ProAgri BNZ 50 by ProAgri

ProAgri B otswa n a / N am i b ia/ ia / Zim b ab w e No 50

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Botswana page 21

Namibia page 26

Young farmers,

the future of Agriculture!

Zimbabwe page 30

Celebrating our 50th edition of ProAgri BNZ!

Fuel-efficient FAW trucks produce additional fleet savings for Rubtrans Logistics www.agri4all.com

www.proagri.co.za

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Agents:

Wimpie Coetzee - 081 128 0268 Felix Nell - 081 316 9916 Johan Pieterse - 081 712 3015

Celebrating our

Cover

th edition of

ProAgri BNZ!

t is with great joy and a sense of accomplishment that we present to you the 50th edition of our beloved ProAgri Botswana, Namibia and Zimbabwe magazine. Where has the time gone? As we reflect on this milestone and as we take a look at all of our covers, we cannot help but think of the amazing magazines we have created over the past few years, the people we have met along the way and the interesting and insightful stories that we have covered. When looking back at where we started and where we are today, we also notice how the agricultural industry and topics transformed over the past 50 editions. Fifty editions mark a journey of growth, exploration, and shared knowledge. From the inaugural issue to the present, each edition has been a testament to our commitment to delivering quality content that informs, inspires, and connects our community. We extend our heartfelt appreciation to the dedicated team of writers, contributors, designers, and other staff who have worked tirelessly to bring you engaging and relevant articles. Their passion and expertise have been instrumental in shaping the identity of our magazine.

Content

3. 5. 6. 12. 15. 21. 26. 30. 33. 36. 37. 38. 39.

To our readers, your loyalty has been the driving force behind our continued success. Whether you joined us from the beginning or recently became a part of our community, we are grateful for the trust you have placed in us to be your source of information and inspiration. As we celebrate this significant milestone, we reaffirm our commitment to excellence. The 50th edition is not just a reflection of the past but a promise for the future. We are excited about the journey ahead and the opportunity to continue serving you with even more captivating content. Our team at ProAgri continues to do what we do best, in good times and bad, supporting the farming community and uniting us through great stories. Thank you for being an integral part of our story. Here's to 50 editions of growth, learning, and shared experiences. Cheers to the past, present, and the exciting chapters yet to unfold. Here’s to the next 50 editions! ProAgri-greetings! Bianca Henning bianca@proagri.co.za

Fuel-efficient FAW trucks produce additional fleet savings for Rubtrans Logistics Planter technology from John Deere offers value season after season Technews: The latest in agricultural technology from around the world Food for Africa: Millet Fruit production part 10: Grape adventures Botswana on alert for foot-and-mouth Livestock identification part 5: Microchipping Bamboo promotes conservation, forestry, and agriculture Tick-borne diseases of Zimbabwe: Lumpy skin disease Young cattle rancher milks it in Zimbabwe Youths in Zimbabwe connect cattle ranching to tourism Young entrepreneur seeks fortune in agro-supplies in Zimbabwe Emerging farmers in Zimbabwe urged to take agriculture seriously

ProAgri Botswana / Namibia / Zimbabwe 50

The needs of transport operators are the first consideration of FAW Trucks. Rubtrans Logistics recently expanded their fleet with FAW’s JH6 28.500FT models. Read on page 3 how FAW contributes to additional fleet savings for Rubtrans Logistics.

ProAgri B ot s wa n a/ a / N a m i b i a/ a/Zimbabwe

577 Rossouw Street, Die Wilgers, Pretoria +27 (0)79 515 8708 www.proagri.co.za Copyright © 2023. All rights r eserved. No m aterial, text or p hotographs may be r eproduced, copied or in any other way t ransmitted without the written consent of the publisher. O pinions expressed are not n ecessarily those of the publisher or of the e ditor. We recognise all trademarks and logos as the sole property of their r espective o wners. ProAgri shall not be liable for any errors or for any actions in reliance thereon.

ProAgri BNZ Editor Bianca Henning Reporters Benine Ackermann Maryna Steyn

> +27 82-326-2572 bianca@proagri.co.za > +27 73-105-6938 benine@proagri.co.za > +27 82-261-9177 maryna@proagri.co.za

Specialist Writer Annemarie Bremner > +27 82-320-3642 annemarie@proagri.co.za Client Relations Manager Carin Swartz > +27 84-233-0123 carin@proagri.co.za Marketing Manager Diane Grobler > +27 82-555-6866 diane@proagri.co.za Marketing Xander Pieterse > +27 62-391-6507 xander@proagri.co.za Johan Swartz > +27 71-599-9417 johan@proagri.co.za Tiny Smith > +27 82-698-3353 tiny@proagri.co.za Lynette van Tonder > +27 74-694-4422 lynette@proagri.co.za Evette Liebenberg >+27 71-891-4441 evette@proagri.co.za Head of design Michelle Kruger > +27 84-416-1780 michelle@proagri.co.za Design Anja Oosthuizen Jamie-Lee Tromp Enquiries Engela Botha

> +27 73-663-1234 engela@proagri.co.za

Distribution and subscription Nita Volmer-van Zyl > +27 79-515-8708 nita@proagri.co.za Accounts Ronel Schluter > +27 84-088-0123 accounts@proagri.co.za Business Manager George Grobler

JUMBO

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3ℓ & 4ℓ ANTI-DROWN RING

8ℓ & 12ℓ ANTI-DROWN RING

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ProAgri BNZ 50

Fuel-efficient FAW trucks produce additional fleet savings for Rubtrans Logistics

by Bianca Henning

he needs of transport operators are the first consideration of FAW Trucks. Therefore, they provide fleet owners with a range of vehicles that minimise the total cost of operation in their respective categories. Fleet and transport operators are under massive pressure to contain operating costs as much as possible to offset the steadily increasing price of diesel fuel.

Rubtrans Logistics running strongly for 45 years

Rubtrans Logistics is owned and managed by a father and his sons. Rushil Ahir, Director of Rubtrans Logistics, tells more: “Rubtrans Logistics is a family-owned business with the second-generation adding value and new innovations. We are formerly from Ladysmith. In 1978, my parents started the transport business, where we transported fresh produce. From these humble beginnings, the company has grown to become the ultimate road cargo, transport and logistics solution in Southern Africa with 120 vehicles.” He adds: “We tailor our logistics solutions around our clients’ needs ensuring their brand reputation is never at risk, and that is only possible with the best, reliable vehicles on the road.”

with our FAW trucks, with +- 60 000 km on them. Whenever we have an enquiry, the response of the FAW team is fantastic!” he admits. Rushil explains that the cost per kilometre to run an FAW is way less than any other vehicle on the road at the moment. "In terms of the performance of the vehicles, compared to the rest of the fleet, I would say that I have about a 45% saving on tyres, fuel and time. We also do not have any downtime with our FAW fleet. “As a transporter or logistics owner, the price per kilometre running an FAW, compared to running any other brand on the road, was better by far. We are proud to say that Rubtrans Logistics has an 99,8% delivery rate, and our fleet of FAW’s JH 6’s has certainly contributed to these statistics, due to the fuel efficiency, safety and reliability of the vehicles,” he adds. “FAW has never let us down on the road! Therefore, we will place another order before end of November 2023 for 10 new JH 6 FAW’s, through the ELT Group,” Rushil says. He concludes: “You are never alone on your journey with FAW - the support team from FAW is always there to support you and to keep your business running smoothly. It is an honour for us to be part of the FAW and ELT family, and they will most definitely see more business from Rubtrans Logistics in the future.”

FAW to find out more,” Rushil adds. “We took in the FAW trucks, and to date we have not looked back one day!”

FAW's JH6 28.500FT fleet

“Before choosing the FAW JH 6, we had a look at various other models, but the test drive with the fleet of FAW’s convinced us: The JH 6 proved that horsepower and fuel economy comes hand in hand with these models. Our fleet of FAW’s have certainly showed and proven to us the best fuel efficiency," Rushil says. “From our drivers’ perspective’s, I have received only good reviews and feedback. No one wants to get out of the vehicle, because of the comfort, less fatigue and the cabin space," he continues.

Reliability and performance of FAW’s vehicles

“To date we haven’t had any issues

Rubtrans Logistics’ relationship with FAW

“After I saw one of the FAW JH 6 models on the road, I made contact with ProAgri Botswana / Namibia / Zimbabwe 50

FAW Trucks is committed to ensuring operating efficiency throughout its vehicle range and constantly compares the figures it achieves against other comparative brands to ensure they remain the best. For more information, visit FAW’s website at www.faw.co.za or visit your nearest dealer.

YOU CAN’T BE EVERYWHERE AT ONCE! JDLinkTM • Empowers remote management • Boosts machine performance • Monitors on-ﬁeld equipment

Contact your nearest dealer today *Terms and conditions apply. (Available at https://www.deere.africa/en/) https://www.deere.africa/en/ I africa@johndeere.com I Customer care: 0800 983 821 JohnDeereAME 4

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ProAgri BNZ 50

Planter technology from John Deere offers value season after season Article supplied

iscover the value in every pass and every season with John Deere's precision ag tools. John Deere has established itself as an industry leader, providing farmers with innovative tools to enhance their farming operations. From machine performance to field management and data analysis, John Deere offers a comprehensive suite of solutions that enable farmers to monitor, manage, and maximise their yields, season after season. More efficiencies: From automation to repeatability, find the precision technology you need to work faster and smarter. Lower cost: Precise seed placement. Better application accuracy, less input which means lower costs. Higher yield: From your machines to your fields precision ag fuels better performance and powers higher yields. Put more PLAN into your PLANting. Planting does not just happen, it comes with careful planning, early preparation and lots of hard work. That is why the following John Deere Precision Ag solutions will help make this easier:

JDLink™

Turn on JDLink™ to seamlessly send your data from your equipment the Operation

Centre and vice versa. Saving you less trips to the field.

