting guide Part 10:

Sweet potatoes S

weet potatoes are high in beta carotene, vitamin E, C and B6, as well as iron and potassium. Orange types are also high in vitamin A. The high carbohydrate content is a key source of energy. This vegetable is therefore a highly nutritious staple food for poverty-stricken areas in Africa. Climatic and soil requirements Sweet potatoes prefer the warmer temperatures of subtropical climates and don’t fare well in areas with frost. To find the most suitable time to plant, the following guidelines can be used: • Heavy frost climate: Mid November to beginning December • Light-mild frost climate: Beginning November to mid December • No frost climate: August to March • Cooler climates: September to February • Winter rainfall climates: Mid November to beginning December The plant is sensitive to salinity, alkalinity, and waterlogging, and needs

soil that allows water to flush salts and alkaline minerals through. The ideal soil conditions range from sandy-loam, to loam, to clay-loam to offer good drainage. Clay soil or rocky soil prevent sweet potatoes from developing storage roots (tubers). It also needs good irrigation to develop these roots, but once they have formed, the plant builds a degree of drought tolerance. For optimum results, the pH of irrigation water should be between 5,6 and 6,5.

The yellow sweet potato is rich in many vitamins, including vitamin A. (Source: Pixabay)

Uses These vegetables have many uses, mainly as a food source. The sweet potato as most people consume it, are the large storage roots that can be eaten raw, boiled, baked, cooked, or fried. It can be used to make starch, alcohol, flour, jam, and juice. The tips of shoots and young leaves can also be consumed, making it useful as stock feed. Soil preparation Begin by loosening the soil up to a depth of 25 to 30 cm. This creates good root aeration, root penetration

ProAgri Botswana / Namibia / Zimbabwe 29

Botswana

and drainage. You can use a plough, hoe, fork, or spade. Take care to remove rocks and break down hard soil layers. Ultimately, a fine bed without clods should be created. Create ridges or mounds (approximately 40 cm high) for the plants to grow. This eases harvesting and benefits the farmer in areas prone to floods. However, flat beds can also be used. Ridges can be between 90 to 150 cm apart, or 80 cm for home gardens. Planting Sweet potatoes are cultivated through propagating healthy stem cuttings. These cuttings should be taken from the stems of plants, not the vines as they may carry pests and diseases.

Cuttings should be between 20 and 30 cm in length, with or without leaves. Place the cuttings 30 cm apart. Each cutting is planted vertically, with at least 3 buds under the soil. Press the soil down firmly so that the stem has good contact with the soil for root development. Fertilisation A few months before planting season, take a soil sample to establish whether the soil fertility needs to be corrected. Sweet potatoes need the following nutrients: Nitrogen (N), potassium (K), and zinc (Zn). Fields need approximately 500 to 750 kg/ha (75g/m2) in either quantities of 2:3:4 930) + 0,5% Zn, or 2:3:2 (22) + 0,5% Zn.

Beautiful, well-formed sweet potatoes on the sides of ridges are ready for harvest. (Source: Mark Stebnicki on Pexels)

By planting sweet potatoes on ridges, the harvesting process is easier. (Source: Mark Stebnicki on Pexels) 26

ProAgri BNZ 29

Sweet potatoes do best in soil that is sandy-loam, loam, or clay-loam as it offers good drainage. Sweet potato tubers form on the stem of the sweet potato plant. (Source: Pikist)

The part of the sweet potato that humans consume is the thick storage roots that the plant creates. (Source: Mark Stebnicki on Pexels)

Harvested yellow sweet potatoes. (Source: Mark Stebnicki on Pexels) ProAgri Botswana / Namibia / Zimbabwe 29

The fertiliser can be mixed into the soil before mounds and ridges are prepared. If the soil is sandy, however, fields can require up to 1 000 kg/ha. A top dressing of limestone ammonium nitrate (LAN), can be applied in the quantity of 120 to 150 kg/ha (12 g/m2). Alternatively, 200 kg/ha (20 g/m2) can be added three and six weeks after planting. Water it well after application. Remember, sandy soil needs two top dressings. Well matured compost can supplement chemical fertiliser, but also needs to be thoroughly mixed into the soil before planting. Irrigation Sweet potatoes need between 450 and 600 mm of water. The water should be well distributed during the plant’s growing period. Water stress during the first 30 to 60 days after planting can lead to severe losses. Pest control Sweet potatoes are less affected by pests compared to other crops, but they are not immune. Sweet potato weevil This insect can cause a lot of damage. The larvae tunnels into the tubers and stems, whereas the adults feed on the leaves. The good news is that there are preventative measures that can help: • Crop rotation in order to reduce the weevil population • Not planting cuttings soon after the previous crop • Adjust planting season to ensure there are no tubers in the dry season 27

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There are different varieties of sweet potatoes. (Source: Pixabay) • Minimise soil cracking • Spray the fields with registered chemicals • Harvest at the correct time • Harvest all sweet potato tubers at once • Burn all infested plants after harvest • Never use infested cuttings Sweet potato hawk moth larvae These large brown caterpillars have a horn on the back of their bodies and red dots along the sides. They feed on the leaves of plants. If numbers are small, they can be removed by hand. In other cases, registered chemicals can control them. Disease control Fusarium wilt This causes a loss in yields. The leaves and stem turn yellow, wilt and

die. It can be diagnosed by cutting an infected stem. The infected vascular tissue will be reddish-brown. Infected plants also infect the soil. The following preventative measures can be used: • Use wilt-resistant cultivars • Practice field sanitation • Remove all infected plant residues • Rotate crops • Limit stress caused by water deficiency Alternaria leaf spot and scurf can also be prevented in this way. Sweet potato feathery mottle virus Symptoms of the virus are not always observed, but it also severely affects yields. The following preventative measures can be used: • Obtain virus-free cuttings from

ProAgri Botswana / Namibia / Zimbabwe 29

Above ground, the sweet potato grows vines and lush leaves. (Source: Pixabay) registered vine growers • Control weeds such as the wild ipomoea species around the fields • Use healthy, vigorous-looking material • Renew plant material every two or three years • Sanitise all cutting equipment with bleach.

The information provided in this article is credited to the Agricultural Research Council (ARC)ÚRC Vegetable and Ornamental Plant Institute (ARC-VOPI). For more information, contact +27(0)12-8419611 or visit www.arc.agric.za.

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Introduction to by Tisha Steyn

beekeeping

ave you ever considered what life would be like without bees? Very few plants will grow in our gardens, and we will most certainly have less food to eat. More than 150 plant species that we use as food, must be pollinated by bees. Although bees are not the only pollinators, they are crucial for pollination. Bees spend most of their lives to collect pollen grains that stick to the stiff hairs on their legs, which allows them to carry it to their hive to feed their larvae, or baby bees. While at the flower, they also collect nectar, a sweet watery substance that the flower produces, which provides the bees with energy and which they turn into honey once they are back in the hive.