Operations Centre

See what is happening in your operation right now and learn from your performance over time. Collaborate with the right people and tools to make decisions that save time, optimise yield, and maximise profits. Direct your operations by turning your plans into action, and adjusting as conditions change.

In-field data sharing

See coverage and as-applied maps for machines working in the same field at the same time. Ensure complete field coverage with multiple machines even in low light and/or dusty conditions. Reduce over-application leading to more accurate documentation data and lower input costs.

Automation 4.0

Uses data from planning or strip till and planting to automatically full field guidance lines for secondary passes. Let AutoTrac™ Turn Automation take over your turns, implement functions and speed.

ProAgri Botswana / Namibia / Zimbabwe 50

AutoTrac™ Implement Guidance places your tool exactly where it needs to be, even on sidehills and around curves.

StarFire™ 7000 with SF-RTK

Offers greater accuracy, faster pull in times and season to season repeatability, this means less hardware and faster recovery from shading.

John Deere Section Control

Reduce overlap and minimise skips ensuring precise placement of crop protectants and nutrients.

SeedStar™ 4HP

Designed to optimise the in-cab monitoring experience exclusively on the Gen 4 4600 CommandCenter™ display or 4640 Universal Display for growers with ExactEmerge™ planters and MaxEmerge™ 5e planters. With John Deere Precision Ag, you can achieve greater efficiency, cost savings, and higher yields. Maximise your planting success with our comprehensive range of tools and technologies. Find the planter that is right for your farm, visit www.deere.africa/ en/planting-equipment.

Technews

by Annemarie Bremner

The latest in agricultural technology from around the world Case IH Advanced Feed-rate predicts crop density

Faresin goes fully electric with a new mixer wagon

CASE IH can now predict how much material will enter the harvester before it has even been cut.

he Advanced Feed-rate Control system developed for Case IH AxialFlow combines has been awarded a Silver Medal in the Innovation Awards, presented by the organisers of the Agritechnica exhibition. It predicts crop density before the material enters the machine. In contrast to solutions that alter machine parameters once the crop has entered the combine, Case IH Advanced Feed-rate Control uses forward-looking radar sensors to scan and assess density of the crop before it enters the machine, rather than during the threshing process. The four header-mounted radar units measure the complete plant mass from the ground up for a highly accurate crop density assessment. The information generated is used to automatically adjust key settings, such as forward speed for the crop volume the machine is about to ingest. As a result, combine forward speed and engine load are maintained as closely as possible to the desired level, maximising output without the risk of blockage. In addition, experienced operators can get the maximum from their machine, while those less experienced can be more confident they can push the combine without fear of it blocking. 6

Boost work rates Because operators can work at faster ground speeds than might otherwise be possible, the development of proactive Advanced Feed-rate Control has the potential to boost work rates by up to 20% when compared with a combine fitted with the established reactive automated feed-rate intake. Greater consistency of throughput speeds minimises losses and improves grain quality, while reduced blockage risk improves safety and minimises inconvenience and downtime. The system is fitted the VariCut header paired with the Axial-Flow 7160 combine. In addition to Advanced Feed-rate Control, the new models incorporate full AFS Harvest Command connectivity. “The Agritechnica awards panel’s recognition of the benefits offered by this development is really gratifying,” says Peter Friis, Head of Combine Business for Case IH in Europe. “The proactive Advanced Feed-rate Control provides the ability to get the most from the combine’s potential regardless of operator experience, enabling users to maximise output in short weather windows without risk of overloading.” (Source: worldagritech.com)

The Leader PF Full Electric self-propelled mixer wagon was introduced to the world at the beginning of November. It completes Faresin’s electrified range, launched in 2018 with its electric telehandler. The new Leader PF Full Electric has been designed to make use of the electricity that farms produce through photovoltaic or cogeneration plants at low cost. At the same time, the machine produces no pollutant emissions, thus reducing the environmental impact of the farm. The use of electrical technology also promotes animal welfare and enables certification of the production chain. “Thanks to the virtuous transversatility that distinguishes our research and development process, we were able to implement our Full Electric technology, completely Made in Faresin, in the Mixer Wagons line as well,” says President Sante Faresin. The result is a machine that offers a work experience that is fully equivalent to what one would have with an endothermic engine, but without emitting greenhouse gases.” Similar performance The Leader PF 1.14 Full Electric has 14 cubic meters of mixing tub capacity and a vertical auger. Faresin engineers have worked hard to ensure performance quite similar to their respective heat-powered models, while maintaining enough range to complete at least a full day on an averagesized farm. For this reason, the 91 kW, 210 Ah Lithium Iron-Phosphate battery integrated with Farmatics telematics for remote control was installed in the rear engine compartment. Its location at the rear allows for optimal weight distribution, greater operational convenience such as reduced dirt in the compartment and easy access to components, and other advantages while driving, such as comfort and visibility. ProAgri BNZ 50

Battery charging is done with complete flexibility thanks to the Universal Charge system, a single plug-in interface for 220 V single-phase and 400 V three-phase supplies. The machine also has a system that recovers energy during braking and accelerator release by storing it in the battery and increasing its range. The entire system is monitored by diagnostics involving all electrical, electronic, and hydraulic parts, including the in-cab control instrumentation. Tractive force comes from a 51-kW electric motor located in the rear axle, which also transmits motion to the front axle. The system has two gears that allow travel up to a maximum speed of 20 km/h. The Leader PF Full Electric has four-wheel drive and steering that allows three types of steering (concentric, crab-steering, and front-only). It is also equipped with a hydro-pneumatic suspension that can be adjusted in height from the cab, allowing a comfortable and safe ride. Homogeneous mixtures The geometry of the mixing tub, combined with the special profile of the auger, quickly prepares homogeneous mixtures. There are eight mixing speeds, which allow the machine’s performance to be adapted to the recipe. In addition, a special “Cleaning” function allows the auger to completely discharge the content of the mixing tub, preventing excessive stagnation of product dangerous to animal health. To meet the needs of each farmer, the unloading system can be configured with various types of mats with displacement or lifting operated directly through the cabin display. Accuracy is important to achieve good results and keep feed costs under control. Through the electronic weighing and dosing system located in the booth, or by using the Farm Manager Web business management programme, it is possible to programme the recipe and constantly monitor the loaded ingredients. The main functions are operated by the electro-proportional joystick and side keypads, while the automotiveinspired push-button panel allows precise and timely control of all loading and unloading parts. (Source: World-Agritech.com)

New Holland's T7 Methane Power LNG tractor on TIME's Best Invention List 2023

Among a wide range of innovations across several categories, TIME Magazine has chosen New Holland's T7

Faresin has introduced its first fully electrical self-propelled mixer to the market. Methane Power LNG tractor to be featured in their Best Invention List 2023. TIME has been expanding their categories in response to the rapidlychanging progress in fields such as artificial intelligence, sustainability and more, paying special attention to growing fields such as the electric vehicle industry, green energy, and the metaverse. This year’s special mentions list featured 50 inventions recognised for their unique impact. New Holland’s T7 Methane Power LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) tractor is an industry first and the latest development in the brand’s Methane Power tractor offering. With its LNG power solution, this tractor more than doubles the autonomy capability of the current methane powered range: using liquefied methane delivers four times as much fuel storage capacity when compared to compressed gas (CNG). The LNG tractor can be fuelled by fu-

ProAgri Botswana / Namibia / Zimbabwe 50

gitive methane, strategically captured from livestock waste slurry lagoons. The methane is converted into fuelgrade liquefied natural gas (LNG) using patented cryogenic processes solving the low boiling point challenge historically seen with this fuel source. So far, the LNG tractor has worked across multiple continents with prototypes being developed and tested to continue to deliver the best experience for farmers around the world. "This Mention reflects the long commitment New Holland has in sustainability and our role of leadership in the agricultural sector. This award is a milestone for the company, so congratulations to everyone who worked so hard to achieve such incredible results,” said New Holland Brand President Carlo Lambro. (Source: African Farming) https://www. africanfarming.net/technology/machinery-equipment 7

The New Holland T7 Methane Power LNG tractor made it onto TIME’s list of innovations that can change the world.

SolAgra collaborates with UDel for Agrivoltaics research SolAgra has recently contracted with the University of Delaware (UDel) for two agrivoltaic solar plants that will be built at UDel’s Newark and Georgetown campuses. These solar arrays are planned to be built and launched for the 2024 growing season, with facilities giving access to students and faculty of the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources and offering them an opportunity to study the benefits of co-locating solar tracking systems with crop production. The test crops will mostly comprise

of high-value fruits and vegetables like tomatoes, peppers, lettuce, and strawberries that are currently bearing the brunt of climate change. Students in the College of Engineering and Institute of Energy Conversion will gather data on solar electricity generation. Any mutual benefits demonstrated will highlight the potential of using agricultural land for large-scale dual-use PV installations. SolAgra, which calls its patented technology SolAgra Farming, uses patented elevated solar arrays to pro-

duce green energy on farmland while simultaneously sustaining or improving the quality of crops being grown beneath the solar arrays. This unique agrivoltaics technology provides DynamicShiftingTM and CounterTrackingTM of elevated solar arrays to support the dual use of farmland. This means that the panels can be tilted to allow more of less sunlight through to the plants. Moreover, the company’s Solar Platform with its hinged design also controls the mobility of the structure to help regulate the location of sunlight and shade landing on the field. This allows farmers to control the amount of shade the crops receive while maintaining solar power production.

The hinged structure itself can also be shifted to control light penetration. An advantage of having plants and even irrigation underneath the solar system is that the panels do not overheat and are therefore more productive.

ProAgri BNZ 50

SolAgra’s solar panels are placed on a high structure to allow tractor and implement movement in fields. The panels can be tilted to follow the sun or manually positioned to protect plants against hail or too much heat.

In addition to enjoying the shielding from excess sunlight, rain and hail, the farmers are also entitled to receive a portion of the power sales revenue from SolAgra in lieu of land-lease payments. "UDel is really excited to be partnering with SolAgra to be the first

demonstration site for this new type of agrivoltaic system,” said co-PI, Steven Hegedus, an electrical and computer engineering professor, and senior scientist at UDel's Institute of Energy Conversion. “Two of the greatest challenges for the future are providing

clean energy and food in a changing climate. It makes sense to find a common solution.” For more information, visit: https://www.solagra.com

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ProAgri BNZ 50

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ProAgri Botswana / Namibia / Zimbabwe 50

Food for Africa:

Millet

The United Nations has declared 2023 as the International Year of the Millet.

illet provides a nutritious and affordable addition to the diet of people living in Africa, and can provide food security, especially in the light of climate change. Millet farming can play an important role by empowering smallholder farmers to achieve sustainable development, eliminate hunger, adapt to climate change, and promote biodiversity in Africa.

What is millet?

The millet plant produces small, round whole grains that belong to the grass or Poaceae family. Pearl millet was domesticated in the Sahel region of West Africa, where its wild ancestors are found. Evidence for the cultivation of pearl millet in Mali dates back to 2500 BCE (before the Common Era) and was found on the Indian subcontinent by 2300 BCE. Finger millet is native to the highlands of East Africa and was domesticated before the third millennium BCE. Its cultivation had spread to South India by 1800 BCE.

Forgotten foods

Millet, which is regarded as an ancient grain, has been a staple food in many African and Asian countries for centuries, where it has contributed to a third of the food basket. It is referred to as ‘Forgotten Food’ because consumption has declined in recent times due to scarcity, convenience, taste, and the social perception that it is poor people’s food. However, this food has not been forgotten by the people of sub-Saharan Africa and Asia, who rely on it for their survival. In these countries, it remains remain a staple among crops like cassava, yam, sweet potatoes, Bambara beans and groundnuts. Millet is high in nutrients, and grows in poor soil in semi-arid and arid conditions with low rainfall, and requires less water compared to other cereals. It has a shorter growing season, which makes it suitable for areas where rain is unpredictable, and water scarce. Millet is also considered to be a lowinput crop, which means it requires little fertiliser and pesticides, which reduces their impact on the environment and helps to preserve the fertility of the soil. 12

by Tisha Steyn

The wild ancestors of pearl millet, the most important millet in Africa, were found in the Sahel region of West Africa. (Source: Pixabay)

Hidden hunger

According to a 2022 report by the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), the World Health Organisation (WHO), and the World Food Programme (WFP), 29,3% or 2,3 billion of the global population were moderately or severely food insecure, and 11,7% or 923,7 million people faced severe food insecurity. In addition, there is ‘hidden hunger’, which refers to malnutrition, meaning people have enough food, but the food they rely on does not provide enough nutrients. Women in many parts of the world are anaemic because they do not have enough red blood cells to keep them healthy, and children suffer from wasting, which means they do not grow as strongly as they should. Dr Jacqueline Hughes, Director General at the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) says: “The narrative of food and nutrition security must be expanded to include the role that millet can play to move towards more nutritious and sustainable diets and agriculture. This calls for fresh thinking around transforming our current food systems towards healthier, sustainable, resilient, and diverse food systems.”

Nutritional value

All types of millet are renowned for their high nutritional value and health benefits. Millet is gluten-free, protein-rich starchy grain that is rich in antioxidants, soluble fibre, and protein. One cup of cooked millet contains carbohydrates (41 g), fibre (2,2 g), protein (6 g), fat (1,7 g), phosphorus (25% of daily value (DV), and magnesium (19%, folate (8%), iron (6%). Millet provides more essential amino acids – the building blocks of protein – than most other cereals. Finger millet has the highest calcium content of all cereal grains, providing 13% DV per one cup of cooked millet. Calcium is necessary to ensure healthy bones, blood vessels and nerve function.

Health benefits of millet

Antioxidants Antioxidants in millets, especially those with a darker colour, help heal wounds, protect the skin, and have anti-inflammatory properties.

In some countries, millet is also grown as ornamental plants, while their seeds feed birds and other wildlife species such as squirrels that may visit the garden. (Source: Pixabay) Lower blood sugar levels Millet is rich in indigestible carbohydrates that help control blood sugar levels and are considered ideal for people with diabetes. Lower cholesterol Millet contains soluble fibre and protein that may help reduce cholesterol levels and keep the heart healthy, which is good for people with obesity and type 2 diabetes. ProAgri BNZ 50

The phytic acid in millet, for instance, interferes with the absorption of potassium, calcium, iron, zinc, and magnesium. However, a person with a balanced diet isn’t likely to experience adverse effects. Other antinutrients called goitrogenic polyphenols may impair thyroid function, causing goitre – an enlargement of your thyroid gland that results in neck swelling. However, this effect is associated only with excess polyphenol

Millet can be harvested as soon as the seeds turn golden brown. (Source: Pixabay) Gluten-free Millet is a gluten-free grain, which makes it suitable for people following a gluten-free diet. However, people with celiac disease or non-celiac gluten sensitivity must avoid it because it may trigger harmful digestive symptoms such as diarrhoea and nutrient malabsorption. Caution Despite the grain’s multiple health benefits, it also contains antinutrients, which are compounds that block or reduce your body’s absorption of other nutrients, which may lead to deficiencies.

Millet must be soaked before cooking as food, as it may contain antinutrients that may prevent the absorption by the body of some nutrients. (Source: Pixabay)

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2023/10/31 09:30

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Protected by thick foliage, the grapes hang down, ready to finish their final stages of fruit set before harvest. (Source: Pixabay)

Fruit production part 10:

Grape adventures

by Maryna Steyn

rape farming in Zambia is not a new thing. In fact, it has been more than a decade since growers have started to produce grapes for the table grape industry. Some farmers have even ventured into wine making or exporting grapes for juice making. A favourite for many, this fruit’s juicy flesh quenches thirst and fills the tummy. Whether it is a snack, an ingredient in salad and deserts, or a refreshing drink, grapes and grape juice are enjoyed by many across the world. It offers many antioxidant properties and boosts immunity as well as keeping you hydrated. Grapes contains copper, vitamin B, C and K, as well as potassium, sodium, zinc, calcium, iron, and phosphorus. The plump fruit belongs to the category of berries that grow on a deciduous woody vine from the Vitaceaefamily. A wide variety of types are available: more than just having the green, red, or black colours, there are also an array of varieties that impact the taste, size, and shape of the fruits. What is more important in these varieties are to know which grapes to use for table grape production, raisins, juice, or wine. Some are also hardier than others, withstanding high temperatures more than others.

seedless berries. It is widely used as a table grape and for making raisins.

Soil and climatic requirements To grow grapes, you need a climate

that has moderate heat. Temperatures needs to range between 25 to 32 ° Celsius if the plants are going to thrive. They are, however, sensitive to frost. It is quite economical with water, and it is most successful when the annual rainfall varies from 635 to 890 mm. The plant grows best at elevations ranging from 200 to 250 meters. Grapes need plenty of sunlight, at least 7 to 8 hours of direct sunlight daily. Winters need to be long and cold enough to ensure dormancy in the resting season. The optimal soil condition has a soil acidity ranging from 6 to 6,5 pH. Grapes can be cultivated in a variety of soils including sandy loams, sandy clay loams, red sandy soils, shallow to medium black soils and red loams.

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Some of the varieties to consider when planting table grapes are: Thompson Seedless: A popular green grape variety known for its sweet and

Red Globe: One of the most popular red table grape varieties, known for its large size, crisp texture, and sweet taste. Crimson Seedless: Red, seedless grapes with a sweet flavour. They are popular for fresh consumption and are resistant to cracking. Flame Seedless: Red seedless grapes with a sweet and slightly tart flavour. They have excellent shelf life and are popular in the fresh market. If you aim to start grape production for wine or raisin making, you will need to consider other varieties. Investigating local varieties to plant is also an option.

The soil must just be well-balanced between having good drainage and having good water holding capacity to keep the plants hydrated. It is also important that the soil is without any hard pan layers.