Pollination

While visiting flowers of the same species, they transfer pollen from male flowers to the female flowers, thereby enabling fertilisation in plant ovaries, which leads to the production of seeds. And seeds, as we know, produce fruit, vegetables, nuts, and grains. Therefore, bees play an important part in every aspect of the ecosystem. They support the growth of all plants, which provide food and shelter for all of God’s creation.

Inside the hive

A happy and functional hive must have a queen bee, who lays thousands of eggs in her lifetime. During her maiden flight, she mates with drones, or male bees, who have the sole purpose of mating with a queen. They don’t have much other purpose, and when they

reach the end of their short lives, they are literally thrown out of the hive by the worker bees. The worker bees are all female, and boy, do they work themselves to a standstill – literally, because in the end their little wings are torn and tattered, and then they die. During their life-span, they fly hundreds of kilometres, visit thousands of flowers, and collect kilograms of pollen. While collecting pollen, they also collect tree gum, which they turn into propolis, which has healing properties. They also produce perfectly hexagonal wax cells, into which they lead the queen bee to lay eggs. Best of all, they produce honey by dehydrating moisture from the nectar. They store this honey for the survival of the hive during lean times, like winter, when there is little food available.

sort of allow humans to collect some of the honey.

Harmful practices

It is our responsibility to treat bees kindly by taking care of them.

Worker bees capping the cells with eggs inside with wax. (Source: Pixabay)

Forage

When they have an abundance of forage in the form of flowering plants, trees, and crops, as well as fresh, clean water, they produce lots of honey, and if they are calmed using smoke and gentle procedures, they

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Golden honey in jars, ready for the marketplace. (Source: Pixabay)

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In nature, where they are undisturbed by human intrusion, they are fine, but the actions of humans disrupt nature. How do we do it? • Extensive agriculture with monoculture crops, take away the bees’ natural habitat and the plants they rely on. • We pollute the air by blasting our crops with pesticides so that we can gain a bigger yield per hectare. • Our farming methods destroy the soil where CO2 is supposed the be stored, so that it is instead being released into the atmosphere, causing climate change. • Climate change causes erratic weather patterns, such as severe floods that kill people and animals and destroy livelihoods. It also causes devastating droughts that equally put man in a quandary because it jeopardises food security. Droughts are often followed by fire, as we often experience in Southern Africa. • As a result, the bees are left without a home or food, and because they are weak, they get sick more easily, and they die. And where will that leave us? • By caring for the bees, we can help them and ourselves to survive. But for this, we need human beings who understand the value of the bees and the abundance they provide for us in the form of healthy plants and the sweet reward of honey.

Women as beekeepers

Women who cultivate small-scale farms in Africa produce more than 70% of the food consumed on the continent. These women are perfectly suited to take care of a hive of honey bees along with their other tasks of taking care of the fields, the household, her children,

A woman in protective clothing working on a hive. (Source: Pixabay)

Bees collect pollen that sticks to their hairy faces and legs. (Source: Pixabay) and her elderly family members. It will take patience, thoughtfulness, and hard work, but beekeeping will make their gardens grow because she will be taking care of these industrious little pollinators. An industrious woman will be able to feed her children nutritious honey, which can also be used as medicine to help cure a child’s cough. She can create an extra income by selling jars of honey from her home or at the marketplace, and she can sell candles made from beeswax. All she needs is a constant source of forage. With climate change and the change of the natural landscape into villages, towns and cities, forage is becoming increasingly scarce. But if there is a grove of trees, especially fruit trees like mangoes, indigenous plants, and a field of maize or cotton, there will be pollen and nectar for the bees, and honey for the household.

Setting up a hive A bee collecting pollen on a plum blossom. (Source: Pixabay)

Bees on the hexagonal cells of a comb. (Source: Pixabay)

There are also other considerations when you want to start keeping bees. Besides a swarm of bees, you will need a hive, special equipment, and protective clothing. If you do not own land with enough suitable forage, you may have to ask permission from a landowner or farmer if you need to put your hive near his flowering fields. You also need an area in your yard where you can put the hive in a sunny spot that is protected from strong winds. It must be placed some distance from livestock and poultry to prevent your animals and family members from being stung by

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disturbed and angry bees. Hives must be put on a stand above the ground to prevent it from getting wet and to keep ants and hungry honey badgers away. Somehow, you will also have to protect your hive from people who want to steal your honey – or even your hive! You must regularly inspect your hive to make sure your bees are well and performing at their best. Doing so, you will notice when something is wrong, as there are several diseases that can cause the whole swarm to die. In winter, you may also have to provide extra feed to help them survive a lean time. But it will be all worth your while. The bees will not only provide you with honey, but also an abundance of healthy fruit, vegetables, maize, and nuts. In the next few issues, we shall give more information on pollination, the interesting life of bees within a hive, the challenges facing a beekeeper, how to set up a hive, how to identify diseases and how to manage the hive to keep bees healthy and happy.

References

Agribook Digital. (n.d.). Beekeeping. [online] Available at: https:// agribook.co.za/livestock/beekeeping/ Mayes, D. (July 2011) Pollinators in Africa: Understanding is the first step to protection. South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI). https://www.sanbi.org/wp-content/ uploads/2018/03/pollinafricabookletweb.pdf Native Plants and Ecosystem Services. (2007). Pollination. [online] Available at: https://www.canr.msu. edu/nativeplants/pollination/. Practical Beekeeping. (n.d.). Practical Beekeeping Book - Start Beekeeping. [online] Available at: http://practicalbeekeeping.com/ Western Cape Government. (n.d.). Protecting bees in the Western Cape. [online] Available at: https:// www.westerncape.gov.za/generalpublication/protecting-bees-western-cape Final Strategy Report. (2017). [online] Available at: https://www. elsenburg.com/bee Thomas, E. (2021). Breakdown: Why bees are important to the environment. [online] https:// www.actionnews5.com. Available at: https://www.actionnews5. com/2021/05/19/breakdown-whybees-are-important-environment/.

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Plants Plants perform perform much much better better with with by Tisha Steyn

by Tisha Steyn etter results can be expected if plants are well fed and protected etter results can be expected if from extreme temperatures. One of plants are well fed and protected the ways to achieve this, is mulching. from extreme temperatures. One of Mulching means placing organic or the ways to achieve this, is mulching. inorganic matter on the surface of Mulching means placing organic or vegetable beds and around fruit trees inorganic matter on the surface of to maintain moisture in the soil. vegetable beds and around fruit trees Using mulch is the best way to to maintain moisture in the soil. conserve water in areas that do not Using mulch is the best way to receive an abundance of rain, as it conserve water in areas that do not reduces water loss through evaporation receive an abundance of rain, as it from the surface of the soil. reduces water loss through evaporation Mulching can also be used to regulate from the surface of the soil. the soil temperature by keeping it warmMulching can also be used to regulate er in colder climates and cooler when it the soil temperature by keeping it warmis hot, thereby creating a comfortable er in colder climates and cooler when it environment conducive to growth. is hot, thereby creating a comfortable A layer of at least 5 cm of mulch environment conducive to growth. should be spread on top of the vegetaA layer of at least 5 cm of mulch ble or flower bed, or around fruit trees, should be spread on top of the vegetabut should not be mixed with the soil. ble or flower bed, or around fruit trees, Add more mulch throughout the growbut should not be mixed with the soil. ing season if the beds must remain Add more mulch throughout the growcovered to regulate temperature and ing season if the beds must remain water loss. covered to regulate temperature and Water evaporates from the soil, water loss. while transpiration refers to moisture Water evaporates from the soil, released by the leaves of plants into while transpiration refers to moisture the atmosphere. Evapotranspiration released by the leaves of plants into refers to both these processes and the atmosphere. Evapotranspiration should be considered when determinrefers to both these processes and ing the quantity of water your garden should be considered when determinor orchard needs. ing the quantity of water your garden Added bonuses of mulching is that it or orchard needs. keeps insects at bay, unless they hide in Added bonuses of mulching is that it chunky mulch, and weeds are less likely keeps insects at bay, unless they hide in to proliferate under a layer of mulch. chunky mulch, and weeds are less likely to proliferate under a layer of mulch.

B B

Organic material suitable for mulching Organic material suitable for

Wood chips and bark mulching Wood chips and bark are most often Wood chips and bark used keep the soil moist. It also keeps Wood chips and bark are most often used keep the soil moist. It also keeps

weeds at bay, as it prevents them from getting enough sunweeds at bay, as it prevents light to grow. them from getting enough sunMove the wood chips aside light to grow. before planting seedlings in a Move the wood chips aside vegetable bed. before planting seedlings in a Be aware that mulch convegetable bed. sisting of wood chips, bark or Be aware that mulch conleaves can create hideouts sisting of wood chips, bark or for unwanted insects and leaves can create hideouts other critters, like some bugs, for unwanted insects and snails, and slugs. One way to other critters, like some bugs, remove snails and slugs is to snails, and slugs. One way to set a beer trap for them. A remove snails and slugs is to plastic container with beer in set a beer trap for them. A it in a vegetable bed will invite plastic container with beer in them to help themselves and it in a vegetable bed will invite they will not survive the hangthem to help themselves and over. Another way to get rid they will not survive the hangof the slimy critters is to keep over. Another way to get rid free roaming chickens that will of the slimy critters is to keep enjoy the tasty snack. free roaming chickens that will Fears that wood chips can enjoy the tasty snack. introduce fungal diseases Fears that wood chips can to your vegetables have not introduce fungal diseases been proven. Fungi in wood to your vegetables have not chips are mostly decomposbeen proven. Fungi in wood ers, which helps the wood chips are mostly decomposbreak down. Under healthy ers, which helps the wood soil conditions, harmless, break down. Under healthy beneficial fungi may outsoil conditions, harmless, compete disease fungi, while beneficial fungi may outhealthy plants are not suscepcompete disease fungi, while tible to them. healthy plants are not suscepAnother myth is that the tible to them. wood chips will absorb nutriAnother myth is that the ents from your garden bed, wood chips will absorb nutribut as the wood chips decoments from your garden bed, pose, they will rather release but as the wood chips decommore nutrients than they will pose, they will rather release take away. Some farmers more nutrients than they will believe that mulch can rectify take away. Some farmers poor soil by breaking down believe that mulch can rectify and releasing nutrients into it. poor soil by breaking down and releasing nutrients into it.

Nature is generous with organic materials suitable for mulch. (Source: Pixabay) Nature is generous with organic materials suitable for mulch. (Source: Pixabay) 34

mulch mulch Pine needles used as mulch can change the pH level of the soil. (Source: Pixabay) Pine needles used as mulch can change the pH level of the soil. (Source: Pixabay)

Wood chips are suitable for Wood chips mulch. (Source: are suitable for Pixabay) mulch. (Source: Pixabay)

A new celery plant peeps from the layer of mulch. (Source: Pixabay) A new celery plant peeps from the layer of mulch. (Source: Pixabay)

ProAgri BNZ 29

Straw or hay is ideal mulching material if it has not been treated with pesticides. (Source: Pixabay)

Lawn cuttings must be allowed to dry out in the sun before using it as mulch. (Source: Pixabay)

Fallen leaves must be shredded and allowed to rot a bit before using them as mulch. (Source: Pixabay)

It is advisable not to use wood chips in compost or work them into the soil, but rather just use them as topdressing. Also, keep it away from trunks of trees and shrubs and the stems of your vegetables.

ing weeds and can be put down on garden paths before adding a layer of wood chips. In fact, a layer of cardboard put on unwanted lawn or a weedy patch before covering it with a mix of compost and topsoil, will make an excellent raised bed without having to remove it first.

soil. Kelp or seaweed, if you can obtain some, can also be used as mulch.

Grass clippings Freshly cut lawn must be allowed to dry out in the sun for at least a day before using it as mulch. Be careful not to use clippings when the lawn had been treated with pesticides. Shredded leaves Leaves must be left to mature for a couple of months to neutralise phenols before they are being used as mulch. The same applies if you want to use leaves in your compost pile. Hay and straw Hay refers to dried material like alfalfa, clover, or grasses that are cut and used as animal feed. Straw refers to the dried stalks of grains like rye, wheat, oats, or barley which have no nutritional value for animals. However, it is useful in a compost heap as brown material, and it is most suitable for mulching. The disadvantages of hay and straw are that these grains may have been exposed to pesticides, or they may contain weed seeds. This can be solved by leaving the hay or straw outside for a couple of months. This will allow the toxins to be neutralised and the weeds to sprout so you can remove them manually before they go to seed. Rotting hay or straw may cause fungal infection if they touch stems or leaves of your vegetables or trees, but this can be overcome by keeping the mulch a few inches away from the stems.

Newspapers Shredded newspapers will work fine, but don’t use glossy paper with coloured ink, like magazines and advertising flyers. Biodegradable weed mats These are made of recycled paper and are used as mulch. The advantage is that they let in water, air, and nutrients, which is not the case with plastic sheeting used as mulch. In addition, these mats can be worked into the beds at the end of the season. These can be quite expensive, though. Loosen the soil and install a drip irrigation system before you place the mats on the beds. Install them on a windless day and secure them with earth staples. You can make an opening with a trowel to plant the seed or seedling into the soil underneath. Cover the sheets with mulch before watering. Other materials Using pine needles and wood shavings as mulch will raise acidity levels in your

Compost If you make your own compost and have enough spare after working some into your garden, you can also use it as mulch. Put a layer of two to four inches deep on top of the bed, but keep it well away from the stems. Regularly add some more during the growing season. Cardboard Cardboard is cheap or even free if you collect it from a store near you. Some stores have recycling bins into which they discard empty boxes which you may take. It works great for suppress-

Plastic sheeting is used as inorganic mulch. (Source: Pixabay)

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Inorganic material

Black, clear, or coloured plastic Thick polyurethane that is safe for use with food, is preferable. The plastic sheets can be secured with earth staples, which are available at hardware stores, as well as bricks, stones or lengths of wood. Cover the whole bed and cut holes into the sheet for planting your seedlings. Fibre Other inorganic materials suitable for mulching include perforated polyester garden fabric or permeable cloth covers. These allow water and a limited amount of heat from the sun through, but can help to keep out cold, heat and insects. It also protects young plants from strong winds that may snap the stems, or against a hot wind that may dry out or scorch the plants. In some areas it is used to keep windblown sand from covering your seedlings. Once the material starts to interfere with the plants’ growth, it is time to remove it. Most covers may be strong enough to use again.