The soil needs to have good drainage and be loose enough to ensure good root development. (Source: Juan Pablo Serrano Arenas on Pexels)

Soil preparation When preparing the soil, two things need to be considered: soil health and structure. You may loosen the soil with a pickaxe or with the use of a larger implement like a ripper. This ensures that the roots can spread wide and deep. Grapes can tolerate less fertile soils and a variety of pH levels, but you may adjust these according to the results of a soil test. Incorporating well-fermented compost or manure can enhance soil fertility and structure. Planting It takes at least a year for a vineyard to be established. One-year old seedlings will take an additional three years before it delivers a yield. You can plant the grape seedlings three to four weeks before spring starts. Plant seedlings with precision, ensuring proper spacing, adequate depth, and firm soil contact around the roots. It is important to note that since grapes grow vines, you will need a trellis system to hold up the vines. Planting wooden poles to keep the trellis up means that you need to plan the row spacing before transferring the seedlings to the soil. Plant the seedlings 0,24 to 0,28 metres apart in rows. Rows can be 0,3 metres apart. Ensure that you plant them at the same depth as the nursery pots. Prune the tops to encourage growth. Fertiliser For grapes, the soil does not need to be too fertile. In fact, if it is too fertile,

the plant places uses more energy to grow foliage than fruits. This is obviously not ideal. But the opposite can also be detrimental as it will cost you a fortune in ensuring your crop gets the nutrients it needs. That is why frequent

To protect your crop from birds, you may want to consider agricultural netting. (source: Mathias Reding on Pexels) 16

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water that is high in sodium may reduce the water permeability of soil. This, in turn, reduces the yield. Grapes’ watering needs change across the season according to the day length and growth stage. The younger plants need at least 20 litres of water per vine per week, dividing it into two to three applications. Mature vines require 100 to 300 litres of water per vine per week, divided into one to three applications. Soil moisture needs to be maintained in the critical growth stages of budburst, flowering period, fruit setting and berry ripening as water stress can severely affect the yield. Thankfully, farmers do not need to guess what the soil moisture is, they can use tensiometers to monitor soil moisture effectively. There must be very little rain during the ripening period; too much rain can cause various grape diseases and the plump grapes may burst. Most farmers find that it is best to use drip irrigation to manage water needs. Drip irrigation systems also has the added benefits of conserving water, minimising evaporation, and

delivering precise amounts of moisture to the grapevines' root zones. Pest and disease management Most commonly, grapes are threatened by grape berry moth, whose larvae feed on grapes, and by birds. Keep an eye out for aphids, grape leafhoppers, and spider mites. Use neem oil or insecticidal soap for organic pest control. You may also find out more about the insecticide that is best for your specific

(about once every three years) soil testing is vital. Ask your agronomist about soil tests and how to use their results. Based on the soil test results, apply a balanced fertiliser (such as 10-1010 N:P:K) during the growing season. Grapes need these macronutrients as well as micronutrients, such as copper, iron, and zinc. If the vine growth is less than one metre in a year, additional nitrogen must be applied. A nitrogen deficiency will also show poor colour of the leaves (light green or yellowish). On the other hand, high nitrogen fertilisation promotes heavy vine production at the expense of fruit production. Applying phosphate is beneficial. Ideally, fertiliser is applied two to four times a year, but you may also ask you agronomist for more information about this. Irrigation It is vital to have an irrigation system to supplement rainfall if consistent success in grape production is to be achieved. However, there are a few concerns with regards to minerals in water sources. Chlorides or boron in irrigation water may accumulate in grape leaves, and ProAgri Botswana / Namibia / Zimbabwe 50

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problem. To keep birds away, you may consider using netting. Among the most common diseases are downy mildew, powdery mildew, and black rot. Powdery mildew All parts of the grape plant, namely leaves, blossoms, or fruit, can be affected by this disease. It leaves blemishes on the affected berries and results in deformation. Symptoms of the disease are a powdery (ash-like) white substance on the leaves. To control this, apply a fungicide at bud break in vineyards where symptoms appeared the year before and follow the label instructions carefully.

Downy mildew This disease is caused by light and continuous rain or heavy dew associated with high humidity. Low temperature also favours the development of the disease. The leaves, flowers, and fruits are attacked by the disease. Signs that your vines are infected are light-yellow spots on the upper surface of the mature leaves corresponding with white spots on the lower side. The affected leaves turn brown and cannot support bunch development owing to reduced photosynthetic activity. To control the disease, start by pruning the affected sections. Destroy the removed parts immediately.

Bacterial leaf spot The disease is more prevalent from February to March and in June and August when the temperature is 25 to 30 °C and humidity is 80% to 90%. Symptoms of infection first appear on young growing shoots, but it also affects leaves and berries. The leaves show minute water-soaked spots on the lower surface of the leaves along the main and lateral veins. The spots coalesce later to form larger patches and brown-black lesions on the berries, which become small and shrivelled. To control this disease, the easiest way is to collect and burn the infected plant parts as this will help minimise the spread of the disease. Black rot Black rot most often occurs in areas with a warm and moist climate that has extended periods of rain and cloudy weather. The disease attacks the leaves, stems, flowers, and berries. The new growth is attacked during the growing season. The main symptoms are usually reddish-brown spots on the leaves and a black scab on the berries. The best control method is to collect and destroy any mummified berries left on the vines.

Sources Yara Zambia (2018) Crop nutrition: Table grape. Available at: https://www.yara.co.zm/crop-nutrition/table-grape/. Lima Farms Limited (2023) Grape growing and wine making in Zambia . Available at: https://limafarm.wordpress. com/2023/06/20/grape-growing-and-wine-making-in-zambia/ Water Wise (no date) Growing grapes. Available at: https://waterwise.co.za/export/sites/water-wise/gardening/food/ downloads/Grow_grapes_new_Rev2.pdf

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Botswana on alert for foot-and-mouth by Tisha Steyn The alert followed after Zimbabwe National Parks reported that more than 500 buffalo crossed into Botswana in search of grazing and water. During long periods of droughts, the animals cross the porous border from Zimbabwe, which is not free of the disease. Botswana authorities fear that the

Elephants breaking fences According to wildlife management expert, Erik Verreynne, the buffalo crossed into Botswana because elephants often break the fences in their search for food and water. "We see more and more animals

The disease poses a threat to the livelihoods of farmers as contaminated animals have to be culled to stop the spread. Last year, more than 10,000 cattle had to be culled to contain the disease after an outbreak. buffalo could spread foot-and-mouth disease to their livestock. According to Botswana’s director of veterinary services, Kefentse Motshegwa, movement restrictions were imposed on cattle in the affected areas to stop the possible spread of the disease. Veterinarians were testing the cattle and undertook to inform the farmers of the outcome. Botswana's acting agriculture minister, Karabo Gare, said it was important to fight the spread of the disease, but it was also necessary to safeguard humans from the dangerous buffaloes.

coming in as the government is battling to maintain the fences as elephants keep breaking them," Verreynne said. Farmer and veterinarian, Mbatshi Mazwinduma, said urgent steps were needed to quickly avoid the spread of foot-and-mouth disease. "In times of drought there is a lack of water resources, and the buffaloes are hungry and thin; there is a risk that they may be shedding more virus.” He reiterated that the government was doing all it could to round up the buffalo by offering them water and disposing of infected animals as humanely

herd of buffalo that entered into Botswana from Zimbabwe’s Hwange National Park in September has forced Botswana to put restrictions on the movement of all cloven-hoofed animals in the northeast of the country. Botswana is largely an FMD-free country, and the country jealously guards this status to protect its cattle, which is a main export commodity.

A herd of buffalo that entered Botswana from Hwange National Park in September from Zimbabwe has forced Botswana to put restrictions on the movement of all cloven-hoofed animals in the northeast of the country. (Source: Pixabay)

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Botswana

a two-month ban exports to the EU also resumed. Farmers welcomed the move. “It is a welcome development because the EU is one of the main markets for our beef,” farmer Bathusi Letlhare said. “They pay good prices, and this, in turn, benefits farmers a lot. It is always bad when we have an FMD outbreak and the market has to be closed.

The country jealously guards its borders to prevent FMD-carrying animals from entering, although this is not always possible because of the porous borders that allow animals from other countries to enter freely. (Source: Pixabay)

Map of FMD-free zones in Botswana (Source: https://www.woah.org/app/ uploads/2021/05/eng-botswana.png)

as possible to prevent the spread of the disease. Buffalo, regarded as a reservoir species for the disease, are often linked with the sporadic outbreaks of footand-mouth in Botswana, affecting beef exports. Botswana, one of Africa's top beef producers, exports about 10,000 tons of beef annually to the European Union, where the country enjoys duty and quota-free access.

Potential loss of export revenue In August 2022, Botswana had to suspend beef exports to neighbouring countries and the European Union after an outbreak in the same area. Once the outbreak near the border with Zimbabwe was brought under control and 10,000 head of cattle had been culled, exports to neighbouring countries partially resumed in September, although a ban on cattle from the northeast area remained in place. After

“I can say 80 percent of households have livestock, and when FMD breaks out and certain markets are closed, it becomes a big challenge to farmers,” Bathusi said. “Farmers cannot move cattle to markets, and there is no income to farmers, and the whole economy is affected.”

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Jealously guarded borders Botswana has been maintaining the FMD-free status of a World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) member where vaccination is not practised. The country jealously guards its borders to prevent FMD-carrying animals from entering, although this is not always possible because of the porous

The disease poses a threat to the livelihoods of farmers as contaminated animals have to be culled to stop the spread. (Source: Pixabay) borders. The status of neighbouring countries is as follows: • • •

The Northeast district borders Zimbabwe, where FMD is endemic. Namibia, Botswana's western and northern neighbour, has the same FMD-free status. On its south and southeast borders, South Africa, which is currently suffering an epizootic of FMD serotype SAT-3, has lost its FMD-free status.

Botswana, Namibia, and South Africa (before the restrictions) are the biggest beef exporters in Africa to the European Union. Apart from the EU, Botswana also exports beef and live cattle to Zambia, Zimbabwe, Namibia, and South Africa. Botswana Vaccine Institute is a main player in the production of FMD vaccines, regionally and beyond.

Botswana, one of Africa's top beef producers, exports about 10,000 tons of beef annually to the European Union, where the country enjoys duty and quota-free access. (Source: Pixabay)

Sources Benza, B. (2022) Botswana (Northeast) cattle, suspected, request for information. Reuters https://foot-and-mouth.org/ news/2022/08/botswana-northeast-cattle-suspected-requestinformation Dube, M. (2023) Buffalo from Zimbabwe expose Botswana cattle to possible foot-and-mouth disease. VOA News: Africa https://www.voanews.com/a/ buffalo-from-zimbabwe-exposebotswana-cattle-to-possible-footand-mouth-disease/7273467.html

Botswana, which is the size of France, has seen its cattle population fall to 2 million from 3,1 million 10 years ago due to persistent drought spells and disease outbreaks. (Source: Pixabay) ProAgri Botswana / Namibia / Zimbabwe 50

Dube, M. (2022) Botswana Farmers Welcome Lifting of EU Beef Export Ban. VOA News: Africa https://www.voanews.com/a/botswana-farmers-welcome-lifting-ofeu-beef-export-ban/6797164.html Orab, M. (2022) Foot & mouth disease - Botswana: (Northeast) cattle, suspected, request for information. ProMed https://promedmail.org/promedpost/?place=8705242,169

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Namibia

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Livestock identification part 5: Microchipping

Microchipping is a common practice for domesticated animals.

o protect animals and the people who rely on their products, it is essential to identify and mark livestock correctly. A microchip can be easily implanted under the skin of any animal, regardless of species or size. This identification method can be achieved without using anaesthesia, where a microchip is implanted under the skin of an animal. The method provides a secure and unalterable identifier, but only when read by the appropriate devices. Microchipping is a common practice for domesticated animals. Farmers and ranchers can use this information to track the well-being of their animals and the animal’s family tree. Furthermore, microchipping can be used to

help find missing animals and deter theft. Microchipping livestock advantages Microchipping livestock has many advantages. First, it facilitates the tagging and tracking of individual livestock. Each animal can have its own unique identification number stored on a tiny microchip that is implanted under the skin and then scanned and recorded. This facilitates effective management and monitoring of individual animals and helps farmers keep track of their livestock, particularly in large herds. Because the identification numbers can

be cross-referenced with government records and ownership can be easily verified, microchipping also helps prevent theft and the unauthorised movement of livestock. Microchipping livestock drawbacks Although there are numerous benefits to microchipping livestock, there are also some drawbacks to think about. The expense of microchip implantation and upkeep can provide an obstacle. Microchips and the necessary implanting equipment can be quite costly up front, especially for farmers with numerous animals. There may also be recurring costs associated with maintaining the database for each microchip.

Safely transfer transponders without worrying about them slipping out of the needle. Stopper on the plunger prevents tissue fluid from leaking backward and over-pushing into the skin. (Source: horsetalk.co.nz) 26

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Which livestock can be microchipped? Most livestock can be microchipped. Microchips can be implanted in cattle, sheep, goats, horses, and even pigs. What is a microchip? Microchips are small electronic devices that are implanted subcutaneously in the neck or shoulder area of livestock. The system is effective because it employs radio frequency identification (RFID) technology, which enables the tagging and monitoring of specific animals. Microchips are powered and read by a separate device called a reader, scanner, or interrogator because they have no internal power source. The microchip is activated via electromagnetic power when the scanner is tuned to the correct frequency. When powered, the microchip capsule transmits identifying information back to the scanner via radio waves. The scanner decodes the signal and shows the number on an LCD. The chip's serial number is saved for future reference. An enrolment form is filled out with the chip ID, owner's contact information, animal name and description, vet information, and an emergency contact the owner designates. The chip

A rice grain-sized microchip. Each chip has a 15-digit ID code that is registered in a livestock registry and stays with your animal for life. (Source: agriexpo.online)

Mobile ID reader for the purpose of scanning animals for embedded microchips. (Source: agriexpo.online)

The specially designed implant injector makes implanting microchips in cattle simple. (Source: agriexpo.online)

Farmers and ranchers can use this information to track the well-being of their animals and the animal’s family tree.

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ID and the contact information for the recovery service are included on the registration certificate that the owner receives. In the event of a sale or trade, the certificate can be presented as proof of ownership. The livestock industry has benefited greatly from this technological advancement, which has enabled greater transparency, greater biosecurity, and easier record-keeping. What equipment do you need to microchip animals? There are only a handful of necessities for microchipping livestock. A microchip or transponder, a small electronic device that can store and transmit data, is the first requirement. Designed to be implanted under the animal's skin, these microchips are about the size of a grain of rice. Furthermore, a specialised applicator or injector is required to implant the microchip into the animal in a secure and precise manner. This device guarantees a quick, efficient procedure that causes the animal as little discomfort as possible.

These days, microchips come with a polypropylene polymer cap that prevents the chip from shifting around once it is implanted in an animal's body.

Some microchips are individually packaged in a sterile environment with a syringe already loaded for a single use. (Source: amazon.com)

To secure the capsule in place, the polymer promotes the growth of connective tissue and other types of cells in the area. A scanner or reader is also needed to extract the information from the microchip. Microchips should be scanned before being inserted to ensure proper functionality. Microchip insertion is similar to a subcutaneous injection, except a larger needle is used. After application brush or rub the area where the microchip was inserted to make sure it did not embed itself in the animal's skin, fleece, or hair. Verify the chip's functionality in its embedded setting by scanning it again. Animals that have been misplaced or stolen can be located and identified with ease thanks to this. Veterinarians and animal shelters can easily access the owner's information by scanning the microchip in the event of a lost pet. Microchipping provides a permanent and foolproof form of identification for animals, guaranteeing their safety. 28

For information on branding livestock, see the following resources: Botswana The reticular bolus was chosen as the identifying feature for all cattle in Botswana's national LITS system. Botswana is currently reviewing its entire system with an eye towards possibly adopting some of Namibia's policies. For reference materials, please visit https://icpald.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Livestock-Identificationand-Traceability.pdf or https://www. woah.org/fileadmin/Home/eng/Conferences_Events/sites/traceability-2009/ abstracts/4.c.%20Musa%20Fanikiso. Namibia Microchipping livestock, including cattle, sheep, and goats, is required by law in Namibia as part of the Animal Identification and Traceability System (AITS). The microchip, which should include the animal's identification number, birth date, and owner's contact

details, must be implanted by a licenced veterinarian. These rules were established by the Namibian government in an effort to improve disease surveillance and prevention, animal theft prevention, and livestock identification. For reference materials, please visit https://www.lac.org.na/ laws/2018/6803.pdf. Zimbabwe Implants of bovine, ovine, porcine, caprine, and other meat-producing species are put under the skin, on the scutiform cartilage at the base of the left ear. Any food-producing animal that has a microchip implanted should have a visible external identifier so that its microchip can be found and retrieved before slaughter. Because it is not always acceptable, local trade or government regulations must govern the use of implanted microchips in species raised for human consumption. For reference materials, please visit https://wsava.org/global-guidelines/. ProAgri BNZ 50

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Cow being scanned by an RFID reader. A microchip capsule sends radio signals to the scanner with the identification number when activated. (Source: theverge.com)

References R. Raheeqa, P. Parveez and G. Subha. (2016). Implantation of microchip in animals: A Review. International Journal of Pharmacy and Biomedical Research. 3. 19-20. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/ publication/297088924_Implantation_of_microchip_ in_animals_A_Review Light Livestock Equipment. (2022). Microchips - Light Livestock. Light Livestock Equipment & Supply, LLC. Available at: https://www.lightlivestockequipment.com/ product-category/microchips-readers/microchips/

Namibia Livestock Auctioneers (Pty) Ltd Private Bag 2100, Mariental, Namibia Tel: (063) 242142 | Fax: (063) 240788 | E-mail: nla@iway.na Parkstreet 55, Mariental, Namibia

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Bamboo promotes conservation, forestry, and agriculture by Maryna Steyn

Photos by EcoPlanet Bamboo

amboo is not exactly a plant that is associated with South Africa's natural beauty or agriculture. But these days the plant is making headlines when topics such as carbon sequestration, reforestation, and regenerative agriculture are discussed. In addition, bamboo is a plant with many uses. Several experts have already expressed their opinion about the viability of the bamboo market, and the possibility of growing bamboo in a country like South Africa looks promising. The demand for bamboo is driven by two factors: firstly, by the popularity of the product as a building material for furniture, decor or even wall panels, and secondly, because there is an increase in the use of natural products that are sustainable, as well as a need for material for textiles and packaging. According to a study by Technavio, the expected growth of the global bamboo market for 2022 to 2027 is approximately 20,38 billion dollars. The study looked at the fifteen biggest players to get a holistic overview of the industry's well-being. The report finds that many consumers still do not know the benefits of bamboo products, but also that the industry has been challenged by the limited area in which bamboo grows.