References • Different types of mulch to use in your garden. (2016, February 18). Caxton Magazines https://www.gardenandhome. co.za/gardening/how-tos/ different-types-of-mulch/ • 5 good reasons to mulch your garden. (2016, February 18). Caxton Magazines https://www.gardenandhome. co.za/gardening/how-tos/5good-reasons-to-mulch-yourgarden-2/ • Iannotti, M. (2021, March 7). What Is Mulch? The Spruce https://www.thespruce.com/ what-is-mulch-1402413 • The Ultimate Mulch Guide: How to Find the Best Type for Your Garden. (2020, May 26) Good Housekeeping https://www.goodhousekeeping.com/home/gardening/ a20706549/how-to-mulchyour-garden/ 35

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Crop production in Namibia Part 6:

Increasing soil fertility

ertile soil provides plants with the nutrients they require to flourish, resulting in nutritious food for humans and animals. Soil fertility is essential to agricultural production, which in turn contributes to the availability of food that is essential for all life.

small quantities, are generally divided into these two categories.

General soil fertility Plants require a variety of nutrients to thrive. Roots absorb these ions as soluble salts from the soil water. A good farmer ensures that plants receive adequate nutrition throughout their growing cycle. Plants will suffer or possibly die if one or more nutrients are absent. Major elements, which are required in large quantities, and trace elements, which are required in very

Nitrogen (N)

Major elements The major elements needed by plants are nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). Nitrogen is necessary for vegetative growth, protein synthesis, and photosynthesis. Slow growth and pale foliage are symptoms of nitrogen deficiency. Too much nitrogen causes soft, abnormally fast growth, as well as a delay in flowering and fruit set. Because nitrogen flows freely in soils, it can be flushed away by rain or irrigation water.

Phosphorus (P)

Phosphorus aids in the development of strong roots. As a result, it is especially crucial for transplanted vegetables. It speeds up crop maturity and is difficult to move in soils.

Potassium (K)

In various plant systems, including protein production, potassium is connected to nitrogen. For the growth of root and tuber crops, enough potash supplies are essential. Potassium is quickly leached from soils due to its high mobility. Trace elements Important trace elements are boron (B), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), magnesium

Composted soil with earthworms present. ProAgri Botswana / Namibia / Zimbabwe 29

Namibia

(Mg), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), sulphur (S) and zinc (Zn). Plants only need very small amounts of these trace elements. They are commonly found in clay soils, although they may need to be added to sandy soils. In addition to N, P, and K, some commercial fertilisers include trace elements. In such instances, the fertiliser bag will be labelled appropriately. Plants can also be sprayed with trace elements via foliar sprays on their leaves. The term "trace elements" simply refers to the amount required. They are just as vital to the plant as the major elements are. Nutrients for plants can originate from five different sources. Inherent soil fertility (fertility already existent in the soil), organic manure, organic compost, inorganic (chemical) fertilisers, and foliar sprays are all examples of trace elements. Kraal manure The importance of kraal manure in maintaining and improving soil fertility cannot be overstated. Manure contains enough nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, and trace elements to offer some sustenance for plants. However, these constituents are occasionally in imbalanced ratios to one another, necessitating some additions. It is a good idea to have the available kraal manure examined in the agricultural laboratory for further suggestions from time to time.

Cattle, donkeys, horses, chickens, and pigs all produce good manure. Because of the increased risk of nematodes, small stock manures (sheep and goats) should be avoided. Nematodes, which are extremely harmful to the roots of most crops, can be found in even 30-year-old small stock dung. Do this with kraal manure: • Before planting a crop, it should be spread and worked into the soil; and • It should not be used on root crops because it encourages vegetative growth and disfigures the roots; and • It should not be used near seedlings when it is fresh because fumes of ammonia gas may scorch them. Compost Compost is an extremely valuable organic material. Composting is the process of partially decomposing plant leftovers, straw, and other organic matter before being dug into the soil. Composting occurs naturally whenever things decompose, but it can be accelerated by spreading compost on a heap. Composting enough for the fields is challenging, but farmers can always produce enough compost for small vegetable gardens. Composting should be done in a compost hole or on a compost heap under carefully controlled circumstances. Nitrogen, oxygen, and water are required for the process. The heap is made up of 30 cm thick layers of plant debris separated by thin

Horses produce a good source of manure.

Kraal manure.

Major and trace elements needed in good soil. 38

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Compost bin with organic material. layers of an activator, which is typically nitrogen fertiliser or manure. To lower acidity, lime or ash are occasionally added. Lime should not be used in conjunction with ammonium sulphate because this can cause nitrogen loss. Make sure there's enough moisture in the mix for microorganisms to perform their job. Plant materials will be chosen based on what is readily accessible and the activator. Grass, lawn and hedge trimmings, cereal stalks, and other similar materials are commonly used. The woodier the material (mahangu stalks, for example), the longer it will take to compost. The better the compost is kept from drying out, the better the finished result will be. To avoid overheating and drying out, keep the compost in the shade. Plastic sheets, old feed sacks, or a lot of raw plant material like grass can all be used to cover it. To avoid the spread of undesired weeds, remember to remove the seeds from perennial grasses or weeds before utilising them. Several times during the composting process, the heap should be entirely flipped over. As a result, the outer layers are deposited in the centre, where they will degrade as well. The heap must be lightly irrigated during dry weather. The material should be ready to use in the garden after 10 to 20 weeks. The information in this article is credited to the Namibia Agricultural Union and Namibia National Farmers Union who published the Crop Production Manual in 2008. ProAgri Botswana / Namibia / Zimbabwe 29

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The use of helicopters in the agricultural industry Part 1:

Helicopters to the rescue! N

ew heights of efficiency can be reached in the agricultural industry with the employment of helicopters. The use of helicopters in agriculture is nothing new, but the array of uses may be a bit of a surprise to some people. Helicopters are widely used in the game industry. “Game capture with the use of helicopters started in the early 1980s,” says Jean-Pierre (JP) Steyn of Fly Ventures Africa flight school in Pretoria. “Before helicopters were used, men on horseback and motorcycles were used to herd game. But especially in rough terrain, it was difficult and the team, the animals and the machines suffered injuries.” Capturing on horseback Burt van der Walt from the Soutpansberg area was the first to capture game commercially. He did so on horseback between 1907 and 1935, capturing animals for many local and international zoos. Burt and his team of riders pursued their target and caught the animals around the neck with a noose fitted to a long stick. The animals were led into wooden bomas, tamed, and transported and shipped in wooden crates. Later, the animals were driven by riders on horseback into net fences. Capturing game with vehicles Willie de Beer and his team chased down animals in Tanganyika with vehicles and captured them with noosehandles. The film, Hatari, starring John Wayne and Red Buttons, was based on his activities, and his equipment was used for the filming. The ‘Oelofse method’ Namibian-born Jan Oelofse, a former assistant of Willie de Beer, captured game for zoos for Tanganyika Game ProAgri Botswana / Namibia / Zimbabwe 29