The bamboo forest wants a moderate climate with plenty of water

Even though bamboo is an excellent substitute for wood, the perennial plant is in fact a type of grass. Worldwide, there are more than 1 400 species

Bambusa balcooa is a naturalised bamboo in South Africa. that, depending on the specific species, can grow to only 10 cm in height for dwarf bamboo or to a massive 40 m! The plant also only forms seeds late in its life cycle, so most of the propagation takes place vegetatively. Bamboo grows in a tropical to subtropical climate where temperatures vary between 18 and 36 degrees Celsius. However, it is highly adaptable and can survive in other locations, provided that there are no temperature extremes. What makes bamboo a hot topic is the potential for soil restoration in places where years and years of tillage have leached all the minerals from the soil. Bamboo is effective for carbon

sequestration (1,78 tonnes per hectare per year!) and offers a fast-growing alternative to charcoal and wood products. Properties of the plant are also linked to nitrogen fixation. Because it is quick to get established, has minimal nutrient requirements and forms an eager root system that counteracts erosion and promotes soil moisture, it is seen as a sustainable, environmentally friendly timber source. EcoPlanet Bamboo, one of the largest bamboo growers in the world, has already identified the potential for bamboo manufacturing in Africa. The success of this company's plantations offers potential for job creation, sustainable bamboo fibre production for paper and packaging, as well as the restoration of depleted land. "Bamboo's woody fibre has the potential to replace hard wood," says Camille Rebelo, co-founder, and General Manager of EcoPlanet Bamboo. "One of the advantages is that bamboo plantations can be thinned out and produce a 'harvest', but still continue to grow. So, it does not need to be replanted. "Secondly, bamboo requires very little input. You will often read that bamboo needs no input, but this is not true. It just uses a lot less compared to trees.”

Land restoration and job creation are part of EcoPlanet Bamboo Aerial photo of the Kowie bamboo farm (in the background are pineapple fields remaining from the original farming enterprise.) 30

EcoPlanet Bamboo Group's reason for existence is to use extremely impoverished land to grow sustainable, ProAgri BNZ 50

Bamboo seedlings are being grown for the 2023 expansion. Visitors walk through the bamboo forest. deforestation-free, environmentally friendly bamboo fibre. With this material, they aim to provide zero-waste bio-refineries with bamboo pulp and other useful products. EcoPlanet Bamboo has already restored more than 6 000 hectares of land. Their Kowie bamboo farm in the Eastern Cape is Africa's only certified deforestation-free bamboo plantation. "At our core, we are an African company, because we have a Kenyan cofounder and head office in East Africa," says Camille. "So, we have always had a strong focus on Africa, and we were looking for a place with the right framework for our operations. "We decided on the Eastern Cape for several reasons, although a location with higher rainfall would be better," she elaborates. "We wanted to target a place where we could make both a social and an environmental impact. The Bathurst area was once a thriving agricultural centre, but various factors led to its demise and the subsequent poverty." South Africa is one of the world's largest producers of pulp and paper, making it the ideal location for EcoPlanet Bamboo to develop the Kowie bamboo farm and target this market.

The Kowie bamboo farm

The species that grows there is a naturalised bamboo species, Bambusa balcooa, and it already occurs on several farms in the district. "Bamboo falls between agriculture and forestry in South Africa. This represents a less intensive way of farming where there is a holistic focus on the long-term upgrading of the field with little or no mechanisation," she explained. Camille says that years of intensive tillage and grazing have impoverished the soil. "We work with biochar to try to enrich the soil and the bamboo itself loses leaves every year during the dry season which also enriches the soil. As the soil recovers, the bamboo forest forms a multi-dimensional ecosystem that has several benefits: from stabi-

Integrated bamboo and conservation areas. lising the microclimate to protecting against runaway fires." Until recently, the farm had a permanent team of around 20 workers, but after the project was declared successful, EcoPlanet Bamboo is looking at commercialising the farm to produce an annual harvest. "In 2022 we have decided to expand with a further 500 ha, which will start within the next three months. To make this possible, the team was expanded to 85 workers for all aspects, from the greenhouse to soil preparation and planting," says Camille.

Sustainable bamboo products in a young market

The ability to harvest selected bamboo poles is part of what allows the plant to be sustainably harvested. But apart from a sustainable harvest, there are still challenges around entering the market: currently there is no market for unprocessed bamboo. Unprocessed bamboo is the bamboo poles that come directly out of the forest. No cutting, pulping or anything else was done to it. Therefore, the onus is on growers to develop integrated value addition. The farm is currently too small for that, and this played a big role in the decision to expand. Once enough raw material is available for commercial production,

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EcoPlanet Bamboo will focus on clean technology and the processing of highgrade pulp. The pulp will be used to produce high-quality toilet and tissue paper that applies a zero-waste policy. "The aim is to rehabilitate 4 500 ha of land in the Eastern Cape in the coming three to five years," Camille says. "We intend to use a network of small farms where at least 25 to 30% conservation areas are included where we can make both a social and environmental impact.

Sources Technavio (2023) Bamboo's market size is set to grow by USD 20,38 billion from 2022 to 2027, PR Newswire. Available at: https://www.prnewswire.com/ news-releases/bamboos-market-size-is-set-to-grow-by-usd20-38-billion-from-2022-to-2027-the-increased-demand-for-bamboo-plates-drives-the-market--technavio-301856507.html Weeden, M. (2023) 8 amazing bamboo facts, One Tree Planted. Available at: https://onetreeplanted.org/blogs/stories/bamboo

Zimbabwe 32

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(LSDV) Tick-borne diseases of Zimbabwe

Lumpy skin disease by Tisha Steyn

umpy skin disease (LSD) is a viral disease that occurs across the globe. It is a transboundary disease that is categorised as a notifiable disease by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). The disease is caused by lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) that belongs to the family Poxviridae, genus Capripoxvirus. Sheep pox virus and Goat pox virus belong to the same genus. LSDV only occurs in cattle and domestic buffaloes and not in sheep, goats, wildlife, or humans. Transmission

Different vectors are likely to play a part in different areas, depending on how many there are and how they feed. Up to 20% of the animals may get the disease, and up to 5% may die as a result of it. The virus does not multiply in the vector but is spread when they feed on different animals. Direct contact and seminal, as well as intrauterine transmission, has been demonstrated in experiments. Early observations also showed that the virus can be transmitted via contaminated feed and water.

The main means of transmission is believed to be by an arthropod vector, which may be mosquitoes (Culex mirificens and Aedes natrionus), biting flies (Stomoxys calcitrans and Biomyia fasciata) and male ticks (Riphicephalus appendiculatus and Amblyomma hebraeum).

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LSDV survives in the dead cells in the skin nodules for up to 33 days or longer, dry crusts for up to 35 days, and at least 18 days in air-dried hides. The virus is susceptible to sunlight and detergents that containing lipid solvents, but can stay viable for months in a dark, contaminated animal shed. Distribution LSD is endemic in most African countries, especially in Southern Africa, also in many other African and Middle Eastern countries. The disease was first noticed in Zambia in 1929, from where it had spread to Botswana and South Africa by 1943, leading to major economic losses. In 1957, it entered Kenya at the same time as an outbreak of sheep pox. In 1970, it spread north into the Sudan, and by 1974 it had spread west as far as Nigeria. In 1977, was reported from Mauritania, Mali, Ghana, and Liberia. In 1981 and 1986 it spread to

Zimbabwe

Tanzania, Kenya, Zimbabwe, Somalia, and Cameroon, with a reported mortality rate of 20% in affected cattle. Between 1988 and 1989, LSD was spread north of the Sahara Desert and outside the African continent in Egypt and Israel, where it was again reported in 2006. In the past decade, it has also occurred in the Middle Eastern, European, and Asian regions. Between 2012 and 2022, the disease spread into south-

east Europe, the Balkans, Russia, and Asia and forms part of the Eurasian LSD epidemic. Sporadic outbreaks Lumpy skin disease outbreaks are reported almost every year in Zimbabwe, and it is spreading to areas previously free of the disease. Outbreaks tend to occur during the warm and wet season and the months following the rainy season. This may be

because there is increased arthropod activity during these climatic conditions. The frequency of reported outbreaks is highest in March and April, and the lowest reported cases occur in November. Outbreaks are sporadic and depend upon animal movement, the presence of the vector population and the climatic conditions that affect them, and whether the animal had become immune due to prior exposure.

Photo: thefarmermagazine.com.au The severity of the symptoms varies and depends on the particular strain of the virus, as well as the breed and age of the animal. The European Bos taurus is generally more susceptible to the disease than the indigenous Bos indicus. Even among groups of cattle of the same breed who are kept together under the same conditions, a large variation in the clinical symptoms occur, ranging from a mild infection to death.