The animals are herded into a canvas funnel towards the waiting truck. 41

Namibia

Limited from 1957 to 1964. He herded game on horseback into net fences. While working for the Natal Parks Board between 1964 and 1972, he started using lightweight woven plastic sheets, which are invisible from a distance, but visible when the animals come closer. This method is still known as the ‘Oelofse method.’ Jan later started using a helicopter for capturing game, which enabled him to capture 6 000 animals over a period of six weeks for the Zululand game reserves. Stocking of other parks and reserves and private landowners followed. Alec and Petra Rough Alec Rough was another pioneer game capturer who started working as a professional during the mid-seventies. “When I met Alec in 1985, he was already a well-known and respected game capturer,” says Petra, his widow. Alec grew up in the Northam district and started capturing game on horseback at a young age. He also created fenced camps and lured the game into it. During the late seventies and early eighties, he developed the boma capture method. He then made use of helicopters to herd the animals into the bomas. In 1982, he obtained his helicopter pilot licence with Slade Healy. The late uncle Norman Atherstone of Dwaalboom supported him financially to get the licence and to buy his first helicopter. After the couple got married, Petra joined him in game capturing. Alec was involved with the development of the Pilanesberg National Park. “He was instrumental with Operation Genesis, which in 1979 involved the translocation of more than 6 000 animals that used to occur there. He also helped with the translocation and acclimatisation of the first elephants in the park. “Alec held the capture and translocation contract for Pilansberg for ten years,” says Petra. “When game auctions started, we also captured most of the game for Mike Englezakis’ auctions at Sun City. Rhino and nyala were provided by Natal Parks Board.” As game ranching became an established part of agriculture, they started working in the rest of the country as well, capturing and translocating animals for private farmers and government bodies. Selling game out of hand was the norm, as auctions became more popular after 2000. “By 1985 there were only a handful of capturers, among them Jan Oelofse, Shorty du Randt, Keith Coppen, Vere van Heerden, John Brooker, Nico Roux and a few others. “We worked mostly in the old Transvaal, Free State, Northern Cape, and translocated animals all over South 42

The film, Hatari, starring John Wayne and Red Buttons, was based on Willie de Beer's activities, and his equipment was used for the filming.

Landing in the bush requires special skills.

Giraffes are being herded along a road.

Refuelling takes place along a road in the bush.

Culling is done by a marksman inside the helicopter.

ProAgri BNZ 29

An elephant darted from the helicopter needs the care of a veterinarian.

A rhino darted from a helicopter is being taken care of by the veterinarian and the ground crew.

Natural hazard on a bushveld airfield.

Individual animals that need care are darted from a helicopter. The helicopter is landed in a hurry so the vet can ensure the animal is safe.

Africa. We also did several projects in Botswana. “Capture methods ranged from using plastic or net bomas, chemical darting and net gunning, depending on the species, number of animals to be captured and the terrain where the capture took place. We mostly used the helicopter to herd the animals, but sometimes also used vehicles or worked on foot.” During the early nineties, the ‘older’ game capturers established the Professional Game Capturers Association, which has since become defunct. “The aim of the organisation was to regulate the industry and to set standards. At that stage, several newcomers entered the industry, which caused chaos regarding ethics, transport, a high mortality rate because of ignorance and abuse of chemical sedatives, as well as game theft. “To be recognised as a graded game capturer, one had to write an exam about capture methods, animal behaviour, transport ethics, chemical capturing, the use of medicine, pilot skills and practical training, as well as ten testimonials from farmers or companies, and the flight school where you obtained your licence. “Equipment and transport facilities were inspected, and grading certificates were issued which determined which species, transport or chemical methods may be used. “Alec and I left the game capturing industry in 2000, after his brother died in June 1999. After Alec’s death in 2004, I continued farming, and whenever there is an opportunity to capture game, I’m in!” Petra’s daughter Alexi followed in her parents’ footsteps after matric. She recently married Timon Dreyer, who is also in the game capture industry. Helicopters The growth in the industry in the early 80s was necessitated by a new and

ProAgri Botswana / Namibia / Zimbabwe 29

growing interest in game as a valuable commodity. Initially, the piston-driven Hiller, Enstrom and Schweizer 269 helicopters were used. “There were turbine engines, but they were expensive and cumbersome to operate,” says JP, who is a flight instructor with more than 4 000 hours at the controls of a helicopter assisting with the capturing, counting, and culling of game. “Only with the introduction of the two-seater Robinson 22, and the upgraded Hughes 300, did the game capture industry by helicopter really take off. The Robinson 22 remains a favorite because of its agility, manoeuvrability, and cost efficiency.” Up to then, farmers merely tolerated the game that happened to be on their farm for the sake of biltong – hence the name ‘biltongjagters’, but in general regarded them as the carriers of disease that competed with their cattle for grazing. When they realised that game had monetary value and they could charge said ‘biltongjagters’ to hunt, they started thinking. When foreign visi tors started flocking to Africa in their search of a serene bush experience, game watching and photographing wildlife, the value of game increased. The growing number of private reserves needed game — especially the Big Five — to lure wealthy foreign tourists, several celebrities among them, to their luxury lodges. At that time, game was abundant and relatively inexpensive, and the pioneers in the game farming business started looking for ways to capture wildlife safely and effectively for relocation to private reserves. Thus, the method to dart animals from a helicopter evolved: a pilot would get as close as possible to the running animal to allow a veterinarian to dart the animal with a chemical that would immobilise it. When the animal goes down, the pilot must immediately land so that the vet can do whatever must 43

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be done to make sure the darted animal does not go down in an awkward position that could cause its death. Because farms in South Africa are not the size of Serengeti, the numbers of game on a farm must be managed. Again, helicopters came to the rescue. If the number of wild animals exceed the carrying capacity of the farm, which could lead to overgrazing, or if the numbers must be reduced to make room for the introduction of new genes, game must be captured and relocated. It is not viable or economical to dart and capture these animals one by one, as is done in the case of prized trophy animals or rare and endangered game, or any of the Big Five that cannot be herded. A herd of plains game species, including anything from impala to buffalo and giraffe, are captured by herding a family group with a low-flying helicopter towards a funnel consisting of netting or canvas sections. These funnels lead into a boma, where animals can be rounded up and herded into the waiting trucks. There are many risks when mass capturing animals, the worst of which is probably when a pilot intent on herding the animals miscalculate and back the helicopter into nearby trees. “The industry is rife with accidents and incidents,” says JP. “This is not a playing

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Alec Rough in a helicopter with Nicki Young on their way to perform a game count. Photo: Eddie Young, courtesy Nicky Young.

ground for helicopter cowboys!” Besides capturing and darting game, the industry also needs helicopters for game counts for census and planning purposes. Counting is done by the pilot while flying in a grid pattern. “When it is difficult to get an accurate count because the herd is too large, they are scattered into smaller groups which are easier to count accurately.” When culling for the use of the meat and other animal products, the pilot is accompanied by a hunter with exceptional marksmanship who shoots the game from the open door of a helicopter. The aim is to get as close as possible to the herd and to keep up with them while they scatter.