Photo: www.farmersweekly.co.za

Symptoms After an experimental inoculation with the virus, it took six to nine days before the onset of fever. In an acutely infected animal, the temperature may exceed 41 °C and can persist for a week. All the superficial lymph nodes become swollen. The limbs may also be swollen, and the animal does not want to move, eat, or drink. Between seven to 19 days of virus inoculation, lesions or lumps develop all over the body, particularly on the ProAgri BNZ 50

head, neck, udder, scrotum, vulva, and perineum. These nodules or lumps have a creamy grey to white colour when cut and may initially ooze amber-coloured fluid or serum. During the following two weeks a cone-shaped, central, necrotic core of dying cells may appear within the nodule. Nodules may also develop in the mucous membranes of the mouth and entire digestive system, the respiratory

The thin, weak animal, which may have pneumonia and mastitis, recovers slowly. Control Outbreaks that occur more frequently and in new areas, could indicate that control measures in Zimbabwe are not efficient. Control is done by means of vaccination, movement control and culling, but there are several challenges. Vaccination is good, but in Africa, prevention is better and cheaper than cure. Farmers are the first line of defence against this highly contagious disease, but they may be reluctant to report an outbreak for fear of the consequences, like a ban on movement and trade. Delayed reporting of outbreaks will hamper successful control. The failure of control could be as a result of viral factors such as genetic variations of the virus, failure of the vaccine because of improper shipping and handling, or unavailability and cost of vaccination and treatment, and the physical health of the animal, its breed and age, and its immune history. During an outbreak, the movement of cattle must be controlled, but this is not always easy because small-scale farmers trade across borders despite it being illegal. Also, in some regions, farmers move animals between summer and winter pastures. To stop this, may lead to lack of food. The transport of animals prior to religious and cultural festivities, where animals are slaughtered, may also spread the disease. Culling of infected or susceptible animals that have been exposed to infection, is recommended. However, in resource-limited countries this may not be affordable or feasible or may not even permitted by law or due to religious and traditional reasons.

References Lumpy Skin Outbreak Hits Binga (2022) New Zimbabwe https://www.newzimbabwe.com/ lumpy-skin-outbreak-hits-binga/ Lumpy Skin Disease (2023) WOAH Terrestrial Manual Chapter 3.4.12. https://www.woah.org/fileadmin/Home/fr/Health_standards/ tahm/3.04.12_LSD.pdf Sigauke, S., Jeremiah, O.T., Oyedele, H., Dube, F. (2022) Lumpyskin disease vaccine: Awareness, availability, and accessibility to small-holder farmers in Midlands Zimbabwe. Acta Scientific Veterinary Sciences (ISSN: 2582-3183) Volume 4 Issue 6 June 2022 DOI: 10.31080/ ASVS.2022.04.0404 https://actascientific.com/ASVS/ pdf/ASVS-04-0404.pdf Tuppurainnen,E., Dietze, K., Wolff, J., Bergmann, H., BeltranAlcrudo, D., Fahrion, A., Lamien, C. E., Busch, F., Sauter-Louis, C., Conraths, F.J., De Clercq, K., Hoffmann, B., Knauf, S. (2021) Review: Vaccines and Vaccination against Lumpy Skin Disease. National Library of Medicine, National Centre for Biotechnology Information doi: 10.3390/vaccines9101136 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pmc/articles/PMC8539040/#B17vaccines-09-01136 Lumpy Skin Disease: Aetiology Epidemiology Diagnosis Prevention and Control. (2017) References World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) https://www.woah.org/app/uploads/2021/03/lumpy-skin-disease.pdf

tracts and on the surface of almost any internal organ. The nodules on the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, mouth, rectum, udder, and genitalia quickly form an ulcer. When it appears in the cornea of one or both eyes, it can lead to restricted vision or even blindness. At that stage, all secretions, eye and nasal discharge and saliva contain the LSD virus. Economic losses The disease is of economic importance as it can lead to less milk production, abortion, temporary or permanent sterility in bulls and infertility in both sexes, damage to hides, and even death, especially in animals that have not previously been exposed to the virus. Also, the animals may not be moved or traded. The cost of vaccination and treatment, culling and loss of income due to a ban on movement and trade, add to the economic woes.

Photo: www.abc.net.au

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Zimbabwe

Young cattle rancher milks it in Zimbabwe

by Marko Phiri

attle ranching in Zimbabwe's low-rainfall south-west region has historically been associated with white commercial farmers who owned large swathes of land. The stretch of land was marked by a scattering of acacia trees and occasional game was spotted on those ranches. The white commercial farmers became known for running thriving cattle breeding operations and supplied prime meat to markets that included far-flung places such as the European Union. Based on the herds of cattle that ran into thousands, some of the most successful ranchers established abattoirs, creating economies of scale that ensured a few players in the sector. When the land reform programme redistributed land to blacks more than two decades ago, such ranches became history as some beneficiaries of the land reform programme reportedly slaughtered the cattle for their own consumption and failed to continue the cattle ranching operations. However, a new breed of cattle ranchers has emerged in recent years: young men who spotted a niche market and decided to dive in. Nicholas Mloyi is one such young man. In his thirties, he is running a cattle ranching farm just outside Bulawayo where his herd is approaching two hundred. "I worked in South Africa for many years and knew that one day I would have to come back home," he said. From his savings, he took over his late father's piece of land and over the past five years slowly began to build his business. "I grew up among cattle and learnt a lot from my dad. The old folks looked at cattle as wealth, but I see it as a business. And business creates and expands wealth if done properly," Nicholas said. For earlier generations, the black 36

cattle ranchers were satisfied with watching their herds grow and with no business plans in place. The prized cattle were only slaughtered during occasions such as weddings, funerals and other rites of passage, but for Nicholas, a different approach is making cattle ranching a lucrative undertaking. "I sell to city butcheries and individuals who are engaged in their own money-spinning activities such as restaurants," he said. When he took over from his father, he says the land had about twenty head of cattle, but he has managed to intensify breeding. "It has not been easy. You need to be hands-on with this kind of thing. From monitoring the female cycle to separating the breeders and non-breeders. Also, the chemicals, the feed and other overheads. It can be frustrating but the way it has grown has been encouraging," added Nicholas who says he has five permanent workers, creating employment from a childhood passion. Zimbabwe's government has in recent years touted young farmers as the future of the country's agriculture, providing land to aspiring youthful farmers. Yet these farmers have found the going tough as they failed to access loans from financial institutions to kick-start or expand their operations. For Nicholas however, his stint in South Africa became the springboard to continue his father's passion. "I guess I was lucky to have that opportunity to be able to finance this project all by myself. Not many young people would have the resources or even the land itself to embark on such a project," he said. What makes Nicholas's ambitious project stand out, is that more and more young farmers who benefitted from the land reform programme tend to plant the same thing: maize.

Director Mkhulunyelwa Nkomo inside a feedlot. This is because the government has emphasised the stocking of the country's national silos as part of ongoing efforts to boost grain reserves. Interruptions brought by land reform also affected grain production and the country has in recent years accelerated the growing of maize. This has however turned out to be a boon for cattle ranchers such as Mloyi as this has ensured a steady availability of stock feed. "We are changing the old ways of our fathers who left the cattle to fend for themselves in dwindling pastures. So much has changed now with climate change where the long absence of rain has also meant the disappearance of pastures. Now we have to buy enough feed to fatten the growing herd," Nicholas said. This is an important part of the enterprise as butcheries buy the cattle based on weight for them to make a profit as both wholesalers and retailers. For now, Nicholas is content with having shown South Africa's City of Gold his back as he continues growing his herd. "Cattle farming is not for small boys, I can tell you that. But I think I'm in it for the long haul," he said with a knowing chuckle.

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Youths in Zimbabwe connect cattle ranching to tourism by Marko Phiri

hile cattle ranching is known for beef as its primary focus, a young entrepreneur, Japhet Buzwani has found something else beyond the obvious. He collects cow horns and cow hooves and turns them into tourist curios. It is an unexpected agriculture-meets-tourism intersection, and Buzwani is earning a decent living out of it. He has befriended cattle ranchers, abattoirs, and women who operate openair kitchens in search of cow byproducts that he turns into astonishing artifacts. He sells the curios outside Bulawayo's City Hall and to tourists in the resort town of Victoria Falls. It is here outside the iconic City Hall where curio dealers can be found selling all sorts of wares derived from livestock carcasses and they are never short of customers, both local and foreign. Like many young men, Buzwani has turned to the ever-expanding informal sector to eke out a living, relying on smart ideas to put food on the table. The growth of the country's national beef herd has provided opportunities, with flourishing butcheries meaning more raw materials for Buzwani. Over the years, Zimbabwe has experienced a dwindling national herd of cattle, owing to a combination of factors, but increased restocking is changing the sector's fortunes. According to official statistics, in 2021, the national beef herd grew by one percent, in 2022 it grew by two percent, and the country is aiming to grow the current 5,5 million heads to 6 million shortly.