Jan Oelofse catching zebra with a rope once they were herded into a boma. Photo: Annette Oelofse from her book: Capture to be Free - Memoirs told by Jan Oelofse, reproduced in Master Game Ranchers of South Africa: Passion and Power.

Contact JP Steyn of Fly Africa Ventures at +27(0)-82-299-3096 or flyventuresafrica@gmail.com.

A sedated rhino is walked to the waiting translocation truck.

ProAgri Botswana / Namibia / Zimbabwe 29

References Steyn, T., Van Zyl, P. (2017) Master Game Ranchers of South Africa: Passion and Power. JLO Publishing.

Zimbabwe

Erosion control in Malawi: Part 2

n the previous issue of ProAgri Zambia and ProAgri BNZ we discussed the use of natural materials that are at hand to help control soil erosion caused by run-off water, whether caused by rain and floods, or excess irrigation water. These methods were used in Malawi by Ken Coetzee and Wallie Stroebel of Conservation Management Services (CMS), who are based in George in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. They were contacted by an Irish charity called Wells for Zoe, which is working on a landscape restoration project at Enyazini, in the Mzimba district in the northern part of Malawi. Various measures were used to stop the erosion of the head-cuts of gullies where run-off water eats into the

topsoil, creating collapsing vertical gully sides which advance with every rainfall event due to the removal of the protective vegetation cover. The complete deforestation of the mountain slopes at Enyazini for firewood and charcoal production is what kick-started the soil erosion problem. Members of the local community were shown how to apply the erosion control methods and then put to work fixing some of the soil erosion on their farmland and in the nearby deforested area. Head-cuts In this issue, we discuss the ways in which CMS demonstrated how to stabilise head-cuts and prevent them from advancing further into valuable soil. A head-cut occurs at the top end of an erosion gully and it is where run-off water eats into the unprotected soil, creating a vertical sided “hole” that advances upstream, making the gully longer with every rainfall event. Water running down the gully washes away the soft soil of the sides, causing the sides to collapse into the gully which also makes the gully wider every time it rains.

As time goes by, the water that tumbles into the head-cut “hole” keeps eating away the soil, causing the hole to grow longer upstream and also deeper, creating the vertical, collapsing gully sides (see Figure 1). These deep holes are a safety hazard for people and animals that may fall into them. When they occur along a road embankment or near to a road, the road can be destroyed and vehicles can also end up in them (see Picture 1). Solution The idea is to level out the steep banks of the head-cut and slow down the rush of water to prevent further erosion. The profile of the head-cut is changed by levelling out the steep sides and partly filling up the bottom of the deep gully with the soil cut from the sides (see Figure 2). Grass fences are then installed on the newly sloped area to stabilise the soil. The areas between these fences are then covered with plant material, whatever is available, it may be cut branches, maize stalks or dried veld grass. Vegetation is replanted on the slopes so that the roots of the plants help to keep the soil together. All the exposed bare soil is covered with plant material. Step by step treatment of the head-cut

Remove vegetation

Remove all vegetation up to 2,5 m

Picture 1: A dangerous head-cut next to a road.

Picture 2: The vegetation is removed before the slopes are levelled.

Picture 3: The slopes are levelled and the gully filled in. 46

Figure 1: Typical head-cut erosion caused by unchecked run-off that washes away the banks, causing them to collapse.

ProAgri BNZ 29

grass fence sections to the poles (see Picture 6). Fill in the trench on both sides of the grass fence with soil and make sure it is well compacted.

Cover up

Picture 4: A trench is cut on the slopes and in the bottom.

Picture 6: The grass fence is tied to posts.

Picture 7: The areas on both sides of the fence is covered with mulch, such as brush and grass. Picture 5: A grass fence is installed in the trench. from the edge of the head-cut. Put aside the plants and roots for later use (see Picture 2).

Level the slopes

Using hoes and spades, slope the vertical edges down to a gentler slope with an angle of not more than 35 degrees (see Picture 3).

Fill in the gully

Use the soil that is cut down from the steep sides to partly fill in and raise the bottom level of the head cut.

Grass fences

Installing grass fences above and on the bottom of the hole will slow down the rush of surface run-off water. The grass fences must be installed perpendicular, or at a right angle (90 degrees), to the flow of the water. Sections of grass fence are created by making a frame of thin branches. The frame must be at least 500 mm tall and have branches positioned at the top, middle and bottom of the fence section. Bundles of tall, dried grass are then firmly tied to the frame using sisal string or wire (see Picture 5). Cut trenches of at least 300 mm deep across the re-shaped area (see Picture 4). Fit the grass fence sections into the trenches so that the ends overlap. Plant strong poles into the trench at the end of each grass section. Tie the

Establish a suitable plant cover over the entire treated area to help bind the new soil surface. Pack brush or any other plant material on all bare areas of the sloped headcut treatment site (see Picture 7). Cover all the bare areas on both sides of the fence with grass, leafy branches, or other organic material, such as maize stalks or old thatch grass. It may be necessary to put branches or wooden poles on top of the grass to keep it down. This groundcover will also help slow down the surface run-off flow of water, which will give it time to penetrate the soil. In time, seeds and plants dislodged by the water will wash up against the fences, where they will germinate and take root, creating a living barrier that will help to prevent further erosion. Harvest brush in such a way that at least half of the plant remains. This means that much of the plant material will have to be harvested further away from the treated area. If all the plant material in the area is removed, it will simply add to the erosion problem and cause additional erosion. Try to use plants that will easily sprout again after cutting the tree or shrub. In the next issue, we shall explain how to slow down the rush of water down a gully by using branch checks. These branch checks must be placed from where the gully starts above the headcut, to below the head-cut where the gull y ends.

Figure 2: The stages of head-cut repair shown in section. Contact the Conservation Management Services at: Ken Coetzee: +27-7227-5056, Wallie Stroebel: +27 82-493-1441 or visit their website at www.conservationmanagementservices.co.za. Illustrations provided by Conservation Management Services.

ProAgri Botswana / Namibia / Zimbabwe 29

Zimbabwe 48

ProAgri BNZ 29

Sheep farming made easy Part 11:

Grazing management

Pastures with multi species grazing. (Source: Flickr.com)

valuable asset on any farm is grazing. The value of this asset can be increased even more with proper management. Grazing management is how and when you control the grazing habits of the animals on your pastures. What animals, how, when, and for how long they graze a pasture determines the species make-up of the pasture and its long-term viability, how much forage it yields, and how well the animals perform. Overgrazing and undergrazing pastures are detrimental to both plant and animal health, as well as soil and water quality.

Grazing systems

Continuous grazing Continuous grazing is a one-pasture system in which livestock have unrestricted access to the whole pasture area throughout the grazing season. It is a simple system to implement and manage, with minimal capital investment and movement of animals. If sufficient forage is available, continuous grazing often results in a higher individual animal performance than other grazing systems. However, continuous grazing usually results in poorer forage quality and quantity. Pastures are usually grazed unevenly by livestock, as livestock overgraze the plants they like and undergraze the plants they don't like. Manure is also distributed unevenly. Stocking rates are usually lower, so the land is less productive. Weeds

Continuous grazing

Rotational grazing

x x x

Intensive grazing

xxx xxx

x x x x

Figure 1: Illustration of different grazing systems. and other undesirable plants usually persist. Parasites can be a problem if stocking rates are too high. Controlled grazing Controlled grazing gives the producer more control over grazing animals. It has many different names and variations. Simple rotational grazing Simple rotational grazing is a pasture system in which more than one pasture area is used, and livestock are moved to different pasture areas during the

ProAgri Botswana / Namibia / Zimbabwe 29

grazing season. Pastures need rest periods to recover from grazing and allow plants to regrow. The longer a pasture rests, the less infected it will be with worm larvae. Simple rotational grazing usually increases forage yields and quality. Stocking rates can usually be increased. Weed control is better. On the other hand, fencing costs are higher than with continuous grazing. Unless a central laneway system is used, each paddock needs to have water access. In some climates, the animals should 49

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have access to shelter or shade in each paddock. Intensive rotational grazing Intensive rotational grazing is a system with many pastures, frequently called paddocks or cells. Livestock are moved from paddock to paddock based on forage growth and utilisation. The number of paddocks and frequency of rotation depends upon many factors, including the class of livestock and production goals of the manager. After three days, livestock will start to graze regrowth of plant material. It is usually recommended that livestock be rotated every three to seven days to a new paddock. Intensive rotational grazing usually results in the highest forage output per hectare. Stocking rates can typically be increased over those utilised in a continuous or simple rotational grazing system. Manure is more evenly distributed in paddocks. Weed control is better, as animals are usually forced to eat everything in a paddock. Intensive rotational grazing requires a higher degree of management and

Providing shade on pasture. (Source: Flickr.com)

skill. This is why it is often called "management-intensive grazing". Initial costs will be higher due to fencing materials and water distribution systems. Providing water and shelter or shade in each paddock can be a challenge. Intensive rotational grazing could worsen internal parasitism in sheep and lambs, if pastures are grazed for too long or pasture rest periods do not allow for sufficient die-off of infective parasite larvae. Strip grazing Strip grazing is a grazing management system that involves giving livestock a fresh allocation of pasture each day. It is usually organised within a paddock grazing system and the animals are controlled by the use of an electric fence. Creep grazing Creep grazing is when young nursing animals are given forward access to fresh, ungrazed pasture through an opening in the fence. To be effective, the forage in the creep area must be

Resting a pasture. (Source: Flickr. com)

superior to the forage in the noncreep area. The greater the difference between forage in the two areas, the greater benefit to creep grazing. In addition to better nutrition in the fresh paddocks, infection with infective worm larvae will be lower. Year-round grazing Year-round grazing is possible even in cold climates, though extending the grazing system is probably a more realistic goal for most producers. Tall fescue grass is the best grass to stockpile for winter grazing. Small grains, root crops, and crop aftermaths are other options for extending the grazing season. Warm season grasses can improve forage availability in the summer when many cool season plants go dormant. Mixed species grazing Mixed species grazing is when two or more species of domestic animals are grazed together or separately on the same grazing area in the same grazing season. The rationale for mixed species grazing is based on the principle that animals have different grazing preferences and dietary overlap is minimal in a diverse sward. An additional benefit to mixed species grazing is parasite control. Sheep, cattle, and horses are generally affected by different gastro-intestinal parasites, whereas sheep and goats share the same parasites.

We thank the ARC Institute for Agricultural Engineering in South Africa who made their manual on sheep production and facilities available to the readers of ProAgri. Next month we shall look at predator control. Stay tuned for more!

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Continuous grazing. (Source: Flickr.com)

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Rotational grazing. (Source: Flickr.com) ProAgri Botswana / Namibia / Zimbabwe 29

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Zimbabwe

The operation and application of medium and big square balers Part 7:

Operational safety, transport and maintenance by GJ Stoltz (Reg Eng Tech)

he safety of equipment and staff on any farm is extremely important. Keeping a good maintenance schedule will help ensure the safety of operators as well as the machines. Damages can be costly and injuries even more so. In this edition of the series we shall elaborate on how to safely operate, transport and maintain your baler. There are two options when it comes to transporting the baler. First, it can simply be drawn behind a tractor. In this case the pick-up must be raised to the highest position to prevent it from hitting high posts. The baler’s drawbar should also be moved to the transport position so that the baler trails directly behind the tractor. The second option, for longer travel distances, is loading the baler onto a truck for quicker transport on the roads. If this is the chosen transport option, you should ensure that the baler can safely be lifted onto the truck and that the loading bin of the truck is big enough to accommodate the baler without parts of it extending over the sides.

ProAgri BNZ 29

The safety of the operator should be a priority. Following these simple steps will help to ensure the safety of the people operating the baler. Balers should only be operated by responsible people. Before adjusting a baler, disengage all power, shut the tractor’s engine off, take the key out and wait until the baler’s flywheel has stopped. All the rotating shields on the PTO driveshaft must be rotating freely. Stand clear of the baler when it is in operation. Do not attempt to pull hay from the pick-up when the machine is running. Do not move the flywheel when somebody is working on the plunger knifes. Be very cautious when tripping the knotters by hand and only attempt this when the baler is not running. Do not touch the knotter and stand clear of the needle frame. Do not try to remove twine, or wire from the bale case, or knotter when the machine is running because one’s hand can be crushed by the plunger. Never kick hay into the pick-up or stand close to the pick-up while feeding hay into the baler by hand, because one can be pulled into the machine by the moving teeth. The proper maintenance of your baler will help keep the operator safe, and also minimise the loss of production due to breakages. The maintenance of a pick-up baler falls into three main categories. • Pick-up • Plunger assembly • Tying mechanism

operator’s manual. The pick-up operates near the ground where abrasion by dust and dirt shortens service life. The most frequent problem with a pickup is replacing broken or bent pick-up teeth. Proper adjustments and clean fields reduce damaged pickup teeth. The plunger assembly wears and becomes misaligned. Check and adjust the plunger head frequently to ensure free movement. Inspect the plunger assembly for damaged parts on a regular basis. Plunger maintenance involves keeping the knives sharp and adjusted. To ensure clean cutting, the correct

knife tolerance can only be maintained with frequent adjustments. Inspect the plunger after the first 1 000 bales have been produced and, if necessary, do adjustments according to the operating instructions. The tying mechanism has many moving parts which must be properly adjusted and timed. Operating problems are often caused by wear, poor adjustment and poor quality twine or wire. With a twine-tie baler the following adjustments are very important: • The needle lift link for allowing the needle frame to clear the main