The unintended down-stream industries are proving to be a boon for the sector. Buzwani can be found collecting sliced cow hooves, a culinary hit among city imbibers, ensuring steady supply of "raw materials" for the young man's burgeoning money spinning ambitions. Prepared and sold by self-employed women outside township pubs, the discarded bones are getting another lease of life, from cattle ranches to dinner tables and around people's necks and wrists. "I have never been formally employed since leaving high school," Buzwani said. When a neighbour told him how other young men in the world famous resort town of Victoria Falls were making a decent living out of cow hooves known locally as amangqina, he decided to give it a shot. "When the pandemic travel restrictions were lifted, I was able to travel with a friend to Vic Falls where he introduced me to his colleagues who converted cow hooves into salt shakers, necklaces and other small things that are popular with tourists," he said. "Looking at those curios, you can never tell what they are made from and that these were once living, breathing cows," he added. It's a curious connection between the agriculture sector and local innovation, where down-stream industries are being birthed by economic circumstances. Tourist receipts dipped in recent years after the country attracted international bad press fuelled by the

A vendor shows a saltshaker made of a cow’s hoof.

Cow horns sold at the Bulawayo City Hall.

Intricate carvings from agricultural byproducts form part of the booming street economy.

violent land reform programme that triggered economic turmoil, but that appears to be changing. Recent official statistics of tourist arrivals show a jump that has also spurred the return of curio dealers. Combined with the growth in the national herd, these opportunities are proving to be sustainable. Young men such as Buzwani are enjoying the boom too, albeit unnoticed in the country's main economic schemes. Government has invested heavily in the agriculture sector, but focus has remained on crops with livestock farming lagging behind. However, for someone like Buzwani who has never been formally employed, being able to make up to USD500 a month from byproducts of the cattle industry is short of a miracle. Government workers such as teachers earn less than what Buzwani makes. Now he is able to take long sojourns away from Bulawayo where he lives with his parents and earn a living in Victoria Falls, the citadel of Zimbabwe tourism. "My prayer is for the country to be able to attract more tourists and of course more cattle means better livelihoods for many people," Buzwani said. The country is targeting a USD5 billion tourism economy in the next two years, while aiming for a multi-billion dollar agriculture sector and it could mean a thriving cottage industry for ambitious young men such as Buzwani.

Curios made of cow horns.

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Zimbabwe

Young entrepreneur seeks fortune in agro-supplies in Zimbabwe by Marko Phiri

rom trying their hands in sectors as diverse as rabbit farming to mushroom growing, young emerging farmers in Zimbabwe are giving it a go. And why not in a country where formal employment opportunities are scarce? College and university graduates are shoving their certificates out of sight to pursue hands-on farming. And they are learning a valuable lesson: the dirtier the hands, the more satisfying and rewarding the job. Others however have spotted a different opening to keep the smallholder farmers going. Young Robert Sigauke never imagined he would totally put out of his mind the education he received in college. He obtained an architecture diploma, but as soon as he graduated, he realised that the four years he had spent in college could have been a waste. "You only realise your true calling after having spent years doing the same repetitive thing," said Sigauke who now crosses the border into South Africa to purchase agro-products for resale in the city. Do you want injections and accompanying medicines or antibiotics for your livestock? Sigauke is your man. Do you want to be connected to South African boer goat sellers? Sigauke is your go-to-guy. By his own telling, he got involved in the agro-industry services by fluke. "I was going to South Africa during COVID-19 restrictions, and a friend asked me to bring him medicines for his pigs. I was already acquainted with cross-border traders and one of them actually said to me do you know there is money in these things?" Sigauke said. And that was the beginning of a small agro-supplies operation that made him quickly forget all his college education. Sigauke is one of an emerging group of young entrepreneurs who have unearthed a lucrative market supplying

farmers across a range of sectors with affordable imported goods. Working exclusively on social media platforms, Sigauke has built a steady clientele he admits he never knew existed. "You will be surprised by the number of orders I get from especially young farmers who are abreast with the needs of professional commercial farming," he said. Zimbabwe's shops are notorious for prices that are beyond the reach of many, and this has meant that for sectors such as farming, industry players make do without critical inputs. "You can get items such as pesticides, fertilisers, and livestock medicine in neighbouring South Africa for up to a third less than what you pay in our local shops," Sigauke said. While farmers have always clamoured for the government to subsidise the sector, international monetary institutions have for years discouraged the practice saying government could not afford to use public funds. Yet for entrepreneurs such as Sigauke, this situation has opened a window of opportunity to tap into a loophole that existed for years. "If I had known earlier, I would have embarked on this years ago. Now I realise that I do not need a formal job. I am self-employed, and this is a very rewarding full-time job. Demand is all year round as people are always planting one crop or another and rearing livestock," he added. In a country where poultry farming among young people is big business, Sigauke is never without orders to bring medicines to treat the chickens that are always threatened by one disease or another, he says. Like many "hustlers" in Zimbabwe, Sigauke works with veterinarians who work with local farmers, ensuring he is getting everything right. "The veterinarians know their stuff. They write down what they know their

clients want, or the clients get these prescriptions from the veterinarians so it is a win-win situation," he said. It is those relations that are driving the country's budding young farmers who would otherwise not have afforded to purchase much required inputs for their operations locally. In August this year, one of the country's major industrial chemicals manufacturers announced it was increasing the production of animal health care products as part of efforts to reduce imports. It was yet another example of how critical sectors have struggled to boost the agriculture sector that government is aiming to turn into a billion-dollar industry. The agriculture chemicals sector has, along with many others, suffered the effects of a volatile local currency, failing to secure critical raw materials, effectively creating opportunities for young entrepreneurs such as Sigauke. But it will be long before Sigauke is pushed out of business as the country's economic turmoil shows no sign of letting up, with the agriculture sector not being spared. ProAgri BNZ 50

Emerging farmers in Zimbabwe urged to take agriculture seriously

by Marko Phiri

full use and contributing to the country's gross domestic product.

"Farming is for people ready to play with mud," Joseph reckons.

Joseph Kakoto poses with a certificate of excellence.

oung emerging farmers in Zimbabwe are showing increasing interest in venturing into agriculture, but the hurdles that lie ahead are making it difficult for them to make headway. Youth organisations representing young farmers are expressing concern about the lack of proper mentorship, as well as access to land and loans from financial institutions among other things and regard these as major challenges. Zimbabwe has one of the largest youth demographics on the continent and the government has earmarked young people as the drivers of the country's economic ambitions. Encouraged by government policies that seek more inclusion in the agriculture sector, young people have in recent years joined the bandwagon to take up farming as a full-time occupation. However, this is not the calling for those looking for quick returns, says Joseph Kakoto, president of the Zimbabwe Young Farmers Association for Sustainable Development. "We don't have permanent land to exercise agriculture activities hence we regard joint ventures and contract farming as a means to neutralise the problem. There is also no substantive support from other agriculture organisations, and neither from the ministry in empowering the young farmers," Joseph said. Zimbabwe has a long history of beneficiaries of the land reform programme who received land but failed to utilise it, resulting in the government repossessing the farms. Some of the beneficiaries became known as "cell phone farmers" as they lived in the cities and would call their farm workers over the phone to check on farming activities. Joseph Kakoto believes that with adequate title to land, young farmers are equal to the task of utilising land to its

The Zimbabwe Young Association for Sustainable Development is involved in training young emerging farmers, helping them realise their full potential, introducing them to markets and ensuring the viability of their businesses. "We are trying to include the open view of business in agriculture by bringing essential knowledge to young people," Joseph said. "Even those who are already in agriculture production still do not meet the requirements to access loans such as collateral. We have also seen that without mentorship, there is no financial

Some of the young farmers working with the Zimbabwe Young Farmers Association for Sustainable Development.

A young farmer in a wheat field working with the Zimbabwe Young Farmers Association for Sustainable Development. Pictures courtesy of the Zimbabwe Young Farmers Association for Sustainable Development. Young farmers working with Joseph’s organisation. discipline as some tend to squander the little money they have instead of reinvesting in their agriculture projects because they don’t understand that farming is a capital-intensive venture," he added. According to some statistics, about fifty-seven percent of women aged between twenty and thirty-one are farmers, while men represent forty-seven percent of the same age bracket. Tapping into these numbers, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) teamed up with local farmer unions to launch the Young Farmers Innovation Lab to introduce young farmers to new innovations that will improve participation and production. According to the Young Farmers Innovation Lab brief, the project aims to help make farming a viable business as in the past agriculture was treated as a hobby. Government initiatives, such as Agriculture My Future Our Future, launched in July this year also bear testimony to the commitment of the agriculture ministry to co-opt young people into the sector.

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According to ministry officials, Agriculture My Future Our Future seeks "to promote agricultural production, productivity and profitability". "The youths are trained in theories and practices of agriculture, innovation and entrepreneurship, the agrarian history of Zimbabwe, how to register and start a company or business, farming as a business, markets and marketing, value addition, agricultural policies formulated by Government, the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), African Union (AU) Agenda 2063 and our own V30 Accelerator model and aligning these to Zimbabwe’s policy strategic direction as the nation moves towards Vision 2030,” said an agriculture ministry media brief after the launch of the initiative. "Young farmers who are taking up farming seriously are interested in value addition and are passionate about growing crops that will make it to the market," Joseph said. Yet, beyond structural challenges, Joseph says young people who enter the sector tend to think farming is easy, thereby effectively setting themselves up for failure. "Agriculture is a patient venture," he concluded. 39

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