Each of these components has parts that wear and break. Inspect these components often to reduce delays during field operation and perform routine maintenance and lubrication on all baler components. For maintenance purposes it is therefore also advisable to consult the

The pick-up and plunger can be seen in this diagram. Photo: madehow.com ProAgri Botswana / Namibia / Zimbabwe 29

Zimbabwe

• • • • • • • • •

frame when the needles are fully raised. The baler timing to prevent the plunger from breaking the needles or feeder teeth. The bill hook to allow the bill hook jaws to tie the knot properly. The twine disc to ensure that it catches two strands of twine. The wiper arm to ensure that the knot is stripped clear from the bill hook. The twine holder to maintain the correct pressure to hold the twine in the twine disk. The alignment of the needles to allow the needles to pass through the knotting mechanism. The tucker fingers to ensure that the twine is caught from the needle in time. The knotter drive brake to eliminate loose, erratic action of the knotter mechanism. The plunger safety stops to protect the needles from breakage if the baler goes out of timing.

With a wire-tie baler the following adjustments are very important: • The needle link to allow the needle frame to clear the main frame when the needles are fully raised. • The baler timing to prevent the plunger from breaking the needles

Keeping your baler well maintained will enable you to produce more hay in less time by minimising breakages.

ProAgri BNZ 29

or feeder teeth. Twister level gear and position to ensure proper rotation of the twister. The intermittent-drive-gear clearance to prevent gear-tooth breakage. The wire grippers to provide positive shearing action of the wire. The wire twister hooks to ensure proper twisting of the wire. The alignment of the needles to allow the needles to pass through the knotting mechanism properly. The wire guides to allow each wire pulley to turn freely. The knotter drive brake to eliminate loose, erratic action of the knotting mechanism. The plunger safety stops to protect the needles from breakage if the baler goes out of timing.

• • • • • • • •

Good maintenance reduces the need for a large stockpile of replacement parts, but the following list of spare parts can be very useful to reduce repair time in the field: • Belts, chains and shear bolts. • Several replacement pick-up teeth. • Tying mechanism replacement parts. • Twine balls or wire rolls. • An extra set of plunger knifes. Give the baler a complete service inspection at the end of each season to

prepare for off-season repair work. Do all the repairs during the off-season. Store the baler inside after cleaning it thoroughly. Lubricate the baler thoroughly. Clean the knotter mechanism and apply a coating of grease. Clean all chains by washing them with diesel fuel. Dry the chains well and coat them with oil. Repaint surfaces where paint has worn off. Do not paint the inside of the bale chamber but coat it with a thin layer of grease.

Following this simple advice of the safe transport, maintenance and storage of your baler will help you to get higher production rates with less mechanical problems and no risk of injury.

We thank the ARC Agricultural Engineering in South Africa who made the information on square balers available to the readers of ProAgri BNZ. Next month we shall provide a detailed look at big square balers.

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Zimbabwe

Agriculture can provide the growth needed in Africa

frica's current population of approximately 1,39 billion people is expected to double by the year 2050 to about 2,5 billion. This highlights the need for growth and a significant increase in investment in various agricultural production systems, as well as an increase in the provision of products and services to agriculture, such as agrochemicals, machinery, consultancy, project management, agricultural colleges, agro-centered financial investments, vehicles, and institutions. Another element that will contribute to this growth is rapid urbanisation. After Asia, Africa is the second fastest urbanising region in the world. From 14% in 1950, Africa’s rate of urbanisation is presently 42% and it is expected that 50% of Africans will reside in urban areas by 2035. Forecasts from the Mckinsey Global Institute reveal that the number of African cities with more than five million inhabitants will rise to 17 in 2030. An increasing young population is already impacting on evolution of food demand and adding to the structuring of physical and online food markets. When it comes to the growth of the youth population over the last decade, 70% of the population is aged under

The increased population density in sub-Saharan-Africa is associated with more intensive land use, but without increased fertiliser and irrigation. (Source: Pexels) 56

32 with a median age of 19, and 226 million people are aged between 17 and 26. Africa has the youngest population in the world. The number of working-age youth in Africa is unprecedented; on average 29 million additional young people will turn 18 every year between now and 2030. The region will have 362 million young people aged 15 to 24 years by 2050. While this increase in population will come with its own challenges, it will instantaneously present a good opportunity for the continent if employment of young people and the demographic dividend are well tackled. The increase in labour supply could create a first ‘demographic dividend’ and improve Africa’s annual growth of GDP per capita by up to half a percentage point, assuming constant output per worker by the year 2030. In most of Africa, the increase in the density of the rural population of most sub-Saharan countries is exerting increasing land pressure and deeply influencing agricultural systems. There is now a reduction in the size of farms as demand for land for agricultural production is increasing. In Asia, a similar situation has led to agricultural intensification, resulting in a consequent increase in agricultural yields. In sub-Saharan Africa, however, this has led to a different result. The increased population density is associated with more intensive land use, but without increased fertiliser and irrigation. The Covid-19 global pandemic has shown us how global production systems are interconnected. Global food security will have a big impact on how African agriculture progresses into modernity as first world countries have over the past half a century. These developments include the science and business behind agricultural production systems, from crop production to marketing and distribution of agricultural produce. For Africa to remain competitive and not be left behind in the race to feed the potential nine billion people globally in 2050, policies and administration of agricultural production systems will have to use a collaborative, holistic and hands-on effort. Technological advances and investment towards new agriculture infrastructure are other factors that are bound to positively contribute to agriculture. More use of hydroponic

by Tapuwa Mashangwa

Africa has an increased population density, especially in rural areas, placing more pressure on land availability, agricultural systems, and food security. (Source: Pexels) farming, precision farming, drip irrigation, aquaculture, hybrid seeds and improved machinery and agrochemicals can establish a new era in sub-Saharan agriculture. The World Economic Forum recently highlighted the role of circular economies in technologically advanced agriculture, such as aquaponics, in a report called Five Big Bets for Africa. For this growth to be stable, however, several factors in the agricultural sector will need to be addressed, such as climate change, land degradation, favourable interest rates, availability of cheaper land for rental or purchasing, an increase in an educated, experienced and professional agricultural workforce, as well as investment in research and development so that farmers have access to better and affordable breeds of livestock, poultry, fisheries, and hybrid varieties of seeds and plants. Results and detailed information drawn from research and development pertaining to agricultural scientific research will also contribute to affordable feeds with much higher feed conversion ratios. Sub-Saharan agriculture must be concerned with the future progressive modern agriculture that will incorporate the cautious and well-thought-out use of natural resources, ensuring that their exploitation will be efficient and optimal. A drastic novel path that upholds and acknowledges global requirements must be plotted; one that safeguards the agricultural interests of subSaharan Africa in which the systems set up can build and rebuild themselves, supporting efficient management strategies that enhance regenerative agricultural production systems. ProAgri BNZ 29

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